Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Chapter 12: the Government

Urban Communities.

Rural

and

Government - is the organization through which

the state expresses and enforces its will.
The State
group of people
permanently occupying a definite territory
independent of foreign rule
Having an organized government.

ELEMENTS OF STATE
1. People number of population living
within the state.
2. Territory constitute all the land and
water.
3. Government aggregate of authorities
that rule society and must be obeyed b its
people.
4. Sovereignty supreme and independent
power of the state. Commanding authority
of the state to give unconditional orders.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

The Theoretical Basis of the State Origin:

Divine Theory
postulates that the state is of divine origin
God vested political power in certain
persons or group of persons.
Contract Theory
Institutions of political authority as the
result of a contract or covenant among the
members of society.
The Natural or Instinctive Theory

State originated from the natural or

instinctive tendencies
Aristotles Men is by nature a political
Animal
Patriarchal and Matriarchal Theory
Origin of the state of the family
Expansion of the first family to grow by
virtue on intermarriage of the children
The family developed into a clan
The clan to a tribe
Tribe to a nation

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Force Theory
State is looked upon as a resut of mans
interest desire for self protection
Exist through sheer force
A man dominating a tribe through brute
force
A tribe conquering other tribes.
Historical or Evolutionary Theory
State is an outcome of a gradual process
or evolutionary growth and development.

the proposition that the state is a

product of history means that is a gradual
and continuous development of human
society out of grossly imperfect beginning
thigh crude but improving forms of
manifestation toward a perfect and
universal organization of mankind
The Evolution and Development
Tribal State
First to appear in the history of mankind

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Relatively small in size.

Ruled by the chieftain.
Assisted by the council of elders.
Position of the chieftain was hereditary.
The oriented Empire
Valley of Tigris Eurphrates, the Nile and
the Yeloow Rivers.
The Babylonians, the Egyptian, the Persian
and the Chinese at the time.

Factors hat influenced the rise of these

empires were attributed to fertility of the
soil, abundance of water etc.
The Greek City State
Arose in Greece.
City-State were compact, independent,
and self- sufficient
The Roman Imperial State
The Romans were better off in terms of
political genius than the Greeks.
Able to unite the various tribes in Itally

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Centralized organization, uniform

unity and imperial authority.

law,

The Feudal State

The Barbarian Tribes, Teutons, Visgoths
and Vandals divided the fallen empire
among themselves.
Europe split into several political divisions
called. FEUDAL STATES

Each feudal statue was ruled by a KING,

assisted by a loyal noble, his vassal called
FEUDAL BARON
He leads as a feudal lord, he became very
powerful and he was almost an absolute
monarchy.
The National State
England under Stuarts and Tudors
France under Bourvons and Capetians

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Spain under King Ferdinand and Queen

Isabel.
Divine Right of the King
Magna Carta contained the enumeration
of the individual rights that the King John
granted to the English.
Important Characteristics of Sovereignty
Perpetuity
It exists and lasts no matter whatever
form of government the state has exist.

Change in the form of government in the

ruler, in the area, or in the population
does not affect the status of sovereignty.
Comprehensiveness
Inclusive authority of a state embraces all
persons and object within its territorial
jurisdiction.
Exclusiveness
There is only one supreme authority

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

No state can have power over another

state,
Absolutism
Can do anything that is legally absolute as
a matter of legal right.
Inalienability
Cannot be transferred or repudiated.
Unity
It is indivisible
Manifestations of Sovereignty

Titular
Fictitious authority to a ruler who
personifies the power and the majesty of
the state and whose name of the
government is conducted.
Queen Elizabeth II of England is a
ceremonial ruler. She reigns but does not
govern
Actual
Attributed to and actually exercise by the
Chief Executive

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

The President of the Philippines.

De Facto
Usually acquired virtually by force and
unsurped from the legally-constituted
authority
An individual with an armed band of
followers or military junta
De Jure

Established according to the basic law of

the land
General support of the people
Entitled to the recognition and rightful
supremacy.

