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5.

5 T h e Electromagnetic Vector Potential A

123

in agreement with the above expression for polar angle 6 = 0. Taking into account that (see
Chapter 1 or later)
k2m
E m
klk = 1/c2, B = -- = -c2 r 3
p c2
we obtain the correspondence

B u -E,

m-cp.

This means, the magnetic moment m generates the field B in complete analogy to the generation
of the field E by an electric dipole, and

B(r) = -k

2m cos 0
r3

= -kV-.

e,

+k

m sin 0

T e g

m.r

(5.25)

7-3

We see therefore that a circular current generates an induction field B , which sufficiently far away
looks like that of a dipole, as indicated in Fig. 5.13.

5.5

The Electromagnetic Vector Potential A

We return to the law of Biot-Savart. With

we have
drj(r) x

Vr-

Ir - r)
(5.26)

(where k = po/47r). But div curl

is always zero. Hence

V . B(r) = 0.

(5.27)

This equation has no source term on the right hand side. This means in
physical terms: There are no single magnetic poles, i.e. monopoles. How did
we arrive at this result: The empirically obtained law of Biot-Savart gives
the field B which surrounds a conductor with current I ; we saw that this field
corresponds to that of a magnetic moment, a magnetic moment, however,
corresponds to a pairing of magnetic poles - hence no single magnetic poles
enter the consideration. It should be noted that we are (apparently) dealing
with macroscopic considerations (the Biot-Savart law applies to macroscopic

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