1

Basics of Electrical Engineering
(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT-1
AIM: To study the use of multimeter and testing of various components.
APPARATUS: Analog & digital multimeter, resistance, diode, transistor, capacitor and D.C
battery.
THEORY:
It is one of the most versatile general-purpose instruments capable of measuring dc and ac
voltages as well as currents and resistances. A meter is a measuring instrument. An
ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between
two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance. A multimeter combines these functions
and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument.
Ammeter mode measures current in Amperes. To measure current you need to power off the
circuit, you need to break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series. All the
current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter. Meters are not supposed to
alter the behavior of the circuit, so the ammeter must have a very LOW resistance. The
diagrams below show the connection of a multimeter to measure current, voltage and
resistance..
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig 1: Multimeter as an ammeter, voltmeter & ohmmeter

COMPONENTS:
1. RESISTOR: A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current
flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses. Resistors are common
elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
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equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
2. DIODE: In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts

primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero)
resistance to the flow of current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance
in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline
piece of semiconductor material with a pn junction connected to two electrical
terminals.

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3. TRANSISTOR: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with
at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current
applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another
pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. The semiconductor
material is given special properties by a chemical process called doping. The doping
results in a material that either adds extra electrons to the material (which is then
called N-type for the extra negative charge carriers) or creates "holes" in the material's
crystal structure (which is then called P-type because it results in more positive charge
carriers). The transistor's three-layer structure contains an N-type semiconductor layer
sandwiched between P-type layers (a PNP configuration) or a P-type layer between
N-type layers (an NPN configuration.
4. BATTERY: It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized
snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie talkies, clocks and
smoke detectors. They are also used as backup power to keep the time in certain
electronic clocks. This format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and
alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in
nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury oxide batteries in this
form have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content.

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5. CAPACITOR: The capacitor is a component which has the ability or capacity to
store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference
(Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. There are
many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used in
resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same
thing, they store charge. In its basic form, a Capacitor consists of two or more parallel
conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are
electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such
as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors.
The most common kinds of capacitors are:
Ceramic capacitors have a ceramic dielectric.
Film and paper capacitors are named for their dielectrics.
Aluminum, tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors are named after the
material used as the anode and the construction of the cathode (electrolyte)
Polymer capacitors are aluminum, tantalum or niobium electrolytic capacitors
with conductive polymer as electrolyte
6. CONTINUITY: Continuity testing is the act of testing the resistance between two
points. If there is very low resistance (less than a few s), the two points are
connected electrically, and a tone is emitted. If there is more than a few s of
resistance, than the circuit is open, and no tone is emitted. This test helps insure that
connections are made correctly between two points. This test also helps us detect if
two points are connected that should not be.

