82]||ClickheretodownloadfreeAndroidapplicationfort
journal
original A rticle
shorter personality scales resulted in shorter versions of the Materials and Methods
mentioned instruments. One of these shorter personality
scales is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised Sample
- Short Form (EPQR-S; Eysenck et al., 1985). EPQR-S Two hundred two (78 men and 124 women) Hindi
includes 48 items and 4 subscales: Extraversion (12 items), speaking students studying in the Banaras Hindu University
Neuroticism (12 items), Psychoticism (12 items), and Lie (12 completed the Hindi translation of the EPQR-S. The age
items). The lie subscale is a control scale in which the whole of the respondents ranged from 18 to 30 years with mean
scale is tested for social desirability bias. Eysenck et al. (1985) age of 22.27 years and SD of 2.37.
reported reliabilities for males and females respectively of
Tool
0.84 and 0.80 for neuroticism, 0.88 and 0.84 for extraversion, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short
0.62 and 0.61 for psychoticism, and 0.77 and 0.73 for the lie Form (EPQR-S)
scale. The EPQR-S has now been used quite widely (Aleixo EPQR-Short (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985) is a self-
& Norris, 2000; Blagrove & Akehurst, 2001; Chan & Joseph, reported questionnaire. It has 48 items, 12 for each of the
2000; Chivers & Blagrove, 1999; Creed, Muller, & Machin, traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism, and
2001; Francis, 1999; Francis & Wilcox, 1998; Glicksohn 12 for the lie scale. Each question has a binary response,
& Bozna, 2000; Glicksohn & Golan, 2001; Halamandaris & yes or no. Each dichotomous item was scored 1 or 0,
Power, 1999; Linton & Wiener, 2001; Martin & Kirkaldy, and each scale had a maximum possible score of 12 and
1998; Robbins, Francis & Rutledge,1997). minimum of zero.
Tabel 1: Results of item analysis for the four subscales of the EPQRS-H
Item Items of the four subscales of the EPQRS-H Corrected item-total Cronbachs a if item
numbera correlations deleted
Extraversion (Cronbachs coefficient = 0.766)
3 Are you a talkative person?
.394 .751
D;k vki ckrwuh gSa\
7 Are you rather lively?
.396 .750
D;k vki okd ftUnkfny gSa\
11 Do you enjoy meeting new people?
.201 .766
D;k u;s yxa ls feyus esa vkid qh grh gS\
15 Can you usually let yourself go and enjoy yourself at a lively party?
.472 .741
D;k lkeU;r% fdlh thyh ikVhZ esa vki qydj vkuan mBk ldrs gSa\
19 Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends?
.319 .760
D;k vki izk;% u;s fe= cukus esa igy djrs gSa\
23 Can you easily get some life into a rather dull party?
.528 .734
D;k vki viskr uhjl ikVhZ esa vklkuh ls dqN tku Mky ldrs gSa\
27 Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions?
.290 .761
D;k vki lkekftd volja ij Lo;a d ijns ds ihNs gh juk pkgrs gSa\
32 Do you like mixing with people?
.330 .758
D;k vki nwljs yxa ls qyukfeyuk ilan djrs gSa\
36 Do you like plenty of bustle and excitement around you?
.385 .752
D;k vki vius vklikl wc gypy vj jud pkgrs gSa\
41 Are you mostly quiet when you are with other people?
.457 .743
nwljs yxa ds lk jgus ij] d;k vki T;knkrj pqi jgrs gSa\
44 Do other people think of you as being very lively?
.485 .740
D;k vkid nwljs yx cgqr ftUnkfny le>rs gSa\
48 Can you get a party going?
.538 .733
D;k vki fdlh ikVhZ d lfdz; cuk;s j ldrs gSa\
Neuroticism (Cronbachs coefficient =0.772)
