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AS 1170.4-2007 Structural design actions - Earthquake actions in Australia
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AS 1170.42007
Australian Standard
University of Newcastle
Additional Interests:
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Australian Standard
Originated as AS 21211979.
Revised and redesignated as AS 1170.41993.
Second edition 2007.
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 8349 X
AS 1170.42007 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee BD-006, General Design Requirements and Loading on Structures, to supersede
AS 1170.41993, Minimum design loads on structures, Part 4: Earthquake loads.
After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards
New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian Standard rather than an
Australian/New Zealand Standard.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of structures with earthquake actions
and general detailing requirements for use in the design of structures subject to earthquakes.
This Standard is Part 4 of the 1170 series Structural design actions, which comprises the
following parts, each of which has an accompanying Commentary* published as a
Supplement:
AS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions (this Standard)
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AS/NZS
1170.0 Part 0: General principles
1170.1 Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions
1170.3 Part 3: Snow and ice actions
NZS
1170.5 Part 5: Earthquake actionsNew Zealand
This edition differs from AS 1170.41993 as follows:
(a) Importance factors have been replaced with the annual probability of exceedance, to
enable design to be set by the use of a single performance parameter. Values of
hazard are determined using the return period factor determined from the annual
probability of exceedance and the hazard factor for the site.
(b) Combinations of actions are now given in the BCA and AS/NZS 1170.0.
(c) Clauses on domestic structures have been simplified and moved to an Appendix.
(d) Soil profile descriptors have been replaced with five (5) new site sub-soil classes.
(e) Site factors and the effect of sub-soil conditions have been replaced with spectral
shape factors in the form of response spectra that vary depending on the fundamental
natural period of the structure.
(f) The five (5) earthquake design categories have been simplified to three (3) new
categories simply described as follows:
(i) Ia minimum static check.
(ii) IIstatic analysis.
(iii) IIIdynamic analysis.
(g) The option to allow no analysis or detailing for some structures has been removed
(except for importance level 1 structures).
* The Commentary to this Standard, when published, will be AS 1170.4 Supp 1, Structural design actions
Earthquake actionsCommentary (Supplement to AS 1170.42007).
3 AS 1170.42007
(h) All requirements for the earthquake design categories are collected together in a
single section (Section 5), with reference to the Sections on static and dynamic
analysis.
(i) The 50 m height limitation on ordinary moment-resisting frames has been removed
but dynamic analysis is required above 50 m.
(j) Due to new site sub-soil spectra, adjustments were needed to simple design rules
throughout the Standard. The basic static and dynamic methods have not changed in
this respect.
(k) The equation for base shear has been aligned with international methods.
(l) Structural response factor has been replaced by the combination of structural
performance factor and structural ductility factor (1/R f to S p/) and values modified
for some structure types.
(m) A new method has been introduced for the calculation of the fundamental natural
period of the structure.
(n) The clause on torsion effects has been simplified.
(o) The clause on stability effects has been removed.
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(p) The requirement to design some structures for vertical components of earthquake
action has been removed.
(q) Scaling of results has been removed from the dynamic analysis.
(r) The Section on structural alterations has been removed.
(s) The clauses on parts and components have been simplified.
(t) The informative Appendices have been removed.
The Standard has been drafted to be applicable to the design of structures constructed of
any material or combination thereof. Designers will need to refer to the appropriate material
Standard(s) for guidance on detailing requirements additional to those contained in this
Standard.
This Standard is not equivalent to ISO 3010:2001, Basis for design of structuresSeismic
actions on structures, but is based on equivalent principles. ISO 3010 gives guidance on a
general format and on detail for the drafting of national Standards on seismic actions. The
principles of ISO 3010 have been adopted, including some of the detail, with modifications
for the low seismicity in Australia. The most significant points are as follows*:
(i) ISO 3010 is drafted as a guide for committees preparing Standards on seismic actions.