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PROCEDURE:
1.
Measuring AC/DC voltage: The range selector switch should be in voltage position.
Place the leads of the multimeter across the terminal of the unknown voltage. Note down the
reading.
2.
Measuring Resistance: Select the range of resistance and after the selections place the
leads of the multimeter across the terminal of the unknown resistance. Note down the values.
3.
Checking the continuity of wire: Connect the wire across the terminals of multimeter.
If reading comes to zero, wire is continuous.
4.
Measuring Capacitance: Turn the selector Knob of the multimeter on Capacitance
Measurement mode. Connect the test leads to the capacitor terminals. Keep test leads
connected for a few seconds to allow the multimeter to automatically select the proper range.
Read the measurement displayed. If the capacitance value is within the measurement range,
the multimeter will display the capacitors value. Else it will display OL, if
a) The capacitance value is higher than the measurement range
b) The capacitor is faulty.
5.
Testing a diode: Turn the dial (rotary switch) to Diode Test mode. Connect the test
leads to the diode. Record the measurement displayed. Reverse the test leads. Record the
measurement displayed.
TEST ANALYSIS:
A good forward-based diode displays a voltage drop ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 volts for
the most commonly used silicon diodes. Some germanium diodes have a voltage drop
ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 V.
The multimeter displays OL when a good diode is reverse-biased. The OL reading
indicates the diode is functioning as an open switch.
A bad (opened) diode does not allow current to flow in either direction. A multimeter
will display OL in both directions when the diode is opened.
A shorted diode has the same voltage drop reading (approximately 0.4 V) in both
directions.
6.
Testing the NPN/PNP transistor: A transistor can be classified in 2 types: NPN and
PNP transistors. Following are the steps to check whether the transistor is NPN/PNP :
Step 1: (Base to Emitter)
Connect the positive lead from the multimeter to the BASE (B) of the transistor.
Connect the negative meter lead to the EMITTER (E) of the transistor. For a good
NPN transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and 0.9V. If you
are testing PNP transistor, you should see OL (Over Limit).
Step 2: (Base to Collector)
Keep the positive lead on the BASE (B) and place the negative lead to the
COLLECTOR (C).
For a good NPN transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and
0.9V. If you are testing PNP transistor, you should see OL (Over Limit).
Step 3: (Emitter to Base)
Connect the positive lead from the multimeter to the EMITTER (E) of the transistor.
Connect the negative meter lead to the BASE (B) of the transistor.
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For a good NPN transistor, you should see OL (Over Limit).If you are testing PNP
transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and 0.9V.
Step 4: (Collector to Base)
Connect the positive lead from the multimeter to the COLLECTOR (C) of the
transistor. Connect the negative meter lead to the BASE (B) of the transistor.
For a good NPN transistor, you should see OL (Over Limit).If you are testing PNP
transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and 0.9V.
Step 5: (Collector to Emitter)
Connect the positive meter lead to the COLLECTOR (C) and the negative meter lead
to the EMITTER (E) A good NPN or PNP transistor will read OL/Over Limit on
the meter. Swap the leads (Positive to Emitter and Negative to Collector) Once
again, a good NPN or PNP transistor should read OL.
Typical Specifications of Digital Multimeter:

Ranges
:
DC voltage upto 1,000 V in 5 ranges
AC voltages upto 750 V in 5 ranges
DC current upto 10 A in 5 ranges
AC current upto 10 A in ranges
Resistance upto 200 M in seven ranges
Basic Accuracy
:
0.5% for dc voltages
1% for ac voltages
1% for dc current
1.2% for ac current
0.8 % for resistance
Display
:
3.5 digits, LCD
Power Source
:
9Vbattery.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be tight and clean.
2. Dont touch bare joints.
RESULT:
All the components using multimeter are verified.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2(A)
AIM: Verification of Kirchhoffs current law in D.C circuits on kits.

APPARATUS:
a) Resistors (10, 20, 22, 180, 470, 10, 220)
b) Multimeter
c) Regulated Power supply
d) Connecting leads
e) KCL kits
THEORY:
Kirchhoffs current law:
It states that algebraic sum of the currents entering any point is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that point. The point may be the interconnection of one or more branches.
This law is nothing more than a restatement of Principles of conservation of charge.
i.e.
k
I
j 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 1 (A).1 Circuit diagram for KCL

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PROCEDURE:
Kirchhoffs current law:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram 1.2
2. Switch on the D.C. supply and set it at 5V.
3. Note down the current readings from the ammeter (A1, A2 and A3)
4. Repeat step 3 for the applied voltage V= 10V, 12V and note down the readings.
5. Switch off the D.C. supply
6. Verify the result with analytical calculations
KCL TRAINER BOARD:
Figure 2(A).2 KCL trainer board kit.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
KCL: Table for kit

S.No.
Input
Theoretical value(A)
Practical value(A)
Supply
I1 I2 I3 Total Current I1 I2 I3 Total Current
I= I1+I2+I3
I= I1+I2+I3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Before connecting the instruments, check the error in instrument.
3. The direction of current and voltage should be identified correctly
4. Multimeter should be in Ammeter mode while measuring current.
CONCLUSION:
Kirchhoffs current law is verified.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2(B)
AIM: Verification of Kirchhoffs voltage law in D.C circuits on kit.

