UNIVERSITY PUTRA

MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SOIL MECHANICS 2
(ECV3303)

LABORATORY WORK 5:
ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST OEDOMETER TEST

GROUP 8
NAME MATRIC NUMBER
NOR SUHAIZA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN 152191
YUSOF AMANAH BIN MARINSAH 152864
WAN MOHD HELMIE BIN WAN MEZAH 153712
SITI AISYAH BINTI IBRAHIM 154612
ROSMALIANA BINTI ZUBER 154796
NURHAFIZA BINTI KAMARUDDIN 154936

COURSE : BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)

1
LECTURER : PROF. DR. BUJANG B.K HUAT
LAB DEMO : MR. HOSSEIN MOAYEDI
DUE DATE : 22nd NOVEMBER 2011
5.1 INTRODUCTION

In soil mechanics, the settlement of cohesive soil comprise of three

components:
1. Immediate settlement
2. Consolidation settlement
3. Secondary compression (creep)

a) Immediate settlement
It occurs when saturated clay is loaded instantaneously and it is
resulted in vertical deformation. The clay will deform and its pore water
pressure will increase. Deformation will occur without any change in
soil volume due to low permeability of the soil.

b) Consolidation settlement
When the saturated soil is loaded, its volume will be reduced due to:
Compression of solid particles
Compression of water in the soil void
Drainage of water from soil voids

c) Secondary compression (creep)

It occurs due to the reorientation of soil particles, creep or decay of
organic matters. This settlement is not dependent on dissipation of
pore water pressure.

Consolidation is the process of gradual transfer of an applied load from

the pore water to the soil structure as pore water is squeezed out of the
voids. The amount of water that escapes depends on the size of the load
and compressibility of the soil, the rate at which it escapes depends on the
coefficient of permeability, thickness, and compressibility of the soil. The
rate and amount of consolidation with load are usually determined in the
laboratory by the one-dimensional consolidation test. In this test, a
laterally confined soil is subjected to successively increase vertical
pressure, allowing free drainage from the top and bottom surfaces.

A laboratory consolidation test is performed on an undisturbed sample

of a cohesive soil to determine its compressibility characteristics. The soil
sample is assumed to be representing a soil layer in the ground.

Terzaghis theory of 1-D consolidation makes the following simplifying

assumptions:

o The soil is homogeneous.

o The soil is fully saturated.
o The solid particles and the pore water are incompressible.
o The flow of water and compression of soil are one-dimensional
(vertical).
o Strains are small.
o Darcys law is valid at all hydraulic gradients.

2
 o The coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volume
compressibility remain constant throughout the consolidation
process.
o There is a unique relationship, independent of time, between void
ratio and effective stress.

5.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume.

According to Karl Terzaghi, "consolidation is any process which involves
decrease in water content of a saturated soil without replacement of water
by air." In general it is the process in which reduction in volume takes
place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when
stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together
more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil
that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. The
magnitude of consolidation can be predicted by many different methods.
In the Classical Method, developed by Terzaghi, soils are tested with an
oedometer test to determine their compression index. This can be used to
predict the amount of consolidation.

When stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the soil will rebound,
regaining some of the volume it had lost in the consolidation process. If
the stress is reapplied, the soil will consolidate again along a
recompression curve, defined by the recompression index. The soil which
had its load removed is considered to be over-consolidated. This is the
case for soils which have previously had glaciers on them. The highest
stress that it has been subjected to is termed the pre-consolidation stress.
The over consolidation ratio or OCR is defined as the highest stress
experienced divided by the current stress. A soil which is currently
experiencing its highest stress is said to be normally consolidated and to
have an OCR of one. A soil could be considered under-
consolidated immediately after a new load is applied but before the
excess pore water pressure has had time to dissipate.

A cylindrical specimen of soil enclosed in a metal ring is subjected

to a series of increasing static loads, while changes in thickness are
recorded against time. From the changes in thickness at the end of each
load stage the compressibility of the soil may be observed, and
parameters measured such as Compression Index (C c) and Coefficient of
Volume Compressibility (mv). From the changes in thickness recorded
against time during a load stage the rate of consolidation may be
observed and the coefficient of consolidation (cv) measured. In this
experiment, the sample is in disc shape, constraint on its side and applied
with vertical load. Free drainage is allowed through top and bottom surface
of the sample.