(ii) Method and notation for presenting the mapped earthquake hazard data has not been
adopted.
(iii) Some notation and definitions have not been adopted.
(iv) Details of the equivalent static method have been aligned.
(v) Principles of the dynamic method have been aligned.
Particular acknowledgment should be given to those organizations listed as additional
interests for their contributions to the drafting of this Standard.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.
* When published, the Commentary to this Standard will include additional information on the relationship of
this Standard to ISO 3010:2001.
AS 1170.42007 4
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be an
integral part of this Standard.
Notes to the text contain information and guidance. They are not an integral part of the
Standard.
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5 AS 1170.42007
CONTENTS
Page
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Structural design actions
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out procedures for determining earthquake actions and detailing
requirements for structures and components to be used in the design of structures. It also
includes requirements for domestic structures.
Importance level 1 structures are not required to be designed for earthquake actions.
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1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS/NZS 1170.0 and those below
apply. Where the definitions in this Standard differ from those given in AS/NZS 1170.0, for
the purpose of this Standard, those below apply.
1.3.1 Base, structural
Level at which earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure, or the
level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported (see Figure 1.5(C)).
1.3.2 Bearing wall system
Structural system in which loadbearing walls provide support for all or most of the vertical
loads while shear walls or braced frames provide the horizontal earthquake resistance.
1.3.3 Braced frame
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hn = height from the base of the structure to the uppermost seismic weight or mass,
in metres (see Clause 1.5)
h si = inter-storey height of level i, measured from centre-line to centre-line of floor,
in metres
hx = height at which the component is attached above the structural base of the
structure, in metres
Ic = component importance factor
i, j = levels of the structure under consideration
Ks = factor to account for height of a level in a structure
k = exponent, dependent on the fundamental natural period of the structure (T 1)
kc = factor for determining height amplification factor (a x )
k F,i = seismic force distribution factor for the ith level
kp = probability factor appropriate for the limit state under consideration
kt = factor for determining building period
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considered to act at the centre of the combined mass (see Figure 1.5(B)). For more
complicated situations, the uppermost seismic weight shall be assessed depending on the
effect on the distribution of forces. Where a concentrated weight exists above the ceiling
level that contributes more than 1/3 of W n , it shall be treated as the top seismic weight and
W n and W n 1 recalculated.
The building height (h n ) is taken as the height of the centre of mass of W n above the base.
Figure 1.5(C) illustrates the structural base for various situations.
Force F n - 1 Level n - 1
Force F i + 1 Level i + 1
Storey i + 1
Force F i Level i hn
Storey i h si
h
Force F i - 1 Level i - 1
Force F i Level 1
Storey 1
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Base
Level i + 1
Storey i + 1
Wi Level i
h si Wi
2
Storey i
h si
2 Level i - 1
Centre of
Plant gravity of W n
Top
Wn
Storey n
hn
Storey n - 1
Base
S E C T I ON 2 D E S IG N PRO CE D U RE
2.1 GENERAL
Earthquake actions for use in design (E) shall be appropriate for the type of structure or
element, its intended use, design working life and exposure to earthquake shaking.
The earthquake actions (E u ) determined in accordance with this Standard shall be deemed to
comply with this provision.
therein;
(d) determine the site sub-soil class (see Section 4);
(e) determine the earthquake design category (EDC) from Table 2.1; and
(f) design the structure in accordance with the requirements for the EDC as set out in
Section 5.
Importance level 1 structures are not required to be designed to this Standard, (i.e., for
earthquake actions), and domestic structures (housing) that comply with the definition
given in Appendix A and with the provisions of Appendix A are deemed to satisfy this
Standard.
All other structures, including parts and components, are required to be designed for
earthquake actions.
NOTE: During an earthquake, motion will be imposed on all parts of any construction. Therefore,
parts of a structure (including non-loadbearing walls, etc.) should be designed for lateral
earthquake forces such as out-of-plane forces.
A higher level of analysis than that specified in Table 2.1 for a particular EDC may be used.
Domestic structures that do not comply with the limits specified in Appendix A shall be
designed as importance level 2 structures.
NOTE: Structures (including housing) that are constructed on a site with a hazard factor Z of 0.3
or greater should be designed in accordance with NZS 1170.5 (see Macquarie Islands, Table 3.2).
For structures sited on sub-soil Class E (except houses in accordance with Appendix A), the
design shall consider the effects of subsidence or differential settlement of the foundation
material under the earthquake actions determined for the structure.
NOTE: Structures, where the structural ductility factor () assumed in design is greater than 3,
should be designed in accordance with NZS 1170.5.
Serviceability limit states are deemed to be satisfied under earthquake actions for
importance levels 1, 2 and 3 structures that are designed in accordance with this Standard
and the appropriate materials design Standards. A special study shall be carried out for
importance level 4 structures to ensure they remain serviceable for immediate use following
the design event for importance level 2 structures.
TABLE 2.1
SELECTION OF EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORIES
Importance (k pZ) for site sub-soil class
level, type of Structure Earthquake
structure height, hn design
(see E e or D e Ce Be Ae (m) category
Clause 2.2)
Not required to
be designed for
1
earthquake
actions
Top of
Refer to
roof
Domestic Appendix A
8.5
structure
(housing) Top of Design as
roof importance
>8.5 level 2
12 I
0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 >12, <50 II
50 III
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2 <50 II
>0.05 to 0.08 >0.08 to 0.12 >0.11 to 0.17 >0.14 to 0.21
50 III
<25 II
>0.08 >0.12 >0.17 >0.21
25 III
<50 II
0.08 0.12 0.17 0.21
50 III
3
<25 II
>0.08 >0.12 >0.17 >0.21
25 III
<12 II
4
12 III
NOTES:
1 Values for kp and Z are given in Section 3. Site sub-soil class are given in Section 4.
2 A higher earthquake design category or procedure may be used in place of that specified.
3 Height (h n ) is defined in Clause 1.5. For domestic structures refer to Appendix A.
4 In addition to the above, a special study is required for importance level 4 structures to demonstrate they
remain serviceable for immediate use following the design event for importance level 2 structures.
S E C T I ON 3 S IT E H A Z A RD
TABLE 3.1
PROBABILITY FACTOR (k p)
Annual probability of exceedance Probability factor
P kp
1/2500 1.8
1/2000 1.7
1/1500 1.5
1/1000 1.3
1/800 1.25
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1/500 1.0
1/250 0.75
1/200 0.7
1/100 0.5
1/50 0.35
1/25 0.25
1/20 0.20
NOTE: The annual probability of exceedance in Table 3.1
is taken from the BCA and AS/NZS 1170.0.