APPARATUS:
a) Resistors (10, 20, 22, 180, 470, 10, 220)
b) Multimeter
c) Regulated Power supply
d) Connecting leads
e) KVL kit
THEORY:
Kirchhoffs voltage law:
It states that at any time instant the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed circuit or a loop is zero.
That is, for a closed circuit having k elements,
k
V
j 1
Where Vj represents the voltage drops of the jth element.
v v v
1
......... v k 0
this statement simply tells us that if we start from a particular junction and go around a closed circuit
so as to come back to the same junction, the net potential drop (or potential rise) is zero, because we
have come back to the point at the same potential.
Figure.2 (B).1 Circuit diagram for KVL

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Procedure:
Kirchhoffs voltage law:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram 1.1.
2. Switch ON the D.C. supply and set it at 5V
3. Note down the voltage readings from the voltmeter (V1, V2, and V3).
4. Repeat the step 3 for applied voltage V= 10V, 12V, and note down the readings.
5. Switch off the D.C. supply
6. Verify the result with analytical calculations.
KVL Trainer Board:
Figure 2(B).2 KVL trainer board kit.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:Table for kits
S.No.
Input
Theoretical value(A)
Practical value(A)
Supply
V1 V2 V3 Total Voltage V1 V2 V3 Total Voltage
V=V1+V2+V3
V=V1+V2+V3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Before connecting the instruments, check the error in instrument.
3. The direction of current and voltage should be identified correctly
4. Multimeter should be in Ammeter mode while measuring current.
CONCLUSION:
KVL is verified.

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EXPERIMENT-3
AIM- Analysis of AC Circuits
1) To find the voltage, current relationship and power factor of a given R-L-C series circuit.
2) Measurement of Power
APPARATUS:
1. Single phase A.C. Supply (230 V)
2. Single phase auto transformer (2KVA)
3. Wattmeter AC (250V, 4A)
4. Digital Ammeter AC (0 - 5A)
5. Voltmeter AC (0 - 300V)
6. Resistance
7. Inductor choke coil
8. Capacitor
9. Double pole single throw switch (DPST) (15 A)
10. Connecting leads
01No.
01No.
01No.
01No.
03No.
01No.
01No.
01No
01No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 3.1: RLC series circuit

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THEORY:
An A.C. series circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor and capacitor in series is shown in
Figure 2.1. The voltage across resistor, inductor and capacitor are Vr, VL & VC respectively.
The phasor sum of Vr and (VL -- VC) will be equal to the applied voltage V.
Voltage applied at RLC series circuit can be calculated using the relation below:
1
1
V I R j L
V I R j L
j C
j C
1
V
Z R J L
I A
C
Z , Where Z is the impedance and is given by

1
Z R J L
C
In a single phase A.C. circuit, power is given by:

Power = VI Cos Watts
Where, V = Voltage in Volts.
I = Current in Amperes.
Cos = Power factor of load.
Is the Angle between voltage and current
Hence, power factor (cos) = W/V*I (where W = wattmeter reading or actual power
consumed by connected load)
Power factor, Cos , depends upon the nature of load connected in the circuit .So, it may be:
1) Unity power factor.
2) Lagging power factor.
3) Leading power factor.
4) Zero power factor.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Applied
W
S.
voltage I
No
Vs
VR
VL
VC
R=
VR/I
XL=
VI/I
XC=
VC/I
cos

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PROCEDURE:
1.
Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram Figure 2.1.
2.
Switch ON the supply using DPST (Double pole single through) switch.
3.
Set the applied voltage using variac.
4.
Note down readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
5.
Increase the applied voltage and note down all the readings of various instruments
again.
6.
Repeat step 5, 2-3 times and note all the readings in the observation table.
7.
Decrease the voltage using variac and switch off the power supply.
8.
Verify theoretical and practical values of voltage, current and power.
9.
Calculate the power factor and angle
CALCULATIONS:
(1) Wattmeter Constant, K = V*I* Cos / W
Where V = Voltage Range of Wattmeter
I = Current Range of Wattmeter
Cos = Power Factor of Wattmeter
W = Full scale deflection of Wattmeter.
(2) Cos = K*W / V*I.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight and as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the zero error of the instrument.
3. Make sure variac should be at minimum position when it is switched ON.
4. Do not touch the bare joints or terminals without switching OFF the supply.
RESULT: Power factor and resonant frequency are calculated