3
 t
Time factor, Tv = cv. 2 at degree of consolidation, U = 90% and
d
50% and time factor, Tv = 0.848 and 0.197 respectively.

Using Taylor & Merchant method (square root method) and

Casagrande method (log method), we can find soil coefficient of
consolidation, cv.

2
T d
cv= v where, d = drainage path length = sample height
t
(thickness) H/2

Soil coefficient of volume compressibility, mv

e 1 H
mv = = where, e = average void
p 1+e o H og P
ratio
e o = initial void ratio
H = change in thickness
H o = initial length (thickness) of
soil sample
P = load (pressure) increment
(kN/m2)

Coefficient of permeability, K=c v mv w

5.3 OBJECTIVE

To determine the magnitude and rate of consolidation for saturated soil

samples.

5.4 EQUIPMENTS

1. Metal cutting ring

2. Perforated plates (porous disc) to be placed at top and bottom of soil

sample
3. Consolidation cell (consolidometer)
4. Dial gauge with accuracy of 0.002mm and maximum travel of at least
6mm or equivalent displacement transducer
5. Loading apparatus

4
 6. Palette knife, wire saw, steel edge/ruler
7. Moisture content apparatus
8. Filter paper, silicone grease, evaporating disc

9. Stop watch
10.Tools for determining soil density

5.5 PROCEDURES

Sample preparation

1. Ring and glass plates are cleaned and dried. They were weighed
and recorded. A small amount of silicon grease is applied to the
cutting ring.
2. The sample is placed on the glass plate. Some distilled water is
added to the soil and they are mixed thoroughly using palette
knives.

Test procedure

1. Bottom perforated plate (porous disc) is placed at the centre of

consolidation cell. A filter paper is put on the plate then the cutting
ring is placed with the sample in it.
2. The plate must first be saturated in water.
3. They are placed on the load hanger on the consolidation cell. The
arm is ensured to be levelled.
4. Load is gently placed on the hanger. Consolidation cell is filled with
water after 2 minutes. Dial gauge is read for compression intervals
of 6s, 15s, 1min, 2,25min, 4min, 6.25min, 9min, 12.25min, 16min,

5
 20.25min, 20min, 25min, 36min,100min, and 24 hours. First applied
load is 250kN/m2. After 24 hours, the load is increased to 500kN/m 2

5.6 RESULTS AND CALCULATION

a) Sample 1 (organic soil)

Table 1a: Dial gauge reading for organic soil

Consolidation Pressure
0.25kg (12.5 kPa) 0.5kg (25 kPa)
Time, Dial Dial
Time1/ log Samp sampl
t gaug gaug
2
time le e
(min) e H Strai e H Strai
heigh heigh
readi (mm) n, % readi (mm) n, %
t t
ng ng
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
0 0 - 0 0 20 0 2.3 0 17.845 0
0.5 -0.6 0.8 0.8 19.2 4 2.42 0.12 17.725 0.672
0.707 -0.3 0.92 0.12 19.08 0.6 2.43 0.01 17.715 0.056
1 1 0 1.13 0.21 18.87 1.05 2.44 0.01 17.705 0.056
1 1.225 0.176 1.22 0.09 18.78 0.45 2.45 0.01 17.695 0.056
2 1.414 0.301 1.26 0.04 18.74 0.2 2.46 0.01 17.685 0.056
3 1.732 0.477 1.27 0.01 18.73 0.05 2.47 0.01 17.675 0.056
4 2 0.602 1.28 0.01 18.72 0.05 2.48 0.01 17.665 0.056
5 2.236 0.699 1.29 0.01 18.71 0.05 2.5 0.02 17.645 0.112
7 2.646 0.845 1.29 0 18.71 0 2.5 0 17.645 0

