Chapter 13
Continuous Wave Radar
Radar Types
CW systems
CW radar
- No range information
- single target
- Unambiguous velocity
information
FM-CW systems
- measure both range
and velocity
- broaden the transmitted
freq. spectrum
Pulsed Systems
Pulsed radar
- measurement of range
Pulsed Doppler radar
- measure both range
and velocity
CW Radar
Primary useful where no range information is Pulsed Radar Wave Shape
required P peak
Advantage of CW radar P ave
- Simplicity; Smaller and lighter
Rmin
- Peak transmit is equal to average transmit
power TX is lower than the peak power of a
CW spectrum Pulsed spectrum
pulsed radar; no high voltage modulators are
required for simple CW radar; radar ability to
detect targets is determined by the average
power
- Good for short range application; pulsed radars
use TR switch or tube to protect receiver
echo returns from short-range targets will not fd fd
reach the receiver these targets will not be
detected. CW radars do not use TR tubes; TX/
RX isolation is achieved by using other types of
duplexer (ferrite circulators) or FM tech.
- It is generally simpler to extract Doppler Isolation
information for a CW system than from a pulsed
system. Pulsed radar requires additional signal
processing (gate filter, delay canceller, FFT)
CW Radar
Disadvantage of CW radar - Radar aircraft altimeter: frequency CW radars
- No target range formation for a simple capable of aircraft-to-terrain range
radar ability to determine target range is determination.
poor
- Rather poor TX/ RX isolation
- can be overcome using proper CW
waveform design
Common applications
- Simple (encoded), no range information:
Weapon fuses, weapon seeker,
lightweight portable personnel detector,
police radar
f d = 2v
------- , v: speed ,c = f
General form
R
2 v R
f d = ------------ ------
R
v
f = 10G. v = 1mile/hour, f d = 30Hz .
s
t = cos w 0 w d t
= cos
wd t
cos w 0 t
sin
wd t
sin
w0 t
I Q
Down to baseband (Video band) f d fc f d
s
t = cos w d
t = cos wd t,
S 1
f = --- f 1
f d + --- f
f d
2 2
Nothing additional is done, then the sign of the
f d fd
Doppler frequency shift will be lost
Relative target motion (approaching or
receding) will be indeterminate.
counter
The problem of ambiguous relative motion IF
signal into two channels, I and Q channels.
j2f d t
s
t = cos
wd t
j sin
w d t = e ,
f = 1
S --- f
f d
, sign for approaching 90o
2
Phase detection: DC output FFT
sin
wd t
j sin
wd t
=
12
.
BW = 18Hzsec
Cross-section fluctuation
during time target is in
beam (effectively an amp.
modulation)
Moving Target
components. e.g. propeller
Doppler filtering
If we select the IF beamwidth so as to
encompass all possible Doppler frequencies,
the S/N will be poor. For example: ideally, we
would like to use a matched filter
Analog approaches to optimizing Matched Doppler filter BW
Implement at IF or RF stage.
select so that overlap occurs at -3dB
BW
f dmin f dmax
3dB
BW IF
f IF f IF
Chapter 13: Continuous Wave Radar 13 - 8 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin
Doppler filtering
B: IF bandwidth, B IF 1
for a matched filter
Integrated Pulse SNR
Td
Number of Pulses, n, during T d . n = f r T d ,
fr = 1
Tr = PRF (Pulse repetition freq.) B = 1
Td
P = P avg = P t f r
B = B vid = 1
Td
CW Ranging
R = cT
------- = T = 2R ------- fo
2 c t
f: Amp. of frequency modulation
T
f f
We have -----b- = ---------- 4
T 4
1
fm =
2R f 4 8R f 8R ff m
f b = -------
----------- = --------------- = ---------------------
c c c
fb
cf b
R = -----------------
8 ff m
Transmitted BW = 2 f (
Car
lson
srul
e) R max
Maximum unambiguous range
c c
R max = --- = ----------
2 2f m
f b- f b+ 8R ff T
- =
f b = ------------------ f b= ---------------------m
2 c
4
c 1
fm =
R = ---------------------
f fb
8R ff m b
fd = + fd = + fd = -
f b- + f b+ 2v Target moving
f b-
f d = ------------------
- = ------- toward Radar
2
fd = -
v = --
-f - + f b+ Target moving
f b+
4 b away Radar
r
te
it
f
m
s
n
s
a
e
tr
o
h
c
e
d
e
iv
fd
e
c
e
R
Ghost
- Multi-target (Two targets, Three targets)
- Impossible to tell the paired differences
Ghost
TX RF
Amplifier
Modulator Timing signal Average Velocity
Waveform Frequency
VCO Generator
10dBm (8-12G) counter
Range
f = 10G
f IF = 1G
Average
10dBm Frequency
counter
t t
= 2f t d T
= 2f o t + f- sin
------ 2f m t
fm
The received waveform for a point target is a replica of the transmitter waveform, in other words,
f
r
t = A 2 sin
t
T
= A 2 sin 2f o
t T + ------- sin
2f m
t T
fm
After mixing and filtering of the two signals in the receiver, the output is
sin A sin A B
A1A2 f
r
t s - cos 2f 0 T + -------
t = ------------ sin
2f m t sin
2f m
t T
2 fm = 2 sin B--- cos
A ---
B
2 2
2 f
f m t cos
2f
t ---
A1 A2 T
- cos 2f 0 T + ----------- sin
= ------------
2 fm m 2
If one assume that T 1
f m ,
f b= 8R ff m
c
sin sin
2f 0 T
2 f
f T cos
----------- sin 2f
t ---
T
f m 2
m
A1A2 2 f
2f 0 T J 0 2J cos
22f
t ---
T + 2
- cos
= ------------ ----------- sin
f m T J 4
cos
2 f 2 m 2
m
2f 0 T J 1
2 sin 2 f
----------- sin cos
f m T 2f m
T
t --- J 3 cos
22f
t ---
T +
f 2 m 2
m
We use expansion of the form Bessel function
cos
z cos = J o
z +2 1 k J2k
z cos
2k
k=1
sin
z cos = 2 1 k J2k + 1
z cos
2k + 1
k=1
2d 4R 4fR c
= ----------- = ----------- = --------------- R = ---------- = -----------
c 4 4f
The maximum unambiguous range
- Advantage: Large unambiguous range
= 2 R max =
2 - Disadvantage: poor range resolution
f 3 f 1
f 2 f 1
, let f 3 f 1 = 15kHz c 3 1
R
f3 f 1 = ------------------------------
- = 1.91km
and f 2 f 1 = 1.5 kHz
4f 3 f 1