TABLE 3.2
HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR SPECIFIC AUSTRALIAN LOCATIONS
Location Z Location Z Location Z
Adelaide 0.10 Geraldton 0.09 Port Augusta 0.11
Albany 0.08 Gladstone 0.09 Port Lincoln 0.10
Albury/Wodonga 0.09 Gold Coast 0.05 Port Hedland 0.12
Alice Springs 0.08 Gosford 0.09 Port Macquarie 0.06
Ballarat 0.08 Grafton 0.05 Port Pirie 0.10
Bathurst 0.08 Gippsland 0.10 Robe 0.10
Bendigo 0.09 Goulburn 0.09 Rockhampton 0.08
Brisbane 0.05 Hobart 0.03 Shepparton 0.09
Broome 0.12 Karratha 0.12 Sydney 0.08
Bundaberg 0.11 Katoomba 0.09 Tamworth 0.07
Burnie 0.07 Latrobe Valley 0.10 Taree 0.08
Cairns 0.06 Launceston 0.04 Tennant Creek 0.13
Camden 0.09 Lismore 0.05 Toowoomba 0.06
Canberra 0.08 Lorne 0.10 Townsville 0.07
Carnarvon 0.09 Mackay 0.07 Tweed Heads 0.05
Coffs Harbour 0.05 Maitland 0.10 Uluru 0.08
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Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
FIGURE 3.2(A) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR NEW SOUTH WALES, VICTORIA
AND TASMANIA
Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
AS 1170.42007
Standards Australia
22
www.standards.org.au
23 AS 1170.42007
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Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
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Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
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AS 1170.42007
Standards Australia
26
Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
www.standards.org.au
FIGURE 3.2(G) HAZARD FACTOR (Z)
27 AS 1170.42007
TABLE 4.1
MAXIMUM DEPTH LIMITS FOR SITE SUB-SOIL CLASS C
Maximum
Soil type and description Property
depth of soil
Representative undrained Representative
shear strengths SPT N-values
(kPa) (Number) (m)
Cohesive soils Very soft <12.5 0
Soft 12.5 25 20
Firm 25 50 25
Stiff 50 100 40
Very stiff or hard 100 200 60
Cohesionless soils Very loose <6 0
Loose dry 6 10 40
Medium dense 10 30 45
Dense 30 50 55
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(a) More than 10 m of very soft soil with undrained shear-strength less than 12.5 kPa.
(b) More than 10 m of soil with SPT N-values less than 6.
(c) More than 10 m depth of soil with shear wave velocities of 150 m/s or less.
(d) More than 10 m combined depth of soils with properties as described in Items (a), (b)
and (c) above.
5.1 GENERAL
Structures required by Section 2 to be designed for earthquake actions shall be designed in
accordance with the general principles of Clause 5.2, the provisions of the appropriate
earthquake design category (see Clauses 5.3, 5.4 or 5.5) and the requirements of the
applicable material design Standards.
so that forces generated by an earthquake from all parts of the structure, including structural
and other parts and components, are carried to the foundation.
Footings supported on piles, or caissons, or spread footings that are located in or on soils
with a maximum vertical ultimate bearing value of less than 250 kPa shall be restrained in
any horizontal direction by ties or other means, to limit differential horizontal movement
during an earthquake.
5.2.3 Performance under earthquake deformations
Stiff components (such as concrete, masonry, brick, precast concrete walls or panels or stair
walls, stairs and ramps) shall be
(a) considered to be part of the seismic-force-resisting system and designed accordingly;
or
(b) separated from all structural elements such that no interaction takes place as the
structure undergoes deflections due to the earthquake effects determined in
accordance with this Standard.
All components, including those deliberately designed to be independent of the seismic-
force-resisting system, shall be designed to perform their required function while sustaining
the deformation of the structure resulting from the application of the earthquake forces
determined for each limit state.
Floors shall be
(i) continuous over a series of internal walls at right angles or near right angles; or
(ii) tied to supporting walls at all supported edges.
Provision shall be made for floors to span without collapse if they become dislodged from
edges to which they are not tied.
5.2.4 Walls
Walls shall be anchored to the roof and restrained at all floors that provide horizontal
support for the wall. Walls shall be designed for in-plane and out-of-plane forces.
Out-of-plane forces on walls shall be designed in accordance with Section 8.
5.2.5 Diaphragms
The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm, as determined by analysis, shall not exceed
the permissible deflection of the attached elements. Permissible deflection shall be that
deflection that will permit the attached element to maintain its structural integrity and
continue to support the prescribed forces.
