4 - Beam Column

Prof. Dr.
Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
BEAM COLUMNS
Beam columns are structural members that are
subjected to a combination of bending and axial
stresses.
The structural behaviour resembles
simultaneously to that of a beam and a column.
Majority of the steel building frames have
columns that carry sizable bending moments in
addition to the usual compressive loads.
Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
The sources of this bending moment are shown in

Figure 5.1 and explained below:
P
e
P
e
M=Pe
a) Out-Of-Plumb
b) Initial Crookedness
c) Eccentric Load
Figure 5.1. Sources of Eccentricity in Columns.
It is almost impossible to erect the columns

perfectly vertical and centre loads exactly on
columns.
Columns may be initially crooked or have other
flaws with the result that lateral bending is
produced.
In some cases, crane beams parallel to columnsline and other perpendicular beams rest on brackets
projecting out from columns. This produces high
values of bending moments.
Wind and other lateral loads act within the

column height and produce bending.
The bending moments from the beams are
transferred to columns if the connections are
rigid.
CONTROLLING DESIGN FACTOR:
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS
The elastic analysis carried out to calculate
deflections and member forces for the given
loads is called 1st order and analysis.
The high axial load present in the column

combined with this elastic deflection produces
extra bending moment in the column, as is clear
from Figure 5.2.
The analysis of structure including this extra
moment is called 2nd order analysis.
Similarly, other higher order analysis may also be
performed.
In practice, usually 2nd order analysis is
sufficiently accurate with the high order results of
much lesser numerical value.
Maximum lateral
deflection due to
bending moment
(M)
Deflected shape
or elastic curve
due to applied
bending moment
(M)
Extra moment = P,
P which produces more
deflections
Figure 5.2. Eccentricity Due to First Order Deflections.
The phenomenon in which the moments are

automatically increased in a column beyond the
usual analysis for loads is called moment
magnification or 2nd order effects.
The moment magnification depends on many
factors but, in some cases, it may be higher
enough to double the 1st order moments or even
more.
In majority of practical cases, this magnification
is appreciable and must always be considered for
a safe design.
1st order deflection produced within a member

() usually has a smaller 2nd order effect called P effect, whereas magnification due to sides-way
() is much larger denoted by P- effect (refer to
Figure 5.3).
P-Delta effect is defined as the secondary effect
of column axial loads and lateral deflections on
the moments in members.
The calculations for actual 2nd order analysis are
usually lengthy and can only be performed on
computers.
For manual calculations, empirical methods are

used to approximately cater for these effects in
design.
2nd order effects are more pronounced when loads
closer to buckling loads are applied and hence the
empirical moment magnification formula contains
a ratio of applied load to elastic buckling load.
The factored applied load should, in all cases, be
lesser than 75% of the elastic critical buckling load
but is usually kept much lesser than this limiting
value.
INTERACTION EQUATION AND

INTERACTION DIAGRAM
The combined stress at any
point in a member subjected to
bending and direct stress, as in
Figure 5.3, is obtained by the
formula:
P
Mxy
f =
Ix
A
M yx
Iy
Extra Moment
M = P
P
Figure 5.3.
A Deflected Beam-Column.
For a safe design, the maximum compressive

stress (f) must not exceed the allowable material
stress (Fall) as follows:
P
Mxy
f =
Ix
A
M yx
Iy
Mx
P
My
+ S F
+
AFall
S y Fall
x
all
P
My
Mx
+
+ M
Pmax
M x , max
y , max
Fall
This equation is called interaction equation

showing interaction of axial force and bending
moment in an easy way.
If this equation is plotted against the various terms

selected on different axis, we get an interaction
curve or an interaction surface depending on
whether there are two or three terms in the
equation, respectively.
1.0
1.0
0,0
Figure 5.4. A Typical Interaction Curve.
AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS

The following interaction equations are applicable
for doubly and singly symmetric members:
Pu
If
0.2, axial load is considerable, and
c Pn
following equation is to be satisfied:

M uy
Pu
8 M ux
+
+
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny
1.0
Pu
If
< 0.2, axial load is lesser, beam action is
c Pn
dominant, and the applicable equation is:
M ux
M uy
Pu
+
+
2 c Pn b M nx b M ny
1.0
MOMENT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

(Cmx or Cmy)
Moment adjustment factor (Cm) is based on the
rotational restraint at the member ends and on the
moment gradient in the members. It is only
defined for no-sway cases.
1.
For restrained compression members in
frames braced against joint translation (no
sidesway) and not subjected to transverse loading
between their supports in the plane of bending:
M1
Cm = 0.6 0.4
M2
where M1 is the smaller end moment and M2 is
the larger end moment.
M 1 / M 2 is positive when member is bent in
reverse curvature and it it is negative when

member is bent in single curvature (Figure 5.5b).
M1
M2
a) Reverse Curvature
M2
M1
b) Single Curvature
Figure 5.5. Columns Bent in Reverse and Single Curvatures.
When transverse load is applied between the

supports but or sway is prevented,
for members with restrained ends
Cm = 0.85
for members with unrestrained ends Cm = 1.0
K-VALUES FOR FRAME BEAM-COLUMNS
K-values for frame columns with partially fixed

ends should be evaluated using alignment charts
given in Reference-1.
However, if details of adjoining members are not
given, following approximate estimate may be
used:
K = 1.2 1.5 if sidesway is permitted with
partially fixed ends
K =1
if sidesway is prevented but end
conditions are not mentioned
MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FACTORS

Moment magnification factors (B1 and B2) are
used to empirically estimate the magnification
produced in the column moments due to 2nd order
effects.
These are separately calculated for sway or lateral
translation case (lt-case) and for no-sway or no
translation case (nt-case).
Accordingly, the frame is to be separately
analysed for loads producing sway and not
producing sway.
Ml t =
B2
Mnt =
B1
moment due to lateral loads producing

appreciable lateral translation.
moment magnification factor to take
care of Pu effects for sway and
deflections due to lateral loads.
the moment resulting from gravity
loads, not producing appreciable lateral
translation.
moment magnification factor to take
care of Pu effects for no translation
loads.
Mu
magnified moment for second order

effects
B1 Mnt + B2
KL Fy
r E
KL r
89
for A-36 steel
No-Sway Magnification
B1
where
Cm
1 Pu Pe1
Pe1
1.0
Ag Fy
2
c
= 2 EI / (KL)2
Sway Magnification
The sway magnification factor, B2, can be
determined from one of the following formulas:
B2
B2
1
oh
1 ( Pu )
( H )L
1
Pu
1
Pe 2
Pu =
oh =
H =
L
=
oh/L =
required axial load strength of all

columns in a story, kN
translation deflection of the story
under consideration, mm
sum of all story horizontal forces
producing oh, kN
story height, mm
represent the story drift index, that is
defined as the ratio of lateral
deflection to the height of the
building.
For the comfort of occupants of the building, the

index is usually limited at working loads to a
value 0.0015 to 0.003 and about 0.004 at
ultimate loads.
This represents stiffness of the columns of a
story while acting like separate bracing elements
to prevent lateral movement.
Euler buckling strength for unbraced
Pe2 =
frame
2 EI / (KL)2 where I and K are
=
calculated in the plane of bending for
the unbraced conditions
SELECTION OF TRIAL BEAMCOLUMN SECTION

The only way by which interaction of axial
compression and bending moment can be
considered, is to satisfy the interaction equation.
However, in order to satisfy these equations, a
trial section is needed.
For this trial section, maximum axial compressive
strength and bending strengths may be
determined.
The difficulty in selection of a trial section for a

beam column is that whether it is selected based
on area of cross-section or the section modulus.
No direct method is available to calculate the
required values of the area and the section
modulus in such cases.
For selection of trial section, the beam-column
is temporarily changed into a pure column by
approximately converting the effect of bending
moments into an equivalent axial load.
Peq
=
=
equivalent or effective axial load