1 Does your mood often go up and down?
.437 .753
D;k vkidh eu%fLFkfr izk;% curh fcxM+rh gS\
5 Do you ever feel just miserable for no reason?
.366 .761
dh fdlh otg ds fcuk gh D;k vki nq%h eglwl djrs gSa\
9 Are you an irritable person?
.391 .759
D;k vki fpM+fpM+s O;fDr gSa\
13 Are your feelings easily hurt?
.196 .780
D;k vkidh koukva d vklkuh ls Bsl yx tkrh gS\
17 Do you often feel fed-up?
.510 .747
D;k vki vDlj mcu eglwl djrs gSa\
21 Would you call yourself a nervous person?
.308 .768
D;k vki Lo;a d ,d vhj O;fDr ds :i esa Lohdkj djsaxs\
25 Are you a worrier?
.556 .739
D;k vki ijsku jgk djrs gSa\
30 Would you call yourself tense or highly strung?
.516 .745
D;k vki Lo;a d rukoxzLr ;k vfr mRrstukhy O;fDr dgsaxs\
34 Do you worry too long after an embarrassing experience?
.364 .762
fdlh yTtktud vuqo ds ckn D;k vki cgqr yEcs le; rd fpfUrr jgrs gSa\
38 Do you suffer from nerves?
.474 .749
D;k vki O;kdqy g tkrs gSa\
42 Do you often feel lonely?
.529 .743
D;k vki izk;% vdsykiu eglwl djrs gSa\
46 Are you often troubled about feelings of guilt?
.324 .764
D;k vki izk;% vijk kouk ls nqh jgrs gSa\
Lie scale (Cronbachs coefficient =0.624)
4 If you say you will do something, do you always keep your promise no matter how
inconvenient it might be?
.342 .595
;fn vki fdlh dke d djus dk opu nsrs gSa r fdruh h vlqfokva ds ckotwn D;k vki gesk
viuk oknk fukrs gSa\
8 Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything?
.265 .605
D;k vius fgLls ls T;knk fdlh pht d ikus dh lpsLV ykylk dh vki esa eatwn h\
12 Have you every blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault?
D;k fdlh vU; O;fDr d vkius dh ,sls dke ds fy, nh Bgjk;k gS t okLro esa vkidh gh xyrh dh otg ls .402 .581
gqvk k\
16 Are all your habits good and desirable ones?
.265 .604
D;k vkidh lh vknrsa vPNh ,oa okaNuh; gSa\
(Contd...)
Item Items of the four subscales of the EPQRS-H Corrected item-total Cronbachs a if item
numbera correlations deleted
20 Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else?
.397 .581
D;k vkius db ,slh pht ;g rd fd fiu ;k cVu h dh ys yh gS t fdlh vj dh h\
24 Have you ever broken or lost something belonging to someone else?
.449 .571
D;k vkius d ,slh pht dh rM+ Mkyh ;k nh h t fdlh nwljs dh jgh g\
29 Have you ever said anything bad or nasty about anyone?
.399 .581
;k vkius fdlh ds fo; esa d h cqjh ;k vyhy ckr dh dgh gS\
33 As a child were you every cheeky to your parents?
.140 .625
D;k dh vki cPpa dh rjg vius ekrkfirk ls <hB s\
37 Have you ever cheated at a game?
.109 .694
D;k sy esa vkius dh d csekuh dh gS\
40 Have you ever taken advantage of someone?
.387 .584
D;k vkius dh nwlja dk yk mBk;k gS\
45 Do you always practice what you preach?
.303 .598
D;k vkidh duh vj djuh lnSo ,d gh jgrh gS\
47 Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you ought to do today?
.176 .618
D;k vki dhdh mu dkea d dy ds fy, Vky nsrs gSa] ftUgsa vkt gh iwjk djuk pkfg, k\
Psychoticism (Cronbachs coefficient =0.238)
2 Do you take much notice of what people think?
.078 .225
Ykx D;k lprs gSa] bl ckr ij D;k vki cgqr /;ku nsrs gSa\
6 Would being in debt worry you?
.106 .211
dtZnkj jguk D;k vkid fpUrk esa Mky nsxk\
10 Would you take drugs which may have strange or dangerous effects?
.112 .214
D;k vki ,slh vf;a dk iz;x djsaxs ftudk vkp;Ztud ;k rjukd izko iM+ ldrk gS\
14 Do you prefer to go your own way rather than act by the rules?
.284 .138
D;k fu;ea dk ikyu djus dh visk vki viuh fpM+h vyx idkuk ilan djrs gSa\
18 Do good manners and cleanliness matter much to you?
.020 .243
D;k f"Vkpkj ,oa LoPNrk d vki vfd egRo nsrs gSa\
22 Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be done away with?
