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ChallengesfortheGMT,SwinburneUniversity,16.06.

10

TheEpochofReionisa/on

JamieBolton
z=1100

z=1030

z=6

z=3 +HeIIreionisa/on

z=0
Motivation
Hydrogenreionisa/on
Thepostrecombina/onUniversefromz=1100un/lz~6isarguablytheleast
studiedpartoftheUniverseshistorybutthisiswhengalaxyforma/onbegins.

Theprocessofreionisa/oniscloselylinkedtotheforma/on,evolu/onand
proper/esoftherststarsandgalaxies.Analysingtheimpactofreionisa/onon
theIGMthereforeprovidesvaluableinsightintothenatureoftheserstsources.

Heliumreionisa/on
AtlowerredshiV(z=3),wedirectlyobservethesourcesofHeIIreionisa/on
(quasars)andunderstandthemreasonablywell.ButtheimpactofHeII
reionisa/onontheIGM(photohea/ng,ionisa/onuctua/ons)isanimportant
systema/cwhenusingtheIGMtostudycosmology(BAOs,thema\erpower
spectrum)ortheabundanceanddistribu/onofmetals(throughionisa/on
correc/ons).
Thekeyevidence
I:CosmicMicrowaveBackgrounddata

Thomson scattering of CMB photons off free electrons modifies the


temperature and temperature-polarisation power spectra
z rec
dl
e = T n e (z) dz
0 dz
CMB constraint
This only gives a constraint on the integrated reionisation history

In the limit of instantaneous reionisation (7yr):

e = 0.088 0.015 zr = 10.5 1.2 (68%)


Dunkley et al. (2007),
Larson et al. (2010)

Thekeyevidence
II:TheGunnPetersontrough

GP 4.3 10 5 f HI

n HI
f HI =
nH

The Ly opacity is
extremely large even for
small neutral hydrogen
fractions

Fanetal.(2006)
Theneutralhydrogenfrac/on
TheGunnPeterson(1965)troughatz>6impliesfHIisincreasingtowardshigher
redshiV,butprobingtheheartofreionisa/on(fHI~1)directlyisimpossible.

Fanetal.(2006)
Thekeyevidence
III:Constraintsonthemetagalac/cionisingemissivity

VLT/UVES Atz<6
Kimetal.(2007) Thebestconstraintscomefrom
measurementsoftheopacityoftheIGM
toLy photons(e.g.Bolton&Haehnelt2007,
FaucherGiguereetal2008).

Atz>6
Es/matesaremadebyintegra/ngover
constraintsontheluminosityfunc/on.
Signicantuncertain/esareinvolved:the
WFC3dataatz~7 faintendslope,theSEDandthe
Oeschetal.(2010) escapefrac/onareimportant(Bouwens
etal,Finkelsteinetal.,Yanetal.,Oeschetal.
Bunkeretal.,McClureetal...)
Thecontribu/onofquasars

Constraintsonthephotoionisa/on
ratefromtheLy forestopacity.

Quasarsfallshortofprovidingthe
Galaxies+QSOs requisitenumberofionisingphotons,
especiallytowardsz=6(atmost~15%of
QSOs
thetotalrequired).

Asignicantcontribu/onfromstar
forminggalaxiesrequiredtomaintainthe
photonbudgetatz~6.

Boltonetal.(2005,2007)
seealsoSrbinovsky&Wyithe(2007)
Theionisingemissivityatz>6
Constraintsrangefrom~630%ofrequiredemissivityatz>6

AdaptedfromBolton&Haehnelt(2007)
Emissivityrequiredfor
reionisa/onbyz=6

LyF GOODSN/SubaruDF
Ouchi+09

HUDF/WFC3
Bouwens+09
Oesch+09

Note! z>6 data points calculated from LF assuming: SeealsoBunker+09,McClure+09


f esc = 0.2, s = 3, MUV = 18.3 Yan+09,Finkestein+10...
Whatweknowabouthydrogenreionisa/on:

CMB:integratedreionisa/onhistoryconstraintonly.Consistentwith
zr=10.5forinstantaneousreionisa/on.Currentlynoinforma/onontheneutral
frac/onasafunc/onofredshiV,butimpliesreionisa/onwasextended.

QALs:appearanceoftheGunnPetersontroughatz=6implieszr>6,butthe
interpreta/onofdatawithregardtohowrapidlytheneutralhydrogenevolves
aroundthis/meishamperedbysaturatedabsorp/on.