Pu + Mux m + Muy m u
Value of m is taken from Reference-1 against the

effective length.
m is given for the first trial and subsequent trials.
The value of u for the initial trial may be taken
equal to 2, while its subsequent values are taken
from column selection table corresponding to the
previous trial.
Smaller value of KL may be used for the nt-case.
WEB LOCAL STABILITY

For stiffened webs in combined flexural and axial
compression:
Pu
E 2.75 Pu
1
If
0.125 p = 3.76
Fy
b Py
b Py
For A36 steel, p
If
Pu
b Py
> 0.125
p =
For A36 steel, p
2.75 Pu
106.7 1
b Py
E
1.12
Fy
2.33 Pu
b Py
Pu
31.8 2.33
b Py
1.49 E
Fy
42.3
1 0.74 Pu
b Py
E
5.70
Fy
Pu
161.8 1 0.74
b Py
for A36 steel
where = h / tw and Py = Fy Ag
FLOW CHART FOR DESIGN OF

BEAM-COLUMNS
Known Data: Pu, Mntx, Mltx , Mnty, Mlty, KxLx, KyLy
Mu = Mnt + Mlt for the first trial
Calculate Mu both in the x and y directions
Peq
Pu + Mux(mx) + Muy(my) 2
Note:
The value of m for Mux and Muy
corresponds to the smaller values of KxLx and
KyLy (for nt case), respectively.
Select section as a simple column depending
upon the following criteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Asel Areq
Minimum weight
Connecting leg width b > bmin
Depth of W-section 360 mm
The column selection tables may also be

employed to select the section using the values of
Peq and KyLy.
See rx/ry from column selection table for selected
section
Calculate (KyLy)eq
K x Lx
rx ry
Re-enter the table for greater of KyLy and (KyLy)eq

and revise to obtain suitable section for the load
Peq.
Find new values of m for subsequent trials from

the table provided in Reference-1 and value of u
from the column load tables corresponding to the
first trial section. Better estimate of Peq may now
be obtained as follows:
Peq
Peq
=
=
Pu + Mux (mx) + Muy (my) u

Pu + Mux
2000
+ Muy
d
7500
b
f
d and bf are taken for the previous trial.
or
Select a new section and repeat until values of

load capacities, Peq, m and u are stabilized.
Calculate Cmx and Cmy for no sway conditions
K y Ly
K x Lx
Calculate
and
ry
rx
R = maximum of the above values

Check for maximum slenderness ratio: R 200
Axial strength of trial section:

Calculate cFcr corresponding to the R-value or
directly read it from the table in Reference-1 and
evaluate the compression capacity by multiplying
with the area of cross-section.
cPn = cFcr Ag / 1000

Calculate cx and cy for braced K-values
required to calculate B1 and for unbraced Kvalues to calculate B2.
cx
cy
K x Lx rx
=
for A36 steel
89
K y L y ry
89
for A36 steel
Calculate Euler buckling strength (Pe1)x, (Pe1)y

and (Pe2)x, (Pe2)y for both lt and nt cases.
Pe
Ag Fy
1000
2
c
(kN)
Calculate no-sway moment magnification factors

B1x
C mx
=
Pu
1
(Pe1 )x
Note:
1.0 : B1y
C my
=
1.0
Pu
1
(Pe1 ) y
Pu in the above formulas is the actual

factored axial load and not Peq.
Calculate B2x and B2y.

B2 =
1
oh
1 ( Pu )
( H )L
(or)
1
B2 =
Pu
1
Pe 2
Calculate design moments

Mux =
Muy =
B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx

B1y Mnty + B2y Mlty
Bending strength of the trial section:

bMny
=
b Fy Zy / 106 (kN-m)
There are no chances of lateral buckling because
the lateral direction for y-axis bending is the
stronger direction.
Check conditions of compact section as a beam.