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EXPERIMENT-4
AIM To find out the line voltage and phase voltage relationships, line current and phase
current relationships in case of star connected and delta connected 3 phase balanced load.
APPARATUS:
1 3 Phase A.C. Supply
2 3 Phase Balanced Lamp Load
3 Triple pole iron clad main switch (15 Amps)
4 Voltmeter AC (0-500V)
5 Ammeter (0-5/10A)
6 Connecting leads etc.
-------01 No
-------01 No
-------01 No
-------02 No
-------03 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure: 4.1
THEORY:
Star Connection:
In a 3-phase AC circuit, line voltage is equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage and line
current is equal to the phase current.
i.e.
V L 3V Ph
V L 3V Ph
Line
Ph
Line
Ph

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Delta Connection:
In a 3-phase delta connection line current is equal to 1.732 times of the phase current and line
voltage is equal to phase voltage.
3 I Ph
Line
3 I Ph
V Ph V Line V Ph
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Connections
V V
L
V V
Ph
Ph
I I
L
I I
Ph
Ph
V
V
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Star
Delta
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per star connections shown in Figure 4.1.
2. Get the connections checked by the teacher in-charge.
3. Switch ON the supply through TPIC switch.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeters & ammeters & note them in observation table.
5. Find the relation between the line voltage and phase voltage, line current and phase
current.
6. Switch OFF the power supply & disconnect the circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Connections should be right and tight.
2) Zero error of instrument should be checked.
3) Do not touch the bare joints or terminals while performing the experiment.
4) Take the readings carefully.
RESULT:
In Star connection, Line voltage =3 phase voltage & Line Current = Phase current &
In Delta connection, Line voltage = Phase voltage & Line Current = 3 Phase current

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EXPERIMENT-5
EXPERIMENT - Measurement of self-inductance, mutual inductance and coupling
coefficient of windings.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Voltmeter, ammeter, inductor and connecting wires.
FORMULAE:
1. Total impedance
i) Series aiding = La=L1+L2+2M
ii) Series opposing = Lb =L1+L2-2M
2. L1=V1/ (2f I1); L2= V2/ (2fI2);
La = Va/ (2f I1); Lb=Vb/ (2f I1);
M= (La-Lb)/4 , K=M/L1L2
THEORY:
SELF INDUCTANCE
When a current changes in a circuit, the magnetic flux linking the same circuit changes (vice
versa) and an e.m.f. is induced in the circuit. This induced e.m.f. is proportional to the rate of
change of current.
di
di
V L* V L*
dt
dt
Where, V= induced voltage
di
dt = rate of change of current
L = constant of proportionality called Self Inductance
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
It is the phenomenon in which a change of current in one coil causes an induced emf in
another coil placed near to the first coil.Mutual inductance is defined as the ratio of emf
induced in the secondary coil to the rate of change of electric current in the primary coil.
M = (emf)s/Ip/t
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING
It is defined as the fraction of total flux that links the coils.
12
1
21
2
i.e. K, the coefficient of coupling =
12
1
21
2

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where, 1 and 2 are the flux in each coil whereas 12 and 21 are the flux linked with
coils
Coefficient of coupling is always less than unity, and has a maximum value of 1.When k=1,
is called perfect coupling, when the entire flux of one coil links the other. The greater the
coefficient of coupling between the two coils the greater the mutual inductance between them
and vice-versa. If the two coils are a great distance apart in space, the mutual inductance is
very small, and K is also very small. For iron-core coupled circuits, the value of K may be as
high as .99 for air-core coupled circuits varies 0.4 to 0.8.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TO FIND THE SELF INDUCTANCE OF COIL 1:
FIG 5.1