F3 W3
Storey 3
F2 W2
Storey 2
F1 W1
Storey 1
Base
TABLE 5.4
VALUES OF Ks FOR STRUCTURES NOT EXCEEDING 15 m
K s factor
Total
Sub-soil
number of Storey under consideration
class
stories
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Ae 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.5
Be 3.1 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.6
5
Ce 4.4 3.5 2.6 1.7 0.9
De, Ee 6.1 4.9 3.6 2.5 1.2
Ae 2.7 2.0 1.4 0.6
Be 3.5 2.6 1.7 0.9
4
Ce 4.9 3.6 2.5 1.2
De, Ee 5.8 4.4 3.0 1.4
Ae 3.1 2.0 1.0
3 Be 3.9 2.6 1.3
C e, D e, E e 5.5 3.6 1.8
Ae 3.1 1.6
2 Be 3.9 1.9
C e, D e, E e 4.9 2.5
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Ae 2.3
1 Be 3.0
C e, D e, E e 3.6
6.1 GENERAL
Equivalent static analysis, when used, shall be carried out in accordance with this Section.
The procedure for equivalent static analysis is as follows:
(a) Decide on the form and material of the structure.
(b) Calculate k pZ using Section 3.
(c) Determine T 1, C h (T1), , and other structural properties.
(d) Determine the design action coefficients.
(e) Determine the seismic weight at each level (W i ).
(f) Calculate V using Clause 6.2.
(g) Calculate F i using Clause 6.3.
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(h) Apply the forces to the structure at the eccentricities specified in Clause 6.6.
(i) Take P-delta effects into account as specified in Clause 6.7.
where
k F,i = seismic distribution factor for the ith level
W i = seismic weight of the structure at the ith level, in kilonewtons
h i = height of level i above the base of the structure, in metres
TABLE 6.4
SPECTRAL SHAPE FACTOR (C h (T))
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4.00
SPECTRAL ORDINATES (C h (T))
3.50
3.00
Soil Ae
2.50
Soil Be
2.00 Soil Ce
Soil De
1.50 Soil Ee
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
TABLE 6.5(A)
STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY FACTOR () AND STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE FACTOR (S p)BASIC STRUCTURES
Structural
Description Sp S p/ /S p
system
Steel structures
Special moment-resisting frames (fully ductile)* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Intermediate moment-resisting frames (moderately ductile) 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
Ordinary moment-resisting frames (limited ductile) 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Moderately ductile concentrically braced frames 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
Limited ductile concentrically braced frames 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Fully ductile eccentrically braced frames* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Other steel structures not defined above 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Concrete structures
Special moment-resisting frames (fully ductile)* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Intermediate moment-resisting frames (moderately ductile) 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
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TABLE 6.5(B)
STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY FACTOR () AND STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE FACTOR (S p)SPECIFIC STRUCTURE TYPES
Type of structure Sp /S p S p/
Tanks, vessels or pressurized spheres on braced or unbraced legs 2 1 2 0.5
Cast-in-place concrete silos and chimneys having walls continuous to
3 1 3 0.33
the foundation
Distributed mass cantilever structures, such as stacks, chimneys, silos
3 1 3 0.33
and skirt-supported vertical vessels
Trussed towers (freestanding or guyed), guyed stacks and chimneys 3 1 3 0.33
Inverted pendulum-type structures 2 1 2 0.5
Cooling towers 3 1 3 0.33
Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced legs 3 1 3 0.33
Storage racking 3 1 3 0.33
Signs and billboards 3 1 3 0.33
Amusement structures and monuments 2 1 2 0.5
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Values of the horizontal earthquake shear forces and moments, the resulting member forces
and moments, and the storey drifts that include the P-delta effects shall be determined by
(a) scaling the equivalent static forces and deflections by the factor (0.9/(1 )), which
is greater than or equal to 1; or
(b) using a second-order analysis.
7.1 GENERAL
Dynamic analysis, when used, shall be carried out in accordance with this Section. The
analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground-motion representation in accordance with
Clause 7.2. The mathematical model used shall be in accordance with Clause 7.3.
The analysis procedure may be either a modal-response-spectrum analysis in accordance
with Clause 7.4 or a time-history analysis in accordance with Clause 7.2(c).
Drift and P-delta effects shall be determined in accordance with Clause 7.5.
The peak member forces, displacements, horizontal earthquake shear forces and base
reactions for each mode shall be combined by a recognized method.