Legal
Where the law-making body
government is vested
Authority is vested in Congress.
Inherent Power of the State

of

the

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

1. Police Power power of the state to

enact laws, ordinances, or rules
2. Power of Eminent Domain power of
the state to take private property for
public use upon payment of just
compensation.
3. Power of Taxation power of the state
to impose and collect revenue for public
purposes.
General Rights of the States

1. The right to exist as a political sovereign

entity.
2. The right of independence
3. The right of equality
4. The right of properly
5. The right of jurisdiction
Forms of Government
Monarchy
Final authority is in the hands of a single
person without regard to the source of his
election.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Absolute Monarchy ruler rules but divine

right. He is the chief executive, the
legislator and the judge at the same time.
Rules by one man often results in Tyranny
and in not guarantee of political stability.
Aristocracy
Few persons- the aristocrats holding
exceptional rank and privileges.
Authoritarian

Individual
freedom
is
completely
subordinate to the power and authority of
the state
Classified authoritarian are monarchies
(ruled by one), aristocracy (ruled by
titled few), plutocracies (ruled by rich).
Totalitarianism
Absolute control by the state or governing
branch of a highly centralized political
institution

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Aims at suppressing initiative as well as

individualism.
Extreme type of authoritarianism
People are denied the right to assemble
for
political
purposes,
access
to
information and secrete police enforce
NAZI Germany
Democracy
Supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised directly by them or by the
US 16TH President

a. Direct or Pure Democracy the will of

state is formulated and expressed
directly and immediately through the
pole in the mass meeting.
b. Indirect or Representative Democracy
will of state is formulated and
expressed through the agency of a
relatively small and select body of
persons chosen by the people to act
their representatives. The Republic of
the Philippines.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Unitary
Central and national government exercise
the control of national and local affairs.
Ordinary statute enacted by the national
legislature and not by the constitution
delegates this authority.
The uniformly of laws and administration
which in effect enables the nation to adapt
to new conditions and problems.
Federal

Powers of government are divided

between 2 sets of organs
One for the national affairs and one for the
local with each organ being supreme
USA
Parliamentary
State confers upon the legislature the
power to terminate the tenure of the office
of the true or real executive
The cabinet or the ministry id directly
responsible to the legislature for its

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

legislative and administrative at and

consequently
responsible
for
the
electorate.
Titular or nominal execute occupies a
position of irresponsibility.
Presidential
Makes
the
executive
branch
constitutionally
independent
of
the
legislature

Civil

There is strict separation of powers

between the executive, legislature and
judicial branch of government.

The affairs of the state are administered

and directed by the citizens of their
representatives
Constitutional

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

The powers of those who rule are clearly

defined ad limited in their exercise by a
constitution.

Political Institution
- Pass laws and develop policies that reflect
values and traditions of the inhabitants.
Economic institution
- Concerned
with
the
production,
distribution and consumption of goods and
services

Primary purpose is to provide people with

material benefits and comforts.
Capitalism
- Laissez faire (let them do)
- People could complete freely with minimal
government intervention in the economy
- Private ownership and maximization of the
profits.
Socialism
- The means of production and the
distribution of goods and service in a

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

society are collectively rather than

privately owned.
- Government ownership of all major
industries including steel production,
automobile manufacturing, and agriculture
is a major feature of socialism
Communism
- All properties are communally owned and
no social distinction is made on the
peoples ability to reduce.

URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES

- Community signifies a group sharing
common traits in a given territory.
- It denotes a distinctive social entity
whether in profession or in religion.
Traditional ways of classifying communities
are:
Rural
On where most of the people are engaged
in agricultural activities

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Geographical isolated, culturally simple

and socially homogeneous; Institutions
patterned after family and kinship lines;
Uses sacred (religious) sanctions
Urban
People are engaged in non-agricultural
activities.
Close to and institutionally interrelated
with
other
communities;
usually
complex,
socially
heterogeneous;

institutions patterned along formal

lines; used secular sanctions
Ferdinand Toennies (1855-1936) contrast
rural life with urban life in his use of the
terms:
Gemeinschaft
A community life characterized by
intimate, private, and exclusive living
familism. Strong kinship feeling exists.
Spontaneity, mutual helpfulness ,sharing
of pleasure .High degree of conformity

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

with the customs, laws, moral ideas. Unity

is based on the similarity of objectives,
traits and experiences which is designated
by Durkheim as mechanical solidarity.
Gesselschaft
Public life or world itself. Community life is
characterized by impersonal, formal,
rational, businesslike, and contractual
relationships. Purposive and voluntary
associations exist. Family and primary
relation exist, majorities of the social bond

is contractual. Based on the rational

pursuit of self-interest.
There is division of labor
The unity achieved, designated as
organic solidarity.
Common
features
found
in
rural
communities:
Usually have small population
Wider geographical areas
Agriculture, fishing handicraftand mining
are the common occupation

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Rural residents are called Peasantsthese are people who produce their own
food
Fewer social classes and less social
mobility
Rural cultural expressions are manifested
in the form of folklore, folk dances
Recreational and cultural activities are
limited. Amenities of modern living are
lacking.

