APPLICATIONS

GARDENING

OF GIS

AND

REMOTE

SENSING

TECHNIQUES

IN

LANDSCAPE

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing are both support systems which
can broadly use in the sustainable cultural landscape resources planning and management. These two fields
are both involve in the data acquisition methods, data processing procedures and techniques, the applications
it is used for and so on. These two support systems are also a fast developing system in many fields.
Geographic information systems (GIS) can be used widely in varieties of activities involving planning,
management and analysis of spatial information while Remote Sensing imagery can be used as the baseline
dataset in documenting and analysing the historical and contemporary effects of human activities at cultural
heritage sites. An integrated Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) allows cultural
resource managers, historians, planners, and engineers to catalogue and assess the organizational and
structural patterns of such sites and able to determine sustainable tourism and urban development within
their regions. A regional dynamics survey can be used for analysis of cultural heritage resources by applying
a multi-scalar remote sensing approach to demonstrate patterns of land use and land cover. Remote sensing
method can be used to create an urban dynamic model that visualizes future consequences of environmental
and man-made threats, thereby enabling mitigation and management of these non-renewable resources. GIS
allows us to measure our assets, understand our patterns of change, better understand the resources that we
are using and identify the impact of human activities on the resources or geographic change. GIS also help
us to utilise the resources and manage our resources with the analysis tools that support planning as well as
operational activities.
Introduction
Cultural landscape resources are something of the past encompassing a countrys cultural
entities and became part of the things we see today. Cultural landscapes can be defined as a long and
intimate relationship between mankind and their natural environment. They are protected landscapes or
areas placed in a larger ecosystem context. It symbolises the growing recognition in the links of local
communities with their heritage as well as humankind and its natural environment. According to Rossler, a
cultural landscape has a combination of both tangible and intangible components of nature and culture,
encompassing a range of both biological and cultural diversity.
GIS is a computer based technology and methodology that deal with the real world by
collecting, storing, manipulating, retrieving and even analysing the spatial data or geo-referenced data.
Remote sensing, cartography, surveying are some of the field instruments use for data collection and allow
further data acquisition. Cartography and surveying are examples of mapping process.
In the aspect of resource management, it is an efficient and effective deployment and
allocation of an organization's resources when and where they are needed. Resource management includes
planning, allocating and scheduling of resources to tasks. In term of landscape resource development, it
involves the actual use of a resource during a transformation of the natural material into a commodity or
service to serve human needs and aspirations according to Dr. Phillip Mwanukuzi Geography Department in
UDSM.
Any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly understood
without reference to its spatial qualities. Spatial data have two essential parts which are location and also
attributes. In term of location, it typically referred to latitude, longitude and national grid references that can
be used to identify the location. However, postcodes can also be used as one of the geospatial codes that
allow identification of location. Attribute referred to any locality that has a number of characteristics or
properties that associated with it. They are kept in the form of tables with contain useful information like
vegetation types, population, annual income and the others.
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GIS represents real world through digital data. Inputting data in to the GIS, one needs to
specify identities of the objects on the map as well as their spatial relationships. Data representation in GIS
is done by raster method and vector method. IN raster method, the data are arranged in rows and columns in
which each of the cells may be categorized by its individual data. Through vector method, geometries such
as points and lines can be used to represent objects.

Data
spatial coordinates on the surface of the earth or location data
Geographic
reference

GIS = G + IS
Information
Database
systemof attribute data providing information for decision making.

Remote sensing can be defined as the collection of information about an object, area without
the need of physically having contact with the object and interpreting the collected data. Remote sensing
means sensing things from a distance. Of our live senses, we use three as remote sensors which is sense of
sight, sense of smell and sense of hearing. Aircraft and satellites are the examples of common platforms used
for remote sensing of the earth and its natural resources. In collecting information over a large numbers of
wavelength bands, it is able to produce multispectral or hyper-spectral data. The further development of
unmanned satellites has enhanced the collection of remotely sensed data offering low cost information
obtaining way over large areas. The capacity of remote sensing to identify and monitor land surfaces and
environmental conditions has expanded greatly over the last few years and remotely sensed data will be an
essential tool in natural resource management.
The diagram below shows the flow of data acquisition in remote sensing:
(A) Energy Source or Illumination
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere
(C) Interaction with the Target
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor
(E) Transmission, Reception, and
Processing
(F) Interpretation and Analysis
(G)Application

