THE 1987 CONSTITUTION territory comprises

OF THE the Philippine

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES archipelago, with
(Full Text) all the islands and
waters embraced
PREAMBLE therein, and all
other territories
We, the sovereign over which the
Filipino people, Philippines has
imploring the aid sovereignty or
of Almighty God, jurisdiction,
in order to build a consisting of its
just and humane terrestrial, fluvial
society, and and aerial
establish a domains, including
Government that its territorial sea,
shall embody our the seabed, the
ideals and subsoil, the insular
aspirations, shelves, and other
promote the submarine areas.
common good, The waters
conserve and around, between,
develop our and connecting the
patrimony, and islands of the
secure to archipelago,
ourselves and our regardless of their
posterity, the breadth and
blessings of dimensions, form
independence and part of the internal
democracy under waters of the
the rule of law and Philippines.
a regime of truth,
justice, freedom, ARTICLE II
love, equality, and DECLARATION
peace, do ordain OF PRINCIPLES
and promulgate AND STATE
this Constitution. POLICIES
PRINCIPLES
ARTICLE I Section 1. The
NATIONAL Philippines is a
TERRITORY democratic and
republican State.
The national Sovereignty
resides in the Government may
people and all call upon the
government people to defend
authority the State and, in
emanates from the fulfillment
them. thereof, all citizens
Section 2. The may be required,
Philippines under conditions
renounces war as provided by law, to
an instrument of render personal,
national policy, military or civil
adopts the service.cralaw

generally accepted Section 5. The

principles of maintenance of
international law peace and order,
as part of the law the protection of
of the land and life, liberty, and
adheres to the property, and
policy of peace, promotion of the
equality, justice, general welfare are
freedom, essential for the
cooperation, and enjoyment by all
amity with all the people of the
nations. cralaw blessings of
Section 3. Civilian democracy. cralaw

authority is, at all Section 6. The

times, supreme separation of
over the military. Church and State
The Armed Forces shall be
of the Philippines inviolable.
is the protector of STATE POLICIES
the people and the Section 7. The
State. Its goal is to State shall pursue
secure the an independent
sovereignty of the foreign policy. In
State and the its relations with
integrity of the other states, the
national territory. cralaw paramount
Section 4. The consideration shall
prime duty of the be national
Government is to sovereignty,
serve and protect territorial integrity,
the people. The national interest,
and the right to rights. cralaw

self-determination. Section 12. The

Section 8. The State recognizes
Philippines, the sanctity of
consistent with the family life and
national interest, shall protect and
adopts and strengthen the
pursues a policy of family as a basic
freedom from autonomous social
nuclear weapons in institution. It shall
its territory.cralaw equally protect the
Section 9. The life of the mother
State shall and the life of the
promote a just and unborn from
dynamic social conception. The
order that will natural and
ensure the primary right and
prosperity and duty of parents in
independence of the rearing of the
the nation and free youth for civic
the people from efficiency and the
poverty through development of
policies that moral character
provide adequate shall receive the
social services, support of the
promote full Government. cralaw

employment, a Section 13. The

rising standard of State recognizes
living, and an the vital role of the
improved quality youth in nation-
of life for all. cralaw building and shall
Section 10. The promote and
State shall protect their
promote social physical, moral,
justice in all spiritual,
phases of national intellectual, and
development. cralaw social well-being.
Section 11. The It shall inculcate in
State values the the youth
dignity of every patriotism and
human person and nationalism, and
guarantees full encourage their
respect for human involvement in
public and civic Section 18. The
affairs. cralaw State affirms labor
Section 14. The as a primary social
State recognizes economic force. It
the role of women shall protect the
in nation-building, rights of workers
and shall ensure and promote their
the fundamental welfare. cralaw

equality before the Section 19. The

law of women and State shall develop
men. cralaw a self-reliant and
Section 15. The independent
State shall protect national economy
and promote the effectively
right to health of controlled by
the people and Filipinos. cralaw

instill health Section 20. The

consciousness State recognizes
among them. cralaw the indispensable
Section 16. The role of the private
State shall protect sector, encourages
and advance the private enterprise,
right of the people and provides
to a balanced and incentives to
healthful ecology needed
in accord with the investments. cralaw

rhythm and Section 21. The

harmony of State shall
nature. cralaw promote
Section 17. The comprehensive
State shall give rural development
priority to and agrarian
education, science reform. cralaw

and technology, Section 22. The

arts, culture, and State recognizes
sports to foster and promotes the
patriotism and rights of
nationalism, indigenous cultural
accelerate social communities
progress, and within the
promote total framework of
human liberation national unity and
and development. cralaw development. cralaw
Section 23. The prescribed by law,
State shall the State adopts
encourage non- and implements a
governmental, policy of full public
community-based, disclosure of all its
or sectoral transactions
organizations that involving public
promote the interest.
welfare of the
nation.cralaw
ARTICLE III
Section 24. The BILL OF RIGHTS
State recognizes Section 1. No
the vital role of person shall be
communication deprived of life,
and information in liberty, or property
nation-building. cralaw
without due
Section 25. The process of law, nor
State shall ensure shall any person
the autonomy of be denied the
local equal protection of
governments. cralaw
the laws.
Section 26. The Section 2. The
State shall right of the people
guarantee equal to be secure in
access to their persons,
opportunities for houses, papers,
public service and and effects against
prohibit political unreasonable
dynasties as may searches and
be defined by law. cralaw
seizures of
Section 27. The whatever nature
State shall and for any
maintain honesty purpose shall be
and integrity in the inviolable, and no
public service and search warrant or
take positive and warrant of arrest
effective measures shall issue except
against graft and upon probable
corruption. cralaw
cause to be
Section 28. determined
Subject to personally by the
reasonable judge after
conditions examination under
oath or affirmation grievances. cralaw

of the complainant Section 5. No law

and the witnesses shall be made
he may produce, respecting an
and particularly establishment of
describing the religion, or
place to be prohibiting the free
searched and the exercise thereof.
persons or things The free exercise
to be seized. cralaw and enjoyment of
Section 3. (1) The religious
privacy of profession and
communication worship, without
and discrimination or
correspondence preference, shall
shall be inviolable forever be allowed.
except upon lawful No religious test
order of the court, shall be required
or when public for the exercise of
safety or order civil or political
requires otherwise, rights.cralaw

as prescribed by Section 6. The

law.cralaw liberty of abode
(2) Any evidence and of changing
obtained in the same within
violation of this or the limits
the preceding prescribed by law
section shall be shall not be
inadmissible for impaired except
any purpose in any upon lawful order
proceeding. cralaw of the court.
Section 4. No law Neither shall the
shall be passed right to travel be
abridging the impaired except in
freedom of speech, the interest of
of expression, or national security,
of the press, or the public safety, or
right of the people public health, as
peaceably to may be provided
assemble and by law. cralaw

petition the Section 7. The

government for right of the people
redress of to information on
matters of public access to the
concern shall be courts and quasi-
recognized. Access judicial bodies and
to official records, adequate legal
and to documents assistance shall
and papers not be denied to
pertaining to any person by
official acts, reason of poverty. cralaw

transactions, or Section 12. (1)

decisions, as well Any person under
as to government investigation for
research data used the commission of
as basis for policy an offense shall
development, shall have the right to
be afforded the be informed of his
citizen, subject to right to remain
such limitations as silent and to have
may be provided competent and
by law.cralaw independent
Section 8. The counsel preferably
right of the people, of his own choice.
including those If the person
employed in the cannot afford the
public and private services of
sectors, to form counsel, he must
unions, be provided with
associations, or one. These rights
societies for cannot be waived
purposes not except in writing
contrary to law and in the
shall not be presence of
abridged. cralaw counsel. cralaw

Section 9. Private (2) No torture,

property shall not force, violence,
be taken for public threat,
use without just intimidation, or
compensation. cralaw any other means
Section 10. No law which vitiate the
impairing the free will shall be
obligation of used against him.
contracts shall be Secret detention
passed. cralaw places,
Section 11. Free solitary, incommun
icado, or other when the privilege
similar forms of of the writ
detention are of habeas corpus is
prohibited. cralaw suspended.
(3) Any confession Excessive bail shall
or admission not be required. cralaw

obtained in Section 14. (1) No

violation of this or person shall be
Section 17 hereof held to answer for
shall be a criminal offense
inadmissible in without due
evidence against process of law. cralaw

him. cralaw (2) In all criminal

(4) The law shall prosecutions, the
provide for penal accused shall be
and civil sanctions presumed innocent
for violations of until the contrary
this section as well is proved, and
as compensation shall enjoy the
to the right to be heard
rehabilitation of by himself and
victims of torture counsel, to be
or similar informed of the
practices, and their nature and cause
families. cralaw of the accusation
Section 13. All against him, to
persons, except have a speedy,
those charged with impartial, and
offenses public trial, to
punishable meet the
by reclusion witnesses face to
perpetuawhen face, and to have
evidence of guilt is compulsory
strong, shall, process to secure
before conviction, the attendance of
be bailable by witnesses and the
sufficient sureties, production of
or be released on evidence in his
recognizance as behalf. However,
may be provided after arraignment,
by law. The right trial may proceed
to bail shall not be notwithstanding
impaired even the absence of the
accused: Provided, been duly
that he has been convicted. cralaw

duly notified and Section 19. (1)

his failure to Excessive fines
appear is shall not be
unjustifiable. cralaw imposed, nor
Section 15. The cruel, degrading or
privilege of the inhuman
writ of habeas punishment
corpus shall not be inflicted. Neither
suspended except shall death penalty
in cases of be imposed,
invasion or unless, for
rebellion, when the compelling reasons
public safety involving heinous
requires it. cralaw crimes, the
Section 16. All Congress hereafter
persons shall have provides for it. Any
the right to a death penalty
speedy disposition already imposed
of their cases shall be reduced
before all judicial, to reclusion
quasi-judicial, or perpetua. cralaw

administrative (2) The

bodies. cralaw employment of
Section 17. No physical,
person shall be psychological, or
compelled to be a degrading
witness against punishment
himself. cralaw against any
Section 18. (1) No prisoner or
person shall be detainee or the
detained solely by use of substandard
reason of his or inadequate
political beliefs and penal facilities
aspirations. cralaw under subhuman
(2) No involuntary conditions shall be
servitude in any dealt with by law. cralaw

form shall exist Section 20. No

except as a person shall be
punishment for a imprisoned for
crime whereof the debt or non-
party shall have payment of a poll
tax.cralaw citizenship upon
Section 21. No reaching the age
person shall be of majority; and cralaw

twice put in [4] Those who are

jeopardy of naturalized in
punishment for the accordance with
same offense. If law.cralaw

an act is punished Section 2. Natural-

by a law and an born citizens are
ordinance, those who are
conviction or citizens of the
acquittal under Philippines from
either shall birth without
constitute a bar to having to perform
another any act to acquire
prosecution for the or perfect their
same act. cralaw Philippine
Section 22. No ex citizenship. Those
post facto law or who elect
bill of attainder Philippine
shall be enacted. citizenship in
accordance with
ARTICLE IV paragraph (3),
CITIZENSHIP Section 1 hereof
Section 1. The shall be deemed
following are natural-born
citizens of the citizens.
Philippines: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary
Section 3.
[1] Those who are Philippine
citizens of the citizenship may be
Philippines at the lost or reacquired
time of the in the manner
adoption of this provided by law. cralaw

Constitution; Section 4. Citizens

[2] Those whose of the Philippines
fathers or mothers who marry aliens
are citizens of the shall retain their
Philippines; citizenship, unless
[3] Those born by their act or
before January 17, omission, they are
1973, of Filipino deemed, under the
mothers, who elect law, to have
Philippine renounced it. cralaw
Section 5. Dual ballot as well as a
allegiance of system for
citizens is inimical absentee voting by
to the national qualified Filipinos
interest and shall abroad. cralaw

be dealt with by The Congress shall

law. also design a
procedure for the
ARTICLE V disabled and the
SUFFRAGE illiterates to vote
Section 1. Suffrage without the
may be exercised assistance of other
by all citizens of persons. Until
the Philippines not then, they shall be
otherwise allowed to vote
disqualified by law, under existing
who are at least laws and such
eighteen years of rules as the
age, and who shall Commission on
have resided in the Elections may
Philippines for at promulgate to
least one year, and protect the secrecy
in the place of the ballot.
wherein they
propose to vote, ARTICLE VI
for at least six THE
months LEGISLATIVE
immediately DEPARTMENT
preceding the Section 1. The
election. No legislative power
literacy, property, shall be vested in
or other the Congress of
substantive the Philippines
requirement shall which shall consist
be imposed on the of a Senate and a
exercise of House of
suffrage. Representatives,
Section 2. The except to the
Congress shall extent reserved to
provide a system the people by the
for securing the provision on
secrecy and initiative and
sanctity of the referendum.
Section 2. The Voluntary
Senate shall be renunciation of the
composed of office for any
twenty-four length of time shall
Senators who shall not be considered
be elected at large as an interruption
by the qualified in the continuity of
voters of the his service for the
Philippines, as may full term of which
be provided by he was elected. cralaw

law.cralaw Section 5. (1) The

Section 3. No House of
person shall be a Representatives
Senator unless he shall be composed
is a natural-born of not more than
citizen of the two hundred and
Philippines and, on fifty members,
the day of the unless otherwise
election, is at least fixed by law, who
thirty-five years of shall be elected
age, able to read from legislative
and write, a districts
registered voter, apportioned
and a resident of among the
the Philippines for provinces, cities,
not less than two and the
years immediately Metropolitan
preceding the day Manila area in
of the election.cralaw accordance with
Section 4. The the number of
term of office of their respective
the Senators shall inhabitants, and
be six years and on the basis of a
shall commence, uniform and
unless otherwise progressive ratio,
provided by law, at and those who, as
noon on the provided by law,
thirtieth day of shall be elected
June next following through a party-
their election. No list system of
Senator shall serve registered
for more than two national, regional,
consecutive terms. and sectoral
parties or fifty thousand, or
organizations. cralaw each province,
(2) The party-list shall have at least
representatives one
shall constitute representative. cralaw

twenty per (4) Within three

centum of the total years following the
number of return of every
representatives census, the
including those Congress shall
under the party make a
list. For three reapportionment of
consecutive terms legislative districts
after the based on the
ratification of this standards provided
Constitution, one- in this section.cralaw

half of the seats Section 6. No

allocated to party- person shall be a
list representatives Member of the
shall be filled, as House of
provided by law, Representatives
by selection or unless he is a
election from the natural-born
labor, peasant, citizen of the
urban poor, Philippines and, on
indigenous cultural the day of the
communities, election, is at least
women, youth, twenty-five years
and such other of age, able to
sectors as may be read and write,
provided by law, and, except the
except the party-list
religious sector. cralaw representatives, a
(3) Each legislative registered voter in
district shall the district in
comprise, as far as which he shall be
practicable, elected, and a
contiguous, resident thereof
compact, and for a period of not
adjacent territory. less than one year
Each city with a immediately
population of at preceding the day
least two hundred of the election. cralaw
Section 7. The House of
Members of the Representatives, a
House of special election
Representatives may be called to
shall be elected for fill such vacancy in
a term of three the manner
years which shall prescribed by law,
begin, unless but the Senator or
otherwise provided Member of the
by law, at noon on House of
the thirtieth day of Representatives
June next following thus elected shall
their election. No serve only for the
Member of the unexpired term. cralaw

House of Section 10. The

Representatives salaries of
shall serve for Senators and
more than three Members of the
consecutive terms. House of
Voluntary Representatives
renunciation of the shall be
office for any determined by law.
length of time shall No increase in said
not be considered compensation shall
as an interruption take effect until
in the continuity of after the expiration
his service for the of the full term of
full term for which all the Members of
he was elected. cralaw the Senate and the
Section 8. Unless House of
otherwise provided Representatives
by law, the regular approving such
election of the increase. cralaw

Senators and the Section 11. A

Members of the Senator or
House of Member of the
Representatives House of
shall be held on Representatives
the second Monday shall, in all
of May.cralaw offenses
Section 9. In case punishable by not
of vacancy in the more than six
Senate or in the years
imprisonment, be agency, or
privileged from instrumentality
arrest while the thereof, including
Congress is in government-
session. No owned or
Member shall be controlled
questioned nor be corporations or
held liable in any their subsidiaries,
other place for any during his term
speech or debate without forfeiting
in the Congress or his seat. Neither
in any committee shall he be
thereof. cralaw appointed to any
Section 12. All office which may
Members of the have been created
Senate and the or the emoluments
House of thereof increased
Representatives during the term for
shall, upon which he was
assumption of elected.cralaw

office, make a full Section 14. No

disclosure of their Senator or
financial and Member of the
business interests. House of
They shall notify Representatives
the House may personally
concerned of a appear as counsel
potential conflict of before any court of
interest that may justice or before
arise from the the Electoral
filing of a proposed Tribunals, or quasi-
legislation of which judicial and other
they are authors. cralaw administrative
Section 13. No bodies. Neither
Senator or shall he, directly or
Member of the indirectly, be
House of interested
Representatives financially in any
may hold any contract with, or in
other office or any franchise or
employment in the special privilege
Government, or granted by the
any subdivision, Government, or
any subdivision, at any time. cralaw

agency, or Section 16. (1).

instrumentality The Senate shall
thereof, including elect its President
any government- and the House of
owned or Representatives,
controlled its Speaker, by a
corporation, or its majority vote of all
subsidiary, during its respective
his term of office. Members. Each
He shall not House shall choose
intervene in any such other officers
matter before any as it may deem
office of the necessary. cralaw

Government for his (2) A majority of

pecuniary benefit each House shall
or where he may constitute a
be called upon to quorum to do
act on account of business, but a
his office.cralaw smaller number
Section 15. The may adjourn from
Congress shall day to day and
convene once may compel the
every year on the attendance of
fourth Monday of absent Members in
July for its regular such manner, and
session, unless a under such
different date is penalties, as such
fixed by law, and House may
shall continue to provide. cralaw

be in session for (3) Each House

such number of may determine the
days as it may rules of its
determine until proceedings,
thirty days before punish its
the opening of its Members for
next regular disorderly
session, exclusive behavior, and, with
of Saturdays, the concurrence of
Sundays, and legal two-thirds of all its
holidays. The Members, suspend
President may call or expel a Member.
a special session A penalty of
suspension, when Electoral Tribunal
imposed, shall not which shall be the
exceed sixty days. cralaw sole judge of all
(4) Each House contests relating to
shall keep a the election,
Journal of its returns, and
proceedings, and qualifications of
from time to time their respective
publish the same, Members. Each
excepting such Electoral Tribunal
parts as may, in its shall be composed
judgment, affect of nine Members,
national security; three of whom
and shall be Justices of
the yeas and nays the Supreme Court
on any question to be designated
shall, at the by the Chief
request of one- Justice, and the
fifth of the remaining six shall
Members present, be Members of the
be entered in the Senate or the
Journal. Each House of
House shall also Representatives,
keep a Record of as the case may
its proceedings. cralaw be, who shall be
(5) Neither House chosen on the
during the basis of
sessions of the proportional
Congress shall, representation
without the from the political
consent of the parties and the
other, adjourn for parties or
more than three organizations
days, nor to any registered under
other place than the party-list
that in which the system
two Houses shall represented
be sitting.cralaw therein. The senior
Section 17. The Justice in the
Senate and the Electoral Tribunal
House of shall be its
Representatives Chairman. cralaw

shall each have an Section 18. There

shall be a Commission on
Commission on Appointments shall
Appointments be constituted
consisting of the within thirty days
President of the after the Senate
Senate, as ex and the House of
officio Chairman, Representatives
twelve Senators, shall have been
and twelve organized with the
Members of the election of the
House of President and the
Representatives, Speaker. The
elected by each Commission on
House on the basis Appointments shall
of proportional meet only while
representation the Congress is in
from the political session, at the call
parties and parties of its Chairman or
or organizations a majority of all its
registered under Members, to
the party-list discharge such
system powers and
represented functions as are
therein. The herein conferred
chairman of the upon it.cralaw