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TO FIND THE SELF INDUCTANCE OF COIL 2:
FIG 5.2
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Now adjust the autotransformer such that the voltmeter reads rated voltage.
3. Vary the voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Apply 5-7% rated voltage while measuring series inductance.
5. Then calculate coefficient of coupling and mutual inductance.
TABULATION:
To find L1:
S. no
Voltage(V)
Current(A)
L1=V1/ (2f I1)

(H)

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To find L2:
S. no
Voltage(V)
Current(A)
L2= V2/ (2fI2)

(H)
TO FIND THE EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE OF COIL IN SERIES ADDING:
FIG 5.3
TO FIND THE EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE OF COIL IN SERIES OPPOSING:
FIG 5.4
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure Variac should be at minimum position before switching ON the supply
2. When L1 and L2 are in subtracting mode then apply rated current to transformer carefully.
RESULT: The mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling are measured.

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EXPERIMENT-6
AIM: To perform open- circuit and short circuit test on a transformer and determine (i)
efficiency (ii) voltage ratio.
APPARATUS:
1) Single phase A.C. Supply
2) Single phase transformer (2 KVA)
3) Wattmeter AC (0-50W) (W1)
4) Ammeter AC (0-15 A)
5) Voltmeter AC (0-500 V)
6) Double pole single throw switch
7) Wattmeter AC (0-300W) (W2)
8) Connecting leads.
----01 No
----01 No
----01 No
---02 No
----03 No
----01 No
----01 No
Circuit Diagram:
Fig 6.1
Fig 6.2
THEORY:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
It is performed to determine the iron loss & transformation ratio. Primary winding is
supplied with normal working voltage at normal frequency and secondary winding is kept
Open. The current in the primary is only that much that is necessary to magnetize the core at
normal voltage and this magnetizing current being a very small fraction of full load current
(usually 3 to 10% of full load current), so Cu losses may be neglected and only loss is due to

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core loss. The transformation ratio = No. of Secondary turns/No. of Primary turns =
Secondary voltage on open circuit/Voltage applied to Primary = V2/V1.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
It is performed to determine the full load Cu losses. In this test, usually the terminals of low
voltage winding are short-circuited and high voltage winding is supplied with low voltage.
Transformer is used to limit the short circuit current, so the flux linking with the core is very
small and therefore represents full load copper losses and wattmeter reading shows the Cu
loss at given load. Transformer efficiency at any given load is given as:
PROCEDURE:
FOR O.C. TEST
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Ensure that the Variac Position is at zero.
3) Switch on the single phase AC. Supply.
4) Apply rated voltage of 230V, to the primary side of transformer.
5) Note the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No.
1
V1
V2
Ioc
FOR S.C. TEST

1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Ensure that the Variac position is at 0 (zero).
3) Switch on the single phase AC. Supply.
4) Slowly increase the output voltage of the dimmerstat till the ammeter on primary side
shows rated current of 4.35 amp.
5) Note the ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No.
1
2
V1
Isc

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be perfectly tight.
2. Supply should not be switched ON until& unless the connections are checked by the
teacher.
3. Do not bend while taking the readings
4. No loose wires should lie on the work table.
5. Thick wires should be used for current circuit and flexible wires for voltage circuits.
RESULT: Efficiency of transformer :
Voltage Ratio:

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EXPERIMENT-7
AIM : To study the speed control of a DC shunt motor & to draw the speed variation
with respect to : (a) Change of field Current (b) Change of resistance in armature
circuit.
APPARATUS:
(1)
D.C supply(220V)
------01 No
(2)
D.C shunt motor (250V,2KW)
------01 No
(3)
Rheostat, Rf (230 ohms)
------01 No
(4)
Rheostat, Ras(20 ohms)
------01 No
(5)
Ammeter A1(0 to 10 A)
------01 No
(6)
Ammeter A2 (0 to100 A)
------01 No
(7)
(8)
(9)
Tachometer to measure speed of motor

