Bridge PPT Modified PDF

Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)

History
Bridges have been used since the dawn
of humankind
Stone bridges became popular in the
Roman era
In the 19th century, mathematics and
physics became applied to design
History of Bridge
Developm ent
Natural Bridges 700 A.D. Asia
Great Stone Bridge in China

Clapper Bridge
Tree trunk Low Bridge
Stone Shallow Arch
Strength of
Materials
Mathematical
Theories
Roman Arch Bridge
Development of
The Arch Metal
Natural Cement
100Compiled
B.C. Rom ans
by Teklehaimanot 1300 A.D. Renaissance
History of Bridge
Developm ent
1800 A.D. 1900 A.D. 2000 A.D.
Truss Bridges
Prestressed
First Cast-Iron Bridge Mechanics of Concrete
Design
Coalbrookdale, England Steel
Britannia Tubular Bridge Suspension Bridges

Wrought Iron Use of Steel for
the suspending
cables
1850 A.D.
1920 A.D.
What is a bridge
A bridge is a structure which

carries uninterrupted flow of
traffic across any obstacle
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two
communities which are
separated by streams,
valley, railroads, etc.
Bosporus Straits Bridge
at Istanbul, Turkey
Replaces a slow ferry

boat trip
Connects two continent
Built in 1973
Total length is 5000 ft(1524m)
General Bridge Components
Bridge Bearings: These are supports on a bridge pier, which carry
the weight of the bridge and control the movements at the bridge
supports, including the temperature expansion and contraction. They
may be metal rockers, rollers or slides or merely rubber or laminated
rubber ( Rubber with steel plates glued into it).
Bridge Dampers & Isolators: Bridge dampers are devices that absorb
energy generated by earthquake waves and lateral load
Bridge Pier: A wide column or short wall of masonry or plain or
reinforced concrete for carrying loads as a support for a bridge, but in
any case it is founded on firm ground below the river mud
General Bridge Components
Bridge Cap: The highest part of a bridge pier on which

the bridge bearings or rollers are seated. It may be of
stone, brick or plain or reinforced concrete.
Bridge Deck: The load bearing floor of a bridge which
carries and spreads the loads to the main beams. It is
either of reinforced concrete., pre-stressed concrete,
welded steel etc.
Abutment: A support of an arch or bridge etc which
may carry a horizontal force as well as weight.
Expansion Joints : These are provided to
accommodate the translations due to possible shrinkage
and expansions due to temperature changes.
Bridge Cap and Damper
Components of a Girder bridge (Beam Bridge)
Components of a Suspension Bridge
Anchor Block: Just looking at the figure we can compare it as a dead
man having no function of its own other than its weight.
Suspension girder: It is a girder built into a suspension bridge to
distribute the loads uniformly among the suspenders and thus to
reduce the local deflections under concentrated loads.
Suspenders: a vertical hanger in a suspension bridge by which the road
is carried on the cables
Tower: Towers transfers compression forces to the foundation through
piers.
Saddles: A steel block over the towers of a suspension bridge which
acts as a bearing surface for the cable passing over it.
Cables: Members that take tensile forces and transmit it through
saddles to towers and rest of the forces to anchorage block.
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
Railing
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
Compiled by Teklehaimanot Foundation
Bases Classifications
Function
Material of Construction
Inner Span Relations
Method of Clearance for navigation
Length of Bridge
Position of the Bridge Floor w/r Super Strur.
Position of the Bridge Floor w/r Flood level
Super Structural Form
According to Function
Aqueduct
Viaduct
Pedestrian
Highway
Railway
Road cum railway
According to Material of Construction
Timber
Masonry
Steel
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Composite Bridge
According To Inner Span Relations
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
According to Method of Clearance for
Navigation
High level
Movable Bridge
Movable Bridges
They span waterways
Closed bridge to carry traffic
Open to allow marine traffic to travel under
Usually powered by electric motors
In the past they were powered by steam engines
There are three main types:
1.Bascule
2.Vertical lift
3. Swing
Bascule Bridge or Drawbridge
Used for short distances

Have two movable spans
the rise upward, opening
in the middle
When open the weight is
supported by the
stationary section of the
bridge
Swing Bridges
Mounted on a central pier
The central pier allows the bridge to rotate to the
side
Uncommonly used because the central pier is
located in the area where boats like to travel
Vertical-lift Bridge
Used for longer distances

