From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article describes the use, market penetration

and market share of new car sales of electric cars
by country. It also provides historical background,
fleet size, existing government incentives, and
deployment details by country. The article
encompasses both low-speed neighborhood electric
vehicle (NEVs) and highway-capable all-electric
cars (BEVs). Several countries publish their
statistics and have purchase incentives schemes in
place for the more general category of plug-in
electric cars (PEVs), which includes also plug-in
hybrids (PHEVs). Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
are not included because they can not be plugged
and recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy
source. Top-selling light-duty plug-in electric vehicle global
markets by country or region as of December 2016.[1]
Cumulative global sales of highway legal plug-in
electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles
achieved the 2 million unit milestone in December 2016, of which, 38% were sold in 2016.[1] Global sales
of the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a 0.86% market share of total new car sales in 2016, up
from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in 2014.[2] The global ratio between all-electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in
hybrids (PHEVs) was 61:39 at the end of 2016,[2] up from 59:41 at the end of 2015.[3] Global sales of
highway-capable pure electric cars passenger cars and utility vans reached the one million milestone in
September 2016.[4] Cumulative sales of plug-in hybrids totaled almost 800,000 units as of December
2016.[2] Despite their rapid growth, plug-in electric cars represented 0.15% of the 1.4 billion motor vehicles
on the world's roads by the end of 2016, up from 0.1% in 2015.[1][5]

As of December 2016, China has the world's largest stock of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric
vehicles with cumulative sales of more than 645,000 plug-in electric passenger cars.[1][6] Among country
markets, the United States ranks second with more than 570,000 plug-in electric cars sold through December
2016.[1][7] Japan is the world's third largest plug-in car country market with about 147,500 plug-ins sold
through December 2016.[1] More than 637,000 light-duty plug-in electric passenger cars have been
registered in Europe up until December 2016, representing 31.4% of global sales. As of December 2016,
sales in the European light-duty plug-in electric segment are led by Norway with over 135,000 units
registered, followed by the Netherlands with more than 113,000 units registered at the end of December
2016, and France with over 108,000 units.[1] China is the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment,
including all-electric buses, and plug-in commercial and sanitation trucks. The stock of new energy vehicles
sold in China totaled more than 951,000 units through December 2016.[6][8] As of December 2015, China
was the world's largest plug-in electric bus market with a stock of almost 173,000 vehicles.[3]

Norway is the country with the highest market penetration per capita in the world, also the country with the
largest plug-in electric segment market share of new car sales (29.1% in 2016), and in March 2014 Norway
became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric vehicle.
The segment's market penetration climbed to 3% in December 2015, and achieved 5% at the end of 2016.[9]
[10][11][12][13] Estonia, which has the second largest EV market penetration per capita after Norway,[14] is the
first country that completed the deployment of an EV charging network with nationwide coverage, with fast
chargers available along highways at a minimum distance between 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi).[15][16]

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 Global outlook Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia
Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Israel
Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal
Russia Singapore South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Ukraine
United Kingdom United States See also References External links

Cumulative global sales of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles reached
the one million unit milestone in September 2015,[17][18] and achieved two million in December 2016.[1]
Sales of plug-in electric vehicles achieved the one million milestone almost twice as fast as hybrid electric
vehicles (HEV). While it took four years and 10 months for the PEV segment to reach one-million sales, it
took more than around nine years and a few months for HEVs to reach its first million sales.[17][18] The
stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles represented 0.15% of the 1.4 billion motor vehicles on the
world's roads by the end of 2016, up from 0.1% in 2015.[1][5] When sales are broken down by type of
powertrain, all-electric cars have oversold plug-in hybrids, with pure electrics capturing about 61% of the
global stock of over 2 million plug-ins on the world's roads by the end of 2016,[2] up from 58.9% at the end
of 2015.[3] The global ratio between all-electrics (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) has consistently been
60:40 between 2014 and the first half of 2016, mainly due to the large all-electric market in China. In the
U.S. and Europe, the ratio is approaching a 50:50 split.[19] Cumulative global sales of highway-capable
light-duty pure electric vehicles since 2010 achieved the one million unit milestone in September 2016.[4]
Cumulative sales of plug-in hybrid cars totaled almost 800,000 units as of December 2016.[2]