Commission shall Section 20. The

not vote, except in records and books
case of a tie. The of accounts of the
Commission shall Congress shall be
act on all preserved and be
appointments open to the public
submitted to it in accordance with
within thirty law, and such
session days of the books shall be
Congress from audited by the
their submission. Commission on
The Commission Audit which shall
shall rule by a publish annually
majority vote of all an itemized list of
the Members. cralaw amounts paid to
Section 19. The and expenses
Electoral Tribunals incurred for each
and the Member. cralaw
Section 21. The before their
Senate or the scheduled
House of appearance.
Representatives or Interpellations
any of its shall not be limited
respective to written
committees may questions, but may
conduct inquiries cover matters
in aid of legislation related thereto.
in accordance with When the security
its duly published of the State or the
rules of procedure. public interest so
The rights of requires and the
persons appearing President so states
in, or affected by, in writing, the
such inquiries shall appearance shall
be respected. cralaw be conducted in
Section 22. The executive session. cralaw

heads of Section 23. (1)

departments may, The Congress, by a
upon their own vote of two-thirds
initiative, with the of both Houses in
consent of the joint session
President, or upon assembled, voting
the request of separately, shall
either House, as have the sole
the rules of each power to declare
House shall the existence of a
provide, appear state of war.cralaw

before and be (2) In times of war

heard by such or other national
House on any emergency, the
matter pertaining Congress may, by
to their law, authorize the
departments. President, for a
Written questions limited period and
shall be submitted subject to such
to the President of restrictions as it
the Senate or the may prescribe, to
Speaker of the exercise powers
House of necessary and
Representatives at proper to carry out
least three days a declared national
policy. Unless general
sooner withdrawn appropriations bill
by resolution of unless it relates
the Congress, such specifically to
powers shall cease some particular
upon the next appropriation
adjournment therein. Any such
thereof.cralaw provision or
Section 24. All enactment shall be
appropriation, limited in its
revenue or tariff operation to the
bills, bills appropriation to
authorizing which it relates. cralaw

increase of the (3) The procedure

public debt, bills of in approving
local application, appropriations for
and private bills, the Congress shall
shall originate strictly follow the
exclusively in the procedure for
House of approving
Representatives, appropriations for
but the Senate other departments
may propose or and agencies. cralaw

concur with (4) A special

amendments. cralaw appropriations bill
Section 25. (1) shall specify the
The Congress may purpose for which
not increase the it is intended, and
appropriations shall be supported
recommended by by funds actually
the President for available as
the operation of certified by the
the Government as National Treasurer,
specified in the or to be raised by
budget. The form, a corresponding
content, and revenue proposal
manner of therein. cralaw

preparation of the (5) No law shall be

budget shall be passed authorizing
prescribed by law. cralaw any transfer of
(2) No provision or appropriations;
enactment shall be however, the
embraced in the President, the
President of the general
Senate, the appropriations law
Speaker of the for the preceding
House of fiscal year shall be
Representatives, deemed re-
the Chief Justice of enacted and shall
the Supreme remain in force
Court, and the and effect until the
heads of general
Constitutional appropriations bill
Commissions may, is passed by the
by law, be Congress. cralaw

authorized to Section 26. (1)

augment any item Every bill passed
in the general by the Congress
appropriations law shall embrace only
for their respective one subject which
offices from shall be expressed
savings in other in the title
items of their thereof. cralaw

respective (2) No bill passed

appropriations. cralaw by either House
(6) Discretionary shall become a law
funds appropriated unless it has
for particular passed three
officials shall be readings on
disbursed only for separate days, and
public purposes to printed copies
be supported by thereof in its final
appropriate form have been
vouchers and distributed to its
subject to such Members three
guidelines as may days before its
be prescribed by passage, except
law.cralaw when the President
(7) If, by the end certifies to the
of any fiscal year, necessity of its
the Congress shall immediate
have failed to pass enactment to meet
the general a public calamity
appropriations bill or emergency.
for the ensuing Upon the last
fiscal year, the reading of a bill,
no amendment if approved by
thereto shall be two-thirds of all
allowed, and the the Members of
vote thereon shall that House, it shall
be taken become a law. In
immediately all such cases, the
thereafter, and votes of each
the yeas and nays House shall be
entered in the determined
Journal. cralaw by yeas or nays,
Section 27. (1) and the names of
Every bill passed the Members
by the Congress voting for or
shall, before it against shall be
becomes a law, be entered in its
presented to the Journal. The
President. If he President shall
approves the same communicate his
he shall sign it; veto of any bill to
otherwise, he shall the House where it
veto it and return originated within
the same with his thirty days after
objections to the the date of receipt
House where it thereof, otherwise,
originated, which it shall become a
shall enter the law as if he had
objections at large signed it. cralaw

in its Journal and (2) The President

proceed to shall have the
reconsider it. If, power to veto any
after such particular item or
reconsideration, items in an
two-thirds of all appropriation,
the Members of revenue, or tariff
such House shall bill, but the veto
agree to pass the shall not affect the
bill, it shall be item or items to
sent, together with which he does not
the objections, to object. cralaw

the other House by Section 28. (1)

which it shall The rule of
likewise be taxation shall be
reconsidered, and uniform and
equitable. The purposes shall be
Congress shall exempt from
evolve a taxation. cralaw

progressive (4) No law

system of granting any tax
taxation. cralaw exemption shall be
(2) The Congress passed without the
may, by law, concurrence of a
authorize the majority of all the
President to fix Members of the
within specified Congress. cralaw

limits, and subject Section 29. (1) No

to such limitations money shall be
and restrictions as paid out of the
it may impose, Treasury except in
tariff rates, import pursuance of an
and export quotas, appropriation
tonnage and made by law. cralaw

wharfage dues, (2) No public

and other duties or money or property
imposts within the shall be
framework of the appropriated,
national applied, paid, or
development employed, directly
program of the or indirectly, for
Government. cralaw the use, benefit, or
(3) Charitable support of any
institutions, sect, church,
churches and denomination,
personages or sectarian
convents institution, or
appurtenant system of religion,
thereto, mosques, or of any priest,
non-profit preacher, minister,
cemeteries, and all other religious
lands, buildings, teacher, or
and dignitary as such,
improvements, except when such
actually, directly, priest, preacher,
and exclusively minister, or
used for religious, dignitary is
charitable, or assigned to the
educational armed forces, or to
any penal and the exceptions
institution, or therefrom,
government whereby the
orphanage or people can directly
leprosarium. cralaw propose and enact
(3) All money laws or approve or
collected on any reject any act or
tax levied for a law or part thereof
special purpose passed by the
shall be treated as Congress or local
a special fund and legislative body
paid out for such after the
purpose only. If registration of a
the purpose for petition therefor
which a special signed by at least
fund was created ten per centum of
has been fulfilled the total number
or abandoned, the of registered
balance, if any, voters, of which
shall be every legislative
transferred to the district must be
general funds of represented by at
the Government. cralaw least three per
Section 30. No law centum of the
shall be passed registered voters
increasing the thereof.
appellate
jurisdiction of the ARTICLE VII
Supreme Court as EXECUTIVE
provided in this DEPARTMENT
Constitution Section 1. The
without its advice executive power
and concurrence. cralaw
shall be vested in
Section 31. No law the President of
granting a title of the Philippines.
royalty or nobility Section 2. No
shall be enacted. cralaw
person may be
Section 32. The elected President
Congress shall, as unless he is a
early as possible, natural-born
provide for a citizen of the
system of initiative Philippines, a
and referendum, registered voter,
able to read and of the election and
write, at least forty shall end at noon
years of age on of the same date,
the day of the six years
election, and a thereafter. The
resident of the President shall not
Philippines for at be eligible for any
least ten years re-election. No
immediately person who has
preceding such succeeded as
election.cralaw President and has
Section 3. There served as such for
shall be a Vice- more than four
President who years shall be
shall have the qualified for
same qualifications election to the
and term of office same office at any
and be elected time. cralaw

with, and in the No Vice-President

same manner, as shall serve for
the President. He more than two
may be removed successive terms.
from office in the Voluntary
same manner as renunciation of the
the President. cralaw office for any
The Vice-President length of time shall
may be appointed not be considered
as a Member of as an interruption
the Cabinet. Such in the continuity of
appointment the service for the
requires no full term for which
confirmation. cralaw he was elected. cralaw

Section 4. The Unless otherwise

President and the provided by law,
Vice-President the regular
shall be elected by election for
direct vote of the President and
people for a term Vice-President
of six years which shall be held on
shall begin at noon the second Monday
on the thirtieth of May. cralaw

day of June next The returns of

following the day every election for
President and and highest
Vice-President, number of votes,
duly certified by one of them shall
the board of forthwith be
canvassers of each chosen by the vote
province or city, of a majority of all
shall be the Members of
transmitted to the both Houses of the
Congress, directed Congress, voting
to the President of separately. cralaw

the Senate. Upon The Congress shall

receipt of the promulgate its
certificates of rules for the
canvass, the canvassing of the
President of the certificates. cralaw

Senate shall, not The Supreme

later than thirty Court, sitting en
days after the day banc, shall be the
of the election, sole judge of all
open all the contests relating to
certificates in the the election,
presence of the returns, and
Senate and the qualifications of
House of the President or
Representatives in Vice-President,
joint public and may
session, and the promulgate its
Congress, upon rules for the
determination of purpose. cralaw

the authenticity Section 5. Before

and due execution they enter on the
thereof in the execution of their
manner provided office, the
by law, canvass President, the
the votes. cralaw Vice-President, or
The person having the Acting
the highest President shall
number of votes take the following
shall be oath or
proclaimed affirmation: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary

elected, but in "I do solemnly

case two or more swear [or affirm]
shall have an equal that I will faithfully
and during their tenure
conscientiously any other
fulfill my duties as emolument from
President [or Vice- the Government or
President or Acting any other source.
President] of the Section 7. The
Philippines, President-elect and
preserve and the Vice President-
defend its elect shall assume
Constitution, office at the
execute its laws, beginning of their
do justice to every terms. cralaw

man, and If the President-

consecrate myself elect fails to
to the service of qualify, the Vice
the Nation. So President-elect
help me God." [In shall act as
case of President until the
affirmation, last President-elect
sentence will be shall have
omitted]. qualified. cralaw

Section 6. The If a President shall

President shall not have been
have an official chosen, the Vice
residence. The President-elect
salaries of the shall act as
President and President until a
Vice-President President shall
shall be have been chosen
determined by law and qualified. cralaw

and shall not be If at the beginning

decreased during of the term of the
their tenure. No President, the
increase in said President-elect
compensation shall shall have died or
take effect until shall have become
after the expiration permanently
of the term of the disabled, the Vice
incumbent during President-elect
which such shall become
increase was President. cralaw

approved. They Where no

shall not receive President and
Vice-President permanent
shall have been disability, removal
chosen or shall from office, or
have qualified, or resignation of the
where both shall President, the
have died or Vice-President
become shall become the
permanently President to serve
disabled, the the unexpired
President of the term. In case of
Senate or, in case death, permanent
of his inability, the disability, removal
Speaker of the from office, or
House of resignation of both
Representatives, the President and
shall act as Vice-President, the
President until a President of the
President or a Senate or, in case
Vice-President of his inability, the
shall have been Speaker of the
chosen and House of
qualified.cralaw Representatives,
The Congress shall then act as
shall, by law, President until the
provide for the President or Vice-
manner in which President shall
one who is to act have been elected
as President shall and qualified. cralaw

be selected until a The Congress

President or a shall, by law,
Vice-President provide who shall
shall have serve as President
qualified, in case in case of death,
of death, permanent
permanent disability, or
disability, or resignation of the
inability of the Acting President.
officials mentioned He shall serve until
in the next the President or
preceding the Vice-President
paragraph. cralaw shall have been
Section 8. In case elected and
of death, qualified, and be
subject to the a law calling for a
same restrictions special election to
of powers and elect a President
disqualifications as and a Vice-
the Acting President to be
President. cralaw held not earlier
Section 9. than forty-five
Whenever there is days nor later than
a vacancy in the sixty days from
Office of the Vice- the time of such
President during call. The bill calling
the term for which such special
he was elected, election shall be
the President shall deemed certified
nominate a Vice- under paragraph
President from 2, Section 26,
among the Article V1 of this
Members of the Constitution and
Senate and the shall become law
House of upon its approval
Representatives on third reading by
who shall assume the Congress.
office upon Appropriations for
confirmation by a the special election
majority vote of all shall be charged
the Members of against any
both Houses of the current
Congress, voting appropriations and
separately. cralaw shall be exempt
Section 10. The from the
Congress shall, at requirements of
ten o'clock in the paragraph 4,
morning of the Section 25, Article
third day after the V1 of this
vacancy in the Constitution. The
offices of the convening of the
President and Congress cannot
Vice-President be suspended nor
occurs, convene in the special election
accordance with its postponed. No
rules without need special election
of a call and within shall be called if
seven days, enact the vacancy occurs
within eighteen powers and duties
months before the of his office, the
date of the next Vice-President
presidential shall immediately
election.cralaw assume the
Section 11. powers and duties
Whenever the of the office as
President Acting President. cralaw

transmits to the Thereafter, when

President of the the President
Senate and the transmits to the
Speaker of the President of the
House of Senate and to the
Representatives Speaker of the
his written House of
declaration that he Representatives
is unable to his written
discharge the declaration that no
powers and duties inability exists, he
of his office, and shall reassume the
until he transmits powers and duties
to them a written of his office.
declaration to the Meanwhile, should
contrary, such a majority of all
powers and duties the Members of
shall be discharged the Cabinet
by the Vice- transmit within five
President as Acting days to the
President. cralaw President of the
Whenever a Senate and to the
majority of all the Speaker of the
Members of the House of
Cabinet transmit to Representatives,
the President of their written
the Senate and to declaration that
the Speaker of the the President is
House of unable to
Representatives discharge the
their written powers and duties
declaration that of his office, the
the President is Congress shall
unable to decide the issue.
discharge the For that purpose,
the Congress shall charge of national
convene, if it is not security and
in session, within foreign relations
forty-eight hours, and the Chief of
in accordance with Staff of the Armed
its rules and Forces of the
without need of Philippines, shall
call.
cralaw not be denied
If the Congress, access to the
within ten days President during
after receipt of the such illness. cralaw

last written Section 13. The

declaration, or, if President, Vice-
not in session, President, the
within twelve days Members of the
after it is required Cabinet, and their
to assemble, deputies or
determines by a assistants shall
two-thirds vote of not, unless
both Houses, otherwise provided
voting separately, in this
that the President Constitution, hold
is unable to any other office or
discharge the employment
powers and duties during their
of his office, the tenure. They shall
Vice-President not, during said
shall act as tenure, directly or
President; indirectly, practice
otherwise, the any other
President shall profession,
continue exercising participate in any
the powers and business, or be
duties of his financially
office. cralaw interested in any
Section 12. In case contract with, or in
of serious illness of any franchise, or
the President, the special privilege
public shall be granted by the
informed of the Government or
state of his health. any subdivision,
The members of agency, or
the Cabinet in instrumentality
thereof, including within ninety days
government- from his
owned or assumption or
controlled reassumption of
corporations or office.
cralaw

their subsidiaries. Section 15. Two

They shall strictly months
avoid conflict of immediately before
interest in the the next
conduct of their presidential
office.
cralaw elections and up to
The spouse and the end of his
relatives by term, a President
consanguinity or or Acting President
affinity within the shall not make
fourth civil degree appointments,
of the President except temporary
shall not, during appointments to
his tenure, be executive positions
appointed as when continued
Members of the vacancies therein
Constitutional will prejudice
Commissions, or public service or
the Office of the endanger public
Ombudsman, or as safety. cralaw

Secretaries, Section 16. The

Undersecretaries, President shall
chairmen or heads nominate and,
of bureaus or with the consent of
offices, including the Commission on
government- Appointments,
owned or appoint the heads
controlled of the executive
corporations and departments,
their subsidiaries. cralaw ambassadors,
Section 14. other public
Appointments ministers and
extended by an consuls, or officers
Acting President of the armed
shall remain forces from the
effective, unless rank of colonel or
revoked by the naval captain, and
elected President, other officers
whose until the next
appointments are adjournment of
vested in him in the Congress. cralaw

this Constitution. Section 17. The

He shall also President shall
appoint all other have control of all
officers of the the executive
Government departments,
whose bureaus, and
appointments are offices. He shall
not otherwise ensure that the
provided for by laws be faithfully
law, and those executed. cralaw

whom he may be Section 18. The

authorized by law President shall be
to appoint. The the Commander-
Congress may, by in-Chief of all
law, vest the armed forces of
appointment of the Philippines and
other officers whenever it
lower in rank in becomes
the President necessary, he may
alone, in the call out such
courts, or in the armed forces to
heads of prevent or
departments, suppress lawless
agencies, violence, invasion
commissions, or or rebellion. In
boards. cralaw case of invasion or
The President shall rebellion, when the
have the power to public safety
make requires it, he
appointments may, for a period
during the recess not exceeding
of the Congress, sixty days,
whether voluntary suspend the
or compulsory, but privilege of the
such appointments writ of habeas
shall be effective corpus or place the
only until Philippines or any
disapproved by the part thereof under
Commission on martial law. Within
Appointments or forty-eight hours
from the following such
proclamation of proclamation or
martial law or the suspension,
suspension of the convene in
privilege of the accordance with its
writ of habeas rules without need
corpus, the of a call.
cralaw

President shall The Supreme

submit a report in Court may review,
person or in in an appropriate
writing to the proceeding filed by
Congress. The any citizen, the
Congress, voting sufficiency of the
jointly, by a vote factual basis of the
of at least a proclamation of
majority of all its martial law or the
Members in suspension of the
regular or special privilege of the
session, may writ of habeas
revoke such corpus or the
proclamation or extension thereof,
suspension, which and must
revocation shall promulgate its
not be set aside by decision thereon
the President. within thirty days
Upon the initiative from its filing. cralaw

of the President, A state of martial

the Congress may, law does not
in the same suspend the
manner, extend operation of the
such proclamation Constitution, nor
or suspension for a supplant the
period to be functioning of the
determined by the civil courts or
Congress, if the legislative
invasion or assemblies, nor
rebellion shall authorize the
persist and public conferment of
safety requires it. cralaw jurisdiction on
The Congress, if military courts and
not in session, agencies over
shall, within civilians where civil
twenty-four hours courts are able to
function, nor the power to grant
automatically amnesty with the
suspend the concurrence of a
privilege of the majority of all the
writ of habeas Members of the
corpus. cralaw Congress. cralaw

The suspension of Section 20. The

the privilege of the President may
writ of habeas contract or
corpus shall apply guarantee foreign
only to persons loans on behalf of
judicially charged the Republic of the
for rebellion or Philippines with
offenses inherent the prior
in, or directly concurrence of the
connected with, Monetary Board,
invasion. cralaw and subject to
During the such limitations as
suspension of the may be provided
privilege of the by law. The
writ of habeas Monetary Board
corpus, any person shall, within thirty
thus arrested or days from the end
detained shall be of every quarter of
judicially charged the calendar year,
within three days, submit to the
otherwise he shall Congress a
be released. cralaw complete report of
Section 19. Except its decision on
in cases of applications for
impeachment, or loans to be
as otherwise contracted or
provided in this guaranteed by the
Constitution, the Government or
President may government-
grant reprieves, owned and
commutations, and controlled
pardons, and remit corporations which
fines and would have the
forfeitures, after effect of increasing
conviction by final the foreign debt,
judgment. cralaw and containing
He shall also have other matters as
may be provided JUDICIAL
by law.cralaw

