Image courtesy of Dampskibsselskabet NORDEN AS

1. MARPOL

2. Annex I

i. Regulations and Chapters

ii. Fundamentals

1. Operation

2. Construction
Torrey Canyon 1967
1959 US built, 60,000 dwt, , Li. flagged
Jumboised to 120,000 dwt
Cargo 120,000 ts of BP oil for Milford Haven
Navigational error caused grounding ripping open
6 tanks
31,000,000 gallons of oil leaked
Oil spread along the sea between England and
France

Amoco Cadiz 1978

1974 built Amoco Cadiz carrying 227,000tonnes
of crude oil
ran aground off the coast of Brittany, France at
10:00 p.m. on March 16, 1978
The whole cargo spilled out as the breakers spilt
the vessel in two, progressively polluting 360 km
of shoreline
At the time this was the largest oil spill by tanker
ever registered.

1. MARPOL
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL)
as amended by the 1978 Protocol (MARPOL 73/78)
Just Oil
1954 OILPOL Convention
Operational
Discharge zones (50nm and 100ppm)
 Reception facilities
Not just Oil

MARPOL Annexes I VI
I. Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
II. Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in
Bulk
III. Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried
by Sea in Packaged Form
IV. Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
V. Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
VI. Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

MARPOL Implementation
1967 Torrey Canyon
1973-1978 Amoco Cadiz et al.
MARPOL 73 and the Protocol 78
MARPOL enters into force October 1983
Annex I and II - 1983
Annex III 1992
Annex V 1988
Annex IV 2003
Annex VI - 2005
2. Annex I regulations and chapters
39 regulations in 7 chapters to regulate oil pollution from ships (not just
tankers):
1. Ship/Tanker design
2. Ship/Tanker operation

39 regulations in 7 chapters to regulate oil

pollution from ships (not just tankers):
2. Annex I fundamentals; Operation
Discharge of oil at sea (1):
all discharges of oil are prohibited unless certain criteria are satisfied
Machinery space (bilge and sludge)
All ship types
Machinery space
Bilge waste: oily water from the bilges
Sludge: waste residue from the filtration of fuel oil
Ship must be en route
Oily mixture must have been processed through the oil filtering
equipment
Oil content of the mixture does not exceed 15 parts per million (ppm)
Oily mixture is not mixed with cargo residues (see later)
Discharge of oil at sea (2):
all discharges of oil are prohibited unless certain criteria are satisfied
Cargo space (slops)
Oil tankers
Must be more than 50nm from nearest land (also defined)
30 litres per nautical mile
Discharged through the Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment (ODME)
Maximum discharge quantity on a ballast voyage should not exceed
1/30,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo of which the
residue formed a part
Discharge of oil at sea (3):
all discharges of oil are prohibited unless certain criteria are satisfied
Oil discharge monitoring and control systems (tankers)
Regulations 31 & 32
Oil filter equipment (all ship types)
Regulation 14
Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment (ODME)
Oily Water Separators (OWS)
Extensive review of requirements underway at IMO
Special Areas (1):
All the previous discharge criteria regulates outside a Special Area
Regulation 1 - A Special Area is a sea area where for recognized technical
reasons in relation to oceanographic and ecological condition and to the
particular character of its trafficspecial mandatory methods for the
prevention of sea pollution by [oil] is required.
And as such there shall be NO discharge whatsoever of cargo residues/slops
from oil tankers
Special Areas (2):
those listed in Annex I:
Baltic Sea 1983
Black Sea 1983
Red Sea not in effect
Mediterranean Sea 1983
Gulf of Aden not in effect
Antarctic 1992
Gulfs area Aug 2008
 Northwest European waters 1999
Southern South African waters Aug 2008
Oman area of the Arabian Sea not in effect
Reception facilities:
Regulation 38
Oil loading terminals, repair ports and ports in which ships have oily residues
to discharge
Port state obligation
Alleged inadequacies

Tank (ship) construction:

How many hulls

3. Annex I fundamentals; Construction

Tank (ship) construction:
Exxon Valdez 1989
OPA 90
U.S phase-out from 1995 to 2010 (except for tankers with double
bottoms (db) or double sides (ds), tankers less than 5,000 gross tons
and tankers that call at LOOP or Designated Lightering Areas)
IMO amendments to MARPOL 73/78 (adopted 3/1992, entry into force
7/1993)
Newbuildings to be double-hulls
Single-hulls to be sbt/pl or hbl from 25 years with phase-out at 30
years old or by 2015
Tank (ship) construction:
Erika 1999
IMO amendments to MARPOL 73/78 (adopted 4/2001, entry into force
9/2002)
Category 1 phase-out up to 2007
Categories 2&3 phase-out at 26 years up to 2015
BUT
Flag state may allow newer single-hulls to continue to 25 years (subject to
CAS)
 HOWEVER
Port state can deny such extended single-hull tankers from entering its ports
Tank (ship) construction:
Oil Tanker Categorization
Category 1 pre-MARPOL (pre-1982)
Category 2 MARPOL (post-1982)
Category 3 smaller tankers (5,000-20,000/30,000dwt)
Tank (ship) construction:
Prestige 2001
EU Regulation 1726/2003 (entry into force 21/10/2003)
Category 1 phase-out up to 2005
Categories 2&3 phase-out up to 2010
No Heavy Grade Oils (HGO) in single-hulls from 21/10/2003
CAS from 2005 for all Categories 2&3 over 15 years old
IMO amendments to MARPOL 73/78 (adopted 12/2003, entry into force
5/4/2005)
13G
Category 1 phase-out up to 2005
Categories 2&3 phase-out up to 2010
CAS required for Categories 2&3 over 15 years old

Tank (ship) construction:

Prestige 2001

BUT

Flag state may extend Categories 2&3 up to 2015 or 25th anniversary

(whichever earlier)
Flag state may extend Categories 2&3 with db or ds which may trade up to
25th anniversary of delivery (even past 2015)

HOWEVER

Port state may deny entry of either such flag-state-extended tankers

13H - Double hull required from 5/4/05 for Heavy Grade Oil as cargo for
tankers 5,000 dwt and above, and for tankers 600-4,999 dwt (except single-
hulls built with db and ds) from anniversary date in 2008

Tank (ship) construction:

Prestige 2001
BUT
Flag state may allow single-hull 5,000 dwt and above with db or ds to
continue with HGO up to 25th anniversary (even beyond 2015)
Flag state may allow single-hull 5,000 dwt and above to continue with HGO
between 900 and 945 kg/cubic meter until 25th anniversary or 2015
whichever is earlier, subject to CAS
Flag state may allow single-hull 600-4,999 dwt to continue with HGO until
25th anniversary or 2015 whichever is earlier
 HOWEVER
Port state may deny entry of any of the above mentioned flag-state-
extended tankers carrying HGO

Tank (ship) construction:

Tank (ship) construction:

Tank (ship) construction:

Tank (ship) construction:

3. Annex I fundamentals; Miscellaneous

Other key elements to MARPOL Annex I:
SOPEP
Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
Certification
International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate (IOPPC)
Surveys
Special Surveys (Enhanced Special Survey)
Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS)
CAS (Applies to oil tankers of 5,000 dwt and above)
CAS will be performed at intervals of up to 5 years and 6 months
First CAS to be undertaken at first renewal (ie special) survey or
intermediate survey after 5/4/05 of every tanker which has
reached its fifteenth year
CAS is to be harmonised with ESP
Other key elements to MARPOL Annex I:
Oil Record Book (ORB)
Regulation 17 and Appendix III
Part 1: Machinery space operations
Part 2: Cargo space operations
Crude Oil Washing (COW)
Fuel tank protection all ships 2010
Pump room protection double bottom in tankers after 1/1/2007
Oil outflow performance in case of accident collision or grounding
Other key elements to MARPOL\Annex I:
FPSOs/FSUs
a. FPSOs and FSUs are not oil tankers and are not to be used for the
transport of oil except that, with the specific agreement by the flag and
relevant coastal States on a voyage basis,
b. Conversion of an oil tanker to an FPSO or FSU or vice versa should not
be construed as a major conversion as defined in regulation 1(8)
c. There are five categories of discharges that may be associated with the
operation of an FPSO or FSU:
1. machinery space drainage;
2. offshore processing drainage;
3. production water discharge;
4. displacement water discharge; and
5. contaminated seawater from operational purposes such as
produced oil tank cleaning water, produced oil tank hydrostatic
testing water, water from ballasting of produced oil tank to carry
out inspection by rafting.