The global stock of plug-in electric

vehicles between 2005 and 2009
consisted exclusively of all-electric cars,
totaling about 1,700 units in 2005, and
almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock
rose to about 12,500 units in 2010, of
which, only 350 vehicles were plug-in
hybrids.[3][21] By comparison, during the
Golden Age of the electric car at the
beginning of the 20th century, the EV
stock peaked at approximately 30,000
vehicles.[22] After the introduction of the
Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt in
late December 2010, the first Annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the world's top
mass-production plug-in cars by major markets between 2011 and 2016.[20][9]
carmakers, plug-in car sales grew to
about 50,000 units in 2011, jumped to
125,000 in 2012, and rose to almost 213,000 plug-in electric cars and utility vans in 2013. Sales totaled over
315,000 units in 2014, up 48% from 2013.[20]

In five years, global sales of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have increased more than
ten-fold, totaling more than 565,00 units in 2015. Plug-in sales in 2015 increased about 80% from 2014,

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 driven mainly by China and Europe.[20] Both markets passed in 2015 the U.S. as the largest plug-in electric
car markets in terms of total annual sales, with China ranking as the world's best-selling plug-in electric
passenger car country market in 2015.[23][24] About 775,000 plug-in cars and vans were sold in 2016,
representing 38% of cumulative global sales at the end of 2016.[1] The global market share of the light-duty
plug-in vehicle segment represented 0.86% of new car sales in 2016, up from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in
2014.[2]

As of December 2016, with

Timeline of key sales milestones cumulative sales of more than
for highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles 645,000 plug-in electric
Date Milestone passenger cars,[1] China has the
world's largest fleet of
Dec 2008 100th Tesla Roadster delivered[25] light-duty plug-in electric
vehicles, after having overtook
Dec 2010 Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt deliveries began[26]
during 2016 both the U.S. and
Dec 2012 Annual global sales passed the 100,000 mark[3][20] Europe in terms of cumulative
sales. This figure accounts for
Norway is the first country where 1% of passenger
Mar 2014 both, domestically produced
cars on the road is a plug-in electric[10] new energy passenger cars and
Dec 2014 100,000th plug-in electric car sold in Japan[3][27] imports.[1][6][39] The fleet of
Chinese plug-in cars represents
Sep 2015 Global plug-in car/van sales passed 1 million units.[17]
43.0% of the global stock of
Annual global sales passed the 500,000 mark[3][20] light-duty plug-in vehicles.[9]
Dec 2015 3% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are Among country markets, the
U.S. ranks second, with over
plug-in electrics[13] 570,000 plug-in passenger cars
500,000th new energy vehicle sold in China[28] sold through December 2016,[7]
(includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles) representing 28.1% of the
Mar 2016 Norway achieved the highest-ever monthly plug-in global stock of plug-ins.[9]
Japan has the world's third
market share with 33.5% of new car sales[29]
largest plug-in stock, with
200,000th plug-in electric car sold in California[30] about 147,500 highway legal
plug-in electric vehicles sold in
Apr 2016 100,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in Norway[31]
the country between July 2009
May 2016 Global plug-in car/van sales passed 1.5 million units[32] and December 2016.[9] Total
Japanese sales of light-duty
May 2016 500,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in Europe[33]
plug-in vehicles represent 7.3%
Aug 2016 500,000th plug-in electric car sold in the U.S.[34] of the global stock of plug-ins
as of December 2016.[9] In
Sep 2016 500,000th new energy passenger car sold in China[35]
2014 Japan had second largest
Sep 2016 Global all-electric car/van sales passed 1 million.[4] plug-in stock with about
108,000 units.[27]
Oct 2016 100,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in France[36][37]
Nov 2016 100,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in the Netherlands[38] As of December 2016, about
637,500 plug-in electric
Global plug-in car/van sales passed 2 million units[1] passenger cars and vans have
Dec 2016 5% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are been registered in Europe,
plug-in electrics[9] representing 31.4% of the
global stock, the second largest
after China.[1][9] Of these, more
than 212,000 light-duty vehicles were registered in Europe in 2016.[1] As of December 2016, European sales