DEPARTME
Section 21. No
NT
treaty or
Section 1. The
international
judicial power shall
agreement shall be
be vested in one
valid and effective
Supreme Court
unless concurred
and in such lower
in by at least two-
courts as may be
thirds of all the
established by law.
Members of the
Judicial power
Senate.
includes the duty
cralaw

Section 22. The

of the courts of
President shall
justice to settle
submit to the
actual
Congress, within
controversies
thirty days from
involving rights
the opening of
which are legally
every regular
demandable and
session as the
enforceable, and
basis of the
to determine
general
whether or not
appropriations bill,
there has been a
a budget of
grave abuse of
expenditures and
discretion
sources of
amounting to lack
financing,
or excess of
including receipts
jurisdiction on the
from existing and
part of any branch
proposed revenue
or instrumentality
measures.
of the
cralaw

Section 23. The

Government.
President shall
cralaw

Section 2. The
address the
Congress shall
Congress at the
have the power to
opening of its
define, prescribe,
regular session. He
and apportion the
may also appear
jurisdiction of the
before it at any
various courts but
other time.
may not deprive
the Supreme Court
ARTICLE
of its jurisdiction
VIII
over cases involving the
enumerated in constitutionality of
Section 5 hereof. cralaw a treaty,
No law shall be international or
passed executive
reorganizing the agreement, or law,
Judiciary when it which shall be
undermines the heard by the
security of tenure Supreme Court en
of its Members. cralaw banc, and all other
Section 3. The cases which under
Judiciary shall the Rules of Court
enjoy fiscal are required to be
autonomy. heard en banc,
Appropriations for including those
the Judiciary may involving the
not be reduced by constitutionality,
the legislature application, or
below the amount operation of
appropriated for presidential
the previous year decrees,
and, after proclamations,
approval, shall be orders,
automatically and instructions,
regularly released. cralaw ordinances, and
Section 4. (1) The other regulations,
Supreme Court shall be decided
shall be composed with the
of a Chief Justice concurrence of a
and fourteen majority of the
Associate Justices. Members who
It may sit en actually took part
banc or in its in the deliberations
discretion, in on the issues in
division of three, the case and voted
five, or seven thereon. cralaw

Members. Any (3) Cases or

vacancy shall be matters heard by a
filled within ninety division shall be
days from the decided or
occurrence resolved with the
thereof. cralaw concurrence of a
(2) All cases majority of the
Members who and habeas
actually took part corpus.
in the deliberations (2) Review,
on the issues in revise, reverse,
the case and voted modify, or affirm
thereon, and in no on appeal
case without the or certiorari, as
concurrence of at the law or the
least three of such Rules of Court may
Members. When provide, final
the required judgments and
number is not orders of lower
obtained, the case courts in: chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

shall be (a) All cases in

decided en which the
banc: Provided, constitutionality or
that no doctrine or validity of any
principle of law laid treaty,
down by the court international or
in a decision executive
rendered en agreement, law,
banc or in division presidential
may be modified decree,
or reversed except proclamation,
by the court order, instruction,
sitting en banc. ordinance, or
Section 5. The regulation is in
Supreme Court question.
shall have the (b) All cases
following involving the
powers: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary legality of any tax,
1) Exercise original impost,
jurisdiction over assessment, or
cases affecting toll, or any penalty
ambassadors, imposed in relation
other public thereto.
ministers and (c) All cases in
consuls, and over which the
petitions jurisdiction of any
for certiorari, lower court is in
prohibition, manda issue.
mus, quo (d) All criminal
warranto, cases in which the
penalty imposed speedy disposition
is reclusion of cases, shall be
perpetua or higher. uniform for all
(e) All cases in courts of the same
which only an grade, and shall
error or question not diminish,
of law is involved. increase, or modify
(3) Assign substantive rights.
temporarily judges Rules of procedure
of lower courts to of special courts
other stations as and quasi-judicial
public interest may bodies shall
require. Such remain effective
temporary unless disapproved
assignment shall by the Supreme
not exceed six Court.
months without (6) Appoint all
the consent of the officials and
judge concerned. employees of the
(4) Order a change Judiciary in
of venue or place accordance with
of trial to avoid a the Civil Service
miscarriage of Law.
justice. Section 6. The
(5) Promulgate Supreme Court
rules concerning shall have
the protection and administrative
enforcement of supervision over
constitutional all courts and the
rights, pleading, personnel thereof.
practice, and Section 7. (1) No
procedure in all person shall be
courts, the appointed Member
admission to the of the Supreme
practice of law, the Court or any lower
integrated bar, and collegiate court
legal assistance to unless he is a
the under- natural-born
privileged. Such citizen of the
rules shall provide Philippines. A
a simplified and Member of the
inexpensive Supreme Court
procedure for the must be at least
forty years of age, representative of
and must have the Integrated Bar,
been for fifteen a professor of law,
years or more, a a retired Member
judge of a lower of the Supreme
court or engaged Court, and a
in the practice of representative of
law in the the private sector. cralaw

Philippines.cralaw (2) The regular

(2) The Congress members of the
shall prescribe the Council shall be
qualifications of appointed by the
judges of lower President for a
courts, but no term of four years
person may be with the consent of
appointed judge the Commission on
thereof unless he Appointments. Of
is a citizen of the the Members first
Philippines and a appointed, the
member of the representative of
Philippine Bar. cralaw the Integrated Bar
(3) A Member of shall serve for four
the Judiciary must years, the
be a person of professor of law
proven for three years,
competence, the retired Justice
integrity, probity, for two years, and
and the representative
independence. cralaw of the private
Section 8. (1) A sector for one
Judicial and Bar year.cralaw

Council is hereby (3) The Clerk of

created under the the Supreme Court
supervision of the shall be the
Supreme Court Secretary ex
composed of the officio of the
Chief Justice as ex Council and shall
officio Chairman, keep a record of
the Secretary of its proceedings. cralaw

Justice, and a (4) The regular

representative of Members of the
the Congress as ex Council shall
officio Members, a receive such
emoluments as submission of the
may be list.
cralaw

determined by the Section 10. The

Supreme Court. salary of the Chief
The Supreme Justice and of the
Court shall provide Associate Justices
in its annual of the Supreme
budget the Court, and of
appropriations for judges of lower
the Council. cralaw courts, shall be
(5) The Council fixed by law.
shall have the During their
principal function continuance in
of recommending office, their salary
appointees to the shall not be
Judiciary. It may decreased. cralaw

exercise such Section 11. The

other functions Members of the
and duties as the Supreme Court
Supreme Court and judges of
may assign to it. cralaw lower courts shall
Section 9. The hold office during
Members of the good behavior until
Supreme Court they reach the age
and judges of the of seventy years or
lower courts shall become
be appointed by incapacitated to
the President from discharge the
a list of at least duties of their
three nominees office. The
prepared by the Supreme Court en
Judicial and Bar banc shall have
Council for every the power to
vacancy. Such discipline judges of
appointments need lower courts, or
no confirmation. cralaw order their
For the lower dismissal by a vote
courts, the of a majority of
President shall the Members who
issue the actually took part
appointments in the deliberations
within ninety days on the issues in
from the the case and voted
thereon. cralaw therefor. The same
Section 12. The requirements shall
Members of the be observed by all
Supreme Court lower collegiate
and of other courts courts. cralaw

established by law Section 14. No

shall not be decision shall be
designated to any rendered by any
agency performing court without
quasi-judicial or expressing therein
administrative clearly and
functions. cralaw distinctly the facts
Section 13. The and the law on
conclusions of the which it is based. cralaw

Supreme Court in No petition for

any case review or motion
submitted to it for for reconsideration
decision en of a decision of the
banc or in division court shall be
shall be reached in refused due course
consultation before or denied without
the case is stating the legal
assigned to a basis therefor. cralaw

Member for the Section 15. (1) All

writing of the cases or matters
opinion of the filed after the
Court. A effectivity of this
certification to this Constitution must
effect signed by be decided or
the Chief Justice resolved within
shall be issued and twenty-four
a copy thereof months from date
attached to the of submission for
record of the case the Supreme
and served upon Court, and, unless
the parties. Any reduced by the
Members who took Supreme Court,
no part, or twelve months for
dissented, or all lower collegiate
abstained from a courts, and three
decision or months for all
resolution, must other lower
state the reason courts. cralaw
(2) A case or consequence
matter shall be thereof, shall
deemed submitted decide or resolve
for decision or the case or matter
resolution upon submitted thereto
the filing of the for determination,
last pleading, brief, without further
or memorandum delay.cralaw

required by the Section 16. The

Rules of Court or Supreme Court
by the court itself.cralaw shall, within thirty
(3) Upon the days from the
expiration of the opening of each
corresponding regular session of
period, a the Congress,
certification to this submit to the
effect signed by President and the
the Chief Justice or Congress an
the presiding annual report on
judge shall the operations and
forthwith be issued activities of the
and a copy thereof Judiciary.
attached to the
record of the case ARTICLE IX
or matter, and A. COMMON
served upon the PROVISIONS
parties. The Section 1. The
certification shall Constitutional
state why a Commissions,
decision or which shall be
resolution has not independent, are
been rendered or the Civil Service
issued within said Commission, the
period.cralaw
Commission on
(4) Despite the Elections, and the
expiration of the Commission on
applicable Audit.
mandatory period, Section 2. No
the court, without member of a
prejudice to such Constitutional
responsibility as Commission shall,
may have been during his tenure,
incurred in hold any other
office or appoint their
employment. officials and
Neither shall he employees in
engage in the accordance with
practice of any law.cralaw

profession or in Section 5. The

the active Commission shall
management or enjoy fiscal
control of any autonomy. Their
business which, in approved annual
any way, may be appropriations
affected by the shall be
functions of his automatically and
office, nor shall he regularly released. cralaw

be financially Section 6. Each

interested, directly Commission en
or indirectly, in any banc may
contract with, or in promulgate its own
any franchise or rules concerning
privilege granted pleadings and
by the practice before it
Government, any or before any of its
of its subdivisions, offices. Such rules,
agencies, or however, shall not
instrumentalities, diminish, increase,
including or modify
government- substantive rights. cralaw

owned or Section 7. Each

controlled Commission shall
corporations or decide by a
their subsidiaries. cralaw majority vote of all
Section. 3. The its Members, any
salary of the case or matter
Chairman and the brought before it
Commissioners within sixty days
shall be fixed by from the date of
law and shall not its submission for
be decreased decision or
during their resolution. A case
tenure. cralaw or matter is
Section 4. The deemed submitted
Constitutional for decision or
Commissions shall resolution upon
the filing of the appointment, at
last pleading, brief, least thirty-five
or memorandum years of age, with
required by the proven capacity for
rules of the public
Commission or by administration,
the Commission and must not have
itself. Unless been candidates
otherwise provided for any elective
by this position in the
Constitution or by elections
law, any decision, immediately
order, or ruling of preceding their
each Commission appointment.
may be brought to (2) The Chairman
the Supreme Court and the
on certiorari by the Commissioners
aggrieved party shall be appointed
within thirty days by the President
from receipt of a with the consent of
copy thereof. cralaw the Commission on
Section 8. Each Appointments for a
Commission shall term of seven
perform such other years without
functions as may reappointment. Of
be provided by those first
law. appointed, the
B. THE CIVIL Chairman shall
SERVICE hold office for
COMMISSION seven years, a
Section 1. (1) The Commissioner for
civil service shall five years, and
be administered by another
the Civil Service Commissioner for
Commission three years,
composed of a without
Chairman and two reappointment.
Commissioners Appointment to
who shall be any vacancy shall
natural-born be only for the
citizens of the unexpired term of
Philippines and, at the predecessor. In
the time of their no case shall any
Member be employee in the
appointed or civil service shall
designated in a engage, directly or
temporary or indirectly, in any
acting capacity. cralaw electioneering or
Section 2. (1) The partisan political
civil service campaign. cralaw

embraces all (5) The right to

branches, self-organization
subdivisions, shall not be denied
instrumentalities, to government
and agencies of employees. cralaw

the Government, (6) Temporary

including employees of the
government- Government shall
owned or be given such
controlled protection as may
corporations with be provided by
original charters. cralaw law.cralaw

(2) Appointments Section 3. The Civil

in the civil service Service
shall be made only Commission, as
according to merit the central
and fitness to be personnel agency
determined, as far of the
as practicable, Government, shall
and, except to establish a career
positions which are service and adopt
policy- measures to
determining, promote morale,
primarily efficiency,
confidential, or integrity,
highly technical, responsiveness,
by competitive progressiveness,
examination. cralaw and courtesy in
(3) No officer or the civil service. It
employee of the shall strengthen
civil service shall the merit and
be removed or rewards system,
suspended except integrate all
for cause provided human resources
by law. cralaw development
(4) No officer or programs for all
levels and ranks, shall, within one
and institutionalize year after such
a management election, be
climate conducive appointed to any
to public office in the
accountability. It Government or
shall submit to the any Government-
President and the owned or
Congress an controlled
annual report on corporations or in
its personnel any of their
programs. cralaw subsidiaries. cralaw

Section 4. All Section 7. No

public officers and elective official
employees shall shall be eligible for
take an oath or appointment or
affirmation to designation in any
uphold and defend capacity to any
this Constitution. cralaw public office or
Section 5. The position during his
Congress shall tenure. cralaw

provide for the Unless otherwise

standardization of allowed by law or
compensation of by the primary
government functions of his
officials and position, no
employees, appointive official
including those in shall hold any
government- other office or
owned or employment in the
controlled Government or
corporations with any subdivision,
original charters, agency or
taking into account instrumentality
the nature of the thereof, including
responsibilities Government-
pertaining to, and owned or
the qualifications controlled
required for, their corporations or
positions. cralaw their subsidiaries. cralaw

Section 6. No Section 8. No
candidate who has elective or
lost in any election appointive public
officer or employee for any elective
shall receive positions in the
additional, double, immediately
or indirect preceding
compensation, elections.
unless specifically However, a
authorized by law, majority thereof,
nor accept without including the
the consent of the Chairman, shall be
Congress, any members of the
present, Philippine Bar who
emolument, office, have been
or title of any kind engaged in the
from any foreign practice of law for
government. cralaw at least ten years.
Pensions or (2) The Chairman
gratuities shall not and the
be considered as Commissioners
additional, double, shall be appointed
or indirect by the President
compensation. with the consent of
C. THE the Commission on
COMMISSION Appointments for a
ON ELECTIONS term of seven
Section 1. (1) years without
There shall be a reappointment. Of
Commission on those first
Elections appointed, three
composed of a Members shall hold
Chairman and six office for seven
Commissioners years, two
who shall be Members for five
natural-born years, and the last
citizens of the Members for three
Philippines and, at years, without
the time of their reappointment.
appointment, at Appointment to
least thirty-five any vacancy shall
years of age, be only for the
holders of a unexpired term of
college degree, the predecessor. In
and must not have no case shall any
been candidates Member be
appointed or orders, or rulings
designated in a of the Commission
temporary or on election
acting capacity. cralaw contests involving
Sec. 2. The elective municipal
Commission on and barangay
Elections shall offices shall be
exercise the final, executory,
following powers and not
and functions: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary appealable. cralaw

(1) Enforce and (3) Decide, except

administer all laws those involving the
and regulations right to vote, all
relative to the questions affecting
conduct of an elections, including
election, plebiscite, determination of
initiative, the number and
referendum, and location of polling
recall. places,
(2) Exercise appointment of
exclusive original election officials
jurisdiction over all and inspectors,
contests relating to and registration of
the elections, voters.cralaw

returns, and (4) Deputize, with

qualifications of all the concurrence of
elective regional, the President, law
provincial, and city enforcement
officials, and agencies and
appellate instrumentalities of
jurisdiction over all the Government,
contests involving including the
elective municipal Armed Forces of
officials decided by the Philippines, for
trial courts of the exclusive
general purpose of
jurisdiction, or ensuring free,
involving elective orderly, honest,
barangay officials peaceful, and
decided by trial credible elections. cralaw

courts of limited (5) Register, after

jurisdiction. cralaw sufficient
Decisions, final publication,
political parties, accepted, shall be
organizations, or an additional
coalitions which, in ground for the
addition to other cancellation of
requirements, their registration
must present their with the
platform or Commission, in
program of addition to other
government; and penalties that may
accredit citizens' be prescribed by
arms of the law.cralaw

Commission on (6) File, upon a

Elections. Religious verified complaint,
denominations and or on its own
sects shall not be initiative, petitions
registered. Those in court for
which seek to inclusion or
achieve their goals exclusion of
through violence voters; investigate
or unlawful means, and, where
or refuse to uphold appropriate,
and adhere to this prosecute cases of
Constitution, or violations of
which are election laws,
supported by any including acts or
foreign omissions
government shall constituting
likewise be refused election frauds,
registration. cralaw offenses, and
Financial malpractices. cralaw

contributions from (7) Recommend to

foreign the Congress
governments and effective measures
their agencies to to minimize
political parties, election spending,
organizations, including limitation
coalitions, or of places where
candidates related propaganda
to elections, materials shall be
constitute posted, and to
interference in prevent and
national affairs, penalize all forms
and, when of election frauds,
offenses, decided in division,
malpractices, and provided that
nuisance motions for
candidacies. cralaw reconsideration of
(8) Recommend to decisions shall be
the President the decided by the
removal of any Commission en
officer or employee banc.
it has deputized, Section 4. The
or the imposition Commission may,
of any other during the election
disciplinary action, period, supervise
for violation or or regulate the
disregard of, or enjoyment or
disobedience to, utilization of all
its directive, order, franchises or
or decision. cralaw permits for the
(9) Submit to the operation of
President and the transportation and
Congress, a other public
comprehensive utilities, media of
report on the communication or
conduct of each information, all
election, plebiscite, grants, special
initiative, privileges, or
referendum, or concessions
recall.cralaw granted by the
Section 3. The Government or
Commission on any subdivision,
Elections may agency, or
sit en banc or in instrumentality
two divisions, and thereof, including
shall promulgate any government-
its rules of owned or
procedure in order controlled
to expedite corporation or its
disposition of subsidiary. Such
election cases, supervision or
including pre- regulation shall
proclamation aim to ensure
controversies. All equal opportunity,
such election cases and equal rates
shall be heard and therefor, for public
information provided in this
campaigns and Constitution. cralaw

forums among Section 8. Political

candidates in parties, or
connection with organizations or
the objective of coalitions
holding free, registered under
orderly, honest, the party-list
peaceful, and system, shall not
credible elections. cralaw be represented in
Section 5. No the voters'
pardon, amnesty, registration
parole, or boards, boards of
suspension of election inspectors,
sentence for boards of
violation of canvassers, or
election laws, other similar
rules, and bodies. However,
regulations shall they shall be
be granted by the entitled to appoint
President without poll watchers in
the favorable accordance with
recommendation law.cralaw

of the Section 9. Unless

Commission. cralaw otherwise fixed by
Section 6. A free the Commission in
and open party special cases, the
system shall be election period
allowed to evolve shall commence
according to the ninety days before
free choice of the the day of election
people, subject to and shall end
the provisions of thirty days
this Article.cralaw thereafter. cralaw

