of ECE, KL University
Objectives:
Define and mathematically describe angle modulation
Explain the difference between frequency and phase modulation
Describe direct and indirect frequency modulation
Describe direct and indirect phase modulation
Define deviation sensitivity
Describe FM and PM waveforms
Define phase deviation and modulation index
Explain frequency deviation and percent modulation
Analyze the frequency content of an angle modulated waveform
Describe the Narrowband PM and FM
Determine the bandwidth requirement for Narrowband PM and FM
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where c(t ) is the instantaneous value (voltage or current), Ac is maximum amplitude, c is the
angular velocity in rad / sec and 0 is phase angle in radians. It should be noted that ct
represents an angle in radians.
A hypothetical case general angle of (t ) happens to be tangential to the angle ct 0 at
some instant time t as shown in Fig 1. The crucial part is that around t over a small interval
t 0 , the signal c(t ) Ac cos (t ) and Ac cos(ct 0 ) are identical.
t1 t t2
Over this small interval t , the angular frequency of c(t ) is c . Because (ct 0 ) is
tangential to (t ) , the angular frequency of c(t ) is the slope of its angle (t ) over this small
interval. Therefore the generalized angle (t ) instantaneous frequency i are related by
i (t )
t
d
(t ) or (t ) i ( ) d
dt
With this background we will discuss the phase modulation and frequency modulations are
as follows.
1.2 Phase Modulation (PM): In PM, the phase of a constant amplitude carrier wave varies
according to the amplitude of modulating signal m(t ) at a rate equal to the frequency of the
modulating signal. By assuming 0 0 , (t ) ct k p m(t ) , where k p is phase modulation
sensitivity constant.
Then the resulting Phase Modulated wave is expressed as
sPM (t ) Ac cos ct k p m(t )
i (t )
d
d
(t ) ct k p m(t ) c k p m(t )
dt
dt
Hence in PM the instantaneous angular frequency i varies linearly with the derivative of the
modulating signal.
1.3 Frequency Modulation (FM): In frequency modulation, the frequency of constantamplitude carrier varies according to the amplitude of modulating signal m(t ) at a rate equal to
the frequency of the modulating signal.
Thus the instantaneous angular frequency of FM wave is
i (t ) c k f m(t ) or fi (t ) f c k f m(t )
where k f is frequency modulation sensitivity constant.
Then the angle (t )
i ( ) d
2 k f m( ) d
c
ct 2 k f
m( ) d
1.4 Relationship between PM and FM: PM and FM are closely related to each other.
Comparing sPM (t ) and sFM (t ) reveals that an FM signal may be regarded as a PM signal in
which the modulating wave is
m( ) d
can be generated b y first integrating m(t ) and then using the result as the input to a phase
modulator, as in Fig 2(a). Conversely, a PM signal can be generated by first differentiating
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m(t) and then using the result as the input to a frequency modulator, as in Fig 2(b).
We may thus deduce all the properties of PM signals from those of FM signals and vice
versa.
A consequence of allowing the angle (t ) to
become dependent on the message signal m(t) as
in sPM (t ) or on its integral as in sFM (t ) is that
the zero crossings of a PM signal or FM signal
no longer have a perfect regularity in their
spacing; (zero crossings refer to the instants of
time at which a wave-form changes from a
negative to a value or vice versa) positive
(Refer Fig 3). This is one important feature that distinguishes both FM and PM signals from
an AM signal. Another important difference is that the envelope of a PM or FM signal is
constant (equal to the carrier amplitude), whereas the envelope of an AM signal is dependent
on the message signal.
1.5 Single-Tone Angle Modulation: Let the message signal be m(t ) Am cos 2 f mt , where
2 k f Am
Ac cos ct
sin 2 f mt
2 f m
Ac cos ct f sin 2 f mt
where f
k f Am
fm
f
is called frequency modulation index, and
fm
P.M :
Ac cos ct p cos 2 f mt
Ac cos ct f cos 2 f mt
k f Am
fm
f
; Frequency deviation f k f Am Hz
fm
dt
(t ) ct sin mt
The instantaneous frequency i (t )
d
(t ) c m cos mt or fi fc fm cos mt
dt
d
k f m(t ) radians/sec. or f k f m(t ) Hz.
dt
where k p and k f are constants and are deviation sensitivities of the Phase and Frequency
Modulations respectively. The deviation sensitivities are the output versus input transfer
function for the modulation, which gives the relationship between the parameter changes in
respect to specified changes in the input signal.