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 of plug-in cars and vans are led by Norway with over 135,000 units registered, followed by the Netherlands
with more than 113,000 units, and France with over 108,000.[1] Norway was the top selling plug-in country
market in Europe in 2016 with 45,492 plug-in cars and vans registered, surpassing the Netherlands, Europes
top market in 2015.[9] By the end of 2015, almost 25% of the European plug-in stock was registered in the
Nordic countries, with over 100,000 registered plug-in electric cars.[40][41] As of December 2016, ranking
next is the UK with about 91,000 units, followed by Germany with almost 75,000, and Sweden with over
30,500. The other top selling country market is Canada with more than 27,000 new plug-in cars sold since
2011.[9]

As of December 2015, France ranked as the largest European market for light-duty electric commercial
vehicles or utility vans, accounting for nearly half of all vans sold in the European Union.[42] The French
market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, and
1.30% in 2015.[43] Denmark is the second largest European market, with over 2,600 plug-in electric vans
sold in 2015, with an 8.5% market share of all vans sold in the country. Most of the van sold in the Danish
market are plug-in hybrids, accounting for almost all of the plug-in hybrid van sales across the EU.[42]

New energy vehicle sales in China totaled more than 733,000 units units sold between January 2011 and
September 2016.[35][44] These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation
trucks, and only include vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government
subsidies.[28] The country achieved record sales of more than 200,000 new energy passenger cars in 2015,
allowing China to rank as the world's top selling plug-in passenger car country market in 2015, ahead of the
United States, the leading market in 2014.[23][3] As of December 2015, China is also the world's leader in
the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses, plug-in trucks, particularly sanitation/garbage
trucks.[17][45] As of December 2015, the global stock of plug-in electric buses was estimated to be about
173,000 units, almost entirely deployed in China, the world's largest electric bus market. Of these, almost
150,000 were all-electric buses. The Chinese electric bus stock grew nearly sixfold between 2014 and
2015.[3] The production of all-electric buses in China totaled 115,664 units in 2016, up 31% from 88,248
units produced in 2015.[46] In a few other countries, there are electric bus fleets, deployed in a few major
cities mainly as pilots and demonstration projects. As of December 2015, there are 100 electric buses in
India, 94 in the Netherlands, 30 in Sweden, and 21 in Japan.[3]

The following table presents plug-in electric vehicle stock and PEV market share of new car sales between
2013 and 2015 for the ten countries with the largest plug-in electric-drive stock as of December 2015.

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 Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle stock and PEV market share of total new car sales
in the top ten PEV selling countries as of December 2015
PEV stock(1) PEV market share Sales
Country
2015[23] 2014[47] 2013[48] 2015[23] 2014[47] 2013[48] since

United States ~410,000 291,332 172,000 0.66% 0.72% 0.62% 2008(2)

China 258,328 83,198[27] 28,619 0.84%[49] 0.23% 0.08% 2008(2)
Japan(4) 126,420[3] 108,248[27] 74,124 n.a. 1.06% 0.85% 2009(3)
Netherlands 88,991 45,020[50] 28,673 9.74% 3.87% 5.37% 2009(3)
Norway(5) 84,401[51][52] 43,442 20,486 22.39% 13.84% 5.60% 2003(3)
France 74,294 43,605(6) 28,560(6) 1.2% 0.70% 0.65% 2010(3)
United
53,524 ~24,500[53] 9,982[53][54] 1.1% 0.59%[54] 0.16%[54] 2006(3)
Kingdom
Germany 48,669[23][47] 25,205[55][56] 12,156[56] 0.73%[57] 0.43% 0.25% 2006(2)
Canada 17,058[58] 10,658[59] 5,596[59] 0.35%[58] 0.27%[59] 0.18%[59] 2011(2)
Sweden 16,996[47][60] 8,076[61] 3,138[61] 2.49%[60] 1.53%[62] 0.57% 2011(3)
Global Total
1,235,000[23] 712,000[47] 405,000[47]
(since 2003)
Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle stock and PEV market share of total new car sales
in selected regional markets
425,849[63]
Europe(7) [64][65] 233,022[63] n.a. 1.41%[64] 0.66%[66] 0.49%[67] 2010(2)

191,650 129,484 69,999 3.1% 3.2% 2.5% 2010(2)

California[68][69]
Plug-in electric vehicle stock for all class segments in China[70][71][72][73][74]
China 444,447 113,355 38,592 2011(8)
Notes

(1) Plug-in electric vehicle stock only includes cumulative sales or registrations of highway legal light-duty vehicles except
where noted.
(2) Only includes plug-in passenger cars. (3) Includes plug-in cars and all-electric utility vans.
(4) Kei cars are not included for the Japanese market share estimate.[48] (5) Includes registrations of used imports.
(6) French registrations do not include plug-in hybrids, which were accounted together with regular hybrids (HEVs).[75]
(7) European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus two EFTA countries (Norway and Switzerland)
(8) Includes plug-in electric passenger cars and heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks.