Section 7. No Section 10. Bona

votes cast in favor fide candidates for
of a political party, any public office
organization, or shall be free from
coalition shall be any form of
valid, except for harassment and
those registered discrimination. cralaw

under the party- Section 11. Funds

list system as certified by the
Commission as experience, or
necessary to members of the
defray the Philippine Bar who
expenses for have been
holding regular engaged in the
and special practice of law for
elections, at least ten years,
plebiscites, and must not have
initiatives, been candidates
referenda, and for any elective
recalls, shall be position in the
provided in the elections
regular or special immediately
appropriations preceding their
and, once appointment. At
approved, shall be no time shall all
released Members of the
automatically upon Commission
certification by the belong to the
Chairman of the same profession.
Commission. (2) The Chairman
D. THE and the
COMMISSION Commissioners
ON AUDIT shall be appointed
Section 1. (1) by the President
There shall be a with the consent of
Commission on the Commission on
Audit composed of Appointments for a
a Chairman and term of seven
two years without
Commissioners, reappointment. Of
who shall be those first
natural-born appointed, the
citizens of the Chairman shall
Philippines and, at hold office for
the time of their seven years, one
appointment, at Commissioner for
least thirty-five five years, and the
years of age, other
Certified Public Commissioner for
Accountants with three years,
not less than ten without
years of auditing reappointment.
Appointment to commissions and
any vacancy shall offices that have
be only for the been granted fiscal
unexpired portion autonomy under
of the term of the this Constitution;
predecessor. In no (b) autonomous
case shall any state colleges and
Member be universities; (c)
appointed or other government-
designated in a owned or
temporary or controlled
acting capacity.cralaw corporations and
Section 2. (1) The their subsidiaries;
Commission on and (d) such non-
Audit shall have governmental
the power, entities receiving
authority, and duty subsidy or equity,
to examine, audit, directly or
and settle all indirectly, from or
accounts through the
pertaining to the Government,
revenue and which are required
receipts of, and by law or the
expenditures or granting institution
uses of funds and to submit to such
property, owned or audit as a
held in trust by, or condition of
pertaining to, the subsidy or equity.
Government, or However, where
any of its the internal control
subdivisions, system of the
agencies, or audited agencies is
instrumentalities, inadequate, the
including Commission may
government- adopt such
owned or measures,
controlled including
corporations with temporary or
original charters, special pre-audit,
and on a post- as are necessary
audit basis: (a) and appropriate to
constitutional correct the
bodies, deficiencies. It
shall keep the entity of the
general accounts Government or its
of the Government subsidiaries in any
and, for such guise whatever, or
period as may be any investment of
provided by law, public funds, from
preserve the the jurisdiction of
vouchers and the Commission on
other supporting Audit.cralaw

papers pertaining Section 4. The

thereto.cralaw Commission shall
(2) The submit to the
Commission shall President and the
have exclusive Congress, within
authority, subject the time fixed by
to the limitations law, an annual
in this Article, to report covering the
define the scope of financial condition
its audit and and operation of
examination, the Government,
establish the its subdivisions,
techniques and agencies, and
methods required instrumentalities,
therefor, and including
promulgate government-
accounting and owned or
auditing rules and controlled
regulations, corporations, and
including those for non-governmental
the prevention and entities subject to
disallowance of its audit, and
irregular, recommend
unnecessary, measures
excessive, necessary to
extravagant, or improve their
unconscionable effectiveness and
expenditures or efficiency. It shall
uses of submit such other
government funds reports as may be
and properties. cralaw required by law.
Section 3. No law
shall be passed ARTICLE X
exempting any LOCAL
 GOVERNMENT government units
GENERAL their powers,
PROVISIONS responsibilities,
Section 1. The and resources, and
territorial and provide for the
political qualifications,
subdivisions of the election,
Republic of the appointment and
Philippines are the removal, term,
provinces, cities, salaries, powers
municipalities, and and functions and
barangays. There duties of local
shall be officials, and all
autonomous other matters
regions in Muslim relating to the
Mindanao and the organization and
Cordilleras as operation of the
hereinafter local units. cralaw

provided. Section 4. The

Section 2. The President of the
territorial and Philippines shall
political exercise general
subdivisions shall supervision over
enjoy local local governments.
autonomy. cralaw Provinces with
Section 3. The respect to
Congress shall component cities
enact a local and municipalities,
government code and cities and
which shall provide municipalities with
for a more respect to
responsive and component
accountable local barangays, shall
government ensure that the
structure instituted acts of their
through a system component units
of decentralization are within the
with effective scope of their
mechanisms of prescribed powers
recall, initiative, and functions. cralaw

and referendum, Section 5. Each

allocate among the local government
different local unit shall have the
power to create its Section 8. The
own sources of term of office of
revenues and to elective local
levy taxes, fees officials, except
and charges barangay officials,
subject to such which shall be
guidelines and determined by law,
limitations as the shall be three
Congress may years and no such
provide, consistent official shall serve
with the basic for more than
policy of local three consecutive
autonomy. Such terms. Voluntary
taxes, fees, and renunciation of the
charges shall office for any
accrue exclusively length of time shall
to the local not be considered
governments. cralaw as an interruption
Section 6. Local in the continuity of
government units his service for the
shall have a just full term for which
share, as he was elected. cralaw

determined by law, Section 9.

in the national Legislative bodies
taxes which shall of local
be automatically governments shall
released to them. cralaw have sectoral
Section 7. Local representation as
governments shall may be prescribed
be entitled to an by law. cralaw

equitable share in Section 10. No

the proceeds of province, city,
the utilization and municipality, or
development of barangay may be
the national wealth created, divided,
within their merged, abolished,
respective areas, or its boundary
in the manner substantially
provided by law, altered, except in
including sharing accordance with
the same with the the criteria
inhabitants by way established in the
of direct benefits. cralaw local government
code and subject voting for
to approval by a provincial elective
majority of the officials, shall be
votes cast in a independent of the
plebiscite in the province. The
political units voters of
directly affected. cralaw component cities
Section 11. The within a province,
Congress may, by whose charters
law, create special contain no such
metropolitan prohibition, shall
political not be deprived of
subdivisions, their right to vote
subject to a for elective
plebiscite as set provincial officials.cralaw

forth in Section 10 Section 13. Local

hereof. The government units
component cities may group
and municipalities themselves,
shall retain their consolidate or
basic autonomy coordinate their
and shall be efforts, services,
entitled to their and resources for
own local purposes
executive and commonly
legislative beneficial to them
assemblies. The in accordance with
jurisdiction of the law.cralaw

metropolitan Section 14. The

authority that will President shall
thereby be created provide for
shall be limited to regional
basic services development
requiring councils or other
coordination. cralaw similar bodies
Section 12. Cities composed of local
that are highly government
urbanized, as officials, regional
determined by law, heads of
and component departments and
cities whose other government
charters prohibit offices, and
their voters from representatives
from non- Republic of the
governmental Philippines.
organizations Section 16. The
within the regions President shall
for purposes of exercise general
administrative supervision over
decentralization to autonomous
strengthen the regions to ensure
autonomy of the that laws are
units therein and faithfully
to accelerate the executed. cralaw

economic and Section 17. All

social growth and powers, functions,
development of and responsibilities
the units in the not granted by this
region. Constitution or by
AUTONOMOUS law to the
REGIONS autonomous
Section 15. There regions shall be
shall be created vested in the
autonomous National
regions in Muslim Government. cralaw

Mindanao and in Section 18. The

the Cordilleras Congress shall
consisting of enact an organic
provinces, cities, act for each
municipalities, and autonomous region
geographical areas with the assistance
sharing common and participation
and distinctive of the regional
historical and consultative
cultural heritage, commission
economic and composed of
social structures, representatives
and other relevant appointed by the
characteristics President from a
within the list of nominees
framework of this from multi-sectoral
Constitution and bodies. The
the national organic act shall
sovereignty as well define the basic
as territorial structure of
integrity of the government for
the region Constitution shall,
consisting of the within eighteen
executive months from the
department and time of
legislative organization of
assembly, both of both Houses, pass
which shall be the organic acts
elective and for the
representative of autonomous
the constituent regions in Muslim
political units. The Mindanao and the
organic acts shall Cordilleras. cralaw

likewise provide Section 20. Within

for special courts its territorial
with personal, jurisdiction and
family, and subject to the
property law provisions of this
jurisdiction Constitution and
consistent with the national laws, the
provisions of this organic act of
Constitution and autonomous
national laws. cralaw regions shall
The creation of the provide for
autonomous region legislative powers
shall be effective over: chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

when approved by (1) Administrative

majority of the organization;
votes cast by the (2) Creation of
constituent units in sources of
a plebiscite called revenues;
for the purpose, (3) Ancestral
provided that only domain and
provinces, cities, natural resources;
and geographic (4) Personal,
areas voting family, and
favorably in such property
plebiscite shall be relations;
included in the (5) Regional urban
autonomous and rural planning
region. cralaw development;
Section 19. The (6) Economic,
first Congress social, and tourism
elected under this development;
(7) Educational at all times, be
policies; accountable to the
(8) Preservation people, serve them
and development with utmost
of the cultural responsibility,
heritage; and integrity, loyalty,
(9) Such other and efficiency; act
matters as may be with patriotism
authorized by law and justice, and
for the promotion lead modest lives.
of the general Section 2. The
welfare of the President, the
people of the Vice-President, the
region. Members of the
Section 21. The Supreme Court,
preservation of the Members of
peace and order the Constitutional
within the regions Commissions, and
shall be the the Ombudsman
responsibility of may be removed
the local police from office on
agencies which impeachment for,
shall be organized, and conviction of,
maintained, culpable violation
supervised, and of the Constitution,
utilized in treason, bribery,
accordance with graft and
applicable laws. corruption, other
The defense and high crimes, or
security of the betrayal of public
regions shall be trust. All other
the responsibility public officers and
of the National employees may be
Government. removed from
ARTICLE XI office as provided
ACCOUNTABILIT by law, but not by
Y OF PUBLIC impeachment. cralaw

OFFICERS Section 3. (1) The

Section 1. Public House of
office is a public Representatives
trust. Public shall have the
officers and exclusive power to
employees must, initiate all cases of
impeachment. cralaw all the Members of
(2) A verified the House shall be
complaint for necessary either to
impeachment may affirm a favorable
be filed by any resolution with the
Member of the Articles of
House of Impeachment of
Representatives or the Committee, or
by any citizen override its
upon a resolution contrary
or endorsement by resolution. The
any Member vote of each
thereof, which Member shall be
shall be included in recorded. cralaw

the Order of (4) In case the

Business within verified complaint
ten session days, or resolution of
and referred to the impeachment is
proper Committee filed by at least
within three one-third of all the
session days Members of the
thereafter. The House, the same
Committee, after shall constitute the
hearing, and by a Articles of
majority vote of all Impeachment, and
its Members, shall trial by the Senate
submit its report shall forthwith
to the House proceed. cralaw

within sixty (5) No

session days from impeachment
such referral, proceedings shall
together with the be initiated against
corresponding the same official
resolution. The more than once
resolution shall be within a period of
calendared for one year. cralaw

consideration by (6) The Senate

the House within shall have the sole
ten session days power to try and
from receipt decide all cases of
thereof. cralaw impeachment.
(3) A vote of at When sitting for
least one-third of that purpose, the
Senators shall be court known as the
on oath or Sandiganbayan
affirmation. When shall continue to
the President of function and
the Philippines is exercise its
on trial, the Chief jurisdiction as now
Justice of the or hereafter may
Supreme Court be provided by
shall preside, but law.cralaw

shall not vote. No Section 5. There is

person shall be hereby created the
convicted without independent Office
the concurrence of of the
two-thirds of all Ombudsman,
the Members of composed of the
the Senate. cralaw Ombudsman to be
(7) Judgment in known as
cases of Tanodbayan, one
impeachment shall overall Deputy and
not extend further at least one
than removal from Deputy each for
office and Luzon, Visayas,
disqualification to and Mindanao. A
hold any office separate Deputy
under the Republic for the military
of the Philippines, establishment may
but the party likewise be
convicted shall appointed. cralaw

nevertheless be Section 6. The

liable and subject officials and
to prosecution, employees of the
trial, and Office of the
punishment, Ombudsman,
according to law. cralaw other than the
(8) The Congress Deputies, shall be
shall promulgate appointed by the
its rules on Ombudsman,
impeachment to according to the
effectively carry Civil Service Law. cralaw

out the purpose of Section 7. The

this section. cralaw existing
Section 4. The Tanodbayan shall
present anti-graft hereafter be
known as the tenure, they shall
Office of the be subject to the
Special Prosecutor. same
It shall continue to disqualifications
function and and prohibitions as
exercise its powers provided for in
as now or Section 2 of Article
hereafter may be 1X-A of this
provided by law, Constitution. cralaw

except those Section 9. The

conferred on the Ombudsman and
Office of the his Deputies shall
Ombudsman be appointed by
created under this the President from
Constitution. cralaw a list of at least six
Section 8. The nominees prepared
Ombudsman and by the Judicial and
his Deputies shall Bar Council, and
be natural-born from a list of three
citizens of the nominees for every
Philippines, and at vacancy thereafter.
the time of their Such appointments
appointment, at shall require no
least forty years confirmation. All
old, of recognized vacancies shall be
probity and filled within three
independence, and months after they
members of the occur.cralaw

Philippine Bar, and Section 10. The

must not have Ombudsman and
been candidates his Deputies shall
for any elective have the rank of
office in the Chairman and
immediately Members,
preceding election. respectively, of the
The Ombudsman Constitutional
must have, for ten Commissions, and
years or more, they shall receive
been a judge or the same salary
engaged in the which shall not be
practice of law in decreased during
the Philippines. cralaw their term of
During their office. cralaw
Section 11. The Office of the
Ombudsman and Ombudsman shall
his Deputies shall have the following
serve for a term of powers, functions,
seven years and duties: chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

without (1) Investigate on

reappointment. its own, or on
They shall not be complaint by any
qualified to run for person, any act or
any office in the omission of any
election public official,
immediately employee, office or
succeeding their agency, when such
cessation from act or omission
office.cralaw appears to be
Section 12. The illegal, unjust,
Ombudsman and improper, or
his Deputies, as inefficient.
protectors of the (2) Direct, upon
people, shall act complaint or at its
promptly on own instance, any
complaints filed in public official or
any form or employee of the
manner against Government, or
public officials or any subdivision,
employees of the agency or
Government, or instrumentality
any subdivision, thereof, as well as
agency or of any
instrumentality government-
thereof, including owned or
government- controlled
owned or corporation with
controlled original charter, to
corporations, and perform and
shall, in expedite any act or
appropriate cases, duty required by
notify the law, or to stop,
complainants of prevent, and
the action taken correct any abuse
and the result or impropriety in
thereof. cralaw the performance of
Section 13. The duties. cralaw
(3) Direct the discharge of its
officer concerned responsibilities,
to take appropriate and to examine, if
action against a necessary,
public official or pertinent records
employee at fault, and documents. cralaw

and recommend (6) Publicize

his removal, matters covered
suspension, by its investigation
demotion, fine, when
censure, or circumstances so
prosecution, and warrant and with
ensure compliance due prudence. cralaw

therewith. cralaw (7) Determine the

(4) Direct the causes of
officer concerned, inefficiency, red
in any appropriate tape,
case, and subject mismanagement,
to such limitations fraud, and
as may be corruption in the
provided by law, to Government and
furnish it with make
copies of recommendations
documents relating for their
to contracts or elimination and the
transactions observance of high
entered into by his standards of ethics
office involving the and efficiency. cralaw

disbursement or (8) Promulgate its

use of public funds rules of procedure
or properties, and and exercise such
report any other powers or
irregularity to the perform such
Commission on functions or duties
Audit for as may be
appropriate provided by law. cralaw

action.cralaw Section 14. The

(5) Request any Office of the
government Ombudsman shall
agency for enjoy fiscal
assistance and autonomy. Its
information approved annual
necessary in the appropriations
shall be interest, during
automatically and their tenure. cralaw

regularly released. Section 17. A

Section 15. The public officer or
right of the State employee shall,
to recover upon assumption
properties of office and as
unlawfully acquired often thereafter as
by public officials may be required
or employees, by law, submit a
from them or from declaration under
their nominees or oath of his assets,
transferees, shall liabilities, and net
not be barred by worth. In the case
prescription, of the President,
laches, or the Vice-President,
estoppel. cralaw the Members of
Section 16. No the Cabinet, the
loan, guaranty, or Congress, the
other form of Supreme Court,
financial the Constitutional
accommodation for Commissions and
any business other
purpose may be constitutional
granted, directly or offices, and
indirectly, by any officers of the
government- armed forces with
owned or general or flag
controlled bank or rank, the
financial institution declaration shall
to the President, be disclosed to the
the Vice-President, public in the
the Members of manner provided
the Cabinet, the by law. cralaw

Congress, the Section 18. Public

Supreme Court, officers and
and the employees owe the
Constitutional State and this
Commissions, the Constitution
Ombudsman, or to allegiance at all
any firm or entity times and any
in which they have public officer or
controlling employee who
seeks to change agrarian reform,
his citizenship or through industries
acquire the status that make full and
of an immigrant of efficient use of
another country human and natural
during his tenure resources, and
shall be dealt with which are
by law. competitive in both
domestic and
ARTICLE XII foreign markets.
NATIONAL However, the State
ECONOMY AND shall protect
PATRIMONY Filipino enterprises
Section 1. The against unfair
goals of the foreign
national economy competition and
are a more trade practices. cralaw

equitable In the pursuit of

distribution of these goals, all
opportunities, sectors of the
income, and economy and all
wealth; a regions of the
sustained increase country shall be
in the amount of given optimum
goods and services opportunity to
produced by the develop. Private
nation for the enterprises,
benefit of the including
people; and an corporations,
expanding cooperatives, and
productivity as the similar collective
key to raising the organizations,
quality of life for shall be
all, especially the encouraged to
under-privileged. broaden the base
The State shall of their
promote ownership. cralaw

industrialization Section 2. All lands

and full of the public
employment based domain, waters,
on sound minerals, coal,
agricultural petroleum, and
development and other mineral oils,
all forces of five years, and
potential energy, under such terms
fisheries, forests or and conditions as
timber, wildlife, may be provided
flora and fauna, by law. In cases of
and other natural water rights for
resources are irrigation, water
owned by the supply fisheries, or
State. With the industrial uses
exception of other than the
agricultural lands, development of
all other natural water power,
resources shall not beneficial use may
be alienated. The be the measure
exploration, and limit of the
development, and grant. cralaw

utilization of The State shall

natural resources protect the
shall be under the nation's marine
full control and wealth in its
supervision of the archipelagic
State. The State waters, territorial
may directly sea, and exclusive
undertake such economic zone,
activities, or it may and reserve its use
enter into co- and enjoyment
production, joint exclusively to
venture, or Filipino citizens. cralaw

production-sharing The Congress may,

agreements with by law, allow
Filipino citizens, or small-scale
corporations or utilization of
associations at natural resources
least sixty per by Filipino citizens,
centum of whose as well as
capital is owned by cooperative fish
such citizens. Such farming, with
agreements may priority to
be for a period not subsistence
exceeding twenty- fishermen and
five years, fish- workers in
renewable for not rivers, lakes, bays,
more than twenty- and lagoons. cralaw
The President may the public domain
enter into are classified into
agreements with agricultural, forest
foreign-owned or timber, mineral
corporations lands and national
involving either parks. Agricultural
technical or lands of the public
financial assistance domain may be
for large-scale further classified
exploration, by law according
development, and to the uses to
utilization of which they may be
minerals, devoted. Alienable
petroleum, and lands of the public
other mineral oils domain shall be
according to the limited to
general terms and agricultural lands.
conditions Private
provided by law, corporations or
based on real associations may
contributions to not hold such
the economic alienable lands of
growth and the public domain
general welfare of except by lease,
the country. In for a period not
such agreements, exceeding twenty-
the State shall five years,
promote the renewable for not
development and more than twenty-
use of local five years, and not
scientific and to exceed one
technical thousand hectares
resources. cralaw in area. Citizens of
The President shall the Philippines
notify the may lease not
Congress of every more than five
contract entered hundred hectares,
into in accordance or acquire not
with this provision, more than twelve
within thirty days hectares thereof,
from its by purchase,
execution. cralaw homestead, or
Section 3. Lands of grant. cralaw
Taking into endangered forests
account the and watershed
requirements of areas. cralaw

conservation, Section 5. The

ecology, and State, subject to
development, and the provisions of
subject to the this Constitution
requirements of and national
agrarian reform, development
the Congress shall policies and
determine, by law, programs, shall
the size of lands of protect the rights
the public domain of indigenous
which may be cultural
acquired, communities to
developed, held, or their ancestral
leased and the lands to ensure
conditions their economic,
therefor.cralaw social, and cultural
Section 4. The well-being. cralaw