Find Lp and Lr from column table and check
against Lbx.
Calculate bMnx as for a beam using Lbx, Lp, Lr
and beam selection tables. Use Cb = 1.0 in the
expressions.
P
Calculate u to see which interaction
c Pn
equation is applicable.
Check interaction equations:

M uy
Pu
Pu
8 M ux
1.0
For
0.2
+
+
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny
c Pn
Pu
For
< 0.2
c Pn
M ux
M uy
Pu
+
+
2 c Pn b M nx b M ny
1.0
Get the value of Left Side of equation (LS) up to

2nd decimal place, truncating the 3rd decimal digit,
which should not be more than 1.00.
This means that LS can be as high as 1.0099 but
not 1.01.
Values of LS between
0.9 and 1.0

0.8 and 0.9
0.7 and 0.8
Values of LS lesser than 0.7
Values of LS greater than 1.0099
Very economical design

Economical design
May be acceptable,
but better to try
an economical section
Revise by selecting
a lighter section
Select a stronger section
Check shear strength, which may usually be

omitted in hot rolled W sections because of very
high available strength.
Write the final solution using standard designation.
Example 5.1: Design the columns in a singlebay multi-storey unbraced frame shown in Figure
5.6, where P is the load from the top stories.
Ratio of moment of inertia of beams with respect
to columns may be assumed as shown in the
figure. Approximate analyses results are also
provided in Figures 5.7 and 5.8. Assume that
sway is not allowed in the y-direction.
Solution:
Total Factored Loads
1.
Load Combination 1, Gravity Load
Combination
(1.2 D + 1.6 L)
P
6.0 m
H
1.4 I
6.0 m
8.5 m
Figure 5.6. Frame And Loading For Example 5.1.
Pu
1.2(1025) + 1.6(410) = 1886 kN
wu
1.2(7.3) + 1.6(22.0)
1025 kN dead load
410 kN live load
7.3 kN/m dead load
22.0 kN/m live load
345 kN wind load
w
H
= 43.96 kN/m
1886kN
1886kN
43.96kN/m
75.8 kN-m
227 kN-m
37.9 kN-m
Figure 5.7. Partial Gravity Load Analysis Results.
2.
Load Combination 2, Wind Load

Combination
(1.2D+0.5L+1.3W)
Pu
1.2(1025) + 0.5(410) = 1435 kN
Hu
1.3(345)
= 448.5 kN
wu
1.2(7.3)+0.5(22.0)
= 19.76 kN/m
Value of Kx
Gtop =
Gbotton
(I L ) for columns
(I L ) for beams
2(I 6 )
1 .4 I 8 .5
= 2.02
0.5 for braced and 1.0 for sway

columns
oh
1435kN
19.76kN/m
1435kN
448.5kN
93.7 kN-m
586 kN-m
586 kN-m
51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
25.6 kN-m
( No Sway Part )
138 kN
( Sway Part )
Figure 5.8. Partial Lateral Load Analysis Results.
759 kN-m
138 kN
Kx
Kx
= 0.77 for braced frame (Better to

consider 1.0 as actually the frame is
unbraced)
= 1.45 for unbraced conditions
Value of Ky:
No data of connected elements is given for ydirection and hence the approximate value may
conservatively be assumed for no sway in this
direction.
Ky = 1.0
Here, design is made for the wind combination and

check is then made for the gravity combination.
Design for Combination 2:
Pu
=
=
1435 + 138 + 19.76 8.5/2

1656.7 kN
According to AISC, max. moments for different

types of loading (nt or lt case), acting at different
locations or of different signs, are to be added
magnitude-wise in any combination.
The Right column is critical for the axial load.
Mntx
Mltx
Mnty
KxLx
=
=
=
=
=
KyLy =
Peq
51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
Mlty = 0
1.45 6 = 8.7 m
1.00 6 = 6.00 m
1.00 6 = 6.00 m
for lt-case
for nt-case
Pu + Mux (m)
=
=
1656.7 + (51.2 + 759.0) (4.95)