When modal periods are closely spaced, modal interaction effects shall be considered.
7.4.4 Torsion
7.4.4.1 Three-dimensional dynamic analysis
Three-dimensional dynamic analysis shall take account of torsional effects, including
accidental torsional effects as described in Clause 6.6. Where three-dimensional models are
used for analysis, the effects of accidental torsion shall be accounted for, either by
appropriate adjustments in the model, such as adjustment of mass locations, or by
equivalent static procedures, as described in Clause 6.6.
7.4.4.2 Two-dimensional dynamic analysis with static analysis for torsion
For static analysis for torsional effects, applied torsion at each level shall use either the
actions calculated by the equivalent static method or the combined storey earthquake forces
found in a two-dimensional modal response spectrum analysis for translation. The
eccentricity used shall be as required in Clause 6.6. Action effects arising from torsion shall
be combined with the translational action effects by direct summation, with signs chosen to
produce the most adverse combined effects in the resisting members.
(vii) Architectural equipment including storage racks and library shelves with a
height over 2.0 m.
(b) Mechanical and electrical components:
(i) Smoke control systems.
(ii) Emergency electrical systems (including battery racks).
(iii) Fire and smoke detection systems.
(iv) Fire suppression systems (including sprinklers).
(v) Life safety system components.
(vi) Boilers, furnaces, incinerators, water heaters, and other equipment using
combustible energy sources or high-temperature energy sources, chimneys,
flues, smokestacks, vents and pressure vessels.
(vii) Communication systems (such as cable systems motor control devices,
switchgear, transformers, and unit substations).
(viii) Reciprocating or rotating equipment.
(ix) Utility and service interfaces.
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APPENDIX A
DOMESTIC STRUCTURES (HOUSING)
(Normative)
A1 GENERAL
For the purposes of this Appendix, a domestic structure (housing) is a single dwelling or
one or more attached dwellings complying with Class 1a or 1b, as defined in the Building
Code of Australia (as shown in Figure A1).
Domestic structures (housing) exceeding 8.5 m in height (see Figure A1), shall be designed
in accordance with Section 2 for Importance Level 2 structures, using the annual probability
of exceedance specified for housing.
TABLE A1
DESIGN OF DOMESTIC STRUCTURES OF HEIGHT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
8.5 METRES
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(i) For masonry veneer, reinforced masonry, timber, steel and concrete
structures
F r = 1.4 k p Z W . . . A2(1)
(ii) For unreinforced masonry and other structures
F r = 2.3 k p Z W . . . A2(2)
where
Fr = horizontal design racking earthquake force applied in each orthogonal
direction on the part or component, in kilonewtons
W = sum of the seismic weight of the building (G + 0.3Q) at the level where
bracing is to be determined and above this level (see Figure 1.5(A))
kp = probability factor appropriate for the limit state under consideration
Z = earthquake hazard factor, which is equivalent to an acceleration
coefficient with an annual probability of exceedance of 1/500 (i.e., a
10% probability of exceedance in 50 years)
(b) Walls shall be tied to other walls that they abut and shall be anchored to the roof and
all floors that provide horizontal in-plane and perpendicular to the plane of the wall
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support for the wall, with an anchorage capable of resisting 0.5 kN/m. Walls shall be
checked for stability under out-of-plane lateral loads of Z times the weight of the
wall.
(c) Non-ductile components, such as unreinforced masonry gable ends, chimneys and
parapets shall be restrained to resist a minimum force of 0.1W c , where W c is the
weight of the component. Masonry veneer walls tied to framing in accordance with
AS 3700 are deemed to comply with this Item (c).
NOTE: See AS 3700 for detailing requirements for masonry structures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AS
4678 Earth retaining structures
NZS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.5 Part 5: Earthquake actionsNew Zealand
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51
NOTES
AS 1170.42007
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AS 1170.42007
52
NOTES
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