Congress shall, as The Congress may

soon as possible, provide for the
determine, by law, applicability of
the specific limits customary laws
of forest lands and governing property
national parks, rights or relations
marking clearly in determining the
their boundaries ownership and
on the ground. extent of ancestral
Thereafter, such domain. cralaw

forest lands and Section 6. The use

national parks of property bears a
shall be conserved social function,
and may not be and all economic
increased nor agents shall
diminished, except contribute to the
by law. The common good.
Congress shall Individuals and
provide for such private groups,
period as it may including
determine, corporations,
measures to cooperatives, and
prohibit logging in similar collective
organizations, independent
shall have the economic and
right to own, planning agency
establish, and headed by the
operate economic President, which
enterprises, shall, after
subject to the duty consultations with
of the State to the appropriate
promote public agencies,
distributive justice various private
and to intervene sectors, and local
when the common government units,
good so demands. cralaw recommend to
Section 7. Save in Congress, and
cases of hereditary implement
succession, no continuing
private lands shall integrated and
be transferred or coordinated
conveyed except programs and
to individuals, policies for
corporations, or national
associations development. cralaw

qualified to acquire Until the Congress

or hold lands of provides
the public domain. cralaw otherwise, the
Section 8. National Economic
Notwithstanding and Development
the provisions of Authority shall
Section 7 of this function as the
Article, a natural- independent
born citizen of the planning agency of
Philippines who the government. cralaw

has lost his Section 10. The

Philippine Congress shall,
citizenship may be upon
a transferee of recommendation
private lands, of the economic
subject to and planning
limitations agency, when the
provided by law. cralaw national interest
Section 9. The dictates, reserve
Congress may to citizens of the
establish an Philippines or to
corporations or other form of
associations at authorization for
least sixty per the operation of a
centum of whose public utility shall
capital is owned by be granted except
such citizens, or to citizens of the
such higher Philippines or to
percentage as corporations or
Congress may associations
prescribe, certain organized under
areas of the laws of the
investments. The Philippines, at
Congress shall least sixty per
enact measures centum of whose
that will encourage capital is owned by
the formation and such citizens; nor
operation of shall such
enterprises whose franchise,
capital is wholly certificate, or
owned by authorization be
Filipinos.
cralaw exclusive in
In the grant of character or for a
rights, privileges, longer period than
and concessions fifty years. Neither
covering the shall any such
national economy franchise or right
and patrimony, the be granted except
State shall give under the
preference to condition that it
qualified Filipinos. cralaw shall be subject to
The State shall amendment,
regulate and alteration, or
exercise authority repeal by the
over foreign Congress when the
investments within common good so
its national requires. The State
jurisdiction and in shall encourage
accordance with its equity participation
national goals and in public utilities
priorities. cralaw by the general
Section 11. No public. The
franchise, participation of
certificate, or any foreign investors in
the governing professionals,
body of any public managers, high-
utility enterprise level technical
shall be limited to manpower and
their proportionate skilled workers and
share in its capital, craftsmen in all
and all the fields shall be
executive and promoted by the
managing officers State. The State
of such corporation shall encourage
or association appropriate
must be citizens of technology and
the Philippines. cralaw regulate its
Section 12. The transfer for the
State shall national benefit. cralaw

promote the The practice of all

preferential use of professions in the
Filipino labor, Philippines shall be
domestic materials limited to Filipino
and locally citizens, save in
produced goods, cases prescribed
and adopt by law. cralaw

measures that help Section 15. The

make them Congress shall
competitive. cralaw create an agency
Section 13. The to promote the
State shall pursue viability and
a trade policy that growth of
serves the general cooperatives as
welfare and utilizes instruments for
all forms and social justice and
arrangements of economic
exchange on the development. cralaw

basis of equality Section 16. The

and reciprocity. cralaw Congress shall not,
Section 14. The except by general
sustained law, provide for
development of a the formation,
reservoir of organization, or
national talents regulation of
consisting of private
Filipino scientists, corporations.
entrepreneurs, Government-
owned or Government. cralaw

controlled Section 19. The

corporations may State shall
be created or regulate or
established by prohibit
special charters in monopolies when
the interest of the the public interest
common good and so requires. No
subject to the test combinations in
of economic restraint of trade
viability.
cralaw or unfair
Section 17. In competition shall
times of national be allowed. cralaw

emergency, when Section 20. The

the public interest Congress shall
so requires, the establish an
State may, during independent
the emergency central monetary
and under authority, the
reasonable terms members of whose
prescribed by it, governing board
temporarily take must be natural-
over or direct the born Filipino
operation of any citizens, of known
privately-owned probity, integrity,
public utility or and patriotism, the
business affected majority of whom
with public shall come from
interest.cralaw the private sector.
Section 18. The They shall also be
State may, in the subject to such
interest of national other qualifications
welfare or defense, and disabilities as
establish and may be prescribed
operate vital by law. The
industries and, authority shall
upon payment of provide policy
just compensation, direction in the
transfer to public areas of money,
ownership utilities banking, and
and other private credit. It shall
enterprises to be have supervision
operated by the over the
operations of to the national
banks and exercise interest and
such regulatory subject to criminal
powers as may be and civil sanctions,
provided by law as may be
over the provided by law.
operations of ARTICLE
finance companies XIII
and other SOCIAL JUSTICE
institutions AND HUMAN
performing similar RIGHTS
functions. cralaw

Section 1. The
Until the Congress Congress shall give
otherwise highest priority to
provides, the the enactment of
Central Bank of measures that
the Philippines protect and
operating under enhance the right
existing laws, shall of all the people to
function as the human dignity,
central monetary reduce social,
authority.cralaw

economic, and
Section 21. political
Foreign loans may inequalities, and
only be incurred in remove cultural
accordance with inequities by
law and the equitably diffusing
regulation of the wealth and political
monetary power for the
authority. common good.
Information on To this end, the
foreign loans State shall
obtained or regulate the
guaranteed by the acquisition,
Government shall ownership, use,
be made available and disposition of
to the public. cralaw

property and its

Section 22. Acts increments. cralaw

which circumvent Section 2. The

or negate any of promotion of social
the provisions of justice shall
this Article shall be include the
considered inimical commitment to
create economic provided by law. cralaw

opportunities The State shall

based on freedom promote the
of initiative and principle of shared
self-reliance. responsibility
between workers
LABOR and employers and
Section 3. The the preferential
State shall afford use of voluntary
full protection to modes in settling
labor, local and disputes, including
overseas, conciliation, and
organized and shall enforce their
unorganized, mutual compliance
and promote full therewith to foster
employment and industrial peace.cralaw

equality of The State shall

employment regulate the
opportunities for relations between
all. workers and
It shall guarantee employers,
the rights of all recognizing the
workers to self- right of labor to its
organization, just share in the
collective fruits of production
bargaining and and the right of
negotiations, and enterprises to
peaceful concerted reasonable returns
activities, including to investments,
the right to strike and to expansion
in accordance with and growth.
law. They shall be
entitled to security AGRARIAN AND
of tenure, humane NATURAL
conditions of work, RESOURCES
and a living wage. REFORM
They shall also Section 4. The
participate in State shall, by law,
policy and undertake an
decision-making agrarian reform
processes affecting program founded
their rights and on the right of
benefits as may be farmers and
regular of farmers,
farmworkers who farmworkers, and
are landless, to landowners, as
own directly or well as
collectively the cooperatives, and
lands they till or, in other independent
the case of other farmers'
farmworkers, to organizations to
receive a just participate in the
share of the fruits planning,
thereof. To this organization, and
end, the State management of
shall encourage the program, and
and undertake the shall provide
just distribution of support to
all agricultural agriculture through
lands, subject to appropriate
such priorities and technology and
reasonable research, and
retention limits as adequate financial,
the Congress may production,
prescribe, taking marketing, and
into account other support
ecological, services. cralaw

developmental, or Section 6. The

equity State shall apply
considerations, the principles of
and subject to the agrarian reform or
payment of just stewardship,
compensation. In whenever
determining applicable in
retention limits, accordance with
the State shall law, in the
respect the right of disposition or
small landowners. utilization of other
The State shall natural resources,
further provide including lands of
incentives for the public domain
voluntary land- under lease or
sharing. concession suitable
Section 5. The to agriculture,
State shall subject to prior
recognize the right rights, homestead
rights of small protect, develop,
settlers, and the and conserve such
rights of resources. The
indigenous protection shall
communities to extend to offshore
their ancestral fishing grounds of
lands. cralaw subsistence
The State may fishermen against
resettle landless foreign intrusion.
farmers and Fishworkers shall
farmworkers in its receive a just
own agricultural share from their
estates which shall labor in the
be distributed to utilization of
them in the marine and fishing
manner provided resources. cralaw

by law. cralaw Section 8. The

Section 7. The State shall provide
State shall protect incentives to
the rights of landowners to
subsistence invest the
fishermen, proceeds of the
especially of local agrarian reform
communities, to program to
the preferential promote
use of the industrialization,
communal marine employment
and fishing creation, and
resources, both privatization of
inland and public sector
offshore. It shall enterprises.
provide support to Financial
such fishermen instruments used
through as payment for
appropriate their lands shall be
technology and honored as equity
research, adequate in enterprises of
financial, their choice.
production, and URBAN LAND
marketing REFORM AND
assistance, and HOUSING
other services. The Section 9. The
State shall also State shall, by law,
and for the undertaken
common good, without adequate
undertake, in consultation with
cooperation with them and the
the private sector, communities
a continuing where they are to
program of urban be relocated.
land reform and HEALTH
housing which will Section 11. The
make available at State shall adopt
affordable cost, an integrated and
decent housing comprehensive
and basic services approach to health
to under-privileged development
and homeless which shall
citizens in urban endeavor to make
centers and essential goods,
resettlement health and other
areas. It shall also social services
promote adequate available to all the
employment people at
opportunities to affordable cost.
such citizens. In There shall be
the priority for the
implementation of needs of the
such program the under-privileged,
State shall respect sick, elderly,
the rights of small disabled, women,
property owners. and children. The
Section 10. Urban State shall
or rural poor endeavor to
dwellers shall not provide free
be evicted nor medical care to
their dwelling paupers.
demolished, Section 12. The
except in State shall
accordance with establish and
law and in a just maintain an
and humane effective food and
manner. cralaw drug regulatory
No resettlement of system and
urban or rural undertake
dwellers shall be appropriate health,
manpower Section 15. The
development, and State shall respect
research, the role of
responsive to the independent
country's health people's
needs and organizations to
problems. cralaw enable the people
Section 13. The to pursue and
State shall protect, within the
establish a special democratic
agency for framework, their
disabled person for legitimate and
their rehabilitation, collective interests
self-development, and aspirations
and self-reliance, through peaceful
and their and lawful means.
integration into the People's
mainstream of organizations
society. are bona
fide associations of
WOMEN citizens with
Section 14. The demonstrated
State shall protect capacity to
working women by promote the public
providing safe and interest and with
healthful working identifiable
conditions, taking leadership,
into account their membership, and
maternal structure. cralaw

functions, and Section 16. The

such facilities and right of the people
opportunities that and their
will enhance their organizations to
welfare and enable effective and
them to realize reasonable
their full potential participation at all
in the service of levels of social,
the nation. political, and
economic decision-
ROLE AND making shall not
RIGHTS OF be abridged. The
PEOPLE'S State shall, by law,
ORGANIZATIONS facilitate the
establishment of annual
adequate appropriations of
consultation the Commission
mechanisms. shall be
automatically and
HUMAN RIGHTS regularly released. cralaw

Section 17. (1) Section 18. The

There is hereby Commission on
created an Human Rights
independent office shall have the
called the following powers
Commission on and functions: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary

Human Rights. (1) Investigate, on

(2) The its own or on
Commission shall complaint by any
be composed of a party, all forms of
Chairman and four human rights
Members who violations involving
must be natural- civil and political
born citizens of the rights;
Philippines and a (2) Adopt its
majority of whom operational
shall be members guidelines and
of the Bar. The rules of procedure,
term of office and and cite for
other qualifications contempt for
and disabilities of violations thereof
the Members of in accordance with
the Commission the Rules of Court;
shall be provided (3) Provide
by law. cralaw appropriate legal
(3) Until this measures for the
Commission is protection of
constituted, the human rights of all
existing persons within the
Presidential Philippines, as well
Committee on as Filipinos
Human Rights residing abroad,
shall continue to and provide for
exercise its preventive
present functions measures and
and powers. cralaw legal aid services
(4) The approved to the under-
privileged whose other evidence is
human rights have necessary or
been violated or convenient to
need protection; determine the
(4) Exercise truth in any
visitorial powers investigation
over jails, prisons, conducted by it or
or detention under its
facilities; authority;
(5) Establish a (9) Request the
continuing assistance of any
program of department,
research, bureau, office, or
education, and agency in the
information to performance of its
enhance respect functions;
for the primacy of (10) Appoint its
human rights; officers and
(6) Recommend to employees in
Congress effective accordance with
measures to law; and cralaw

promote human (11) Perform such

rights and to other duties and
provide for functions as may
compensation to be provided by
victims of law.cralaw

violations of Section 19. The

human rights, or Congress may
their families; provide for other
(7) Monitor the cases of violations
Philippine of human rights
Government's that should fall
compliance with within the
international treaty authority of the
obligations on Commission,
human rights; taking into account
(8) Grant its
immunity from recommendations.
prosecution to any
person whose ARTICLE
testimony or XIV
whose possession EDUCATION,
of documents or SCIENCE AND
 TECHNOLOGY, age;
ARTS, (3) Establish and
CULTURE AND maintain a system
SPORTS of scholarship
EDUCATION grants, student
Section 1. The loan programs,
State shall protect subsidies, and
and promote the other incentives
right of all citizens which shall be
to quality available to
education at all deserving students
levels, and shall in both public and
take appropriate private schools,
steps to make especially to the
such education under-privileged;
accessible to all. (4) Encourage
Section 2. The non-formal,
State shall: chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary informal, and
(1) Establish, indigenous
maintain, and learning systems,
support a as well as self-
complete, learning,
adequate, and independent, and
integrated system out-of-school
of education study programs
relevant to the particularly those
needs of the that respond to
people and community needs;
society; and cralaw

(2) Establish and (5) Provide adult

maintain, a system citizens, the
of free public disabled, and out-
education in the of-school youth
elementary and with training in
high school levels. civics, vocational
Without limiting efficiency, and
the natural rights other skills. cralaw

of parents to rear Section 3. (1) All

their children, educational
elementary institutions shall
education is include the study
compulsory for all of the Constitution
children of school as part of the
curricula. cralaw hours by
(2) They shall instructors
inculcate designated or
patriotism and approved by the
nationalism, foster religious
love of humanity, authorities of the
respect for human religion to which
rights, the children or
appreciation of the wards belong,
role of national without additional
heroes in the cost to the
historical Government. cralaw

development of Section 4.(1) The

the country, teach State recognizes
the rights and the
duties of complementary
citizenship, roles of public and
strengthen ethical private institutions
and spiritual in the educational
values, develop system and shall
moral character exercise
and personal reasonable
discipline, supervision and
encourage critical regulation of all
and creative educational
thinking, broaden institutions.
cralaw

scientific and (2) Educational

technological institutions, other
knowledge, and than those
promote vocational established by
efficiency. cralaw religious groups
(3) At the option and mission
expressed in boards, shall be
writing by the owned solely by
parents or citizens of the
guardians, religion Philippines or
shall be allowed to corporations or
be taught to their associations at
children or wards least sixty per
in public centum of the
elementary and capital of which is
high schools within owned by such
the regular class citizens. The
Congress may, and exclusively for
however, require educational
increased Filipino purposes shall be
equity participation exempt from taxes
in all educational and duties. Upon
institutions. cralaw the dissolution or
The control and cessation of the
administration of corporate
educational existence of such
institutions shall institutions, their
be vested in assets shall be
citizens of the disposed of in the
Philippines. cralaw manner provided
No educational by law. cralaw

institution shall be Proprietary

established educational
exclusively for institutions,
aliens and no including those
group of aliens cooperatively
shall comprise owned, may
more than one- likewise be entitled
third of the to such
enrollment in any exemptions,
school. The subject to the
provisions of this limitations
subsection shall provided by law,
not apply to including
schools established restrictions on
for foreign dividends and
diplomatic provisions for
personnel and reinvestment. cralaw

their dependents (4) Subject to

and, unless conditions
otherwise provided prescribed by law,
by law, for other all grants,
foreign temporary endowments,
residents. cralaw donations, or
(3) All revenues contributions used
and assets of non- actually, directly,
stock, non-profit and exclusively for
educational educational
institutions used purposes shall be
actually, directly, exempt from tax. cralaw
Section 5. (1) the ensure that
State shall take teaching will
into account attract and retain
regional and its rightful share of
sectoral needs and the best available
conditions and talents through
shall encourage adequate
local planning in remuneration and
the development other means of job
of educational satisfaction and
policies and fulfillment.
programs. cralaw