California is the largest U.S. car market, and accounts for approximately 48% of cumulative plug-in sales in
the American market from 2011 to June 2016. The other nine states that follow California's Zero Emission
Vehicle (ZEV) regulations have accounted for another 10% of cumulative plug-in car sales in the U.S.
during the same period.[76] California's plug-in stock totaled about 270,000 units at the end of 2016.[9] Until
December 2014 California had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other country,[77][78] and in 2015
only two countries, Norway (22.4%) and the Netherlands (9.7%), achieved a higher plug-in market share
than California.[79] As of December 2016, China is the only country market that exceeds California in terms

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 of cumulative plug-in electric car sales.[1]
Plug-in electric cars represented about 0.5% of
the passenger fleet on the Californian roads by
September 2015.[80] Among U.S. states,
California has the highest concentration of
registered plug-in cars per 1,000 people, 4.68, as
of December 2015. Only Norway has a higher
concentration of plug-ins per capita.[81]

Norway, with a population of about 5.2 million,

is the country with the highest plug-in electric Comparison of concentration of registered plug-in electric
car ownership per capita in the world,[11][48] cars per 1,000 people among top selling PEV countries and
with a market concentration of 21.5 registered California.
plug-in cars per 1,000 people, 3.6 times higher
than California's, the leading American market,
and exceeding the U.S. average concentration by 14.2 times.[81][82] In March 2014, Norway became the first
country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric.[83][84] The segment's
market penetration reached 2% in March 2015,[12] passed 3% in December 2015,[13][85] and achieved 5% at
the end of 2016.[9] Norway also has the world's largest plug-in electric segment market share of total new
car sales, growing from 5.6% in 2013, to 13.8% in 2014, 22.4% in 2015, and reaching 29.1% in 2016.[9]
[23][47][86] Ranking next is the Netherlands, with a market share of 3.9% in 2014, and 9.7% in 2015.[23][47]
In 2015 nine countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share equal or higher than 1% of
total new car sales,[23] up from six in 2014.[47][62][87] The nine countries are Norway (22.39%), the
Netherlands (9.74%), Hong Kong (4.84%), Iceland (2.93%), Sweden (2.49%), Denmark (2.29%),
Switzerland (1.98%), France (1.2%), and the UK (1.1%).[23][60][88][89] In 2015 the European plug-in
passenger car market share passed the one percent mark (1.41%) for the first time.[64] The highest-ever
monthly market share for plug-in electric segment was achieved in March 2016 in Norway, with one in three
new passenger cars registered being a plug-in electric car (33.5%).[29]

The following table presents the top 10 countries according to their PEV market share of total new car sales
between 2015 and 2013.

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 Top 10 countries by plug-in electric passenger car market share
of total new car sales between 2015 and 2013
Market Market
Market
share share
Rank Country share (%) Rank Country Rank Country
(%) (%)
2015[23][88]
2014[47] 2013[90]
1 Norway 22.39% 1 Norway 13.84% 1 Norway 6.10%

2 9.74% 2 Netherlands 3.87% 2 5.55%

Netherlands Netherlands
3 Iceland[89] 2.93% 3 Iceland[87] 2.71% 3 Iceland 0.94%
4 Sweden 2.62% 4 Estonia[87] 1.57% 4 Japan 0.91%
5 Denmark 2.29% 5 Sweden[62] 1.53% 5 France(2) 0.83%
6 Switzerland 1.98% 6 Japan 1.06% 6 Estonia 0.73%

7 France 1.19% 7 Denmark[91] 0.88% 7 0.71%

Sweden[62]
United United
8 1.07% 8 0.75% 8 0.60%
Kingdom Switzerland[92] States
United
9 Austria[93] 0.90% 9 0.72% 9 0.44%
States Switzerland
10 China[49] 0.84% 10 France(2) 0.70% 10 Denmark 0.29%
Selected regional markets
Plug-in electric passenger car market share between 2015 and 2013
Hong Hong
4.84% Hong Kong - 0.39%
Kong[94] Kong[94]

3.1% 3.2% 2.5%

California[69] California[69] California[69]

1.41% Europe(1)[66] 0.66% 0.49%

Europe(1)[64] Europe(1)[67]
Notes: (1) European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus two EFTA countries
(Norway and Switzerland)
2) The French market share corresponds to combined sales all-electric passenger cars and utility vans only
(plug-in hybrids not included).