Straight bridge, held between two towers
Lifted by steel ropes, attached to counterweights
-as the counterweights go down the bridge goes
up and vise-versa.
Operate in an elevator like fashion
According to the Length They Span
Culvert Less than, 6m

Minor Bridge, 6-60m
Major Bridge, >60m
Long Span Bridge when the larger
Span is above 120m
TYPES OF Culverts
Pipe Culvert
Box Culvert
Arch Culvert
Slab Culvert
Pipe Culverts
Box Culverts
Arch Culverts
Slab Culverts
GIRDER BRIDGE
Typical span length 30 to
650 ft
Worlds longest: Ponte Costa

e Silva, Brazil with a center
span of 1000 ft
Chesapeake
Bay Bridge,Compiled by Teklehaimanot
Virginia
TYPES OF BRIDGES ACCORDIGN TO
FORM OR TYPE OF SUPPER STRUCTURE
Beam or Girder Bridge
Truss Bridge
Rigid Frame Bridge
Arch Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
Girders and piers act together
Cross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped.
Design calculations for rigid

frame bridges are more
difficult than those of simple pi-shaped
girder bridges. frame
batter post
rigid frame
V shaped
frames
TRUSS BRIDGES
What is a Truss?
A structure composed of members connected

together to form a rigid framework.
Usually composed of interconnected triangles.
Members carry load in tension or compression
Truss Bridge
Truss bridges are a type of
beam bridge made up of many
small beams attached together
in triangular configuration to
support a large amount of
weight and span great
distances.
They function by compression
and tension forces and not by
bending forces.
They are identified according to
the way the chords are
arranged.
Common types of Truss Bridges
Pratt Parker K-Truss
Howe Camelback Warren
Fink Double Intersection Pratt Warren (with Verticals)
Bowstring Baltimore Double Intersection Warren
Waddell A Truss Pennsylvania Lattice

Truss Bridge: Forces
Every bar in this cantilever bridge
experiences either a pushing or pulling
force. The bars rarely bend. This is
why cantilever bridges can span farther
than beam bridges.
How Truss Bridges Work
A truss is an interconnected Trusses must be stable, and
framework of beams designed not able freely in any direction
to hold something up. in order for them to work.
Trusses dont bend, they get The beams have to be placed
pulled apart and pushed carefully in the right angles and
together. in equal distances away from
However once the weight is each other so they can
increased the bridge will stag in distribute the weight equally.
the middle. This is due to the They are usually supported at
individual beams expanding the ends by abutments and
and contracting due to the sometimes in the middle by
weight. piers.
Examples or Truss Bridges
This is the ASB Bridge
located in Jackson
County, Missouri
This is the Beaver Railroad Bridge located

in Carroll County, Arkansas
Arch Bridge
has great natural strength. Thousands of
years ago, Romans built arches out of
stone. Today, most arch bridges are made
of steel or concrete.
Ancient Roman
aqueduct Compiled by Teklehaimanot
Segovia, Spain
This type of bridge
was invented by the
Romans. They
realised that a wedge
Locking stone shaped stone called
voussoirs could carry
heavy loads if built in
the shape of an arch
A wooden framework has to be built to support the

stones while building the arch bridge. After putting
the locking stone in place the wooden frame is
removed and the arch should stand by itself.
Stone bridges
Steel Arch bridges

Originally Arch bridges were built
using materials such as stones and
bricks that can withstand
compression. But many modern
bridges are built using concrete or
steel. Strong support is needed on
each side of the arch to stop it from
spreading out.
Concrete Compiled by Teklehaimanot
ARCH BRIDGE
After girders, arches are the second oldest bridge type.
Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers

Larimer Avenue Bridge, Pittsburgh
Arches can be one of
the more beautiful
bridge types.
Typical span length