(2) Academic ARTS AND

freedom shall be CULTURE
enjoyed in all Section 14. The
institutions of State shall foster
higher learning. cralaw
the preservation,
(3) Every citizen enrichment, and
has a right to dynamic evolution
select a profession of a Filipino
or course of study, national culture
subject to fair, based on the
reasonable, and principle of unity in
equitable diversity in a
admission and climate of free
academic artistic and
requirements. cralaw
intellectual
(4) The State shall expression.
enhance the right Section 15. Arts
of teachers to and letters shall
professional enjoy the
advancement. patronage of the
Non-teaching State. The State
academic and non- shall conserve,
academic promote, and
personnel shall popularize the
enjoy the nation's historical
protection of the and cultural
State.cralaw
heritage and
(5) The State shall resources, as well
assign the highest as artistic
budgetary priority creations. cralaw

to education and Section 16. All the

country's artistic (2) The State shall
and historic wealth encourage and
constitutes the support researches
cultural treasure of and studies on the
the nation and arts and culture.
shall be under the
protection of the LANGUAGE
State which may Section 6. The
regulate its national language
disposition. cralaw of the Philippines
Section 17. The is Filipino. As it
State shall evolves, it shall be
recognize, respect, further developed
and protect the and enriched on
rights of the basis of
indigenous cultural existing Philippine
communities to and other
preserve and languages.
develop their Subject to
cultures, provisions of law
traditions, and and as the
institutions. It Congress may
shall consider deem appropriate,
these rights in the the Government
formulation of shall take steps to
national plans and initiate and sustain
policies.cralaw the use of Filipino
Section 18. (1) as a medium of
The State shall official
ensure equal communication
access to cultural and as language of
opportunities instruction in the
through the educational
educational system. cralaw

system, public or Section 7. For

private cultural purposes of
entities, communication
scholarships, and instruction,
grants and other the official
incentives, and languages of the
community cultural Philippines are
centers, and other Filipino and, until
public venues. cralaw otherwise provided
by law, English. cralaw SCIENCE AND
The regional TECHNOLOGY
languages are the Section 10.
auxiliary official Science and
languages in the technology are
regions and shall essential for
serve as auxiliary national
media of development and
instruction progress. The
therein. cralaw State shall give
Spanish and Arabic priority to research
shall be promoted and development,
on a voluntary and invention,
optional basis. cralaw innovation, and
Section 8. This their utilization;
Constitution shall and to science and
be promulgated in technology
Filipino and English education,
and shall be training, and
translated into services. It shall
major regional support
languages, Arabic, indigenous,
and Spanish. cralaw appropriate, and
Section 9. The self-reliant
Congress shall scientific and
establish a technological
national language capabilities, and
commission their application to
composed of the country's
representatives of productive
various regions systems and
and disciplines national life.
which shall Section 11. The
undertake, Congress may
coordinate, and provide for
promote incentives,
researches for the including tax
development, deductions, to
propagation, and encourage private
preservation of participation in
Filipino and other programs of basic
languages. and applied
scientific research.
Scholarships, property and
grants-in-aid, or creations,
other forms of particularly when
incentives shall be beneficial to the
provided to people, for such
deserving science period as may be
students, provided by law.
researchers,
scientists, SPORTS
inventors, Section 19. (1)
technologists, and The State shall
specially gifted promote physical
citizens.cralaw education and
Section 12. The encourage sports
State shall programs, league
regulate the competitions, and
transfer and amateur sports,
promote the including training
adaptation of for international
technology from all competitions, to
sources for the foster self-
national benefit. It discipline,
shall encourage teamwork, and
the widest excellence for the
participation of development of a
private groups, healthy and alert
local governments, citizenry.
and community-
based
organizations in (2) All educational
the generation and institutions shall
utilization of undertake regular
science and sports activities
technology. cralaw throughout the
Section 13. The country in
State shall protect cooperation with
and secure the athletic clubs and
exclusive rights of other sectors.
scientists,
inventors, artists, ARTICLE XV
and other gifted THE FAMILY
citizens to their Section 1. The
intellectual State recognizes
the Filipino family the family to a
as the foundation family living wage
of the nation. and income; and
Accordingly, it shall (4) The right of
strengthen its families or family
solidarity and associations to
actively promote participate in the
its total planning and
development. implementation of
Section 2. policies and
Marriage, as an programs that
inviolable social affect them.
institution, is the Section 4. The
foundation of the family has the
family and shall be duty to care for its
protected by the elderly members
State. cralaw but the State may
Section 3. The also do so through
State shall just programs of
defend: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary social security.
(1) The right of
spouses to found a ARTICLE
family in XVI
accordance with GENERAL
their religious PROVISIONS
convictions and Section 1. The flag
the demands of of the Philippines
responsible shall be red, white,
parenthood; and blue, with a
(2) The right of sun and three
children to stars, as
assistance, consecrated and
including proper honored by the
care and nutrition, people and
and special recognized by law.
protection from all Section 2. The
forms of neglect, Congress may, by
abuse, cruelty, law, adopt a new
exploitation and name for the
other conditions country, a national
prejudicial to their anthem, or a
development; national seal,
(3) The right of which shall all be
truly reflective and respect for
symbolic of the people's rights in
ideals, history, and the performance of
traditions of the their duty. cralaw

people. Such law (3) Professionalism

shall take effect in the armed
only upon its forces and
ratification by the adequate
people in a remuneration and
national benefits of its
referendum. cralaw members shall be
Section 3. The a prime concern of
State may not be the State. The
sued without its armed forces shall
consent. cralaw be insulated from
Section 4. The partisan politics. cralaw

Armed Forces of No member of the

the Philippines military shall
shall be composed engage, directly or
of a citizen armed indirectly, in any
force which shall partisan political
undergo military activity, except to
training and serve vote. cralaw

as may be (4) No member of

provided by law. It the armed forces
shall keep a in the active
regular force service shall, at
necessary for the any time, be
security of the appointed or
State. cralaw designated in any
Section 5. (1) All capacity to a
members of the civilian position in
armed forces shall the Government,
take an oath or including
affirmation to government-
uphold and defend owned or
this Constitution. cralaw controlled
(2) The State shall corporations or
strengthen the any of their
patriotic spirit and subsidiaries. cralaw

nationalist (5) Laws on

consciousness of retirement of
the military, and military officers
shall not allow by law. cralaw

extension of their Section 7. The

service. cralaw State shall provide
(6) The officers immediate and
and men of the adequate care,
regular force of the benefits, and other
armed forces shall forms of assistance
be recruited to war veterans
proportionately and veterans of
from all provinces military
and cities as far as campaigns, their
practicable. cralaw surviving spouses
(7) The tour of and orphans.
duty of the Chief Funds shall be
of Staff of the provided therefor
armed forces shall and due
not exceed three consideration shall
years. However, in be given them in
times of war or the disposition of
other national agricultural lands
emergency of the public
declared by the domain and, in
Congress, the appropriate cases,
President may in the utilization of
extend such tour natural resources. cralaw

of duty.cralaw Section 8. The

Section 6. The State shall, from
State shall time to time,
establish and review to increase
maintain one the pensions and
police force, which other benefits due
shall be national in to retirees of both
scope and civilian the government
in character, to be and the private
administered and sectors. cralaw

controlled by a Section 9. The

national police State shall protect
commission. The consumers from
authority of local trade malpractices
executives over and from
the police units in substandard or
their jurisdiction hazardous
shall be provided products. cralaw
Section 10. The requires. No
State shall provide combinations in
the policy restraint of trade
environment for or unfair
the full competition
development of therein shall be
Filipino capability allowed. cralaw

and the (2) The advertising

emergence of industry is
communication impressed with
structures suitable public interest, and
to the needs and shall be regulated
aspirations of the by law for the
nation and the protection of
balanced flow of consumers and the
information into, promotion of the
out of, and across general welfare. cralaw

the country, in Only Filipino

accordance with a citizens or
policy that corporations or
respects the associations at
freedom of speech least seventy per
and of the press. cralaw centum of the
Section 11. (1) capital of which is
The ownership and owned by such
management of citizens shall be
mass media shall allowed to engage
be limited to in the advertising
citizens of the industry. cralaw

Philippines, or to The participation

corporations, of foreign investors
cooperatives or in the governing
associations, body of entities in
wholly-owned and such industry shall
managed by such be limited to their
citizens.cralaw proportionate
The Congress shall share in the capital
regulate or thereof, and all the
prohibit executive and
monopolies in managing officers
commercial mass of such entities
media when the must be citizens of
public interest so the Philippines. cralaw
Section 12. The must be
Congress may represented by at
create a least three per
consultative body centum of the
to advise the registered voters
President on therein. No
policies affecting amendment under
indigenous cultural this section shall
communities, the be authorized
majority of the within five years
members of which following the
shall come from ratification of this
such communities. Constitution nor
oftener than once
ARTICLE every five years
XVII thereafter.
AMENDMENTS The Congress shall
OR REVISIONS provide for the
Section 1. Any implementation of
amendment to, or the exercise of this
revision of, this right.cralaw

Constitution may Section 3. The

be proposed by: chanroble svirtuallawlibrary
Congress may, by
(1) The Congress, a vote of two-
upon a vote of thirds of all its
three-fourths of all Members, call a
its Members; or constitutional
(2) A constitutional convention, or by
convention. a majority vote of
Section 2. all its Members,
Amendments to submit to the
this Constitution electorate the
may likewise be question of calling
directly proposed such a
by the people convention. cralaw

through initiative Section 4. Any

upon a petition of amendment to, or
at least twelve per revision of, this
centum of the total Constitution under
number of Section 1 hereof
registered voters, shall be valid when
of which every ratified by a
legislative district majority of the
votes cast in a which may be
plebiscite which simultaneous with
shall be held not the election of the
earlier than sixty Members of the
days nor later than Congress. It shall
ninety days after include the
the approval of election of all
such amendment Members of the
or revision.cralaw city or municipal
Any amendment councils in the
under Section 2 Metropolitan
hereof shall be Manila area. cralaw

valid when ratified Section 2. The

by a majority of Senators,
the votes cast in a Members of the
plebiscite which House of
shall be held not Representatives,
earlier than sixty and the local
days nor later than officials first
ninety days after elected under this
the certification by Constitution shall
the Commission on serve until noon of
Elections of the June 30, 1992. cralaw

sufficiency of the Of the Senators

petition. elected in the
elections in 1992,
ARTICLE the first twelve
XVIII obtaining the
TRANSITORY highest number of
PROVISIONS votes shall serve
Section 1. The first for six years and
elections of the remaining
Members of the twelve for three
Congress under years. cralaw

this Constitution Section 3. All

shall be held on existing laws,
the second Monday decrees, executive
of May, 1987. orders,
The first local proclamations,
elections shall be letters of
held on a date to instructions, and
be determined by other executive
the President, issuances not
inconsistent with President shall
this Constitution continue to
shall remain exercise legislative
operative until powers until the
amended, first Congress is
repealed, or convened. cralaw

revoked. cralaw Section 7. Until a

Section 4. All law is passed, the
existing treaties or President may fill
international by appointment
agreements which from a list of
have not been nominees by the
ratified shall not respective sectors,
be renewed or the seats reserved
extended without for sectoral
the concurrence of representation in
at least two-thirds paragraph (2),
of all the Members Section 5 of Article
of the Senate. cralaw V1 of this
Section 5. The six- Constitution. cralaw

year term of the Section 8. Until

incumbent otherwise provided
President and by the Congress,
Vice-President the President may
elected in the constitute the
February 7, 1986 Metropolitan
election is, for Manila Authority to
purposes of be composed of
synchronization of the heads of all
elections, hereby local government
extended to noon units comprising
of June 30, 1992. cralaw the Metropolitan
The first regular Manila area. cralaw

elections for the Section 9. A sub-

President and province shall
Vice-President continue to exist
under this and operate until it
Constitution shall is converted into a
be held on the regular province or
second Monday of until its component
May, 1992. cralaw municipalities are
Section 6. The reverted to the
incumbent mother province. cralaw
Section 10. All a systematic plan
courts existing at to expedite the
the time of the decision or
ratification of this resolution of cases
Constitution shall or matters pending
continue to in the Supreme
exercise their Court or the lower
jurisdiction, until courts prior to the
otherwise provided effectivity of this
by law. The Constitution. A
provisions of the similar plan shall
existing Rules of be adopted for all
Court, judiciary special courts and
acts, and quasi-judicial
procedural laws bodies.cralaw

not inconsistent Section 13. The

with this legal effect of the
Constitution shall lapse, before the
remain operative ratification of this
unless amended or Constitution, of the
repealed by the applicable period
Supreme Court or for the decision or
the Congress. cralaw resolution of the
Section 11. The cases or matters
incumbent submitted for
Members of the adjudication by the
Judiciary shall courts, shall be
continue in office determined by the
until they reach Supreme Court as
the age of seventy soon as
years or become practicable. cralaw

incapacitated to Section 14. The

discharge the provisions of
duties of their paragraphs (3)
office or are and (4), Section
removed for 15 of Article VIII of
cause. cralaw this Constitution
Section 12. The shall apply to
Supreme Court cases or matters
shall, within one filed before the
year after the ratification of this
ratification of this Constitution, when
Constitution, adopt the applicable
period lapses after 1986 and the
such ratification. cralaw reorganization
Section 15. The following the
incumbent ratification of this
Members of the Constitution shall
Civil Service be entitled to
Commission, the appropriate
Commission on separation pay and
Elections, and the to retirement and
Commission on other benefits
Audit shall accruing to them
continue in office under the laws of
for one year after general application
the ratification of in force at the time
this Constitution, of their separation.
unless they are In lieu thereof, at
sooner removed the option of the
for cause or employees, they
become may be considered
incapacitated to for employment in
discharge the the Government or
duties of their in any of its
office or appointed subdivisions,
to a new term instrumentalities,
thereunder. In no or agencies,
case shall any including
Member serve government-
longer than seven owned or
years including controlled
service before the corporations and
ratification of this their subsidiaries.
Constitution. cralaw This provision also
Section 16. Career applies to career
civil service officers whose
employees resignation,
separated from the tendered in line
service not for with the existing
cause but as a policy, had been
result of the accepted. cralaw

reorganization Section 17. Until

pursuant to the Congress
Proclamation No. 3 provides
dated March 25, otherwise, the
President shall officials and
receive an annual employees of the
salary of three National
hundred thousand Government. cralaw

pesos; the Vice- Section 19. All

President, the properties,
President of the records,
Senate, the equipment,
Speaker of the buildings, facilities,
House of and other assets of
Representatives, any office or body
and the Chief abolished or
Justice of the reorganized under
Supreme Court, Proclamation No. 3
two hundred forty dated March 25,
thousand pesos 1986 or this
each; the Constitution shall
Senators, the be transferred to
Members of the the office or body
House of to which its
Representatives, powers, functions,
the Associate and responsibilities
Justices of the substantially
Supreme Court, pertain. cralaw

and the Chairmen Section 20. The

of the first Congress shall
Constitutional give priority to the
Commissions, two determination of
hundred four the period for the
thousand pesos full implementation
each; and the of free public
Members of the secondary
Constitutional education. cralaw

Commissions, one Section 21. The

hundred eighty Congress shall
thousand pesos provide efficacious
each. cralaw procedures and
Section 18. At the adequate remedies
earliest possible for the reversion
time, the to the State of all
Government shall lands of the public
increase the salary domain and real
scales of the other rights connected
therewith which requirement
were acquired in therein. cralaw

violation of the Section 24. Private

Constitution or the armies and other
public land laws, armed groups not
or through corrupt recognized by duly
practices. No constituted
transfer or authority shall be
disposition of such dismantled. All
lands or real rights paramilitary forces
shall be allowed including Civilian
until after the Home Defense
lapse of one year Forces not
from the consistent with the
ratification of this citizen armed force
Constitution. cralaw established in this
Section 22. At the Constitution, shall
earliest possible be dissolved or,
time, the where appropriate,
Government shall converted into the
expropriate idle or regular force. cralaw

abandoned Section 25. After

agricultural lands the expiration in
as may be defined 1991 of the
by law, for Agreement
distribution to the between the
beneficiaries of the Republic of the
agrarian reform Philippines and the
program. cralaw United States of
Section 23. America
Advertising entities concerning military
affected by bases, foreign
paragraph (2), military bases,
Section 11 of troops, or facilities
Article XV1 of this shall not be
Constitution shall allowed in the
have five years Philippines except
from its ratification under a treaty duly
to comply on a concurred in by
graduated and the Senate and,
proportionate basis when the Congress
with the minimum so requires,
Filipino ownership ratified by a
majority of the registered with the
votes cast by the proper court. For
people in a orders issued
national before the
referendum held ratification of this
for that purpose, Constitution, the
and recognized as corresponding
a treaty by the judicial action or
other contracting proceeding shall
State.cralaw be filed within six
Section 26. The months from its
authority to issue ratification. For
sequestration or those issued after
freeze orders such ratification,
under the judicial action
Proclamation No. 3 or proceeding shall
dated March 25, be commenced
1986 in relation to within six months
the recovery of ill- from the issuance
gotten wealth shall thereof. cralaw

remain operative The sequestration

for not more than or freeze order is
eighteen months deemed
after the automatically lifted
ratification of this if no judicial action
Constitution. or proceeding is
However, in the commenced as
national interest, herein provided. cralaw

as certified by the Section 27. This

President, the Constitution shall
Congress may take effect
extend such immediately upon
period. cralaw its ratification by a
A sequestration or majority of the
freeze order shall votes cast in a
be issued only plebiscite held for
upon showing of the purpose and
a prima facie case. shall supersede all
The order and the previous
list of the Constitutions. cralaw

sequestered or The foregoing

frozen properties proposed
shall forthwith be Constitution of the
Republic of the B.
Philippines was Padill
approved by the a
Constitutional
Commission of
1986 on the Vice-
twelfth day of Presi
October, Nineteen dent
hundred and
eighty-six, and
accordingly signed Napol
on the fifteenth eon
day of October, G.
Nineteen hundred Rama
and eighty-six at
the Plenary Hall,
National
Government Floor
Center, Quezon Leade
City, by the r
Commissioners
whose signatures
are hereunder Ahma
affixed. d
Adopted:chanroble svirtuallawlibrary Domo
cao
Alont
o
Cecili
a Jose
Muno D.
z Calde
Palma ron
Assist
ant
Floor
Presi Leade
dent r

Assist
ant
Ambr Floor
osio Leade
r de
Castr
Yusuf o
R.
Abub Jose
akar C.
Colay
Felicit co
as S. Rober
Aquin to R.
o Conce
Adolf pcion
o S.
Azcun
a Hilari
o G.
Teodo David
ro C. e, Jr.
Bacan Vicent
i e B.
Jose Foz
F. S.
Bengz
on, Edmu
Jr. ndo
G.
Ponci Garci
ano a
L. Jose
Benn Luis
agen Marti
Joaqu n C.
in G. Gasco
Berna n
s Serafi
n V.C.
Floran Guing
gel ona
Rosari Albert
o o M.
Braid K.
Crispi Jamir
no M.
Jose nz D.
B. Regal
Laurel ado
, Jr.
Eulogi
o R. Rustic
Leru o F.
m de los
Reyes
Regal , Jr.
ado Cirilo
E. A.
Maam Rigos
bong
Christ
ian S. Franci
Mons sco A.
od Rodri
go
Ricar
Teodu do J.
lo C. Romu
Nativi lo
dad
Ma. Decor
Teres oso
a F. R.
Nieva Rosal
es
Jose Rene
N. V.
Nolle Sarmi
do ento
Blas
F. Jose
Ople E.
Suare
Mind z
a Luz Loren
M. zo M.
Ques Sumu
ada long
Flore
 General
Jaime
S. L.
Tadeo