Figure: Flow of data acquisition in remote sensing

Application of GIS
GIS is one of the powerful software technologies that capable in combining layers of
information in a place to give user a better understanding of a place. It allows a virtually unlimited amount
of information to be linked to a same referred geographic location and able to capture, store, manipulate,
analyse, manage, and present all types of geographical data. Assist by a digital map, GIS even allows users
to see locations, events, features, and environmental changes with unprecedented clarity, showing
information such as environmental trends, soil stability, pesticide use, migration corridors, hazardous waste
generators, dust source points, and at-risk water wells layer upon layer. Remote sensing data is often brought
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into GIS to have a complete set of data in many resources application areas. Effective environmental
practice considers the whole spectrum of the environment.
Land and air quality
Vegetation and land-use type
Population density
Jurisdiction boundaries
Urban development
Land features
Hydrographic data

Figure: Layering data information

Characteristics of GIS applications:
Layering
Layering typically requires many coverage of an area. It consists of mixture of data models including raster
and vector also with vector model that heavily uses polygons to represent homogeneous areas.
Scaling
Can accept varied scale but it is uncommon to have like 1:10,000 or above.
Data quality
There are many layers that have different result of interpretation and classification. The result in term of
quality is a variable but it is often evaluated.
Function of GIS
GIS allows simple map analysis in which it can have overlay, measurement of area, buffer
zone generation and also calculation of view shed modelling.
Conventional resource management is based upon conservative understandings that planning
can be practised as a technical process of accumulating knowledge of an area and mainly to be used in a
decision-making process. Uses of GIS bring practical benefits to resource managers. Relative to manual
cartographic methods, GIS itself has greater flexibility for mapping the interrelationships between different
landscape features, biotic components, and human activities. Using GIS as a tool will greatly enhance the
management of the large amount of data obtained and maintained by Resource Management
GIS technology is useful in the following fields:

Protection of environment
Water resources management
Urban planning and transportation
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Watershed management
Terrain characteristic and evaluation
Agriculture
Forestry
Biodiversity and others

Remote sensing
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information via aerial or satellite sensors. Such
information, particularly imagery obtained from satellite platforms, may be of limited value in and of itself.
Aerial photography in the visible portion of the electromagnetic wavelength was the original form of remote
sensing but technological developments has enabled the acquisition of information at other wavelengths
including near infrared, thermal infrared and microwave. Collection of information over a large numbers
of wavelength bands is referred to as multispectral or hyperspectral data. However, when evaluated by
expert analysts, such imagery can reveal or yield important intelligence. That intelligence -- in the form of
analysis -- may then be integrated into geographic information systems (GIS) to produce map-based or
tabular products that are operationally exploitable by emergency managers and decision-makers at all levels
of the response structure.
a. Aerial-Derived Information. This type of information (typically electro-optical photography, but
also including radar, infrared, and multispectral imagery) is obtained from sensors aboard manned and/or
unmanned aircraft. Either commercial or federal sources may be used to provide manned aerial support, as
determined by the needs of the particular situation. Unmanned aerial support is available through military
and commercial sources.
b. Satellite-Derived Information. This type of information (typically electro-optical photography,
but also including radar, infrared, and multispectral imagery) is obtained from sensors aboard geostationary
or orbiting satellites. Generally, commercial or unclassified federal satellites are used to provide imagery
support, although support may be requested from classified National Technical Means (NTM) satellites
under certain conditions.
Capability of Remote Sensing
The development and deployment of manned and unmanned satellites has enhanced the
collection of remotely sensed data and offers an inexpensive way to obtain information over large areas. The
capacity of remote sensing to identify and monitor land surfaces and environmental conditions has expanded
greatly over the last few years and remotely sensed data will be an essential tool in natural resource
management. Remote sensing capabilities are differ according to a wide range of factors, including (but not
limited to) availability, sophistication of collection and measurement systems, type of platform, and data
processing requirements. Specific capabilities are outlined below.
1. Electro-Optical Imagery. Electro-optical (EO) images are, essentially, photographs. EO imagery can be
obtained from satellites, aircraft, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In general, satellite EO imagery is
of much lower spatial resolution than can be obtained from aerial or UAV imagery, but covers a much
larger area. This imagery, although readily subject to lay interpretation, generally yields better
information when exploited by experienced imagery analysts. Projected uses include:
a. Assessing levels and patterns of damage within disaster areas.
b. Assessing scope and extent of debris fields within disaster areas.
c. Monitoring and assessing the extent of flooding.
2. Radar Imagery. Radar (an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging) provides the capability to
remotely observe surface areas regardless of weather or availability of sunlight. Depending on the
situation and conditions, radar waves can or may be able to penetrate clouds, haze, vegetation, ice, and
extremely dry sand. The terms imaging radar and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are commonly and
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synonymously used to describe this capability. Because radar imagery provides less resolution than
electro-optical imagery, interpretation by experienced imagery analysts is highly recommended.
Projected uses include:
a. Assessment of damage to weather-obscured disaster areas.
b. Monitoring and assessing the extent of flooding.
3. Infrared Imagery. Infrared is electromagnetic radiation. Infrared remote sensing instruments function by
sensing infrared radiation (IR) that is naturally emitted or reflected by the Earths surface or from the
atmosphere, or by sensing signals transmitted from, and reflected back to a satellite or aircraft. Since
thermal IR data are based on temperatures rather than visible radiation, the data may be obtained day or
night. Infrared imagery is, compared to other forms of imagery, very low resolution; therefore,
interpretation by experienced imagery analysts is highly recommended. Projected uses include:
a. Determining forest fire or wildfire boundaries, or spot fire flare-ups.
b. Determining power availability based on thermal signatures.
c. Assisting in non-urban search and rescue activities.
4. Multispectral Imagery. Multispectral remote sensing is the process of simultaneously measuring
reflected or emitted energy across a variety of relatively narrow spectral bands, ranging from ultraviolet
to the thermal-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Multispectral imagery may be collected
by both satellite and airborne sensors, however, when comparing their capabilities, satellite sensors
generally sacrifice spatial resolution for wider area coverage. As with other forms of imagery,
interpretation by experienced imagery analysts is highly recommended to achieve maximum
exploitation. Projected uses include:
a. Detecting pollution in or toxic contamination of water and soil.
b. Assessing the impact of drought on agriculture.
c. Providing a broad indication of flood inundation.
Advantages of Satellite Observation
There are a few of advantages using satellite observation such as it enables to observe a broad
area at a time and enables to observe the area for a long period. Besides that, it can use Time series data and
Change detection to make repeat pass observation. Satellite observation also enables us to know the
condition without visiting the area and to know invisible information. Satellite observation is the sensor for
various electromagnetic spectrums including infrared and microwave.