Most rural folks also have goals and

aspirations.
Intimacy and mutual helpfulness are the
main patterns of community spirit.
Community is traditional. Relationship are
personalized with Bayanihan.
Rural Problems:
Poverty
Rural education
Rural health and nutrition
Urbanization and Historical Perspective:

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Urbanization
is
the
process
of
concentrating people within a relatively
small area.
Increase in the percentage of population
living in an urban settlement.
It is a worldwide phenomenon.
First cities
Neolithic Revolution or New Stone Age.
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Indus River Valley (West Pakistan) and
Yellow River Basin in China.
Rome as the greatest city.

- Found in Central Mexico

Industrial Revolution in 19th century
- Major influence in the growth of the cities
and their social life.
- England was the first country to
industrialize and become urbanized.
- The cities played a central role in the
transformation of the feudal agricultural
societies of the Western Europe into
modern, industrialist society.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Switzerland,
England,
Netherlands,
Belgium, Germany, The United States, and
Japan are moving toward a saturation level
of urbanization.
Situation where the rural population has
so diminished that there is little or no
migration to the cities.
Rural-urban differences have diminished
and the society has adopted a common,
mass way of life called urbanized social
organization.

Weber attempted to define the city in terms

of certain recurrent factors:
1. Settlement is dense
2. Inhabitants lived primary off trade
3. Relatively
independent
legal
and
administrative system is in force.

Factors in the Rise of the Cities:

1. The size of the population
2. Control of the natural environment

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

3. Technological development
4. The
development
of
the
social
organization
Common
features
found
in
urban
communities:
Urban communities are described to be
usually large
A city is something more than a large
dense of aggregation of people, buildings,
and non-agricultural occupations

A city may also refer to an internally

organized community
Heterogeneity leads to a high degree of
specializations and division of labor
Social institutions are more distinct in the
urban areas
The
populations
tends
to
be
heterogeneous with varied and diverse
cultures
There is a high degree of technological
development

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Urban neighborhood may not know one

another
Urban Problems:
Poverty and pauperism
Insufficient housing/ slums and squatters
areas
Pollution
Waste disposal
Crimes, drug addiction and alcoholism
Traffic management
Education and health

Juvenile delinquency
Prostitution
Mental Sickness
Urban Ecological Processes:
1) Concentration- increase of population in
the given area. Determined by a density of
population.
2) Dispersion- opposite the tendency of
concentration. Refers to the outward
spread of the population. Process
is

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

usually adopted when there is already the

problem of overcrowding in the center.
3) Centralization- Drawing together of
institutions and activities in the given
area. People carrying on the same function
reside together in a given area. Specific
kind of centralization is specialization,
clustering of particular kinds of institutions
and activities like the clustering of
theaters, drugstore and others.

4) Decentralization- scattering of functions

from the main business districts to the
outlying
districts.
Establishment
of
gasoline stations, bus terminals and
shopping centers away from the main
district
5) Invasion- the process that occurs when a
new type of people, institution, or activity
enters areas which have been previously
occupied by a different type. Entrance of a

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

new population or facilities into an

occupied area.
6) Succession- refers to the dominance of
the new population or new functions in the
area. Complete invasion.
The following are the classifications of the
urban environment:
1. Urbanized area- contains the general
city of the continuously built up closely
settled surrounding territory that together
have a population of 50,000 or more.

2. Metropolitan area- large nucleus. It

emerges as an industrial city.
3. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)this has either one or more central cities ,
each with a population of at least 50.000
or single urbanized area.
Chapter 13: Population and the Quality of
life
The Study Of Population

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Sociologist, population is the number of

persons occupying a certain geographic
area, drawing subsistence from their
habitat, interacting with one another.
The scientific study of population is known
as Demography.
Science of demography looks into how
birth, death and migration affect the
composition, size and distribution of
population.
Main sources of demographic data are:

1. The population census in different

administrative and political areas
2. Vital registration statistics
3. Sample
or
special
surveys
undertaken
4. Demographic data gathered and
processed
Information gathered from demographers
is vital for the understanding of social
trends, formulation of plans

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Demographic data can guide the policy

makers in meeting the needs of various
sectors of the society

Process in Population Change

Three variables that indicate the process
in population change, namely, fertility, mortality
and migration.
A. Fertility- has a great effect on population
trend. Refers to the actual number of
children born to a woman or group of

women. Indicates the rate at which babies

are born. Assumed that a population with
few women will have a few children.
Fertility is affected by social and cultural
values
B. Mortality- refers to the rate of death in a
population. Population with many old
people will naturally have a higher death
rate
than
a
comparatively
young
population. Life expectancy refers to the

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

average numbers of years a person can

expect to live at the time of birth
C. Migrationrefers
to
the
spatial
movements of a person or group of person
from one place to another. Push factors
are natural or social factors that cause
people to move away from their homes.
Due to famine, political oppression, and
loss of jobs or wars. Pull factors are also
natural or social factors that cause people
to move into area. Due to places that

seem inviting because of available

opportunities to acquire better jobs,
favorable climate and good topography.
Migration is a major symptom of basic
social change and is related to ecological
processes.
Population and Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationship
between
living
organism
and
the
environment.
Population and Natural Resources

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

At the rate the earths large human

population
is
rapidly
polluting
the
available water resources by making this
valuable commodity unfit for human
consumption,
human
health
is
endangered.
Population and Health
Good health habits should become a part
of every childs training from his earliest
years.

Chapter 14: Social stratification and Social

Mobility
Social ranking is a basic component of social
organization. It is found in all human groups.
Nature of Social Stratification
Social
stratification-Hierarchal
arrangement and establishment of social
categories. May be viewed as a social
structure, as a social process, or a social
problem.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Social structure considered as the

differentiation
of statuses and
social roles
Social process division of society
into social categories
Social problem involves bitter
feeling of discontent and of strong
demands for equality or Social
Justices.
Basic component of Social Stratification

1. Social Class- stratum or category of

persons who have similar socio-economic
privileges in a society.
2. Social Status- social standing of a person
or group within social class or in the entire
social stratification system. Bears with it a
measure of superiority. It is ascribed or
achieved.
3. Social Role- further made up of rights
and
privileges,
obligations
and

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

responsibilities. A right is an exemption

from a burden or the special enjoyment.
Upper Class- consists of the elite families
a) New rich- those who have within their
lifetime amassed enough wealth to enable
them to afford the lifestyle of the
traditional upper class. Self-made.
b) Traditional upper class- composed of
the descendants of elite members. Still be
wealthy or no longer so. Families have
been the elite for one or more generation.

Middle Class- made up of small business and

industry owners, managers, professionals, office
workers and farm owners with income that
provide a comfortable lifestyle class. Education is
the main indicator of social status. They view
education as the primary channel.
Lower Class- comprising the farm employees,
unskilled and skilled artisans, service workers and
the underemployed, indigent families. Lack of
income, education or training, family background,
acquaintanceship and communication.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Types of Social Stratification

A. Caste
Systemtype
of
social
stratification that is based on inherited
inequality. Ranking is well-defined and
clear. Individual or group is ascribed from
birth. Many fixed rights and duties are
assigned to each stratum or caste.
B. Class System- signifies the provisions by
society of equal opportunities for the
social advancement of members. There is
no absolute equality. Social changes

are equalized and social advancement

depends largely on ones talents, skills,
capabilities and labor. Enables one to
acquire rank based on achievement rather
than ascription.
Social Mobility
Movement of persons or groups in the
social stratification system.
Vertical Social Mobility
Occurs when persons or groups move from
one social position to another.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Horizontal Mobility
When persons or groups shift from one
social position to another with roles of
varying importance within the same social
class.
Factors affecting social mobility
Changing labor markets
Geographical mobility and horizontal
mobility
Changing patterns of fertility
Greater emphasis on education

Social Mobility
Continuous process, involves motivation,
cooperation, competition and conflict.
Philippine social stratification system has
features of the caste and class stratification
system. Visualized as two-class systems,
composed of a very small upper class and a
very large lower class.
Social Change