6
 9 3 0.301 1.29 0 18.71 0 2.515 0.02 17.63 0.084
11 3.317 0.477 1.29 0 18.71 0 2.52 0.01 17.625 0.028
13 3.606 0.602 1.3 0.01 18.7 0.05 2.525 0.01 17.62 0.028
15 3.873 0.699 1.31 0.01 18.69 0.05 2.53 0.01 17.615 0.028
20 4.472 0.845 1.31 0 18.69 0 2.545 0.02 17.6 0.084
25 5 0.954 1.31 0 18.69 0 2.56 0.02 17.585 0.084
30 5.477 1.041 1.31 0 18.69 0 2.57 0.01 17.575 0.056
35 5.916 1.114 1.31 0 18.69 0 2.575 0.01 17.57 0.028
40 6.325 1.176 1.31 0 18.69 0 2.582 0.01 17.563 0.039
50 7.071 1.301 1.31 0 18.69 0 2.595 0.01 17.55 0.073
60 7.746 1.398 1.311 0 18.689 0.005 2.62 0.03 17.525 0.14
90 9.487 1.477 1.312 0 18.688 0.005 2.62 0 17.525 0
120 10.954 1.544 1.312 0 18.688 0 2.62 0 17.525 0
180 13.416 1.602 1.312 0 18.688 0 2.621 0 17.524 0.006
1440 37.947 1.699 2.155 0.84 17.845 4.215 3.511 0.89 16.634 4.987

Thickness vs Time1/2
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
Thickness (mm)
18
17.5
17 t90
16.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time1/2 (min)

Graph 1: Thickness vs Time1/2 for 12.5 kPa

7
 Thickness vs Time1/2
18
17.8
17.6
17.4
17.2
17
Thickness (mm)
16.8
16.6
16.4
16.2 t90
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time1/2 (min)

Graph 2: Thickness vs Time1/2 for 25.0 kPa

Thickness vs log time

20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
Thickness (mm)
18
t5017.5

17
16.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

log time, t (min)

Graph 3: Thickness vs log time for 12.5 kPa

8
 Thickness vs log time
18
17.8
17.6
17.4
17.2
17
Thickness (mm)
16.8
16.6
16.4
t50
16.2
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

log time (min)

Graph 4: Thickness vs log time for 25.0 kPa

Density/Moisture Content Determination

Table 2a: Moisture content determination

Density Moisture Content

(1) Weight of ring & soil 211.506 g Container number
(2) Weight of ring 82.759 g Weight of container + moist 38.80 g
soil
Weight of initial moist 129 g Weight of container 14.38 g
sample (M)
Initial weight density, Weight of moisture 24.42 g
M 834.28
= kg/m3
Vo
( 1 ) (2)
=
r 2h
0.2120.083
=
( 0.03752 ) ( 0.035 )
0.129
=
1.54634

9
Initial dry density Weight of dry soil 20.95 g
715.75

d = kg/m3
1+ wo
834.28
=
1+0.1656
= 715.75 kg/m3
Moisture content (w) 16.56 %

ww
w=
ws

24.4220.95
=
20.95
= 16.56 %

Soil particle specific gravity, Gs = assume to be 1.3

M 1.5463 10
Weight of solid, W s=
1+ w 8.52 10
= = ( 5)
0.129 (4)
=
1+0.1656
5
= 6.493 10 m3
= 0.1107 kg
Vw
Ws Initial void ratio, e o=
Volume of soil, V s= Vs
G s w
6.493 105
0.1107 =
= 8.52 x 105
1.3 (1000)
= 0.76
= 8.52 x 10-5 m3
Degree of saturation, Sr = eowGs
= 0.76(0.1656)
(1.3)
= 0.1636 100
Volume of water, = 16.36 %
V w = Vo - V s

Table 3a: Coefficient of volume compressibility, mv determination for Organic soil

Coefficient of
Change in Initial Pressure volume
Pressure compressibility,
thickness, H thickness, increment, P
, P (kPa) H 1
(mm) Ho (mm) (kPa) mv =
Ho P
12.5 2.155 20.000 12.5 8.62 x 10-3
25.0 1.211 17.845 12.5 5.43 x 10-3

10
Table 4a: Coefficient of consolidation, c v determination for organic soil

Square root method Log time method

Coefficient
Coefficient of
Average Drainage of
Pressure consolidatio
thicknes path consolidatio
range t50 n,
s, Ho length, d t90 (min) n,
(Pa) 2
0.848 d (min) 0.197 d 2
(mm) = Ho/2
cv= cv=
t 90 t 50
(mm2/min)
(mm2/min)
0 - 12.5 20.000 10.00 31.5 2.69 4.0 4.925
12.5 -25.0 17.845 8.92 34.3 1.97 24.5 0.640

- Coefficient of permeability, k (for square root method)

*Taking for pressure = 0.02 m

0.0025 kPa 20.0 mm
K=c v mv w
= 2.69 (8.62 x 10-3)
(9.81) - Void ratio after test
= 0.227 mm/min H sH f
ef =
*Taking for pressure = Hf
0.0050 kPa 2018.38

K=c v mv w 18.38
= 1.97(5.43 x 10-3) 0.062
(9.81) 6.2
= 0.105 mm/min

- Equivalent solid height,

- Final degree of saturation
V S f =e f w G s
H s= s
A 0.062 ( 0.1854 ) ( 1.3 )
8.52 x 105 0.0133
H s=
4.26 103 1.33 %

For 12.5 kPa:

e = m v P (1+e 0)
= 8.62 x 10-3 (12.5)(1+0.76)

11
 = 0.19

e = e0 e1
e1 = 0.76 0.19
= 0.57

For 25 kPa:

e = m v P (1+e 0)
= 5.43 x 10-3 (25)(1+0.76)
= 0.24

e = e0 e1
e1 = 0.76 0.24
= 0.52

Pressure,
Log Void ratio, e
(kPa)
0 - 0.76
12.5 1.097 0.57
25 1.398 0.52

Void ratio vs log '

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Void ratio, e
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

log '

Graph 9: Void ratio, e vs log

b) Sample B (clay)

Table 1b: Dial gauge reading for clay

Time, log Consolidation Pressure

12
 0.25kg (12.5 kPa) 0.5kg (25 kPa)
Dial Dial
t Sampl sampl
time gauge gauge
(min) H e Strain H e Strain,
readin readin
(mm) height ,% (mm) height %
g g
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
0 0 - 0 0 20 0 1.8 0 18.38 0
-
1.84983
0.5 0.6020 0.34 0.34 19.66 1.7 2.14 0.34 18.04
7
6
-
0.59847
0.707 0.3010 0.5 0.16 19.5 0.8 2.25 0.11 17.93
7
3
0.27203
1 1 0 0.65 0.15 19.35 0.75 2.3 0.05 17.88
5
0.1760 0.05440
1 1.225 0.8 0.15 19.2 0.75 2.31 0.01 17.87
9 7
0.3010 0.05440
2 1.414 0.88 0.08 19.12 0.4 2.32 0.01 17.86
3 7
0.4771 0.38084
3 1.732 0.98 0.1 19.02 0.5 2.39 0.07 17.79
21 9
0.6020 0.10881
4 2 1.028 0.048 18.972 0.24 2.41 0.02 17.77
6 4
0.6989 0.10881
5 2.236 1.05 0.022 18.95 0.11 2.43 0.02 17.75
7 4
0.8450 0.05440
7 2.646 1.07 0.02 18.93 0.1 2.44 0.01 17.74
98 7
0.3010 0.05440
9 3 1.095 0.025 18.905 0.125 2.45 0.01 17.73
3 7
0.4771 0.05440
11 3.317 1.11 0.015 18.89 0.075 2.46 0.01 17.72
21 7
0.6020
13 3.606 1.12 0.01 18.88 0.05 2.46 0 17.72 0
6
0.6989 0.05440
15 3.873 1.125 0.005 18.875 0.025 2.47 0.01 17.71
7 7
0.8450 0.05440
20 4.472 1.13 0.005 18.87 0.025 2.48 0.01 17.7
98 7
0.9542 0.02720
25 5 1.14 0.01 18.86 0.05 2.485 0.005 17.695
43 3
1.0413 0.02720
30 5.477 1.145 0.005 18.855 0.025 2.49 0.005 17.69
93 3
1.1139
35 5.916 1.148 0.003 18.852 0.015 2.49 0 17.69 0
43
1.1760
40 6.325 1.15 0.002 18.85 0.01 2.49 0 17.69 0
91
1.3010 0.00544
50 7.071 1.15 0 18.85 0 2.491 0.001 17.689
3 1
1.3979 0.03808
60 7.746 1.152 0.002 18.848 0.01 2.498 0.007 17.682
4 5
1.4771 0.06528
90 9.487 1.157 0.005 18.843 0.025 2.51 0.012 17.67
21 8
1.5440 0.00544
120 10.954 1.159 0.002 18.841 0.01 2.511 0.001 17.669
68 1
1.6020
180 13.416 1.159 0 18.841 0 2.511 0 17.669 0
6
24 37.947 1.6989 1.62 0.461 18.38 2.305 3.132 0.621 17.048 3.37867