Figure: The reflected or radiated electromagnetic (EM) waves are received by sensors aboard platform. The
characteristics of reflected or radiated EM waves depend on the type or condition of the objects.

Reflection and absorption

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When radiation from the Sun reaches the surface of the Earth, some of the energy at specific
wavelengths is absorbed and the rest of the energy is reflected by the surface material. The only two
exceptions to this situation are if the surface of a body is a perfect reflector or a true black body. The
occurrence of these surfaces in the natural world is very rare. In the visible region of the EM spectrum, the
feature we describe as the color of the object is the visible light that is not absorbed by that object. In the
case of a green leaf, for example, the blue and red wavelengths are absorbed by the leaf, while the green
wavelength is reflected and detected by our eyes.
I incident
A absorption
T transmission
R - reflection

Figure: There are three forms of interaction that can take place when energy strikes, or is incident (I) upon
the surface. These are: absorption (A); transmission (T); and reflection (R).

Figure: Transmission of electromagnetic energy through a medium or vacuum.

In remote sensing, a detector measures the electromagnetic (EM) radiation that is reflected
back from the Earths surface materials. These measurements can help to distinguish the type of land
covering. Soil, water and vegetation have clearly different patterns of reflectance and absorption over
different wavelengths.
The reflectance of radiation from one type of surface material, such as soil, varies over the
range of wavelengths in the EM spectrum. This is known as the spectral signature of the material. All Earth
surface features, including minerals, vegetation, dry soil, water, and snow, have unique spectral reflectance
signatures, as discussed later.

Figure: The following graph shows the typical reflectance spectra of water, bare soil and two types of
vegetation.
Sensors and Platform
Sensor
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A sensor is a device that measures and records electromagnetic energy. Sensors can be
divided into two groups. Passive sensors depend on an external source of energy, usually the sun. The most
common passive sensor is the photographic camera. Active sensors have their own source of energy, an
example would be a radar gun. These sensors send out a signal and measure the amount reflected back.
Active sensors are more controlled because they do not depend upon varying illumination conditions.

(B)

(A)

Figure : (A) shows the passive sensor and (B) shows active sensor
Platforms
Aerial photography has been used in agricultural and natural resource management for many
years. These photographs can be black and white, color, or color infrared. Depending on the camera, lens,
and flying height these images can have a variety of scales. Photographs can be used to determine spatial
arrangement of fields, irrigation ditches, roads, and other features or they can be used to view individual
features within a field.