In 2008 Australia started producing its first commercial all-electric vehicle. Originally called the Blade
Runner, its name was changed to Electron, and is already being exported to New Zealand with one
purchased by the Environment Minister Dr. Nick Smith.[95][96] The Electron is based on the Hyundai Getz
chassis and has proven popular with government car pools.[97]

In October 2008, Better Place announced plans to deploy charging network to power electric cars in
Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in partnership with Australian power company AGL and finance group

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 Macquarie Capital.[98] The initial network deployment was planned to take place in Canberra in late
2011.[99] As of December 2011, 12 public charge spots (power outlets, not battery swap stations) had been
installed in Australia.[100] The roll out of the Australian network was initially planned to begin 6 months to a
year after the roll out of the network in Denmark.[101] In December 2012, Renault announced that the launch
of the Renault Fluence Z.E. was postponed indefinitely following delays with the roll out of Australia's
electric vehicle infrastructure. The electric car was scheduled to go on sale to the public from a number of
dealers across the country in the fourth quarter of 2012. Better Place explained that delays in the
deployments in Israel and Denmark are reflecting in the Australian roll out, which would take place between
12 and 18 months behind the other markets.[102] Better place have since gone bust with the only sign they
ever existed being a few lone silver posts standing in (mostly university) car parks. Chargepoint is now the
only major operator of a charging network still based and active in Australia.[103]

Beginning in mid-2009, twelve-month field trial was conducted with

the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential electric vehicle customers,
such as local, state and federal government bodies, and major fleet
operators.[104] Leasing for fleet customers began in Australia in
August 2010.[105][106] As of May 2011, a total of 110 i-MiEVs had
been leased to government and corporate fleets, while retail sales to
the public began in August 2011. As of September 2013, the
Australian government does not offer any form of incentive or rebate
scheme for the purchase of fuel-efficient vehicles by its citizens.[107]
As of December 2012, 125 i-MiEVs had been sold in the country, 30 Two Mitsubishi i MiEVs in Sydney,
of which were sold by December 2011.[108] Australia.

A two-year fleet trial of 10 converted Ford Focus Electric cars, that

also included 14 i-MiEVs and 3 Toyota Prius PHEVs,[109] commenced in Western Australia in 2010.[110]
Each converted car was equipped with a 23 kWh battery pack, a 27 kW DC motor and a 1000A motor
controller. These cars were then used in the study as regular fleet vehicles to find their usability for everyday
driving.[111] In July 2011, Nissan Australia provided 16 Nissan Leaf vehicles, to be used by both personal
and commercial users, for an electric vehicle trial in Victoria.[112] A total of 19 Leafs were registered in
2011, while sales of the Nissan Leaf in Australia began in June 201277 units were sold during
2012.[108][113] The Holden Volt, a plug-in hybrid model, was released onto the Australian market by late
2012 and a total of 80 units were delivered during that year.[108]

A total of 258 plug-in electric cars were sold during 2012, with the i-MiEV as the top selling model, with 95
units sold.[114] Sales during 2013 totaled 304 units, up 20% from 2012. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling
plug-in car with 188 units followed by the Holden Volt with 101 units. The EV market share in 2013 was
0.036% of total new car sales in the country.[115][116] As of September 2013, the largest public charging
networks exist in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne, with around 30 stations (7 kW AC) established
in both citiessmaller networks exist in other capital cities. An Australian standard for charging connectors
does not exist as of September 2013.[117]

Since 2014 Mitsubishi is no longer importing the i-MiEV after slow sales due to the high price and due to
competition from the more successful Outlander PHEV for battery components. Sales during the first
quarter of 2014 totaled 42 units, representing a 0.015% market share of new car sales,[118] and during the
first half of 2014 sales reached 114 units.[119] Deliveries of the Tesla Model S in Australia began in late
2014.[120] Deliveries of the BMW i3 also commenced at the end of 2014. Sales during 2014 totaled 1,228
units, up 288% from 2013.[121] The plug-in electric segment reached a 0.11% market share of total new car
sales in the country, up threefold from 0.036% in 2013.[115][121] The surge in sales was due to the
introduction of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, which sold 895 units during 2014, and became Australia's