13
hours 7 2

Thickness vs Time1/2
20.5

20

19.5

19
Thickness (mm)

18.5

18
t90
17.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time1/2 (min)

Graph 5: Thickness vs Time1/2 for 12.5 kPa

Thickness vs Time1/2
18.5

18

17.5

Thickness (mm)
17

16.5

t90
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time1/2

14
 Graph 6: Thickness vs Time1/2 for 25.0 kPa

Thickness vs log time

20.5

20

19.5

19
Thickness (mm)
18.5
t50
18

17.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

log time, t (min)

Graph 7: Thickness vs log time for 12.5 kPa

Thickness vs log time

18.5

18

17.5

Thickness (mm)
17
t50
16.5

16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

log time, t (min)

Graph 8: Thickness vs log time for 25.0 kPa

15
Density/Moisture Content Determination

Table 2b: Moisture content determination

Density Moisture Content

Weight of ring & soil 167.400 g Container number
Weight of ring 83.361 g Weight of container + moist 50.24 g
soil
Weight of initial moist 84.039 g Weight of container 14.44 g
sample (M)
Initial weight density, Weight of moisture 35.80 g
543.48
M kg/m3
=
Vo
( 1 ) (2)
=
r 2h
0.16740.08336
=
( 0.03752 ) ( 0.035 )
0.0840
=
1.54634
Initial dry density
456.71 Weight of dry soil 30.20 g
kg/m3
d =
1+ wo
543.48
=
1+0.19
= 456.71
kg/m3

Moisture content (w) 18.54 %

ww
w=
ws

35.8030.20
=
30.20
= 18.54 %

Soil particle specific gravity, Gs = assume to be 1.3

M Ws
Weight of solid, W s= Volume of soil, V s=
1+ w G s w
0.0840 0.0709
= =
1+0.1854 1.3 (1000)
= 0.0709 kg = 5.45 x 10-5 m3

16
 Vw
Initial void ratio, e o=
Vs
4
1.0013 10
Volume of water, =
5.45 105
V w = Vo - V s
1.5463 10 = 1.837
5.45 10
Degree of saturation, Sr = eowGs
= (5) = 1.837(0.1854)
(4) (1.3)
= 0.4428 100
= 1.0013 104 m3 = 44.28 %

Table 3b: Coefficient of volume compressibility, mv determination for Clay

Coefficient of
volume
Change in Initial Pressure compressibilit
Pressure, P
thickness, H thickness, Ho increment, P y,
(Pa)
(mm) (mm) (Pa) H 1
mv =
Ho P
12.5 1.620 20.00 12.5 6.48 x 10-3
25.0 1.332 18.38 12.5 5.80 x 10-3

Table 4b: Coefficient of consolidation, c v determination for Clay

Square root method Log time method

Coefficient
Coefficient of
Average Drainage of
Pressure consolidatio
thicknes path consolidatio
range t50 n,
s, Ho length, d t90 (min) n,
(kPa) 2
0.848 d (min) 0.197 d 2
(mm) = Ho/2
cv= cv=
t 90 t 50
(mm2/min)
(mm2/min)
0 - 12.5 20 10.00 28.5 2.975 5.00 3.94
12.5 -
18.38 9.19 32.5 2.204 11.5 1.45
20.0