For a phase modulation, changes would occur in the phase of the output frequency in
respect to changes in the amplitude of the input modulating signal voltage. Therefore
the deviation sensitivity for a phase modulator is
Radians
kp
V V
For a frequency modulation, changes would occur in the output frequency in respect
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V
V
V
V
k f Am
Modulation index for FM is defined as f
for a single-tone modulating
m
signal m(t ) Am cos 2 f mt . Then the units for modulation index f
is defined as
Radians / sec
V
Cycles / sec
V
or
(unit less).
V
Radians / sec
V
Cycles / sec
is phase modulation
Frequency Modulation
A Generalized FM equation
t
sFM (t ) Ac cos ct 2 k f m( ) d
sensitivity constant.
sensitivity constant
k f Am
s FM (t ) Ac cos ct
sin 2 f mt
fm
Ac cos ct p cos 2 f mt
Phase modulation index
p k p Am radians
Phase deviation k p Am radians
In Phase modulation, p
Ac cos ct f sin 2 f mt
Frequency Modulation index
k f Am
fm
f
(unit less)
fm
1.7 Narrowband F.M.: To simplify the analysis of F.M., we first assume that f
k f Am
fm
f
is called frequency modulation index, where again f k f Am is known
fm
s AM (t ) Ac cos ct
Ac
2
cos(c m )t
Ac
2
cos(c m )t
The equation sNBFM (t ) resembles the AM ( s AM (t ) ) except that in narrowband FM, the phase
of LSB signal reversed and the resultant sideband vector sum is always in-phase quadrature
with the carrier.
Thus the FM gives rise to phase variations with very small amplitude change
( f / 2 ), while AM gives amplitude variations with no phase deviation.
The frequency spectrum of Narrow Band Frequency Modulation is represented by
Ac f
A
S FM ( f ) c ( f f c ) ( f f c )
( f f c f m ) ( f f c f m )
2
4
Ac f
( f f c f m ) ( f f c f m )
4
Ac f
Ac f
cos(c m )
cos(c m )
2
2
The NBFM signal is represented with Phasor Diagram is shown in Fig 5(a), in which the
carrier phasor has been assumed to be the reference. It should be noted that resultant of the
phasors corresponding to the two side frequencies is always perpendicular to the carrier phasor.
As a result it produces a resultant phasor representing a NBFM which is approximately of the
same amplitude as the carrier phasor but out of phase with respect to it.
It is interesting to compare the phasor diagram of this NBFM with that of conventional AM
shown in Fig 5(b). It can be easily verified that in the case of AM, the resultant of the two side
frequency phasors is always in-phase with the carrier phasor. The effect is that the resultant
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phasor representing the AM wave has amplitude significantly different from the carrier
phasor amplitude and is always in-phase with it.
1.10 Spectrum of Narrow Band Angle Modulation for Base Band Signal:
Let a base-band signal represented by m(t ) is band limited to W Hz, which is a finite energy
signal.
AM: Then the conventional A.M. signal is represented by
(A1)
(A2)
sFM (t ) Ac cos[ct k f
m(t ) dt ]
t
t
sFM (t ) Ac cos ct cos k f m(t ) dt sin ct sin k f m(t ) dt
cos k f m(t ) dt
1 , and
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sin k f m(t ) dt
kf
m(t ) dt
m(t ) dt sin ct
(F1)
m(t ) dt
(F2)
(P1)
(P2)
A comparison of NBPM (equations F1 and F2) or NBFM (equations P1 and P2) with AM
(equations A1 and A2) brings out clearly the similarities and differences between two types of
modulation.
Similarities:
(i) Both have the same modulated bandwidth 2W, where W is the highest modulating signal
frequency.
(ii) The sideband spectrum for FM has a phase shift of / 2 radians with respect to the
carrier, whereas that of AM is in-phase with the carrier.
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Differences:
In an AM signal, the oscillation frequency is constant and the amplitude varies with time,
whereas in an FM signal, the amplitude stays constant and frequency varies with time.
1.11 References:
1. B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, International 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010.
2. Wayne Tomasi, Electronic Communications Systems fundamentals through advanced,
Pearson Education, fifth edition, 2011.
3. H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Saha, Principles of Communication Systems, TMH, 2007,
3rd Edition.
4. Simon Haykin ,Principles of Communication Systems ,John Wiley, 2nd Ed.
5. John G. Proakis, Masond, Salehi ,Fundamentals of Communication Systems ,PEA, 2006.
6. George Kennedy, Electronic Communication Systems, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Edition.
7. Masoud Salehi and John G Proakis, Contemporary Communication Systems Using Matlab
and Simulink, 2004.
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