130 ft 500 ft.
35-200m
Worlds longest:
New River Gorge Bridge, U.S.A. with a center span of
1700 ft. (518m) S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Arch Bridge: Forces
The arch is squeezed together, and this
squeezing force is carried outward
along the curve to the supports at each
end. The supports, called abutments,
push back on the arch and prevent the
ends of the arch from spreading apart.
Main Structure Below the Deck
Line
Masonry Arch
Concrete
Arch Bridge Arch
Inclined Leg Frame
Arch
Rigid Frame Arch
Steel Truss-Arch
Truss-Arch Bridge
Steel Deck Truss
A cable stayed bridge is a
bridge with one or more
pillars. They are similar to
suspension bridges but defer in
the way the cables are
connected to the towers. The
two types of cable-stayed
bridges are parallel Parallel Attachment
attachment design and radial Design
attachment design. In a
parallel attachment design the
cables are attached at different
heights along the tower and
are parallel to one another and
in a radial attachment design
the cables are attached at a
single point at the top of the Radial Attachment
tower and on several places on
the road. Design
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Continuous girder with

one or more towers
erected above in the
middle of the span.
From these towers
cables stretch down
diagonally and support
the girder.
Typical span length
350 to 1600 ft.
Worlds largest bridge:
Tatara Bridge, Japan
center span: 2900 ft. Normandie Bridge
Comparison
Forces in a Cable Stayed
A cable stayed bridge
uses the cable to
hold up the deck
The tension forces in
the cable are
transferred to the
towers where the
tension forces
become compression
forces
Lets take a quick look at the forces at one
of the cable points.
The Lifting force
holds up the bridge
The higher the angle
that the cable is
attached to the deck,
the more load it can
withstand, but that
would require a
higher tower, so
there has to be some
compromise S.(MScCompiled by Teklehaimanot
in Structural Engineering)
Types of Cable Stayed
Suspension Bridge
can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way
farther than any other type of bridge!
Most suspension bridges have a truss
system beneath the roadway to resist
bending and twisting.
Golden Gate Bridge

- Compiled by Teklehaimanot
San Francisco S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Suspension Bridge: Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway
hangs from massive steel cables, which
are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks, called
anchorages, on both ends of the bridge.
The cars push down on the roadway, but
because the roadway is suspended, the
cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers. The two
towers support most of the bridge's
weight.
Forces on Suspension
Bridge
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Continuous girder with

one or more towers
erected above in the
middle of the span.
At both ends of the

bridge, large anchors or
counter weights are
placed to hold the ends
of the cables.
Typical span length

250 to 3000 ft. Golden Gate Bridge, California
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
disaster, 1940
On the morning of November 7, 1940, the Tacoma
Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour
winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget
Sound. The disaster -- which luckily took no human
lives -- shook the engineering community and forever
changed the way bridges were built around the
world.
Engineer Leon Moisseiff had designed the ultimate in
slender bridges and strengthened his narrow bridge
with a solid steel girder beneath the roadway. But
soon after it opened, the Tacoma Narrows started
behaving strangely. Wind
Compiled caused the bridge to sway
by Teklehaimanot
back and forth,S.(MSc
andinitStructural
also Engineering)
sent rippling waves along
Truss Support is
Important!
Years later, engineers found that the solid
girders actually blocked the wind and caused
the slender bridge to twist. The twisting
bridge fanned the steady wind into a swirling
motion, which caused the bridge to twist
even more -- and eventually snap in two. The
Tacoma Narrows Bridge was replaced in 1950
by a new bridge stiffened with a truss.
Rather than blocking the wind, the open truss
allowed the wind to blow through the new
bridge. Compiled by Teklehaimanot
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
disaster,1940
Thought youd like to see some pictures
of what happened to this narrow
suspension bridge.
World's Longest Suspension Bridge
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge,