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 top selling plug-in electric vehicle.[121] Cumulative sales in the Australian market since 2010 reached over
1,950 units by the end of December 2014, up from 304 units in 2013.[108][115][121][122][123][124]

A total of 246 Holden Volts had been sold in the country by mid April 2015, with the stock of the first
generation almost empty. General Motors announced that it will not build the second generation Volt in
right-hand-drive configuration, so the Holden Volt will be discontinued in the country when the remaining
stock is sold out.[125] As of April 2015, the following models are available in the Australian market: Nissan
Leaf, Tesla Model S, both variants of the BMW i3 (REx and all-electric), BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander
P-HEV, and Porsche plug-in hybrids, 918 Spyder, Panamera and Cayenne.[125][126][127] Other models
scheduled to be launched in the country include the Audi A3 e-tron and the Audi Q7 e-tron.[125]

As of December 2014, a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in
Victoria.[122] At the end of March 2015, registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria.
Although there were no sales figures reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two states
alone were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all-electric car in the country for the first
quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31).[122] Australia's top selling plug-in
electric vehicle for the first quarter of 2015 was the Outlander P-HEV, with 198 units sold,[128] again in the
first quarter of 2016 ranked as the top selling plug-in with 195 units,[129] and continued as the country's
all-time best selling plug-in with 2,015 units sold through March 2016 since its introduction in 2013.[130] As
of December 2016, about 1,000 Nissan Leafs have been sold since its introduction in the country in
2012.[131]

The following table presents registrations of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by year between 2010
and March 2016:

Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model in Australia

between 2010 and March 2016
Total 1Q 1Q
Model (1) [129] [122][128] 2014[121][122] 2013[115] 2012[123] 2011[108] 2010[12
20102016 2016 2015
Mitsubishi
Outlander 2,015[130] 195 198 895
P-HEV
Nissan Leaf 528(1) 40 31 173 188 77 19
Tesla Model
323(1) 150 104(2) 69(2)
S
Mitsubishi i
252 0 0 0 15 95 30 112
MiEV
Holden Volt 245(1) 0 6 58 101 80
BMW i3 106(1) 27 46 33
Tesla
11 0 0 0 0 5 6
Roadster
BMW i8 7 7
Total
3,487 419 385 1,228 304 257 55 112
registrations
Notes: (1) 2015 figures includes sales only for the first quarter of 2015, except for the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV.
(2) Model S figures correspond only to registrations in New South Wales and Victoria.[122]

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 Sales of electric cars in the country rose from 97 units in 2009, to 116 in 2010, 425 in 2011, to 1,038
electric-drive vehicles by early October 2012. Of the latter, only 350 units were sold to individual
customers. The three top selling plug-electric cars sold in 2012 through September 2012 are the Opel
Ampera with 155 units, the Peugeot iOn with 95, and the Renault Fluence Z.E. with 86 units.[132] The
Nissan Leaf sold 57 units during the first half of 2012,[133] and the Chevrolet Volt 24 units during the same
period.[134] A total of 900 electric cars were sold in 2012.[135]

The Belgian government established a personal income tax deduction of 30% of the purchase price
including VAT of a new electric vehicle, up to 9,510. Plug-in hybrids are not eligible.[136][137][138] This tax
incentive will end on December 31, 2012.[132] There is also available a tax deduction up to 40% for
investments in external recharging stations publicly accessible, to a maximum of 250.[136] The Wallonia
regional government has an additional 4,500 eco-bonus for cars registered before December 31, 2011.[139]

A total of 117 electric drive vehicles were registered in Brazil in

2012, and 383 during the first ten months of 2013. These figures
include both conventional hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in
electric cars. Registrations during 2013 represent a 0.01% market
share of new cars sales in the country through October 2013.[140] As
of February 2013, there were only 70 electric cars registered in the
country, of which, 68 are corporate cars, including 9 Nissan Leafs
that are being demonstrated as taxis in So Paulo.
Nissan Leaf operating as a taxi at
As of September 2015, there were 2,214 hybrid and electric vehicles
Santos Dumont airport as part of a
registered in the state of So Paulo, including passenger cars (723),
buses, motorcycles and mopeds. Of these, 1,274 electric-drive demonstrations program in Rio de
vehicles are registered in So Paulo city, of which, 387 are passenger Janeiro.
cars.[141]