Christ ORDINANCE
ine O. APPORTIONING
Tan THE SEATS OF
THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIV
Grego ES OF THE
rio J. CONGRESS OF
Tings THE
on PHILIPPINES TO
Efrain THE DIFFERENT
B. LEGISLATIVE
Trena DISTRICTS IN
s PROVINCES AND
CITIES AND THE
Lugu METROPOLITAN
m L. MANILA AREA
Uka Section 1. For
Wilfri purposes of the
do V. election of
Villac Members of the
orta House of
Representatives of
the First Congress
Berna of the Philippines
rdo under the
M. Constitution
Villeg proposed by the
as 1986
Constitutional
Attest Commission and
ed by subsequent
: elections, and until
otherwise provided
by law, the
Flerida Ruth P. Members thereof
Romero shall be elected
from legislative
Secretary- districts
apportioned Barangays Nos.
among the 147-267, N - City
provinces, cities, boundary between
and the Manila and
Metropolitan Caloocan; E - From
Manila Area as end of Rizal
follows: Avenue Extension
cralaw
extending
southward to
Railroad Tracks at
METROPOLITAN Antipolo Street;
MANILA AREA from corner
MANILA, six (6) - Antipolo Street
First District: and Rizal Avenue
Barangays Nos. 1- on southern side of
146, N-City Railroad Tracks
Boundary between extending
Manila and westward to Estero
Caloocan; E - From de San Lazaro,
Estero de Sunog southward along
Apog going South Estero de San
to Estero de Vitas Lazaro up to
up to the bridge corner of C. M.
spanning Juan Recto Avenue
Luna Street, westward to bridge
eastward to spanning Claro M.
Tayuman Street up Recto at Estero de
to the Railroad la Reina; W -
Tracks along Estero de la Reina
Dagupan Street, to Estero de Vitas
thence southward to Estero Sunog
to Claro M. Recto Apog to City
Avenue; SE - From boundary between
point Claro M. Manila and
Recto Avenue Caloocan; Third
extending District: Barangays
westward to Manila Nos. 268-394, N -
Bay; W - Manila City boundary
Bay northward to between Manila
City boundary and Caloocan; E -
between Manila A. Bonifacio Street
and Caloocan. extending
Second District: southward to
Dimasalang, to City up to Ramon
Anda-lucia, Claro Magsaysay
M. Recto Avenue Boulevard; SE -
eastward to Estero Ramon Magsaysay
de San Miguel Boulevard up to V.
ending at Pasig Mapa Street; S -
River; S - Mouth of Ramon Magsaysay
Estero de San Boulevard up to
Miguel at Pasig point Estero de
River, westward to San Miguel where
Del Pan Bridge, Ramon Magsaysay
thence to Del Pan Boulevard spans
Street; W - Del Estero de San
Pan Street Miguel; Fifth
northward up to District: Barangays
Claro M. Recto Nos. 649-828 N -
Extension to Mouth of Pasig
Estero de San River inland to
Lazaro, northward point Paz M.
to Antipolo Street, Guanzon Street
eastward to Rizal extending to
Avenue Extension, Estero de
northward to Pandacan; NE -
boundary between Estero de
Manila and Pandacan up to
Caloocan; Fourth Pedro Gil Street to
District: Barangays Tejeron Street up
Nos. 395 - 586 SW to boundary of
- Estero de San Manila and Makati;
Miguel up to SE - City boundary
Mendiola Bridge, between Manila
thence to C. M. and Makati up to
Recto Avenue to Estero de Tripa de
Quezon Boulevard; Gallina; S - City
W - Quezon boundary between
Boulevard, Pasay and Manila
Andalucia, down to Roxas
Dimasalang up to Boulevard up to
boundary between edge of reclaimed
Manila and Quezon areas westward to
City; NE - City Manila Bay; W -
boundary between Manila Bay up to
Manila and Quezon mouth of Pasig
River, Sixth up to Pasig River
District: Barangays to mouth of Estero
Nos. 587-648; and de San Miguel on
829-905 N - Pasig River.
Starting from point QUEZON CITY, four
which is mouth of (4) - First District :
Estero de San Barangays Del
Miguel going Monte, Paltok,
eastward to Bungad, San
Mendiola Bridge, Antonio,
following line along Katipunan,
Estero de San Veterans Village,
Miguel up to point Talayan, Damayan,
where Ramon Mariblo, Paraiso,
Magsaysay Sta. Cruz, Nayong
Boulevard Kanluran, Philam,
eastward to City West Triangle, N.S.
boundary between Amoranto, Paang
Manila and Quezon Bundok, San Isidro
Cityl; NE - City Labrador, Sta.
boundary up to Teresita,
point city Salvacion,
boundary of Maharlika, St.
Manila, San Juan Peter, Lourdes,
and Quezon City; Sto. Domingo,
E - Manila-San Sienna, San Jose,
Juan- Manresa, Pag-ibig
Mandaluyong- sa Nayon,
Makati boundaries Balingasa,
up to Tejeron Masambong,
Street; SE - Damar, Bahay
Tejeron Street to Toro, St. Cristo,
Pedro Gil Street up Ramon Magsaysay,
to bridge spanning Project 6, Vasra,
Estero de Alicia, and Bagong
Pandacan; SW & W Pag-asa; Second
- Estero de District: Barangays
Pandacan going Fairview, New Era,
northward to Paz Holy Spirit,
M. Guanzon Batasan Hills,
Street, then Commonwealth,
northward on Paz Payatas, Bagong
M. Guazon Street Silangan, Sauyo,
Talipapa, Bagbag, Matandang Balara;
San Bartolome, Fourth District:
Sta. Lucia, Gulod, Barangays Bagong
Novaliches Proper, Lipunan,
San Agustin, Kaunlaran, San
Nagkaisang Nayon, Martin,
Sta. Monica, Immaculate
Kaligayahan, Concepcion, South
Pasong Putik, Triangle, Sacred
Apolonio Samson, Heart, Laging
Unang Sigaw, Handa, Paligsahan,
Tandang Sora, Obrero, Roxas,
Pasong Tamo, Kamuning,
Culiat, Baesa, Kanluran,
Capri, Balumbato, Kamuning
and Sangandaan: Silangan, Tatalon,
Third District : Don Manuel, Dona
Barangays E. Josefa, San Isidro,
Rodriguez, Dona Aurora,
Silangan, Quirino Santo Nino,
3-A, Duyan-Duyan, Santol, Dona
Quirino 3-B, Imelda, Kristong
Amihan, Socorro, Hari, Kalusugan,
San Roque, Damayang Lagi,
Manga, Zobel Mariana, Valencia,
Dioquino, Horseshoe,
Tagumpay, Pinagkaisahan,
Aguinaldo, Escopa San Vicente, U.P.
1, Escopa 2, Campus, Krus Na
Escopa 3, Escopa Ligas, Central, Old
4, West Kamias, Capital Site, U.P.
East Kamias, Village, Teacher's
Quirino 2 A, East, Teacher's
Quririno 2 B, West, Sikatuna,
Quirino 2 C, Ugong Malaya, Pinahan,
Norte, and Botocan. cralaw

Bagumbayan, CALOOCAN CITY,

Libis, Villa Maria two (2) - First
Clara, Masagana, District : 70
Milagrosa, Marilag, Barangays; All of
Bagumbayan, Caloocan North
Loyola Heights, EDSA; Second
Pansol, and District: 118
Barangays; All of Dumalneg; Second
Caloocan South District:
EDSA. cralaw Municipalities of
PASAY CITY, one Badoc, Batac,
(1) Currimao, Dingras,
MALABON and Espiritu, Marcos,
NAVOTAS, one (1) Nueva Era, Paoay,
SAN JUAN and Pinili, San Nicolas,
MANDALUYONG, and Solsona. cralaw

one (1) ILOCOS SUR, two

MARIKINA, one (1) (2) - First District:
MAKATI, one (1) Municipalities of
PASIG, one (1) Bantay, Cabugao,
PARANAQUE, one Caoayan,
(1) Magsingal, San
LAS PINAS and Ildefonso, San
MUNTINGLUPA, Juan, San Vicente,
one (1) San Catalina,
PATEROS and Santo Domingo,
TAGUIG, one (1) Sinait, and Vigan;
VALENZUELA, one Second District:
(1) Municipalities of
Alilem, Banayoyo,
REGION I Burgos, Candon,
ABRA, one (1) Cervantes,
BENGUET, with the Galimuyod,
City of Baguio, two Gregorio del Pilar,
(2) - First District: Lidlidda, Nagbukel,
Baguio City; Narvacan, Quirino,
Second District: all Salcedo, San
the Municipalities Emilio, San
of Benguet. cralaw

Esteban, Santa,
ILOCOS NORTE, Santa Cruz, Santa
with Laog City, two Lucia, Santa Maria,
(2) - First District: Santiago, Suyo,
Laoag City and the Tagudin, Sigay,
Municipalities of and Sugpon. cralaw

Bacarra, Bangui, LA UNION, two (2)

Burgos, Pagud- - First District :
Pagud, Pasuquin, Municipalities of
Piddig, Sarrat, Bacnotan,
Vintar, Adams, Balaoan, Bangar,
Carasi, and Luna, San
Fernando, San Fourth District:
Gabriel, San Juan, Dagupan City and
Santol, and the Municipalities
Sudipen; Second of Mangaldan, San
District: Fabian, San
Municipalities of Jacinto, and
Agoo, Aringay, Manaoag; Fifth
Bagulin, Bauang, District:
Burgos, Caba, Municipalities of
Naguilian, Pugo, Binalonan, Laoac,
Rosario, Santo Urdaneta, Villasis,
Tomas, and Sison, Pozorrubio,
Tubao. cralaw Bautista, Alcala,
MOUNTAIN and Sto. Tomas;
PROVINCE, one (1) Sixth District:
PANGASINAN, with Municipalities of
the Cities of Rosales, Asingan,
Dagupan and San Balungao, Sta.
Carlos, six (6) - Maria, Umingan,
First District: San Quintin,
Municipalities of Natividad, Tayug,
Bolinao, Bani, San Nicolas, and
Agno, Burgos, San Manuel.
Dasol, Infanta,
Mabini, Alaminos, REGION II
Anda and Sual; BATANES, one (1)
Second District: CAGAYAN, three
Municipalities of (3) - First District:
Labrador, Municipalities of
Lingayen, Aparri,
Bugallon, Aguilar, Camalaniugan,
Mangatarem, Lallo, Buguey, Sta.
Binmaley, Teresita, Gonzaga,
Urbiztondo, and Sta. Ana,
Basista; Third Gattaran, Baggao,
District: San and Alcala; Second
Carlos City, and District:
the Municipalities Municipalities of
of Malasiqui, Sta. Praxedes,
Bayambang, Sanchez Mira,
Calasiao, Claveria,
Mapandan, and Pamplona, Abulug,
Sta. Barbara; Ballesteros,
Allacapan, Lasam, San Agustin, and
Sto. Nino, Rizal, Dinapigui.cralaw

Piat, and Calayan; KALINGA-APAYAO,

Third District: one (1)
Municipalities of NUEVA VIZCAYA,
Tuguegarao, one (1)
Solana, Enrile, QUIRINO, one (1)
Penablanca, Iguig,
Amulung, and REGION III
Tuao. cralaw
BATAAN, two (2) -
IFUGAO, one (1) First District:
ISABELA, four (4) Municipalities of
- First District: Dinalupihan,
Municipalities of Hermosa, Orani,
Sta. Maria, San Samal, Abucay,
Pablo, Cabagan, and Morong,
Sto. Tomas, Second District:
Albano, Tumauini, Municipalities of
Ilagan, Divilican, Pilar, Orion, Limay,
Maconacon, and Bagac, Mariveles,
Palanan; Second and Balanga.
District: BULACAN, four (4)
Municipalities of - First District :
Aurora, San Municipalities of
Manuel, Roxas, Hagonoy,
Mallig, Quezon, Paombong,
Quirino, Burgos, Malolos, Calumpit,
Gamu, Naguilian, Pulilan, and
Benito Soliven, An Bulacan; Second
Mariano; Third Distict:
District: Municipalities
Municipalities of Baliuag, Bustos,
Reina Mercedes, Plaridel, Guiguinto,
Cauayan, Luna, Balagtas, Pandi,
Cabatuan, San and Bocaue; Third
Mateo, Alicia, District:
Angadanan, and Municipalities of
San Guillermo; San Miguel, San
Fourth District: Ildefonso, San
Municipalities Rafael, Angat,
Cordon, Santiango, Norzagaray, and
Ramon, San Isidro, Remedios Trinidad;
Echague, Jones, Fourth District:
Municipalities of Jaen.cralaw

San Jose del PAMPANGA, with

Monte, Sta. Maria, Angeles City, four
Marilao, (4) - First District :
Meycauayan,, and Angeles City and
Obando. cralaw the Municipalities
NUEVA ECIJA, with of Mabalacat and
the Cities of Magalang; Second
Cabanatuan, District:
Palayan and San Municipalities of
Jose, four (4) - Lubao, Guagua,
First District: Floridablanca,
Municipalities of Porac, Sta. Rita,
Nampicuan, and Sexmoan;
Cuyapo, Guimba, Third District:
Quezon, Talavera, Municipalities of
Licab, Sto. San Fernando,
Domingo, Aliaga, Arayat, Mexico,
and Zaragoza, Bacolor, and Sta.
Second District: ana; Fourth
San Jose City and District:
the Municipalities Municipalities of
of Lupao, Munoz, Candaba, Apalit,
Talugtog, Macabebe,
Caranglan, Masantol, Minalin,
Pantabangan, Sto. Tomas, San
Lanera, and Rizal; Luis, and San
Third District: Simon. cralaw

Cabanatuan City; TARLAC, three (3)

Palayan City, and - First District:
the Municipalities Municipalities of
of General Mayantoc, Sta.
Natividad, Ignacia, Camiling,
Bongabong, Laur, Moncada, San
Gabaldon, and Sta. Manuel, Anao,
Rosa, Fourth Paniqui, Ramos,
District: San Clemente, and
Municipalities fof Pura; Second
San Leonardo, District:
General Tinio, Municipalities of
Penaranda, Gapan, Tarlac, Gerona,
San Isidro, Cabiao, and Victoria; Third
San Antonio, and District:
Municipalities of District:
Bamban, Capas, Municipalities of
Concepcion, and Balete, Malvar,
La Paz. cralaw Sto. Tomas,
ZAMBALES, with Tanauan, Talisay,
Olongapo City, two Laurel, Agoncillo,
(2) - First District: San Nicolas, Sta.
Olongapo City and Teresita, Alitagtag,
the Municipalities Cuenca, and
of Subic, Mataas na Kahoy;
Castillejos, and Fourth District :
San Marcelino, Lipa City and the
Second District: Municipalities of
Municipalities of San Juan, Taysan,
Botolan, Rosario, P. Garcia,
Cabangan, Ibaan, and San
Candelaria, Iba, Jose.cralaw

Masinloc, Palauig, CAVITE, with the

San Antonio, San Cities of Tagaytay,
Felipe, San Cavite and Trece
Narciso, and Sta. Martires, three (30
Cruz. - First District:
Cavite City and the
REGION IV Municipalities of
AURORA, one (1) Bacoor, Kawit,
BATANGAS, with Noveleta, and
the Cities of Rosario; Second
Batangas and Lipa, District: Trece
four (4) - First Martires City and
District: the Municipalities
Municipalities of of Imus,
Nasugbu, Lian, Dasmarinas,
Calatagan, Carmona, Gen.
Balayan, Tuy, Mariano Alvarez,
Calaca, Lemery, General Trias, and
and Taal; Second Tanza; Third
District: Batangas District: Tagaytay
City and the City and the
Municipalities of Municipalities of
Lobo, San Pascual, Alfonso, Amadeo,
Bauan, Mabini, General Aguinaldo,
San Luis, and Indang,
Tingloy; Third Magallanes,
Maragondon, Galera, San
Mendez-Nunez, Teodoro, Victoria,
Naic, Silang, and Pola, and Socorro;
Ternate. cralaw Second District:
LAGUNA, with San Municipalities of
Pablo City, four (4) Bansud,
- First District: Bongabon,
Municipalities of Bulalakao, Gloria,
Binan, San Pedro Mansalay,
and Sta. Rosa; Pinamalayan, and
Second District: Roxas. cralaw

Municipalities of PALAWAN, with

Bay, Cabuyao, Puerto Princesa
Calamba, and Los City, two (2) - First
Banos; Third District:
District: San Pablo Municipalities of
City and the Agutaya, Araceli,
Municipalities of Busuanga,
Calauan, Alaminos, Cagayancillo,
Rizal, Nagcarlan, Coron, Cuyo,
Liliw, and Victoria: Dumaran, El Nido,
Fourth District: Linapacan,
Municipalities of Magsaysay, Roxas,
Sta. Cruz, Pila, San Vicente,
Lumban, Taytay, and
Pagsanjan, Cavinti, Kalayaan; Second
Kalayaan, Paete, District: Puerto
Pakil, Pangil, Princesa City and
Siniloan, Famy, the Municipalities
Mabitac, Sta. of Aborlan,
Maria, Magdalena, Balabac, Batarasa,
Luisiana, and Brooke's Point,
Majayjay. cralaw Narra, Quezon,
MARINDUQUE, one and Marcos. cralaw

(1) QUEZON, with

OCCIDENTAL Lucena City, four
MINDORO, one (1) (4) - First District:
ORIENTAL Municipalities of
MINDORO, two (2) Burdeos, Gen.
- First District: Nakar, Infanta,
Municipalities of Jumalig,
Baco, Calapan, Panukulan,
Naujan, Puerto Patnanungan,
Polilio, Real, Baras, Tanay,
Sampaloc, Pililla, and Jala-
Mauban, Pagbilao, Jala.
cralaw

Lucban, and ROMBLON, one

Tayabas; Second (1)
District: Lucena
city and REGION V
Municipalities of ALBAY, with
Candelaria, Legazpi City, three
Dolores, San (3) - First District:
Antonio, Sariaya, Municipalities of
and Tiaong; Third Bacacay, Malinao,
District: Malilipot, Santo
Municipalities of Domingo, Tabaco,
Catanauan, Gen. and Tiwi, Second
Luna, Macalelon, District: Legazpi
Mulanay, Pitogo, City and the
San Andres, San Municipalities of
Francisco, San Camalig, Daraga,
Narciso, Manito, and Rapu-
Buenavista, Padre Rapu; Third
Burgos, Agdangan, District:
and Unisan; Fourth Municipalities of
District: Guinobatan,
Municipalities of Jovellar, Libon,
Calauag, Ligao, Oas, Pio
Guinayangan, Duran, and
Gumaca, Lopez, Polangui.
Tagkawayan, CAMARINES
Atimonan, Plaridel, NORTE, one (1)
Alabat, Perez, and CAMARINES SUR,
Quezon including the Cities
RIZAL, two (2) - of Naga and Iriga,
First District: four (4) - First
Municipalities of District:
Antipolo, Taytay, Municipalities of
Cainta, Angono, Del Gallego,
and Binangonan; Ragay, Lupi,
Second District: Sipocot, Libmanan,
Municipalities of E. Cabusao,
Rodriguez, San Pamplona,
Mateo, Morong, Pasacao,
Cardona, Teresa, Minalabac, and
San Fernando, Uson, Dimasalang,
Second District : Palanas,
Naga City and the Cataingan, Pio V.
Municipalities of Corpuz,
Bonbon, Esperanza, Placer,
Calabanga, and Cawayan. cralaw

Camaligan, SORSOGON, two

Canaman, Gainza, (2) - First District:
Magarao, Milaor, Municipalities of
Ocampo, and Pili; Sorsogon, Pilar,
Third District: Donsol, Castilla,
Municipalities of Bacon, Casiguran,
Caramoan, and Magallanes;
Garchitorena, Goa, Second District:
Lagonoy, Municipalities of
Presentacion, Barcelona, Prieto
Sangay, San Jose, Diaz, Gubat,
Tigaon, Tinambac, Juban, Bulusan,
and Siruma; Irosin, Sta.
Fourth District: Magdalena,
Iriga City and the Matnog, and
Municipalities of Bulan.
Baao, Balatan,
Bato, Buhi, Bula, REGION VI
and Nabua. cralaw
AKLAN, one (1)
CATANDUANES, ANTIQUE, one (1)
one (1) CAPIZ, including
MASBATE, three Roxas City, two (2)
(3) - First District - First District:
Municipalities of Roxas City and the
San Pascual, Municipalities of
Claveria, Monreal, Panay, Pilar,
San Jacinto, San Pontevedra,
Fernando, and President Roxas,
Batuan; Second Ma-ayon, and
District: Panitan; Second
Municipalities of District:
Masbate, Mobo, Municipalities of
Milagros, Aroroy, Dumalag,
Baleno, Balud, and Jamindan,
Mandaon; Third Mambusao,
District: Sapian, Sigma,
Municipalities of Tapaz, Cuartero,
Dao, Dumarao, Balasan, and
and Ivisan. cralaw Carles.cralaw