Japan
Total Length : 3,911m
Center Span : 1,991m
Suspension Bridge Cable
Here is a cross
section picture of
what a main cable
of a suspension
bridge looks like
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DECIDING
BRIDGE TYPE
In general all the factors are related to economy,
safety and aesthetics.
Geometric Conditions of the Site
Subsurface Conditions of the Site
Functional Requirements
Aesthetics
Economics and Ease of Maintenance
Construction and Erection Consideration
Legal Considerations
Geometric Conditions of the Site
The type of bridge selected will always depend on the
horizontal and vertical alignment of the highway route and on
the clearances above and below the roadway
For Example: if the roadway is on a curve, continuous box
girders and slabs are a good choice because they have a
pleasing appearance, can readily be built on a curve, and
have a relatively high torsion resistance
Relatively high bridges with larger spans over navigable
waterways will require a different bridge type than one with
medium spans crossing a flood plain
The site geometry will also dictate how traffic can be
handled during construction, which is an important safety
issue and must be considered
Compiled byearly in the planning stage
Teklehaimanot
Subsurface conditions of the soil
The foundation soils at a site will determine whether abutments
and piers can be founded on spread footings, driven piles, or
drilled shafts
If the subsurface investigation indicates that creep settlement
is going to be a problem, the bridge type selected must be one
that can accommodate differential settlement over time
Drainage conditions on the surface and below ground must be
understood because they influence the magnitude of earth
pressures, movement of embankments, and stability of cuts or
fills
For Example: An inclined leg frame bridge requires strong
foundation material that can resist both horizontal and vertical
thrust. If it is not present, then another bridge type is more
Subsurface conditions of the soil
The potential for seismic activity at a site should also
be a part of the subsurface investigation. If seismicity
is high, the substructure details will change, affecting
the superstructure loads as well
All of these conditions influence the choice of
substructure components which in turn influence the
choice of superstructure
Functional Requirements
Bridge must function to carry present and future volumes of
traffic.
Decisions must be made on the number of lanes of traffic,
inclusion of sidewalks and/or bike paths, whether width of
the bridge deck should include medians, drainage of the
surface waters, snow removal, and future wearing surface.
For Example: In the case of stream and flood plain
crossings, the bridge must continue to function during
periods of high water and not impose a severe constriction or
obstruction to the flow of water or debris.
Satisfaction of these functional requirements will recommend
some bridge types over others.
For Example: if future widening and replacement of bridge
decks is a concern, multiple girder bridge types are preferred
Aesthetics
It should be the goal of every bridge designer to obtain

a positive aesthetic response to the bridge type selected
There are no equations, no computer programs or
design specifications that can make our bridge beautiful.
It is more an awareness of beauty on our part so that
we can sense when we are in the presence of something
good.
Aesthetics must be a part of the bridge design program
from the beginning. It cant be added on at the end to
make the bridge look nice. At that time it is too late. From
the beginning, the engineer must consider aesthetics in
the selection of spans, depths of girders, piers,
abutments, and theS.(MSc
relationship.
Economic and ease of maintenance
The initial cost and maintenance cost over the life of the
bridge govern when comparing the economics of different
bridge types.
A general rule is that the bridge with the minimum number of
spans, fewest deck joints, and widest spacing of girders will be
the most economical.
For Example: (1) By reducing the number of spans in a bridge
layout by one span, the construction cost of one pier is
eliminated. (2) Deck joints are a high maintenance cost item,
so minimizing their number will reduce the life cycle cost of the
bridge. (3) When using the empirical design of bridge decks in
the AASHTO (1994) LRFD Specifications, the same
reinforcement is used for deck spans up to 4.1m. Therefore,
there is little cost increase in the deck for wider spacing for
girders and fewer girders means
Compiled less cost although at the
by Teklehaimanot
expense of deeper sections.
Economic and ease of maintenance
Generally, concrete structures require less maintenance than

steel structure. The cost and hazard of maintenance painting
of steel structures should be considered in type selection
studies.
One effective way to reduce the overall project cost is to
allow contractors to propose an alternative design or designs.
Construction and Erection Considerations
The length of the time required to construct a bridge is
important and will vary with the bridge type.
Generally, larger the prefabricated or pre-cast members
shorter the construction time. However, the larger the
members, the more difficult they are to transport and lift
into place.
The availability of skilled labor and specified materials
will also influence the choice of a particular bridge type.
For Example: if there are no pre-cast plants for pre-
stressed girders within easy transport but there is a steel
fabrication plant nearby that could make the steel
structure more economical.
The only way to determine
Compiled bywhich bridge type is more
Teklehaimanot
economical is to bid S.(MSc
alternative designs.
Regulations are beyond the control of an engineer, but

they are real and must be considered.
Examples of certain regulations are as follows:
Permits Over Navigable Waterways
National Environmental policy Act
Department of Transportation Act
National historic preservation Act
Clean Air Act
Noise Control Act
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

The Endangered Species Act
Water Bank Act
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
In addition to the environmental laws and acts
defining national policies, local and regional politics are
also of concern
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

The Endangered Species Act
Water Bank Act
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
In addition to the environmental laws and acts
defining national policies, local and regional politics are
also of concern
BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS
Meaning of bridge specifications.
Need of bridge specifications.
History
Development
Lack of specification and usage of proper codes and safety
factors -------reason of failure of a structure (bridge)
BRIDGE SPECIFICATION
Basically the word specification stands in general
for a collection of work description upon which
there is a mutual agreement of the most
experienced group of people based upon their
practical and theoretical knowledge
Bridge specification:
Applying the above mentioned definition, context
to bridge makes it self explanatory.
HISTORY AND NEED OF
BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS
Early bridge were design built type contract.

