A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by,
11428054
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses
of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion
initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to
develop an inherent biomaterial, a self-repairing material which can
remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a
material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This
technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced
as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the
cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the
surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes
crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete.
This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar
using Bacillus Pasteurii and Sporosarcina bacteria combined with sand
as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which
was cured in urea and CaCl2 medium. The effect on the compressive
strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of
bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria
improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning
electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in
microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions
were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of
bacteria in those places. Energy- dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of the
microbial precipitation on the surface of the crack indicated the
abundance of calcium and the precipitation was inferred to be calcite
(CaCO3).
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete will continue to be the most important building material for infrastructure
but most concrete structures are prone to cracking. Tiny cracks on the surface of the
concrete make the whole structure vulnerable because water seeps in to degrade the
concrete and corrode the steel reinforcement, greatly reducing the lifespan of a
structure. Concrete can withstand compressive forces very well but not tensile forces.
When it is subjected to tension it starts to crack, which is why it is reinforced with
steel to withstand the tensile forces.
BACTERIAS USED
Cement and water have a pH value of up to 13 when mixed together, usually a hostile
environment for life, most organisms die in an environment with a pH value of 10 or
above.
In order to find the right microbes that thrive in alkaline environments can be found in
natural environments, such as alkali lakes in Russia, carbonate-rich soils in desert
areas of Spain and soda lakes in Egypt. Strains of endolithic bacteria of genus
Bacillus were found to thrive in this high-alkaline environment. These bacteria were
grown in a flask of water that would then be used as the part of the water mix for the
concrete. Different types of bacteria were incorporated into a small block of concrete.
Each concrete block would be left for two months to set hard. Then the block would
be pulverized and the remains tested to see whether the bacteria had survived. It was
found that the only group of bacteria that were able to survive were the ones that
produced spores comparable to plant seeds. They are namely bacillus pasturii, bacillus
filla and bacillus cohnii.
Such spores have extremely thick cell walls that enable them to remain intact for up
to 200 years while waiting for a better environment to germinate. They would become
activated when the concrete starts to crack, food is available, and water seeps into the
structure. This process lowers the pH of the highly alkaline concrete to values in the
range (pH 10 to 11.5) where the bacterial spores become activated.
CHAPTER 5
By the method of direct application bacterial spores and calcium lactate are added
directly while making the concrete and mixed. Here when the crack occurs in the
concrete bacterial spores broke and bacteria comes to life and feed on the calcium
lactate and limestone is produced which fill the cracks.
By encapsulation method the bacteria and its food, calcium lactate, are placed inside
treated clay pellets and concrete is made. About 6% of the clay pellets are added for
making bacterial concrete. When concrete structures are made with bacterial concrete,
when the crack occurs in the structure and clay pellets are broken and bacterial
treatment occurs and hence the concrete is healed. Minor cracks about 0.5mm width
can be treated by using bacterial concrete
Among theses two methods encapsulation method is commonly used, even though
its costlier than direct application. Bacillus bacteria are harmless to human life and
hence it can be used effectively.
CHAPTER 6
Concrete disks are prepared containing the porous aggregates filled with food only
and with food and bacteria. The specimens are cured for 56 days and then tested in a
deformation controlled tensile splitting loading to crack them partially. After this
cracking the specimens are placed in a permeability test setup in which water is
applied at one side of the specimen for 24 hours. After the healing the cracks are
examined under the microscope and the results were observed.
Also the permeability of the healed specimens was determined. The outcome of this
study shows that crack healing in bacterial concrete is much more efficient than in
concrete of the same composition but without added biochemical healing agent. The
reason for this can be explained by the strictly chemical processes in the control and
additional biological processes in the bacterial concrete. On the crack surface of
control concrete some calcium carbonate will be formed due to the reaction of CO2
present in the crack ingress water with Portlandite (calcium hydroxide) present in the
concrete mixture according to the following reaction:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
The amount of calcium carbonate production in this case in only minor due to the
limited amount of CO2 present. As Portlandite is a rather soluble mineral in fact most
of it present on the crack surface will dissolve and diffuse out of the crack into the
overlying water mass. Subsequently, as more CO2 is present in the overlying water,
dissolved Portlandite will as yet precipitate in the form of calcium carbonate but
somewhat away from the crack itself, as can be seen. The self healing process in
bacterial concrete is much more efficient due to the active metabolic conversion of
calcium lactate by the present bacteria:
This process does not only produce calcium carbonate directly but also indirectly via
the reaction of on site produced CO2 with Portlandite present on the crack surface. In
the latter case, Portlandite does not dissolve and diffuse away from the crack surface,
but instead reacts directly on the spot with local bacterially produced CO2 to
additional calcium carbonate. This process results in efficient crack sealing as
can be seen .
The conclusion of the test is that the proposed two component biochemical healing
agent composed of bacterial spores and a suitable organic bio-cement precursor
compound, both immobilized in reservoir porous expanded clay particles, represents a
promising bio-based and thus sustainable alternative to strictly chemical or cement
based healing agents.
CHAPTER 7
BIOCONCRETE MECHANISM
ADVANTAGES
The self healing bacterial concrete helps in reduced maintenance and repair
costs of steel reinforced concrete structures.
Self healing bacteria can be used in places where humans find it difficult to
reach for the maintenance of the structures. Hence it reduces risking of human
life in dangerous areas and also increases the durability of the structure.
Formation of crack will be healed in the initial stage itself thereby increasing
the service life of the structure than expected life.
CHAPTER 9
DISADVANTAGES
If the volume of self healing agents (bacteria and calcium lactate) mixed
becomes greater than 20%, the strength of the concrete is reduced.
CURRENT RESERCHES
The research will test two systems. The first technique will see
bacteria and nutrients applied to the structure as a self-healing mortar, which can be
used to repair large-scale damage. The second technique will see the bacteria and food
Nutrients dissolved into a liquid that is sprayed onto the surface of the concrete from
where it can seep into the cracks. Laboratory tests are being carried out to accelerate
the ageing process of self-healing concrete. The tests will subject the concrete to
extreme environments to simulate changing seasons and extreme temperature cycles,
wetter periods and dryer periods
CHAPTER 11
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
The bacteria which are known to be alkali-resistant, i.e. they grow in natural
environments characterized by a relatively high pH (10-11). In addition, these strains
can produce spores which are resting cells with sturdy cell walls that protect them
against extreme environmental mechanical- and chemical stresses. Therefore these
specific bacteria may have the potential to resist the high internal concrete pH values
(12-13 for Portland cement-based concrete), and remain viable for a long time as well,
as spore viability for up to 200 years is documented. We hypothesized that concrete-
immobilized spores of such bacteria may be able to seal cracks by bio mineral
formation after being revived by water and growth nutrients entering freshly formed
cracks.. Although the exact nature of the produced minerals still needs to be clarified,
they appear morphologically related to calcite precipitates.
De Muynck, W., Debrouwer, D., De Belie, N., Verstraete, W., 2008. Bacterial
carbonate precipitation improves the durability of cementations materials.
Cement & Concrete Res. 38, 10051014.