Figure. Platforms
Optical
Visible
Reflectance
Near infrared
Reflectance
Thermal infrared
Thermal Radiation
Microwave
Passive
Microwave Radiation
(Scatterometer)
Active
(SAR, Backscatter
Altimeter)
Laser
Active
Intensity, Time
Figure. This table shows the types of sensor
Every material on earth shows its own strength of reflection in each wavelength when it is
exposed to the EM waves. Sensors aboard a platform are capable to acquire the strength of reflection and
radiation in each wavelength.
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Figure. Strength of reflection and radiation of EM waves from plants, earth and water in each wavelength.
Process of Remote Sensing

Figure . Flow of data acquisition in remote sensing

Energy Source or Illumination (A) - the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source
which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest.
Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) - as the energy travels from its source to the target, it will come in
contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through. This interaction may take place a second
time as the energy travels from the target to the sensor.
Interaction with the Target (C) - once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere, it
interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation.
Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) - after the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the target,
we require a sensor (remote - not in contact with the target) to collect and record the electromagnetic
radiation.
Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)- the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted,
often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image
(hardcopy and/or digital).
Interpretation and Analysis (F) - the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or
electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.
Application (G)- the final element of the remote sensing process is achieved when we apply the information
that we have been able to extract from the imagery about the target, in order to better understand it, reveal
some new information, or assist in solving a particular problem.
Electromagnetic Energy
Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are particularly important for understanding remote sensing.
These are the wavelength and frequency. The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the continuous range of
electromagnetic radiation, extending from gamma rays (highest frequency & shortest wavelength) to radio
waves (lowest frequency & longest wavelength) and including visible light. The EM spectrum can be
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divided into seven different regions gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared,
microwaves and radio waves.

Figure - A fundamental descriptive feature of a waveform is its wavelength, or distance between succeeding
peaks or troughs.

Figure- Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum

Remote sensing involves the measurement of energy in many parts of the electromagnetic
(EM) spectrum. The major regions of interest in satellite sensing are visible light, reflected and emitted
infrared, and the microwave regions. The measurement of this radiation takes place in what are known as
spectral bands. A spectral band is defined as a discrete interval of the EM spectrum. For example the
wavelength range of 0.4m to 0.5m (m = micrometers or 10-6m) is one spectral band. Satellite sensors
have been designed to measure responses within particular spectral bands to enable the discrimination of the
major Earth surface materials. Scientists will choose a particular spectral band for data collection depending
on what they wish to examine. The design of satellite sensors is based on the absorption characteristics of
Earth surface materials across all the measurable parts in the EM spectrum.
Visible Spectrum
The light which our eyes- our "remote sensors" - can detect is part of the visible spectrum. It
is important to recognize how small the visible portion is relative to the rest of the spectrum. There is a lot
of radiation around us which is invisible to our eyes, but can be detected by other remote sensing
instruments and used to our advantage.

Figure- Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum

It is important to note that this is the only portion of the EM spectrum we can associate with the concept of
colours.

Violet: 0.400 - 0.446 m

Blue: 0.446 - 0.500 m
Green: 0.500 - 0.578 m
Yellow: 0.578 - 0.592 m
Orange: 0.592 - 0.620 m
Red: 0.620 - 0.700 m

Figure Wavelength and colour of the visible spectrum

Blue, green, and red are the primary colors or wavelengths of the visible spectrum. They are
defined as such because no single primary color can be created from the other two, but all other colors can
be formed by combining blue, green, and red in various proportions. Although we see sunlight as a uniform
or homogeneous color, it is actually composed of various wavelengths of radiation in primarily the
ultraviolet, visible and infrared portions of the spectrum. The visible portion of this radiation can be shown
in its component colors when sunlight is passed through a prism.
Conclusion
Geographic information systems (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are now being developed and
demonstrated suggest cultural landscape resource applications that were not believed possible using
traditional techniques. By using these two tools, the speed and quality of analysis and synthesis of certain
site will be increase. These tools also help us to significant advances in data acquisition technology and have
rapid improvement in data storage, retrieval and analysis. GIS provides a powerful tool for managing
information. Whether the information is census data, client lists, routes, property management, suitable
locations, or any number of other factors, GIS can store, analyse, retrieve, and display that data. Resource
Management made a commitment to successfully develop a comprehensive GIS program.
Without using GIS and RS, cultural landscape resources will not be able to sustain in long period due to
poor planning and management. Without these technologies, planners will need longer time to figure out the
potential and constraint area which have cultural landscape resource.
As mention early in both case study, GIS and RS play a very important role to collect data and doing
analysis. Remote sensing also provide a clear image to the planners, so that better decision will be made
while the images or data collect from remote sensing help to get more clear and accurate result in GIS. By
using these tools in cultural landscape resources planning, the identification and listing of tangible and
intangible elements of cultural, natural and historical value will be highlighted and enhanced. Protection and
conservation of cultural landscape resource also can be carried out.
8.0 References

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Figure 1. Veale Gardens in the Adelaide Parklands: (a) satellite image of the Adelaide
Parklands, (b) mix of vegetation types in Veale Gardens, (c) satellite image of Veale Gardens.

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