No proper specifications so contract went to lowest bidder
Statistics of built bridges in 1870s show 40 bridges failed per year.
Engineers thought about a mutual ground of practice that is both
economical and general along with restricting the bidding companies to
follow a course of work there by improving the quality of structures and
forcing them to compromise on quality which was a very common
practice in case of absence of any code or specification.
Development
First practical step was taken after the collapse of a locomotive bridge on 29th
September 1876 across Ashtabula Creek at Ashtabula.
1914 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) was formed
1921 committee on Bridges and Allied Structures was organized..
The first edition of standard specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental
Structures was published in 1931 by AASHO.
In 1963 AASHO became AASHTO (American Association for State Highway
and Transportation Officials)
In the beginning the design philosophy utilized in the standard specification
was working stress design (allowable stress design). In the 1970s variation in
the uncertainties of loads were considered and load factor design was
introduced as an alternative method.
In 1986 the subcommittee on Bridges and structures initiated study of the
load and resistance factor design (LRFD) .
The subcommittee authorized a comprehensive rewrite of the entire standard
specification to accompany the conversion to LRFD. The result is the first
edition of the AASHTO (1994) LRFD Bridge Design Specification.
Development
Our Standards are based mainly on the American Association of
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Des
Specifications, 2nd edition, 1998, with modifications to Ethiopian
requirements and applicable laws of the Federal Democratic Repu
Ethiopia.
As a supplement to these Standards for structures not mentione
(such as prestressed bridges, large bridges, certain steel bridges,
bridges, aluminum bridges, etc.), the AASHTO LRFD Specification
edition 1998 or later editions may be used but only together w
Chapter 3: Load R equirem ents in these Specifications.
ROLE OF A BRIDGE ENGINEER
The role of an engineer can be broadly
classified in two major working environments.
Consultancy Environment
Contractor Environment
Consultancy Environment
Meeting the demand of clients
Not compromising on quality control at the same
time while remaining economical.
Must work properly on factors such as environment
of the location, traffic growth rate, population
growth rate etc before designing.
Design should be flexible to the practical
considerations.
Following the proper design specifications.
Proper Management both off site and on site.
Contractor Environment
On site decision making keeping in mind factors such as
cultural & environmental factors etc
Quality assurance to the consultants there by working up to
the needs of clients
Be economical to the contracting firm along with not making
a compromise on quality.
Proper time management and scheduling of works without
undue delays.
Beneficial use of labors at various important locations of
bridge.

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Compiled by Teklehaimanot

S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)

Great Stone Bridge in China

Britannia Tubular Bridge Suspension Bridges

A bridge is a structure which

Replaces a slow ferry

Bridge Cap: The highest part of a bridge pier on which

Used for short distances

Used for longer distances

Culvert Less than, 6m

Worlds longest: Ponte Costa

Cross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped.

Design calculations for rigid

A structure composed of members connected

Usually composed of interconnected triangles.

Members carry load in tension or compression

Pratt Parker K-Truss

Howe Camelback Warren

Fink Double Intersection Pratt Warren (with Verticals)

Bowstring Baltimore Double Intersection Warren

Waddell A Truss Pennsylvania Lattice

This is the Beaver Railroad Bridge located

A wooden framework has to be built to support the

Steel Arch bridges

After girders, arches are the second oldest bridge type.

Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers

Typical span length

Continuous girder with

Golden Gate Bridge

Continuous girder with

At both ends of the

Typical span length

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge,

It should be the goal of every bridge designer to obtain

Generally, concrete structures require less maintenance than

Regulations are beyond the control of an engineer, but

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

Early bridge were design built type contract.

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