DPST switch.
Connecting leads etc.
------01 No
------01 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 7.1
THEORY:
In case of D.C shunt motor, speed of the motor is given by the relation:
Na = Eb/ = (V Ia Ra) /If..
Hence one can change the speed by following ways:

(i) By changing the field current If i.e. by inserting resistance in the field circuit.
i.e. If = V / Rsh = V/(Rsh + Rf)
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(ii) By changing the back e.m.f or voltage drop in armature i.e. by inserting a
resistance in armature circuit
i.e. Eb = V-IaRa=V-Ia(Ra+Ras)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. To avoid over heating of circuit, current should not be passed for long duration.
2. Connections should be tight and clean.
3. Dont touch bare joints.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Figure 7.1
2. Get the connections checked by the teacher in charge.
3. Switch ON the dc supply through DPST switch.
FIELD CONTROL:
4. Insert a resistance in the field circuit through rheostat Rsh in steps.
5. Take the reading of ammeter A1 and measure the speed of motor Nf at each step
and record them on observation table.
6. Now bring the rheostat Rf back to zero position.
ARMATURE CONTROL:
7. Insert a resistance in series with armature through rheostat Ras in steps.
8. Take the reading of ammeter A2 and measure the speed of motor Na at each step
and record them on the observation table.
9. Bring the rheostat Ras back to its zero position, switch off the supply through
DPST switch and dismantle the circuit.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No.
Armature Control
Eb
(Back N(Speed)
S.No.
Field Control
If (Field Current)
N (Speed)
EMF)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RESULTS:
1. In field control method, by adding a resistance in the field winding, the speed of motor
increases.
2. In armature control method, by adding a resistance in the armature winding, the speed
of motor decreases.
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT-8
AIM: To connect, start and reverse the direction of 3 phase induction motor.
APPARTUS:
(1) 3 Phase A.C. Supply
(2) 3 phase induction motor (squirrel cage)
(3) TPIC switch (15 Amps)
(4) Star -Delta Starter
(5) Ammeter (0 10 A)
(6) Connecting leads etc.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig: 8.1 Induction Motor

THEORY:
When stator of 3-phase induction motor is connected to 3-phase ac supply, a rotating
magnetic field is established that rotates at synchronous speed. The direction of revolution of
field depends upon phase sequence of primary currents. The direction of rotation of field can
be reversed by interchanging any two terminals of the 3-phase induction motor. Induction
motor is connected to mains through a TPIC switch and DOL Starter.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections to the motor through the TPIC switch and star-delta Starter as
shown in Figure 8.1
2) Switch ON the supply with TPIC main switch.
3) Start the 3 induction motor by star-delta starter.
4) Observe the direction of rotation of the motor.
5) Stop the motor by pushing stop button of star-delta starter & switch OFF the TPIC switch.
6) To reverse the direction of rotation of the motor, interchange the leads of motor at any two
terminals of TPIC switch or starter as shown in Figure7.1.
7) Now again switch ON the TPIC switch and start the motor again & observe the direction
of the rotation of the motor.
8) Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the connections.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No
1.
2.
Phase Sequence
RYB
RBY
Direction of Rotation
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Connections should be neat and tight.
2) Do not touch the bare joints or terminals while performing the experiment.
3) Make sure that TPIC switch should be OFF when you are changing the terminals.
RESULTS:
The direction of rotation of the motor is reversed when connections of any two terminals are
interchanged.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT- 9
OBJECTIVE: Temperature measurement using temperature sensor (RTD)
APPARATUS: RTD kit, electric kettle
THEORY:
The change in the resistance of metal with temperature provides the basis for a family of
temperature measuring sensors known as resistance temperature detectors. The sensor is
simply a conductor fabricated either as a wire wound coil or as a film or foil grid. The change
in resistance of the conductor with temperature is given by the expression
dR/Ro = I1 (T To)2 + .+ In (T To)n
Where To is a reference temperature.
Ro is the resistance at temperature To
II, l2 .ln are temperature co-efficient of resistance.
Platinum is widely used for sensor fabrication since it is the most stable of all the metals. It is
least sensitive to contamination and is capable of operating over a very wide range of
temperature.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram
2. Let the system be in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.
PROCEDURE:
Switch ON the instrument.
Pore around 3/4th full of water to the kettle and place sensors and thermometer inside
the kettle.
Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.
Adjust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water
temperature.
Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils
Note down the reading at 10oC and set this temperature by potentiometer so that it
gives the same value of waters temp..
Remove the sensor from the boiling water and immerse it in the cold water. Set the
cold- water temperature using initial set potentiometer.
Repeat the process till the display reads exact boiling water and cold water
temperature. Change the water in the kettle and reheats the water. Now the display
starts showing exact temperature rise in the kettle.
Tabulate the readings for indicator reading and thermometer reading.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO.
(Actual
Temperature
Thermometer)
by
Indicator Reading RTD
Error
GRAPH: Actual reading v/s Indicator Reading.

