Introduction

The Impact of a Jet experiment shows as the force

produced by a jet of water as it strikes a flat plate or
hemispherical cup. We can then compare this to the
momentum flow rate in the jet. To extend the range
of investigations, the 90-Degree (flate plate) and
180-Degree (hemispherical cup) are available
separately.
To perform experiments, level the apparatus and
zero the weigh beam assembly . Set the flow from
the hydraulic bench to maximum, and measure the
jet force. Then reduce the flow from the hydraulic
bench in several increments. At each increment,
record the force of the jet on the plate and the flow
rate. Then repeat the experiments for different test
plates. All test plates are all easily interchangeable,
taking only a few seconds and needing no tools.
Compare the results to those calculated from theory,
working out graphs of rate of delivery of momentum
against force on the plate.
Objective

To measure the impact forces on different plates

shapes.
1.

2.

To find a relation between these forces.

Theory

The momentum equation based on Newtons 2nd law of

motion states that the algebraic sum of external forces
applied to control colume of fluid in any direction equal to
the rate of change of momentum in that direction.
The external forces include the component of the weight of
the fluid and of the forces exerted extrenally upon the
boundary surface of control volume.
If a vertical water jet moving with velocity u made to strike
a target (Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction,
force will be exerted on the target by the impact of jet.
Applying momentum equation, force exerted by the jet on
the vane, F is given by:
F=m(u1 - u2)
Where :
m = Q

= Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Q = Flow Rate
u1 = Velocity after impact
u2 = Velocity before impact

For any plate: F=m(u1 - u2 cos)

For flat plate (=0): F=mu
For hemispherical plate (=180): F=m(u1 + u2)
Where: Q = Volume / Time
u1 = Q/A
Fexp = Wy/L

u22 = u12 -2gs

Equipments

1.

Hydraulics Benches.

2.

Stopwatches.

3.

Impact of a Jet Apparatus.

Procedure

1. The experiment was carried out on a volumetrice

tank.
2. The adjusting screw was used to set the pinter to
zero. No loads were placed on the measuring system
while this process was conducted.
3. The hydraulic bench pump was switched on.
4. The desired load weights was applied.
5. The control valve was let open to regulate the
water flow into the apparatus and allowed to hit the
target. The opening valve was readjusted so that the
pointer reads zero once more.
6. The volume of the water collected in the storage
tank was determined and the time for the volumetric
tank to be filled up was recorded. The rational is that
to determine in-pipe discharge.
7. Steps 4-6 were repeated by adding weights.

Results and Calculations

Sph

Cone

Flat

Quantit
Time
y
(sec)
(L)
25.1
5
9
18.8
5
3
16.2
5
6
35.5
5
5
25.8
5
3
21.5
5
2
34.1
5
2
22.8
5
9
18.6
5
5

y
(m
m)
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30

Qexp
m
u0
u1
3
(m /s) (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s)
1.981
0-4
2.661
0-4
3.081
0-4
1.411
0-4
1.941
0-4
2.321
0-4
1.471
0-4
2.181
0-4
2.681
0-4

mu1
(N)

Ftheo
(N)

Fexp
(N)

Error
(%)

0.198 2.522 2.382

0.472

0.472 0.392 16.95

0.266 3.389 3.286

0.874

0.874 0.785 10.18

0.308 3.924 3.836

1.181

1.181 1.177 0.34

0.141 1.796 1.593

0.225

0.338 0.392 15.98

0.194 2.471 2.328

0.452

0.678 0.785 15.78

0.232 2.955 2.836

0.658

0.987 1.177 19.25

0.147 1.873 1.68

0.247

0.494 0.392 20.65

0.218 2.777 2.65

0.578

1.156 0.785 32.09

0.268 3.414 3.312

0.888

1.776 1.177 33.73

Sample:
Qexp = Volume / Time = 510-3 / 25.19 = 1.9410-4 m3/s
m = Q = 10001.9410-4 = 0.198 kg/s
u0 = Q/AN = 1.9410-4/(/4)(10)2 = 2.522 m/s
u1 = u 0 -2gs = 2.522- 2(9.81)(0.035) = 2.382 m/s
mu1 = 0.1982.382 = 0.472 N

Ftheo = mu1 = 0.472 N

Fexp = Wy/L = 0.6(9.81)(0.01)/(0.15) = 0.392 N
Error =

F theo - Fexp
100
F theo

|0.472-0.392
|100
0.472

= 16.95%

Graphs:
a) The graph of mu1 (N) versus Fexp (N) (for flat plate):
1.4
1.2
1

f(x) = 1.1x - 0.14

0.8
Fexp (N)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

mu1 (N)

Slope = 1.1007 1 (acceptable)

b) The graph of mu1 (N) versus Fexp (N) (for cone):

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4
1.2
1

f(x) = 1.81x - 0.02

0.8
Fexp (N)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

mu1 (N)

Slope = 1.8116 1.5 (acceptable)

c) The graph of mu1 (N) versus Fexp (N) (for hemispherical

plate):
1.4
1.2
1

f(x) = 1.22x + 0.09

0.8
Fexp (N)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6
mu1 (N)

Slope = 1.2242 1<2 (unacceptable)

0.7

0.8

0.9