Polymer

Hydrocarbon
Saturated : all bonds are singleones, and no new atoms
may be joined without the removal of others that are
already bonded.

Unsaturated : Molecules that have double and triple

covalent bonds
C2H4

C2H2
 Isomerism
Hydrocarbon compounds with the same
composition may have different atomic
arrangements.
Example : Butane

Normal Butane Isobutane

Properties : the boiling temperatures for normal

butane 0.50C and isobutane 12.30C
 Monomer and Polymer
Monomer refers to the small molecule from
which a polymer (repeat unit) is synthesized.
A repeat unit is also sometimes called a mer.
Mer originates from the Greek word meros,
which means part; the term polymer was
coined to mean many mers.
 Tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
Monomer :

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
 Vinyl Chloride
Monomer :

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Representation of Polymer
Number-average Molecular Weight
 Degree of Polymeration

Contoh perhitungan Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Nilai m : Sum of atomic weight of C, H and Cl

Weight-average Molecular Weight
 POLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE

Covalent chain configurations and strength:

Direction of increasing strength

Adapted from Fig. 14.7, Callister 6e.

2
 Polymer Configuration
Stereoisomerism

Isostatic Syndiotatic

Atactic
 Polymer Configuration
Geometrical Isomers

Cis-polyisoprene Trans-polyisoprene
Responsi
Kelas A :
11-130;
12-58;
12-88
12-85.
 Types of Polymers
Polymer Classifications
Thermoset: cross-linked polymer that cannot be melted
(tires, rubber bands)
Thermoplastic: Meltable plastic
Elastomers: Polymers that stretch and then return to their
original form: often thermoset polymers
Thermoplastic elastomers: Elastic polymers that can be
melted (soles of tennis shoes)
Polymer Families
Polyolefins: made from olefin (alkene) monomers
Polyesters, Amides, Urethanes, etc.: monomers linked by
ester, amide, urethane or other functional groups
Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides, DNA, proteins
20
21
Table 15.3 (Continued)

22
23
Table 15.4 (Continued)

24
25
Table 15.8 (Continued)

26
 2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 15.17 The stress-strain curve for 6,6-nylon, a typical thermoplastic polymer.

28
 TENSILE RESPONSE: BRITTLE & PLASTIC

Stress-strain curves adapted from Fig. 15.1, Callister 6e. Inset figures along plastic response curve
(purple) adapted from Fig. 15.12, Callister 6e. (Fig. 15.12 is from J.M. Schultz, Polymer Materials Science,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974, pp. 500-501.) 4
 PREDEFORMATION BY DRAWING
Drawing...
--stretches the polymer prior to use
--aligns chains to the stretching direction
Results of drawing:
--increases the elastic modulus (E) in the
stretching dir.
--increases the tensile strength (TS) in the
stretching dir.
Adapted from Fig. 15.12,
--decreases ductility (%EL) Callister 6e. (Fig. 15.12 is from
J.M. Schultz, Polymer
Annealing after drawing... Materials Science, Prentice-
--decreases alignment Hall, Inc., 1974, pp. 500-501.)

--reverses effects of drawing.

Compare to cold working in metals!

5
 TENSILE RESPONSE: ELASTOMER CASE
Stress-strain curves
adapted from Fig.
15.1, Callister 6e.
Inset figures along
elastomer curve
(green) adapted from
Fig. 15.14, Callister
6e. (Fig. 15.14 is from
Z.D. Jastrzebski, The
Nature and Properties
of Engineering
Materials, 3rd ed.,
John Wiley and Sons,
1987.)

Compare to responses of other polymers:

--brittle response (aligned, cross linked & networked case)
--plastic response (semi-crystalline case)
6
 THERMOPLASTICS VS THERMOSETS
Thermoplastics:
T
Callister,
rubber
--little cross linking viscous Fig. 16.9
--ductile mobile liquid Tm
liquid tough
--soften w/heating
plastic
--polyethylene (#2) Tg
polypropylene (#5)
polycarbonate partially
crystalline
polystyrene (#6) crystalline
solid
solid

Molecular weight
Thermosets: Adapted from Fig. 15.18, Callister 6e. (Fig. 15.18 is from F.W.
Billmeyer, Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed., John Wiley
--large cross linking and Sons, Inc., 1984.)
(10 to 50% of mers)
--hard and brittle
--do NOT soften w/heating
--vulcanized rubber, epoxies,
polyester resin, phenolic resin 7
 2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

34
behavior of
thermoplastics.
Figure 15.12 The

on the structure and

effect of temperature
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 15.13 The effect

of temperature on the
modulus of elasticity for
an amorphous
thermoplastic. Note that
Tg and Tm are not fixed.

35
36
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 15.14 The

relationship between the
density and the
temperature of the
polymer shows the melting
and lass temperatures.
Note that Tg and Tm are not
fixed; rather, they are
ranges of temperatures.

37
 2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 15.19 The effect of temperature on the stress-rupture behavior of high-density

polyethylene.

38
 TIME DEPENDENT DEFORMATION
Stress relaxation test:
Data: Large drop in Er
(amorphous
--strain to and hold. for T > Tg. polystyrene)
--observe decrease in Adapted from Fig.
stress with time. 15.7, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 15.7 is from
A.V. Tobolsky,
Properties and
Structures of
Polymers, John
Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1960.)

Relaxation modulus: Sample Tg(C) values:

(t ) PE (low Mw) -110
Er (t ) PE (high Mw) - 90
Selected values
o PVC + 87 from Table 15.2,
PS +100 Callister 6e.

PC +150
9
Copolymer
Polymer Crystallinity

Density of Totally Crystalline :

42
1. Tentukan satu bahan yang memanfaatkan
polimer dan sebutkan jenis polymer yang
digunakan beserta alasannya. (tiap orang
tidak boleh sama)
2. Jelaskan hubungan antara sifat mekanik
terkait dengan strukturnya pada polimer di
bawah ini :
3
4