- Coefficient of permeability, k (for log time method)

*Taking for pressure = = 1.45(5.80 x 10-3)

0.0025 kPa (9.81)
K=c v mv w = 0.08 mm/min
= 3.94(6.48 x 10-3)
- Equivalent solid height,
(9.81)
= 0.25 mm/min Vs
H s=
A
*Taking for pressure = 5.45 105
0.0050 kPa H s=
2.76 103
K=c v mv w
0.0197 m

17
 19.7 mm 0.07
7

- Void ratio after test

H sH f - Final degree of saturation
ef = S f =e f w G s
Hf
19.718.38 0.007 ( 0.1854 ) ( 1.3 )
3
18.38 1.687 10
0. 16 %

18
For 12.5 kPa:

e = m v P (1+e 0)
= 6.48 x 10-3(12.5)(1+1.837)
= 0.230

e = e0 e1
e1 = 1.837 0.230
= 1.607

For 25 kPa:

e = m v P (1+e 0)
= 5.80 x 10-3(25)(1+1.837)
= 0.411

e = e0 e1
e1 = 1.837 0.411
= 1.426

Pressure,
Log Void ratio, e
(kPa)
0 - 1.837
12.5 1.097 1.607
25 1.398 1.426
 Void ratio vs log '
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Void ratio, e
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

log '

Graph 10: Void ratio,e vs log '

5.7 DISCUSSION

In this test, we found out that we lack some information. Because of that,
some data demand cannot be fulfilled. This led to error in calculation and
thus, affects the result for the overall test.

From the result we get, we found out that consolidation and settlement is
increase evenly with time. From time to time, the sample is consolidated and
settled. The further details can refer to the graph (Graph 1 to Graph 10).

For determination of soil coefficient of consolidation, c v, we are using Using

Taylor & Merchant method (square root method) and Casagrande method
(log method). While soil coefficient of volume compressibility, m v can be
found by using equation of:

e 1 H
mv = =
p 1+e o H og P

And Coefficient of permeability, K=c v mv w

All of the calculation and result are shown in Table 2a/b, Table 3a/b and Table
4a/b.

5.8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 We can conclude that this experiment is successful since we are able to
determine the magnitude and rate of consolidation for saturated soil
samples. But there are some error occurs since the value we get is not
realistic.

A summary of the result is:

- Organic soil
Coefficient Coefficient
Coefficient
of Coefficient Coefficient of
of
Pressu consolidati of volume of permeabilit
consolidat
re on, cv for compressib permeability y, K for log
ion, cv for
(kPa) log , K for time1/2 time
time1/2 ility, m v
time(mm/m (mm/min) (mm/min)
(mm/min)
in)
12.5 2.69 4.925 8.62 x 10-3 0.227 0.416
25.0 1.97 0.640 5.43 x 10-3 0.105 0.003

- Clay
Coefficient Coefficient
Coefficient
of Coefficient Coefficient of
of
Pressu consolidati of volume of permeabilit
consolidat
re on, cv for compressib permeability y, K for log
ion, cv for
(kPa) log , K for time1/2 time
time1/2 ility, m v
time(mm/m (mm/min) (mm/min)
(mm/min)
in)
12.5 2.975 3.94 6.48 x 10-3 0.189 0.25
25.0 2.204 1.45 5.80 x 10-3 0.125 0.08

Precaution that need to take care of:

1. Weighed the weight of sample correctly
2. Make sure we read the lab manual carefully and noted what we
have to take note in this test.
3. List down data needed properly

5.8 REFERENCE
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)
2. Bujang B.K Huat, Faisal Hj. Ali. (2008). Essential Soil Mechanics for
Engineers. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang: Malaysia.
3. C. Venkatramaiah. (2006). Geotechnical Engineering. 3rd Ed. New Age
International Publishers

5.9 APPENDICES
Figure 1: Sample preparation