RESULTS: Temperature is measured using RTD & error is calculated.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT- 10
OBJECTIVE: Measurement of displacement using LVDT.
APPARATUS: LVDT Trainer- kit , connecting leads
CIRCUIT/SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
Primary Coil
CORE
Sec. Coil 1
Primary Coil
Sec. Coil 2
CORE
Sec. Coil 1
Sec. Coil 2
Fig 10.1: Schematic Diagram of LVDT.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
Fig 9.2: Circuit Diagram of LVDT.

THEORY:
Differential transformers, based on a variable Inductance principle, are used to measure
linear displacement. The most popular variable- inductance transducer for linear
displacement measurement is the Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT).
The LVDT consists of three symmetrically spaced coils wound onto an insulated
bobbin. A magnetic core, which moves through the bobbin without contact provides a
path for magnetic flux linkage between coils. The position of the magnetic core controls
the mutual inductance between the center or primary coil and with the two outside or
secondary coils.
When an AC carrier excitation is applied to the primary coil, voltages are induced in the
two secondary coils that are wires in a series-opposing circuit. When the core is
centered between the two secondary coils, the voltage induces between the secondary
coils are equal but out of phase by 180o. The voltage in the two coil cancels and the
output voltage will be zero. When the core is moved from the center position, an
imbalance in mutual inductance between the primary coil and the secondary coil occurs
and an output voltage develops. The output voltage is linear function of the core
position as long as the motion of the core is within the operating range of the LVDT
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm-up
3. Be careful about the calibration of the scale of LVDT
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Switch on the instrument by toggle switch.
4. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm-up.
5. Rotate the micrometer till it reads 20.0mm
6. Rotate the core of micrometer till the micrometer reads 10.0mm and adjust the
ZERO potentiometer till the display reads 00.0mm.
7. Rotate back the micrometer core up to 20.0mm and adjust once again calibration
potentiometer till the display reads 10.0mm.
8. Now the instrument is calibrated for +/-10.0mm range. As the core of LVDT moves
the display reads the displacement in mm.
9. Rotate the core of the micrometer in steps of 1 or 2 mm
10. The micrometer will show the exact displacement given to the LVDT core, the
display will read the displacement sensed by the LVDT.
11. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph of actual micrometer reading v/s indicator
readings on LCD.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO.
Actual Micrometer Indicator
Reading (mm)
Readings
LVDT (mm)
1.
2.
3.
Voltage
(V)
Error
RESULTS: The graph of actual micrometer reading v/s indicator readings was plotted.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT-11
AIM: To study the characteristics of bimetal miniature circuit breaker (MCB).
APPARATUS:
1. Auto Transformer 10 AMP
2. Digital Ammeter (0-20 AMP)
3. Stop Watch
4. Connecting leads.
THEORY:
Miniature circuit breaker provides overload protection and short circuit protection. As the
current increases beyond the rated value, the MCB must trip instantly. The MCB can be reset
by hand after tripping and removing the fault. There are two main operations in MCB. One is
the thermal operation with inverse time characteristics for overload protection and hammer
trip that assisted magnetic operation for short circuit protection. Thermal operation is
achieved with a bimetallic strip. When it is heated by any over current flowing through it and
causes the contacts to open. Greater the inverse current, shorter the time required to operate
the MCB.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A
0 20 AMP
P
N
MCB
B
R
E
A
K
E
R
M
C
B
LOADING TRANSFORMER
A
0 20 AMP
P
N
MCB
B
R
E
A
K
E
R
M
C
B
LOADING TRANSFORMER
Fig. 11.1
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO.
Current in amperes Time (secs)