ILOILO, five (5) - ILOILO CITY, one

First District: (1)
Municipalities of NEGROS
Guimbal, Igbaras, OCCIDENTAL, with
San Joaquin, the Cities of San
Tigbauan, Carlos, Cadiz,
Tubungan, Miagao, Bago, La Carlota,
and Oton; Second and Silay, six (6) -
District; First District: San
Municipalities of Carlos City and the
Jordan, Nueva Municipalities of
Valencia, Toboso, Calatrava,
Buenavista, Pavia, Escalante, and S.
Leganes, Sta. Benedicto; Second
Barbara, New District: Cadiz City
Lucena, Zarraga, and the
Alimodian, Leon, Municipalities of
and San Miguel; Sagay and
Third District: Manapla; Third
Municipalities of District: Silay City
Maasin, Cabatuan, and the
Janiuay, Municipalities of
Badiangan, Mina, Victorias, Enrique
Pototan, Calinog, B. Magalona,
Lambunao, and Talisay, and
Bingawan; Fourth Murcia; Fourth
District: District: Bago City
Municipalities of and the
Passi, San Enrique, Municipalities of
Duenas, Dingle, Valladolid, San
Barotac Nuevo, Enrique,
Dumangas, Anilao, Pontevedra,
and Banate; Fifth Pulupandan, and
District: La Carlota; Fifth
Municipalities of District:
Barotac Viejo, San Municipalities of La
Rafael, Ajuy, Castellana, Moises
Lemery, Padilla, Isabela,
Concepcion, Sara, Binalbagan,
San Dionisio, Himamaylan, and
Batad, Estancia, Hinigaran; Sixth
District: Jagna, Duero,
Municipalities of Guindulman,
Kabankalan, Ilog, Candijay, Mabini,
Cauayan, Candoni, Alicia, Anda, Sierra
Sipalay, and Bullones, and Pilar.
Hinobaan. cralaw CEBU, with the
BACOLOD CITY, Cities of Danao,
one (1) Lapu-Lapu,
Mandaue, and
REGION VII Toledo, six (6) -
BOHOL, with First District:
Tagbilaran City, Municipalities of
three (3) - First Talisay, Minglanilla,
District: Tagbilaran Naga, San
City and the Fernando, Carcar,
Municipalities of and Sibongan;
Alburquerque, Second District:
Antequera, Municipalities of
Baclayon, Argao, Dalaguete,
Balilihan, Calape, Alcoy, Boljoon,
Catigbian, Corella, Oslob, Santander,
Cortes, Dauis, Samboan,
Loon, Maribojoc, Ginatilan,
Panglao, Sikatuna, Malabuyoc,
and Tubigon; Alegria, Badian,
Second District: Moal- boal,
Municipalities of Alcantara, Ronda,
Clarin, Inabangan, and Dumanjug;
Sagbayan, Third District:
Buenavista, Jetafe, Toledo City and the
Dagohoy, Danao, Municipalities of
San Miguel, Barili, Alonguinsan,
Trinidad, Talibon, Pinamungajan,
Ubay, Bien Unido, Balamban,
San Isidro, and Asturias, and
Pres. C. P. Garcia; Tuburan; Fourth
Third District: District:
Municipalities of Municipalities of
Loay, Loboc, Bilar, Tabuelan, San
Batuan, Carmen, Remigio, Sta. Fe,
Sevilla, Lila, Bantayan,
Dimiao, Valencia, Madridejos, Daan-
Garcia-Hernandez, bantayan,
Medellin, Bogo, Sambag 1,
and Tabogon; Fifth Sambag 11, San
District: Danao Antonio, San Jose,
City and the San Roque, Sta.
Municipalities of Cruz, Sirao, T.
Borbon, Sogod, Padilla, Talamban,
Catmon, Carmen, Taptap, Tejero,
Compostela, Tinago, and
Liloan, San Zapatera; Second
Francisco, Poro, District: Barangays
Tudela, and Pilar; of Babag, Basak
Sixth District: Pardo, Basak San
Lapu-lapu City, Nicolas, Bonbon,
Mandanue City, Buhisan, Bulacao
and the pardo, Bout-Taup,
Municipalities of Calamba, Cogon
Cordova and Pardo, Duljo
Consolacion. cralaw Fatima,
CEBU CITY, two Guadalupe,
(2) - First District: Inayawan,
Barangays of Kalunasan,
Adlawon, Kinasang-an
Agsungot, Apas, Pardo, Labangon,
Bacayan, Banilad, Mambaling, Pahina
Binaliw, Budla-an, San Nicolas,
Busay, Cmbinocot, Pamutan, Pardo,
Camputhaw, Pasil Abuno,
Capitol Site, Sibugay, Punta
Carreta, Central Princesa, Quiot,
Proper, Cogon- San Nicolas,
Ramos, Day-as, Sawang Calero,
Ermita, Guba, Sinsin, Suba Pasil,
Hipodromo, Sudlon,
Kalubihan, Sapangdako,
Kamagayan, Tabunan, Tigbao,
Kasambagan, Tisa, and Toong. cralaw

Lahug, Lorega, NEGROS

Lusaran, Luz, ORIENTAL, with
Mabini, Mabolo, the Cities of Bais,
Malubog, Pahina Canlaon, and
Central, Parian, Dumaguete, three
Paril, Pit-os, (3) - First District:
Pulang Bato, Canlaon City and
the Municipalities Capoocan,
of Vallehermoso, Carigara, Dagami,
Guihulngan, La Dulag, Jaro, Julita,
Libertad, La Paz, Mayorga,
Jimalalud, MacArcthur,
Tayasan, Ayungon, Pastrana,
Bindoy, and Tabontabon, and
Manjuyod; Second Tunga; Third
District: Bais City, District:
Dumaguete City, Municipalities of
and the Almeria, Biliran,
Municipalities of Cabucgayan,
Mabinay, Tanjay, Caibiran, Calubian,
Pamplona, Amlan, Culaba, Kawayan,
San Jose, and Leyte, Maripipi,
Sibulan; Third Naval, San Isidro,
District: Tabango, and
Municipalities of Villaba; Fourth
Valencia, Bacong, District: Ormoc
Dauin, city and the
Zamboanguita, Municipalities of
Siaton, Sta. Albuera, Isabel,
Catalina, Bayawan, Kananga, Matagob,
and Basay. cralaw Merida, and
SIQUIJOR, one Palompon; Fifth
(1) District:
Municipalities of
REGION VIII Abuyog, Bato,
Baybay, Hilongos,
LEYTE, with the Hindang,
Cities of Tacloban Inopacan, Javier,
and Ormoc, five Mahaplag, and
(5) - First District: Matalom.
Tacloban City and SOUTHERN LEYTE,
the municipalities one (1)
of Alangalang, EASTERN SAMAR,
Babatngon, Palo, one (1)
San Miguel, Sta. NORTHERN
Fe, Tanauan, and SAMAR, two (2) -
Talosa; Second First District:
District: Municipalities of
Municipalities of Allen, Biri, Bobon,
Barugo, Barauen, Capul, Catarman,
Lavezares, Lope de
Vega, Rosario, San REGION IX
Antonio, San BASILAN, one (1)
Isidro, San Jose, SULU, two (2) -
San Vicente, First District:
Victoria, and Municipalities of
Mondragon; Jolo, Marungas,
Second District: Indanan,
Municipalities of Pangutaran,
Silvino Lobos, San Parang, Talipao,
Roque, Pambuyan, Maimbung, and
Las Navas, Patikul; Second
Catubig, Laoang, District:
Palapag, Mapanas, Municipalities of
Gamay, and Siasi, Pandami,
Lapinig.cralaw Pata, Luuk, K.
SAMAR, with Culuang,
Calbayog City, two Panamao, New
(2) - First District: Panamao, Tapul,
Calbayog City and Lungus, and
the Municipalities Tongkil.cralaw

of almagro, TAWI-TAWI, one

Gandara, (1)
Matuguinao, Pag- ZAMBOANGA DEL
sanghan, San NORTE, with the
Jorge, Santa Cities of Dapitan
Margarita, Sto. and Dipolog, three
Nino, Tagapul-an, (3) - First District:
and Tarangnan; Dapitan City and
Second District: the Municipalities
Municipalities of of Sibutad, Rizal,
Basey, Calbiga, La Libertad, Mutia,
Catbalogan, Pinan, Sergio
Daram, Osmena, Sr., and
Hinabangan, San Polanco; Second
Jose de Buan, District: Dipolog
Jiabong, Marabut, City and the
Motiong, Municipalities of
Pinabacadao, San Katipunan, Pres.
Sebastian, Sta. Manuel A. Roxas,
Rita, Talalora, Manukan, Ponot,
Villareal, Wright, Siayan, and
and Zumarraga. Sindangan; Third
District: Ipil, Titay,
Municipalities of Tungawan, Buug,
Salug; Godod, Imelda, Payao,
Liloy, Tampilisan, Talusan, Diplahan,
Labason, Gutalac, and Roseller Lim. cralaw

Siocon, Baliquian, ZAMBOANGA CITY,

Siraway, one (1)
Bacungan, and
Sibuco. cralaw
REGION X
ZAMBOANGA DEL AGUSAN DEL
SUR, with NORTE, with the
Pagadian City, City of Butuan,
three (3) - First two (2) - First
District: Pagadian District: Butuan
City and the City and the
Municipalities of Municipality of Las
Dumingag, Nieves, Second
Mahayag, Molave, District:
Tambulig, Midsalip, Municipalities of
R. Magsaysay, Buenavista,
Labangan, Aurora, Cabadbaran,
Tukuran, Josefina, Carmen, Jabonga,
and Don Mariano Kitcharao,
Marcos; Second Magallanes,
District: Nasipit, Santiago,
Municipalities of Tubay, and
Dumalinao, San Remedios T.
Pablo, Tabina, Romualdez.
Dima- taling, AGUSAN DEL SUR,
Dinas, San Miguel, one (1)
Margosatubig, BUKIDNON, three
Lapuyan, (3) - First District:
Kumalarang, Municipalities of
Bayog, Lakewood, Talakag, Baungon,
Pitogo, and Malitbog, Libona,
Vincenzo A. Manolo Fortich,
Sagun; Third Sumialo,
District: Panganto-can, and
Municipalities of Kalilangan; Second
Malangas, Alicia, District:
Olutanga, Municipalities of
Mabuhay, Siay, Malay-balay,
Kabasalan, Naga, Lantapan,
Cabanglasan, the Municipalities
Valencia, San of Magsaysay,
Fernando, and Talisayan,
Impasugong; Third Balingoan, Medina,
District: Kinogitan,
Municipalities of Sugbongcogon,
Maramag, Quezon, Binuangan, Salay,
Don Carlos, Lagonglong, and
Kitaotao, Balingasag;
Dangcagan, Second District:
Kibawe, Damulog, Municipalities of
and Kadingilan. cralaw Claveria, Jasaan,
CAMIGUIN, one Villanueva,
(1) Tagoloan, Alubijid,
MISAMIS El Salvador,
OCCIDENTAL, with Gitagum, Initao,
the Cities of Laguindingan,
Oroquieta, Ozamiz Libertad, Lugait,
and Tangub, two Manticao, Naawan,
(2) - First District: and Opol. cralaw

Oroquieta City and CAGAYAN DE ORO

the Municipalities CITY, one (1)
of Baliangao, SURIGAO DEL
Plaridel, Calamba, NORTE, with the
Sapang Dalaga, City of Surigao,
Lopez Jaena, two (2) - First
Aloran, District:
Concepcion, Municipalities of
Panaon, and Sta. Monica, San
Jimenez; Second Isidro, Del Carme,
District: Ozamiz Pilar, General
City, Tangub City, Luna, Dapa,
and the Socorro, Burgos,
Municipalities of San Benito, Loreto,
Bonifacio, Tudela, Libjo, Dinagat,
Clarin, Sinacaban, Cagdianao,
and Don Mariano Tubajon, and
Marcos. cralaw Basilisa; Second
MISAMIS District: Surigao
ORIENTAL, with City and the
Gingoog City, two Municipalities of
(2) - First District: San Francisco,
Gingoog City and Tagana-an, Sison,
Placer, Malimono, and Governor
Bacauag, Gigaquit, Generoso. cralaw

Tubod, Mainit, DAVAO DEL SUR,

Alegria, and two (2) - First
Claver. District:
Municipalities of
REGION XI Magsaysay,
DAVAO DEL Bansalan, Sta.
NORTE, three (3) - Cruz, Matanao,
First District: Digos, Hagonoy,
Municipalities of and Padada;
Moncayo, Second District:
Montevista, Municipalities of
Compostela, Kiblawan, Sulop,
Nabunturan, New Malalag, Sta.
Bataan, Mawab, Maria, Malita, Jose
and San Mariano; Abad Santos, Don
Second District: Marcelino, and
Municipalities of Saranggani. cralaw

San Vicente, DAVAO CITY, three

Capalong, (3) - First District:
Asuncion, New Districts of
Corella, Tagum, Poblacion and
Maco, Mabini, and Talomo; Second
Pantukan; Third District: Districts
District: of
Municipalities of Buhangin,
Sto. Tomas, Bunawan, and
Carmen, Panabo, Paquibato; Third
Babak, Samal, and District: Districts
Kaputian. of Toril, Tugbok,
DAVAO ORIENTAL, Calinan, and
two (2) - First Baguio. cralaw

District: SOUTH COTABATO,

Municipalities of with General
Boston, Cateel, Santos City, three
Baganga, Caraga, (3) - First District:
Manay, and General Santos
Tarragona; Second City, and the
District: Municipalities of
Municipalities of Polomolok,
Mati, Banaybanay, Tampakan, and
Lupon, San Isidro, Tupi; Second
District: Baloi, Pantar,
Municipalities of Tagoloan, Poona-
Tantangan, Norala, Piagapo, Pantao-
Banga, Sto. Nino, Ragat, Matungao,
Surallah, Tangkal, Munai,
Koronadal, Tiboli, Nunungan,
and Lake Sebu; Magsaysay,
Third District: Salvador,
Municipalities of Kapatagan,
Alabel, Malapatan, Karomatan. Sapad,
Glan, Maasim, and Lala.
Kiamba, Maitum, LANAO DEL SUR,
and Malungon. cralaw with Marawi City,
SURIGAO DEL (2) - First District:
SUR, two (2) - Marawi City and
First District: the Municipalities
Municipalities of of Marantao,
Bayabas, Cantilan, Piagapo,
Carrascal, Cortes, Saguiaran,
Lanuza, Madrid, Tagoloan, Kapai,
San Miguel, Tago, Ditsaan - Ramain,
Tandag, Cagwit, Bubong,
Marihatag, San Buadiposo-
Agustin, Carmen, Buntong,
and Lianga; Bumbaran,
Second District: Maguing, Wao,
Municipalities of Molundo, Taraka,
Barobo, Bislig, Lumba-Bayabao,
Hinatuan, Lingig, Poona-Bayabao,
and Tagbina. Masiu and
Tamparan; Second
District:
REGION XII Municipalities of
LANAO DEL Balindong, Tugaya,
NORTE, with Iligan Bacolod Grande,
City, two (2) - First Madalum,
District: Iligan Madamba, Pualas,
City, Linamon, Ganassi,
Kauswagan, Pagayawan, Sultan
Bacolod, Maigo, Gumander,
Kolambugan, Malabang,
Tubod, and Baroy; Balabagan,
Second District: Kapatagan,
Marogong, Pres. Roxas
Tubaran, Tulunan, and
Binidayan, Magpet. cralaw

Lumbatan, SULTAN KUDARAT,

Lumbayanague, one (1)
Butig, Bayang and
Calanogas. cralaw Section 2. The
MAGUINDANAO, Commission on
with Cotabato City, Elections is hereby
two (2) - First empowered to
District: Cotabato make minor
City and the adjustments of the
Municipalities of reapportionment
Parang, Sultan herein made. cralaw

Kudarat, Buldon, Section 3. Any

Barira, Dinaig, province that may
Kabuntalan, hereafter be
Matanog and Upi; created, or any
Second District: city whose
Municipalities of population may
Pagalunga, Buluan, hereafter increase
Sultan sa to more than two
Barongis, hundred fifty
Maganoy, Talaya, thousand shall be
South Upi, Datu entitiled in the
Piang, Datu immediately
Paglas, and following election
Ampatuan. cralaw to at least one
NORTH COTABATO, Member or such
two (2) - First number of
District: Members as it may
Municipalities of be entitled to on
Carmen, Kabacan, the basis of the
Libungan, number of its
Midsayap, inhabitants and
Pigkawayan, Pikit, according to the
Aleosan, Banisilan, standards setforth
and Alamada; in paragraph (3),
Second District: Section 5 of Article
Municipalities of VI of the
Kidapawan, Constitution. The
Makilala, Matalam, number of
Antipas, Mlang, Members
apportioned to the President
province out of
which such new At
province was tested:
chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

created or where Flerida Ruth P.

the city, whose Romero
population has so Secretary General
increased, is
geographically
located shall be
correspondingly MEMBERS
adjusted by the OF THE
Commission on CONSTITUTIONA
Elections but such L COMMISSION
adjustment shall [CON COM]
not be made WHICH DRAFTED
within one THE
hundred and 1987
twenty days before CONSTITUTION
the election. cralaw
OF THE
Section 4. This PHILIPPINES
Ordinance shall be
appended to the
Constitution Cecilia Munoz
proposed by the Palma
1986 President
Constitutional
Commission, and Ambrosio B.
shall be submitted Padilla
to a plebiscite Vice-President
simultaneously Napoleon G.
with such Rama
Constitution, and Floor Leader
shall take effect Ahmad Domocao
upon its ratification Alonto
by a majority of Assistant Floor
the votes cast in Leader
such plebiscite. cralaw
Jose D.
Adopted: October Calderon
15, 1986 Assistant Floor
Leader
Cecilia Munoz
Palma Yusuf R.
 Abubakar Jose N. Nolledo
Felicitas S. Blas F. Ople
Aquino Minda Luz M.
Adolfo S. Quesada
Azcuna Florenz D.
Teodoro C. Regalado
Bacani Rustico F. de los
Jose F. S. Reyes, Jr.
Bengzon, Jr. Cirilo A. Rigos
Ponciano L. Francisco A.
Bennagen Rodrigo
Joaquin G. Ricardo J.
Bernas Romulo
Florangel Decoroso R.
Rosario Braid Rosales
Crispino M. de Rene V.
Castro Sarmiento
Jose C. Colayco Jose E. Suarez
Roberto R. Lorenzo M.
Concepcion Sumulong
Hilario G. Jaime S. L.
Davide, Jr. Tadeo
Vicente B. Foz Christine O. Tan
Edmundo G. Gregorio J.
Garcia Tingson
Jose Luis Martin Efrain B. Trenas
C. Gascon Lugum L. Uka
Serafin V.C. Wilfrido V.
Guingona Villacorta
Alberto M. K. Bernardo M.
Jamir Villegas
Jose B. Laurel, Attested by :chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Jr. Flerida Ruth P.

Eulogio R. Romero
Lerum Secretary-
Regalado E. General
Maambong
Christian S.
Monsod
Teodulo C.
Natividad QUICK SEARCH
Ma. Teresa F. 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE
Nieva PHILIPPINES
 ARTICLE XI Accountability of Public Officers

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