.179 .187
D;k vkids fopkj ls fookg ,d nfd;kuwlh ijaijk gS vj bls lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,\
26 Do you enjoy co-operating with others?
.046 .234
D;k vki nwlja d lg;x nsus esa q grs gSa\
28 Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work?
.134 .188
;fn vkid ;g irk py tk; fd vkids dke esa =qfV; ha r D;k vki ijsku g tkrs gSa\
31 Do you think people spend too much time safeguarding their future with savings and
insurance? -.020 .290
D;k vkid yxrk gS fd yx cgqr lk le; cpr ,oa chek }kjk vius fo"; d lqjfr djus esa yxkrs gSa\
35 Do you try not to be rude to people?
-.135 .267
D;k vki df djrs gSa fd nwljs yxa ds lk vkidk O;ogkj vf"V u jgs\
39 Would you like other people to be afraid of you?
.035 .238
D;k vki pkgsaxs fd nwljs yx vkils ;hr jgsa\
43 Is it better to follow societys rules than go your own way?
.078 .226
D;k Lo;a ds rjrjhds ls thou pykus dh visk lekt ds fu;ea dk ikyu djuk csgrj gS\
a 5 The numbers attached to the items are the numbers given by Eysenck et al., 1985, p. 29
alpha except for two items of psychoticism subscale and coefficients well in excess of 0.7, the level recommended
one item of lie score subscale which were when deleted by Kline (1993). The lie scale with an alpha coefficient of
exceeded the overall alpha level of that subscale. When 0.624 is also reached very close to Klines criterion of 0.7.
those items were thoroughly checked by the experts they The psychoticism scale, however, performed poorly with
suggests that the items are congruent with remaining items an alpha coefficient of only 0.238.
of that factor therefore these items should not be dropped
from the scale. The psychometric analyses further shows When evaluated in general, it can be proposed that due to
that the neuroticism, extraversion and lie subscales perform satisfactory internal consistency scores, the EPQRS-H is
well in this sample, but not the psychoticism subscale. a reliable scale for the measurement of various personality
traits. With regards to low internal consistency coefficients
DISCUSSION for the psychoticism subscale, various studies conducted in
other countries also found the similar results (Francis et al.,
The present study was aimed to evaluate the internal 1992, 2006; Ivkovic et al., 2007; Katz and Francis, 2000;
consistency of the Hindi translation of the EPQR-S. Both Lewis et al., 2002). It was therefore concluded that the low
the extraversion and the neuroticism subscales of the Hindi alpha score of psychoticism scale was not related to the
translation of the EPQR-S achieved satisfactory alpha Hindi translation (that this subscale can be problematic).
At the same time these data emphasize the need for further in the cross-cultural study of personality. In C. D. Spielberger
& J. N. Butcher (Eds), Advances in personality assessment
research and development to produce a more reliable short (pp. 41-69). Hillsdale, New York: Erlbaum.
index of psychoticism. 16. Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1964b). An improved
short questionnaire for the measurement of extraversion and
The fact that the sample of the study included college neuroticism. Life Sciences, 3, 1103-1109.
17. Eysenck, S. B. G., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. (1985). A
participants from an Indian university supports the revised version of the psychoticism scale, Personality and
psychometric properties (i.e., reliability) of EPQRS-H. It Individual Differences, 6, 21-29.
would be beneficial to repeat the study with heterogeneous 18. Floderus, B. (1974). Psycho-social factors in relation to
coronary heart disease and associated risk factors. Nordisk
sample and to examine its discriminative value with clinical Hygienisk Tidskrift, supplementum, 6.
population. An attempt should also be made in future to 19. Francis, L. J. (1999). Happiness is a thing called stable
investigate the temporal consistency and factorial validity extraversion: A further examination of the relationship
between the Oxford Happiness Inventory and Eysencks
of the EPQRS-H with larger sample. dimensional model of personality and gender. Personality and
Individual Differences, 26, 5-11.
20. Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., & Philipchalk, R. (1992). The
ACKNOWLEDGMENT development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students
Authors are thankful to Mr. Gaurav Kumar Rai, Mrs. Upagya Rai in England, Canada, the USA and Australia. Personality and
and Ms. Richa Singh for their help in questionnaire administration. Individual Differences, 13, 443-449.
21. Francis, L. J., Lewis, C., & Ziebertz, H. (2006). The short-form
revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-S): AGerman
edition. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 197-204.
REFERENCES
22. Francis, L. J., & Wilcox, C. (1998). The relationship between
Eysencks personality dimensions and Bems masculinity
1. Aleixo, P. A., & Norris, C. E. (2000). Personality and moral and femininity scales revisited. Personality and Individual
reasoning in young offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 683-687.
Differences, 28, 609-623. 23. Glicksohn, J., & Bozna, M. (2000). Developing a personality
2. Barrett, P., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1984). The assessment of profile of the bomb-disposal expert: The role of sensation
personality factors across twenty-five countries. Personality seeking and field dependence-independence. Personality and
and Individual Differences, 5, 615-632. Individual Differences, 28, 85-92.
3. Blagrove, M., & Akehurst, L. (2001). Personality and the 24. Glicksohn, J., & Golan, H. (2001). Personality, cognitive style
modulation of effects of sleep loss on mood and cognition. and assortive mating. Personality and Individual Differences,
Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 819-828. 30, 1199-1209.
4. Chan, R., & Joseph, S. (2000). Dimensions of personality, 25. Halamandaris, K. F., & Power, K. G. (1999). Individual
domains of aspiration, and subjective wellbeing. Personality differences, social support and coping with the examination
and Individual Differences, 28, 347-354. stress: A study of the psychosocial and academic adjustment
5. Chivers, L., & Blagrove, M. (1999). Nightmare frequency, of first year home students. Personality and Individual
personality and acute psychopathology. Personality and Differences, 26, 665-685.
Individual Differences, 27, 843-851. 26. Ivkovic et al. (2007). The Eysenck personality factors:
6. Corulla, W. J. (1987). A psychometric investigation of Psychometric structure, reliability, heritability and phenotypic
the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (revised) and its and genetic correlations with psychological distress in an
relationship to the I7 Impulsiveness Questionnaire. Personality isolated Croatian population. Personality and Individual
and Individual Differences, 8, 651-658. Differences, 42(1), 123-133.
7. Creed, P. A., Muller, J., & Machin, M. A. (2001). The role of 27. Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing.
satisfaction with occupational status, neuroticism, financial London: Routledge.
strain and categories of experience in predicting mental health 28. Linton, D. K., & Wiener, N. I. (2001). Personality and potential
in the unemployed. Personality and Individual Differences, conceptions: Mating success in a modern Western male
30, 435-447. sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 675-688.
8. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal 29. Lord, R. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theories of
structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334. mental test scores. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
9. Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The scientific study of personality. 30. Martin, T., & Kirkaldy, B. (1998). Gender differences on
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. the EPQ-R and attitudes to work. Personality and Individual
10. Eysenck, H. J. (1958). A short questionnaire for the Differences, 24, 1-5.
measurement of two dimensions of personality. Journal of 31. Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Rutledge, C. (1997). The
Applied Psychology, 42, 14-17. personality characteristics of Anglican stipendiary parochial
11. Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Manual of the Maudsley Personality clergy in England: Gender differences revisited. Personality
Inventory. London: University of London Press. and Individual Differences, 23, 199-204.
12. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1964a). Manual of the 32. Torrubia, R., & Muntaner, C. (1987). Relationships between
Eysenck Personality Inventory. London: University of London psychoticism and a number of personality measures: A
Press. comparison between the original and revised versions of the
13. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 8,
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (adult and junior). London: 261-263.
Hodder & Stoughton.
14. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a
Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.
15. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1983). Recent advances