(mm)
1.
2.
3.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Ammeter should always be connected in series.
3. Dont touch the live parts while performing practical.
4. Increase the current within the safe limit.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in Fig.11.1.
2. Switch on the power supply by MCB and push the green push button mounted on the
panel .
3. Now set the fault current above the current rating of MCB with the help of
variac.
4. Note down time taken by the MCB to trip which is indicated on the Time Totalizer.
5. Repeat the above procedure by increasing current in small steps.
6. Plot the graph between current and operating time
RESULTS: The Characteristics Of Bimetal Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) Is Studied.

graph of current and operating time is plotted.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT-11(A)
AIM: To study the operating characteristics of fuse (HRC or open type)
Auto Transformer 20 AMP
Digital Ammeter (0 20 amp)
Loading Transformer
Stop Watch
Fuse Enclosure
Fuse Wire
Connecting leads.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Fuses are used as a protective device against over current in electrical installations. Fuse is
essentially a short piece of metal, which is inserted in series with the circuit. When a fault
such as short circuit occurs, the current exceeds the value, and the fuse wire gets heated,
melts and breaks the circuit. The fuse has inverse time current characteristics.
MCB
CARTRIDGEGLASSFUSE
CARTRIDGE GLASS FUSE
WIREFUSE
A
u
t
o
WIRE FUSE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HRC
FUSE
C
B
LOADING TRANSFORMER
A
u
t
o
P
N
MCB
C
B
HRC
FUSE
LOADING TRANSFORMER

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

(EEP-1103)
Fig.11(A)
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
All the connections should be properly tight.
2.
Do not touch live parts while performing practical.
3.
The fuse wire should be properly covered using the enclosure.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in Fig.11(A)
2. Connect different types of fuses (HRC, Rewirable, Cartridge Glass Type) one by one
in fuse carrier provided on panel.
3. Switch on the power supply by MCB and push the green push button mounted on the
panel .
4.
Now set the fault current above the current rating of fuse with the help of
variac.
5. Note down time taken by the fuse to blow which is indicated on the Time Totalizer.
6. Repeat the above procedure by increasing current in small steps.
7. Plot the graph between fusing current and melting time for different fuses.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No.
Fusing current in amp
Melting time in sec.
RESULTS: Fuse current & melting time is measured.

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

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Basics of Electrical Engineering

Fig 1: Multimeter as an ammeter, voltmeter & ohmmeter

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2. DIODE: In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts

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Typical Specifications of Digital Multimeter:

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AIM: Verification of Kirchhoffs current law in D.C circuits on kits.

Figure 1 (A).1 Circuit diagram for KCL

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KCL TRAINER BOARD:

Figure 2(A).2 KCL trainer board kit.

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KCL: Table for kit

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AIM: Verification of Kirchhoffs voltage law in D.C circuits on kit.

Where Vj represents the voltage drops of the jth element.

Figure.2 (B).1 Circuit diagram for KVL

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Figure 2(B).2 KVL trainer board kit.

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Figure 3.1: RLC series circuit

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Z , Where Z is the impedance and is given by

In a single phase A.C. circuit, power is given by:

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i.e. K, the coefficient of coupling =

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L1=V1/ (2f I1)

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L2= V2/ (2fI2)

TO FIND THE EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE OF COIL IN SERIES ADDING:

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FOR S.C. TEST

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