Anda di halaman 1dari 4

BIOCHEMISTRY: Carbohydrates 1

CARBOHYDRATES
1 Derived from carbon hydrate
Polyhydroxycarbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) or substances that yield these
compounds upon hydrolysis
General formula = CnH2nOn = Cn(H2O)n
Not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula (deoxysugars, aminosugars, etc)
Confirmation
C12H22O11 (sucrose) + H2SO4 C + H2O

steam
carbon

Carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds found in nature


Most carbohydrates are found naturally in bound form rather as simple sugars
o Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, insulin, gums)
o Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones, blood group substances,
antibodies)
o Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
o Glycosides
o Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
o Nucleic acids

FUNCTIONS
Sources of energy
Intermediates in the biosynthesis of other basic biochemical entities (fats and proteins)
Associated with other entities such as glycosides, vitamins and antibiotics
Form structural tissues in plants and in microorganisms (cellulose, lignin, murein)
Participate in biological transport, cell-cell recognition, activation of growth factors,
modulation of the immune system, and other biological functions

PROPERTIES
Differences in structures of sugars are responsible for variations in properties
Physical
o Crystalline form, solubility, rotator power
Chemical
o Reactions: oxidations, reductions, condensations
BIOCHEMISTRY: Carbohydrates 1

Physiological
2 o Nutritive value (human, bacterial), sweetness, absorption

CLASSIFICATION
According to the number of sugar units
1. Monosaccharides simple sugars that could not be hydrolyzed further into smaller units
under reasonably mild conditions; generally crystalline compounds which are soluble in
water and has a sweet taste
2. Oligosaccharides hydrolysable polymers of monosaccharides containing 2-10
molecules of simple sugar
3. Polysaccharides very long chains or polymers of monosaccharides which maybe linear
or branched in structure; usually tasteless and insoluble in water
a. Homopolysaccharides made up of only onke kind of monosaccharide
b. Heteropolysaccharides made up of two or more different kinds of
monosacchardies

According to functional groups


1. Aldoses contain the aldehyde group
2. Ketoses contain the ketone group

According to the number of carbon atoms


1. Triose contains 3 carbon atoms
2. Tetrose contains 4 carbon atoms
3. Pentose contains 5 carbon atoms
4. Hexose contains 6 carbon atoms
BIOCHEMISTRY: Carbohydrates 1

REVIEW OF ISOMERISM
Isomerism existence of two or more compounds with the same composition (same number
and kind of atoms, same molecular weight) but different constitution (different manner in
which the atoms are joined together as represented by the structural formula

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different attachments
1. Skeletal or chain isomers
2. Position isomers
3. Functional isomers

Stereoisomers
1. Geometric or cis-trans isomerism
2. Optical isomers
a. Enantiomers or optical antipodes mirror images of each other (chiral) and non-
superimposable
b. Diasteromers not mirror images of each other
i. Epimers diastereomers that differ in a single carbon atom
ii. Anomers diastereomers that differ at carbon 1 only
BIOCHEMISTRY: Carbohydrates 1

Examples:
4 Given:

1. All four sugars are D-sugars because they have the same configuration as D-
glyceraldehyde on the penultimate carbon, C-5.
2. D-fructose is a keto hexose and is a structural isomer of the other 3.
3. The three aldohexoses are not mirror images of each other, hence they are
diastereomers.
4. There are four chiral carbons, hence there are 16 expected optical isomers, i.e., eight
pairs of enantiomers.
5. D(+) glucose and D(+) mannose are epimers at C-2.
6. D(+) glucose and D(+) galactose are epimers at C-4.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai