TASK I

CC
2

Exhaust

Pout

4
2

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 1

T02 is c =

T02is T01
T02 T01

ya 1
1,4 1
T02is
= ( c ) a T02is = 288 ( 4,5 ) 1,4 = 442, 61[ K ]
T01
442, 61 288
T021 =
= 181,90 T02 = 288 + 181,90 = 469,90 [ K ]
0,85

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 2

T04 is t =

T03 T04
T03 T04is

yg 1
T03
= (t ) g
T04is

t = [ assuming expansion to ambient pressure] = c cc = 4,5 0,95 = 4, 275

T04is =

T034

1223
1,331
1,33

= 852,86 [ K ]

4, 275
= 0,9 (1223 852,86) = 333,12 T04 = 1223 333,12 = 889,88 [ K ]

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 5
Pout = Ptmech Pc = mech m& g c pg T03 4 m& a c paT021
Qin = m& a c pg T03 2 = cc m& f H f

Pout = mech m& g c pg T03 4 m& a c paT021

m& a c pg T03 2 = cc m& f H f

&
mg = m& a + m& f

100 = 375, 43m& g 181,9 ( m& g m& f )

m& a = 45, 26m& f

&
mg = m& a + m& f
100 = 16992.82m& f 8233.09m& f + 181.9m& f
m& f = 0, 011[ kg / s ]
m& g = 0, 506 [ kg / s ]

m& a = 0, 495 [kg / s]

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 3
P
100
cycle = out =
= 0, 23
Qin 0, 011 40000

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 4
P
100
Psp = out =
= 201,82 [kJ / kg ]
m& a 0, 495

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 6

Exhaust

R
4

CC
2

2.5

Pout

3
2.5
4
2
5
1

S
SOLUTION TO QUESTION 6
T T
r = 02.5 02 = 0.8
T04 T02

T02.5 2 = r (T04 T02 ) = 335.98 T02.5 = 805.88[ K ]

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 7
Pout
=
cycle
cc m& f H f

m& a c pgT032.5 = cc m& f H f m& f = 0.006 [kg / s]

41%
cycle
SOLUTION TO QUESTION 8
m& a c pa (T02.5 T02 ) = m& g c pg (T04 T05 )

T05 = 604.05 [ K ]
(contd on next page)

TASK II
ROTOR
U

V1

STATOR
Ca

3 = 0
C3=Ca

1 = 0

C1=Ca

C2

2
2

U
V2

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 1

( Ca )hub

(tan 1 + tan 2 ) hub

2U hub
Dhub
0.9
U hub =
n=
3500 = 164, 93 [ m / s ]
60
60
U
( Ca )hub =
= 189, 73 [m / s ]
tg 1 hub
hub =

hub = 0,36

( Ca )tip

tip =

2U tip

Dtip

(tan 1 + tan 2 )tip

2.1
3500 = 384,85 [m / s ]
60
60
U
( Ca )tip =
= 194, 40 [m / s]
tg 1 tip
tip = 0,88

U tip =

n=

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 2

Psp = U CU 2 CU1 Ws = UCa ( tan 2 tan 1 )

tan 1 + tan 1 = tan 2 + tan 2 tan 2 tan 1 = tan 1 tan 2

Psp = UCa ( tan 1 tan 2 )

(P )
(P )

sp hub

sp tip

= 164,93 189, 73 ( tan 1 tan 2 )hub = 35005,5 [ J / kg ]

= 384,85 194, 40 ( tan 1 tan 2 )tip = 36350,5 [ J / kg ]

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 3

The free vortex principle: Cu R = const

4

2 : Cu = U + Catg 2

( CU )hub = 164,93 + 189, 73 tan ( 14o ) = 117, 62 [m / s]

( CU )tip = 384,85 + 194, 40 tan ( 56, 2o ) = 675, 24 [m / s]

Conclusion: The fee vortex principle is not satisfied as the whirl velocity does not change inversely
with the blade height.

(contd on next page)

TASK III
SOLUTION TO QUESTION 1

m& f LHVng = m& ng LHVng + m& bg LHVbg

; [m& ] = [m3 / s]

m& ng LHVng = m& bg LHVbg

m& f LHVng = 2 m& ng LHVng m& ng = 0, 5m& f
m& bg =

LHVng

m& ng = 8m& ng = 4m& f

LHVbg
m& f = 0, 5m& f + 5m& f = 4, 5m& f

Conclusion: The percentage increase in fuel flow is 450% by mass.

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 2
%=

m& a + 4,5m& f
1 + 4.5 FAR
100 = 100
= 107%
m& a + m& f
1 + FAR

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 3
a) Compressor surge;
b) Off-design rotational speed

TASK IV
QUESTION 1
a) The gas turbine components design is based on the expected load on those components and the
accompanying failure mechanisms, which lead to different design criteria. For example:
-

Static strength/failure - occurs when the load on the component is larger than the material static
strength. The component design and the material choice must be such that the maximum expected
load is lower than the material strength (including a safety margin).

Fatigue - occurs at seemingly safe stress levels under cyclic loads. The number of cycles to
failure depends on the magnitude of the load and on the material fatigue strength. The applied
stress, which limits the maximum load, is either elastic (High Cycle Fatigue) or elasto-plastic
(Low Cycle Fatigue).

Creep - occurs in a form of inelastic deformation in a material at high temperatures and at stress
levels well below the yield stress of the material. Creep is a time-dependent process and the
magnitude of the creep strain rate depends on the stress and temperature level.

Static strength: supporting structures, struts, cowlings, etc., which are not exposed to high
temperatures or vibrations.

High Cycle Fatigue: rotating components: turbomachinery blades, shafts, bearings, etc.

(Creep: structures exposed to high temperatures: HP compressor components, combustor

components, turbine parts, exhaust nozzle components, etc.)

Static failure: a failure can be recognized by dimples on the fracture surface, caused by the
growing voids in material structure due to deformation.

Fatigue: Fatigue failure is recognized by striations on the fracture surface. Striations are the
thin parallel lines, which represent the location of the crack front during service.

(Creep: The fracture surface is characterized by the facets of the different crystal grains
(intergranular failure).)

b)

c)

QUESTION 2
a) Material requirements: High specific strength, creep resistance, oxidation resistance. Materials:
nickel alloys: Inconel 718, IN100, Waspaloy.
b) Formability, weldability, creep resistance, oxidation resistance, thermal fatigue resistance.
'
c) Precipitation of precipitates , an intermetallic phase.

d) (1) Advanced cooling techniques. (2) The obtaining of materials with high oxidation and corrosion
resistance, thermal fatigue resistance, and creep resistance.

QUESTION 3
(1) To protect the gas turbine parts against oxidation. (2) To decrease the metal temperature during
operation.

QUESTION 4
The Damage Tolerance philosophy differs from the Safe-Life approach in the following aspects:
-

The possibility of deficiencies (cracks or flaws) being present in new structures must be
accounted for.

Structures may be inspectable or non-inspectable in service.