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

What

Change has been regarded in many ways

as a means, a process, an ideology, a
doctrine, or a problem.
Change is an enduring historical force with
noticeable variations through time.
is Social Change
Variations or modifications in the patterns
of social organization, of subgroups within
a society, or the entire society itself.
Manifested in the rise and fall of groups,
communities or institutional structures

and functions, or changes in statuses and

roles of members in the family, work
setting
,church, school, government
health and welfare, leisure and other subsystem of social organization.
Change is pervasive and is taking place in
culture, society and personality.
Cultural change refers to all alterations
affecting new traits or traits complexes in
cultural context and structures.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

Multiple factors of social change

Rate- speed of race
Form- indicates social change that may or
may not be repeated over definite periods
of time.
2 ideal forms of social change:
a. Cyclical, in which cultures or their parts
are repeated over a considerable period of
time.

b. Linear, in which cultures or their specific

aspects change in one direction and never
recur.
Direction- closely related with rate and
form. May be evaluated in the light of
consistency with past and present
conditions
Type of Social Change- may be directed
or non-directed
a. Directed- occurs because there is
a felt need for it. Involves certain

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

groupsthe
agent
change
(innovators) and the targets of
social change (recipients).
b. Non-directed- being exerted to
facilities these social change on the
efforts exerted through directed
change. Usually attributed to
conditions arising from the advent
of unexpected circumstances.
Causes of Social Change- brought about
not by one factor alone. Change is

successfully brought about by a leader if

he or she is able to set up movement s to
enlist followers for a cause and to act
correspondingly.
Development and Order of Social
Change- the order of series of stages is
traceable in various ways.
a. Awareness of Innovation
b. Interest in the Innovation
c. Experimentation
with
Innovation

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

d. Application of the Innovation

e. Adoption of the Innovation
Stimulants and Barriers to Social
Change- these barriers and stimulants
maybe cultural, social, or psychological.

Chapter 15: Family Planning STD,HIV and

AIDS

Family Planning
Seeks to prepare couples for the
responsibility of rearing children.
Family Size
Filipinos are traditionally children-loving

How many is too many?

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

This is so because it is difficult to show

that small families are positively better
than those having more children.
Unwanted Pregnancies
Sometimes sweetheart have to rush into
marriage because the girl has become
pregnant.
Family Planning Methods
1. Behavioral Method
a. Abstinence Method- refraining
from sexual intercourse in the

certainty of most fool-proof method

of preventing a pregnancy
b. Withdrawal
Method
(coitus
interuptus)- is the withdrawal of
the male genital from the womans
vagina prior to his ejaculation so
that the semen is deposited
outside of the genital tract. It may
fail to prevent conception because
of poor control or carelessness or

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

because sperm can sometimes slip

out before ejaculation.
c. Rhythm
Methodcalendar
method of calculation assumes that
ovulation occurs approximately 12
to 16 days before a womans next
menstrual flow. Intercourse must
be prohibited 2 days before this 5
days span and 1 day afterwards to
account for sperm and egg
survival. For a woman with a

regular menstrual cycle, the total

period of abstinence is always 8
days long.
2. Biological Method
a. Thermometer method- the rise
in
temperatures
can
most
commonly be seen the day after
ovulation, but this varies and BBTs
can only be used to estimate
ovulation within a three day range.

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

3. Mechanical Method
a. Condom-rubber
sheath
manufactured out of durable latex
and practically feel like a second
skin. Use is to collect the mans
semen at the tip of the sheath
without difficulty.
b. Intra-Uterine
Device
(IUD)simple, rapid and more or less
painless procedure.

Diaphragmvaries
in
size
according
to
the
internal
measurement of a woman, so it
must be fitted by a doctor who will
also show how to insert it.
4. Chemical Method
a. Use of jellies, creams, foams,
foaming
tablet
and
suppositories- barrier methods of
birth
control
that
contain
spermicide, a chemical that kills

Leslie d Guimal Sociology Reviewer

sperm. These methods stop sperm

from entering the uterus and
reaching an egg.
5. Physiological Method
a. Oral pills- 100% effective when
taken regularly as prescribed by
the physician. Controls conception
by preventing the monthly release
of an ovum or egg from the ovary
of the female. Used not only to

prevent contraceptive but also to

treat menstrual difficulties and
subfertility in women.
6. Sterilization Method
a. Bilateral Tubal Ligation
b. Vasectomy/ Castration
7. Abortion
a. Use of drugs
b. Mechanical (Use of instrument)
8. Methods still under study
a. Oral pills for men