StarforminggalaxiesprovidethebulkoftheionisingphotonsintheIGMatz=6.
QuasarsareunlikelytoreionisetheIGM.

Ariseintheionisingemissivityisrequiredatz>6inorderforreionisa/onto
completebyz=6.Es/matesatz>6basedonWFC3dataindicatetheobserved
photonbudgetfallsshortbyaround2/3,althoughtherearesignicant
uncertain/esinvolvedinderivingthenumberofionisingphotonsfromtheLF.
Lotsofsmall,faintgalaxiesmustbeoutthereatz>7.
EoR:ChallengesfortheGMT
TherearetwokeyareaswheretheGMTwillcontributetoEoRscience:

1) Directlyobservingtherstgalaxies.

2) AnalysingtheimpactofthesesourcesonthesurroundingIGMwithhighresolu/on
op/cal/NIRspectroscopy.
Other(controversial)probesoftheIGM/EoRatz>6

Quasarnearzones(Wyithe&Loeb2004,Bolton&Haehnelt2007,Lidzetal.2007,
Masellietal2007,2009,Alavarez&Abel2007,Wyitheetal.2008)

TheGPtroughdampingwing(MiraldaEscude1998,Totanietal.2006,Mesinger&
Haiman2004,2007)

Lyabsorp/onlinewidths(Beckeretal.2005,Boltonetal.2010)

Metalabsorp/onlines(Beckeretal.2006,2009,RyanWeberetal.2006,2009,Simcoe
2006,Oppenheimeretal.2009)

Darkgapsta/s/cs(Songaila&Cowie2002,Fanetal.2006,Paschosetal2005,Gallerani
etal2006,2008)

But:intepreta/onishamperedbysmalldatasetsandrela/velylowresolu/on,
R~25006000andS/N~1020.
AdvantagesoftheGMT
Thekeyadvantageforop/cal/nearIRspectroscopyissensi/vityathigh
spectralresolu/on.

Fainter,morenumerousbackgroundsourceswillbeaccessible(thereare
currentlyonly~20spectrapublishedatz>6,mostof).

Muchhighersignaltonoiseachievablewithhighdispersion(R>40K)
spectrographs.

GCLEF

GMTNIRS

Ref: GMT science technical requirements, http://www.gmto.org/sciencecase


Quasarnearzones
Transmissionwindows(310properMpc)bluewardofLyandredwardofthe
GunnPetersontrough.DuetoenhancedIGMionisa/onincloseproximitytotheQSO.

Fanetal.(2006)
HIIregions...
NeutralIGM

Quasar

HIIregion

Rion Intensity
GP
trough

Wavelength
...orresonantabsorp/on?
Par/ally
neutral
Quasar IGM

HIIregion

Rion
Intensity
GP
trough

Wavelength
A range of opinions...
Compared to the IGM HI fraction at z=5.7, near-zones
indicate the IGM just above z=6 is...

Significantly more neutral (>1/10) Still highly ionised (<1/1000)

Wyithe & Loeb (2004) Willott et al. (2007)


Mesinger & Haiman (2004) Bolton & Haehnelt (2007)
Wyithe et al. (2005) Maselli et al. (2007)
Fan et al. (2006) Lidz et al. (2007)
Mesinger & Haiman (2007) Wyithe et al. (2008)
Bolton & Haehnelt (2007) Kramer & Haiman (2008)
Maselli et al. (2007) Maselli et al. (2009)
Lidz et al. (2007) Bolton et al. (2010)
Kramer & Haiman (2008) Carilli et al. (2010)
Carilli et al. (2010)
Nearzonesizes:ra/oofLytoLy
R~2,500, S/N=20 per 3.5A R~35,000, S/N=20 per 0.25A

Simulations

Data

Thera/oofthenearzoneextentinLytoLyissensi/vetolargefHI.

However,currentdataatz>6.1donotprovideanyconstrainingpower.
Morespectra(>30for3)neededandhigherresolu/onisdesirable.

Bolton&Haehnelt(2007)
TheGPtroughdampingwing

If the IGM is significantly neutral,


transmission redward of the GP
dashed: GP trough edge will be smoothly
trough wing attenuated by the damping wing
arising from natural broadening.
dotted:
NHI=2x1020cm-2 But: it can be difficult to distinguish
system close between a damping wing
to QSO from the neutral IGM and one from a
high column density absorption
system.

MiraldaEscude(1998),seealsoMesingeretal.(2005)
TheGPtroughdampingwing

Kramer&Haiman(2009)
Keck/ESI(simulated)

R~2,600,S/N=20per3.5A,~1hr
(Fanetal.2006)
Keck/HIRES(simulated)

R~40,000,S/N=12per0.2A,~7.5hr
(Beckeretal.2007)
GMT/GCLEF

R~40,000,S/N=72per0.2A
TheunderlyingHIfrac/on

Selfshielded
LyLimitsystem

fHI<1/10,000

fHI=0.1
Photohea/ng
PhotonsnotonlyioniseiftheyhaveE>Eth(HI=13.6eV)
thentheyalsoheattheIGM.

electron
HI

0 +
>13.6eVphoton
H + H + e

ElectronssharetheirenergywiththebaryonsviaCoulomb
sca\eringandraisethetemperature.

TheIGMtemperature
Highertemperaturesbroadenabsorp/onfeaturesthroughthermal
broadeningandJeans(pressure)smoothing.

Longcooling/mescaleenablesuseasanindirectprobeof
theHIandHeIIreionisa/onepochs(e.g.Theunsetal.2002,
Hui&Haiman2003).TheIGMretainsathermalmemory
ofreionisa/on.
TheIGMtemperature
MeasurementsoftheIGMtemperaturerequirethethermalbroadening
kerneltoberesolved.

2k B T 1/ 2 1
T 1/ 2

bT = = 12.9 km s 4
mH 10 K

FWHM
bres =
2 ln2


LyVoigtproleungatz=6

Keck/ESI,R~2,500

Fanetal.(2006)

7.5hrswithKeck/HIRES,R~40,000

Beckeretal.(2007),Boltonetal.(2010)
Measuringthetemperature
TheDopplerparameterdistribu/onissensi/vetothetemperaturein
thenearzone

Simulated Data (red)

Usedetailednumericalsimula/ons(mul/plehydro+RTsightlines)
tocalibratetheCPDFandobtainconstraintsfromdata.
Boltonetal.(2010)
Athermalconstraintonreionisa/on
Main systematic: amount of heating depends on intrinsic spectra of the first sources,
but current measurement is dominated by statistical uncertainty.

PopIII PopIII

PopII
PopII

PopIII : z H < 8.4 (< 9.4) 68%(95%) Boltonetal.(2010)

PopII : z H < 9.0(< 11.0) 68%(95%)


GRBs as background sources
GRB090423atz=8.2
(Tanviretal.2009,
Salvaterraetal.2009)

Brightquasarsarerareobjectsatz>6,andtheremaybeveryfewatyethigher
redshiV.Thisisapoten/alproblemifwewanttopushtowardsz=10.

GRBsmaybethekeybackgroundsourceforIGMspectroscopyatveryhighz.

GRBsareextremelybright,especiallysoiftheaVerglowisobservedaVertherst
fewhours.

Thespectrumisafeaturelesspowerlaw,socon/nuumungissimpler(thisisakey
systema/cwhenmeasuringabsorp/oninquasarspectraatz=6)

Unlikequasars,GRBswillnotpreferen/allyforminthemostmassivehaloes.
GRBscanprobetheIGMinenvironmentswhicharelessbiased.

Seee.g.Barkana&Loeb(2004),McQuinnetal.(2008)
GRBs as background sources
GRB 050904 at z=6.3 after 3.4 days, HI fraction < 0.17 (68% CL).
But transmission in Ly indicates the damping wing is associated
with a DLA...

Totanietal.(2006)
Summary
Reionisa/onisanextendedprocesswhichwaslargelycompletebyz=6.
Faint,starforminggalaxiesarethemostlikelycandidatesfordriving
reionisa/onbutwehaventseenthemallyet(GMTwillhelp,alongwithJWST)

Op/cal/NIRechellespectroscopywiththeGMTcanprovidehighresolu/on,high
signaltonoisedatawhichwillprobethephysicalstateoftheIGMatz>6with
unprecedenteddetail.Spectrafromfainterbackgroundsourcesalsomeans
moresightlinesandimprovedsta/s/csatsomewhatlowersignaltonoise.

Thesizesofquasarnearzones,detec/onoftheGPtroughdampingwingand
measurementsoftheIGMtemperatureatz>6areallprobeswhichwillgreatlybenet
fromtheseadvantages(butarebynomeanstheonlyones!).

GRBsholdpromiseasprobesoftheveryhighredshiVIGMespeciallysoif
therearenoQSOsatz>7.

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