5667 kN
Using column tables of Reference 1 for this Peq

and KyLy = 6.0 m;
Trial Section
rx/ry =
(KyLy)eq
Peq
W360 262
=
1.60
K x Lx
rx ry
8.7
1.60
= 5.44 m KyLy controls
Pu + Mux (m)
=
1656.7 + 810.2 4.2
=
5060 kN
Trial Section-1: W360 237

A = 30,100 mm2
rx = 162 mm, ry = 102 mm
rx/ry is same as before
M1 / M2 is positive because of reverse curvature
Cmx =
=
K x Lx
rx
0.6 0.4
M1
M2
0.6 0.4
25.6
51.2
6.0 1000
162
= 37.04
= 0.4
( for nt case)
K x Lx
rx
K y Ly
ry
8.7 1000
162
= 53.70 (for lt-case)
6.0 1000
102
= 58.82
R 59 < 200
OK
cFcr = 176.69 MPa

cPn = cFcr Ag =
cx
176.69 30,100
1000
37.04
K x Lx rx
=
= 89 = 0.416
89
= 5,318 kN
for nt-case
cx
Pe1,x
K x Lx rx
53.70
=
=
= 0.603 for lt -case
89
89
30,100 250
Ag Fy
=
= 1000 0.416 2
2
1000 cx
= 43,483 kN
Ag Fy
Pe2,x =
1000
B1x
C mx
1 Pu Pe1, x
= 0.42
2
cx
for nt-case
= 20,695 kN
=
for lt -case
0 .4
1 1656.7 43,483
B1x = 1.0
Pu = 1435 2 + 19.75 8.5 = 3038 kN

Pex = 2 20,695 = 41,390 kN
B2x
1
Pu
1
Pe 2, x
1
3038
1
41,390
= 1.08
Mux = B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx

= 1.0 (51.20) + 1.08(759.00)
= 870.9 kN-m
From column selection table:
Lp = 5.09 m, Lr = 27.01 m
Check conditions of compact section:

bf
2t f
Pu
b Py
= 6.5 < p = 10.8
OK
1656.7
=
= 0.245
0.9 (250 / 1000) 30,100
For web, p
Pu
31.8 2.33
b Py
42.3
= 66.3 for A36 steel

h
=
15.3
<
tw
OK
Lb = 6.00m > Lp, bending strength is to be

calculated using the inelastic LTB formula.
Mp
= 250 4700 103 / 106 = 1175.0 kN-m
bMp = 0.9 1175 = 1057.5 kN-m

Mr
= (Fy Fr ) S x 10
(
250 69 ) 4,160 10
=
= 753.0 kN-m
BF
= b
M p Mr
Lr L p
1175 753
= 0.9
27.01 5.09
10 6
= 17.33 kN

4 - Beam Column

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Prof. Dr.

Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The sources of this bending moment are shown in

Figure 5.1. Sources of Eccentricity in Columns.

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

It is almost impossible to erect the columns

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Wind and other lateral loads act within the

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The high axial load present in the column

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Figure 5.2. Eccentricity Due to First Order Deflections.

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The phenomenon in which the moments are

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

1st order deflection produced within a member

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

For manual calculations, empirical methods are

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

INTERACTION EQUATION AND

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

For a safe design, the maximum compressive

This equation is called interaction equation

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

If this equation is plotted against the various terms

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS

following equation is to be satisfied:

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

MOMENT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

reverse curvature and it it is negative when

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Figure 5.5. Columns Bent in Reverse and Single Curvatures.

When transverse load is applied between the

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

K-VALUES FOR FRAME BEAM-COLUMNS

K-values for frame columns with partially fixed

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FACTORS

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

moment due to lateral loads producing

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

magnified moment for second order

for A-36 steel

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

required axial load strength of all

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

For the comfort of occupants of the building, the

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

SELECTION OF TRIAL BEAMCOLUMN SECTION

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The difficulty in selection of a trial section for a

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

equivalent or effective axial load

Value of m is taken from Reference-1 against the

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

WEB LOCAL STABILITY

For A36 steel, p

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

for A36 steel