In May 2010 the government put on hold a new policy to promote

the introduction of electric cars, and a decision is still pending.
Instead, plug-in electric cars and hybrid electric vehicles are subject
to high taxes. As of February 2013 these included a 35% import tax,
plus a 55% tax on industrialized products (IPI) imported outside
Mercosur and Mexico, 13% contribution to social security
(PIS/COFINS), and between 12 and 18% tax on transit of goods and
services (ICMS), depending on the state, adding up to more than
120%. The tax burden results in an average final price of R$200,000
(US$100,000) for an electric car, and up to R$120,000 (US$60,000)
Eco Vagas: parking spaces reserved
for low emissions vehicles in Braslia.
for a regular hybrid.[142][143] As of March 2014, the IPI for imported
hybrid and electric vehicles varies between 13% to 25%, but the
government is considering to exempt electric cars from IPI and
reduce the tax to hybrids to 2%, the same levy paid by small cars manufactured in Brazil.[144]

In March 2013, the first two Leafs out of a fleet of 15, were deployed in Rio de Janeiro to operate as taxis.
This program is a partnership between the government of Rio de Janeiro City, Nissan do Brasil (NBA) and
Petrobras Distribuidora. The first two electric taxis are available at the Santos Dumont airport stand, and
charging is provided in two Petrobras service stations at the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas and in the Barra da

10 of 98
 Tijuca neighborhood. The program is part of the city's goal to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by
16% by 2016 compared to emission levels of 2005.[145]

In June 2013, Nissan and the government of the State of Rio de

Janeiro signed a memorandum of understanding to study the
possibility of manufacturing the Nissan Leaf in the state, and the
entire infrastructure necessary for running electric cars. The state
government would provide fiscal incentives during the investment
phase, and the electric car will be exempted from import taxes.
[146][147]

In May 2014 So Paulo city passed a municipal law to exempt

Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV
plug-in electric, hybrids and fuel cell vehicles from the city's driving
charging in Braslia.
restriction scheme (Portuguese: rodzio veicular). Also owners of
electric drive cars with a purchase price up to R$150,000 (~
US$65,200) are entitled to a 50% reimbursement of the annual car ownership tax (IPVA) for five years up to
a total of R$10,000 (~ US$4,300).[148] The benefits went into effect in September 2015.[141]

In September 2014 the BMW i3 became the first plug-in electric car
available in the country for retail customers. Due to the high import
taxes, the i3 pricing starts at R$225,900 (US$98,500) for the
all-electric model and at R$235,950 (US$102,600) for the model
with the range-extender. The i3 is available only in eight cities: So
Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Brasilia, Belo Horizonte, Salvador,
Recife, and Joinville.[148][149] As of June 2016, other plug-ins
available for retail sales are the BMW i8 plug-in hybrid, starting at
R$799,950 (US$235,280), and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV,
BMW i3 in Braslia.
starting at R$204,990 (US$60,290).[150]

According to Research and Markets, electric vehicles sales in the country are expected to reach 80,000 units
annually in 2020. The research firm forecasts that the Brazilian electric vehicle market will likely be
dominated by scooter and motorcycles.[151]

Cumulative sales of plug-in electric cars in Canada passed the 20,000 unit mark in May 2016.[152] The
Chevrolet Volt, released in 2011, is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the country, with
cumulative sales of 6,387 units through May 2015, representing over 30% of all plug-in cars sold in the
country.[152][153][154] Ranking second is the Tesla Model S with 4,160 units sold through April 2016,
followed by the Nissan Leaf with 3,692 units delivered as of May 2016.[152][153][155] The Model S was the
top selling plug-in electric car in Canada in 2015 with 2,010 units sold.[153][156]

Quebec is the regional market leader in Canada, with about 11,000 plug-in electric cars registered as of
September 2016, of which, 55% are plug-in hybrids. Registrations in the province totaled 3,100 units in
2015, representing a market share of 0.7% of new car sales, and 45% of total Canadian plug-in electric car
sales that year.[157]

A total of 1,969 plug-in cars were sold in 2012, up from 521 in 2011. Sales climbed 57.7% in 2013 to 3,106
units, and in 2014 were up 63.0% from 2013 to 5,062 units, reaching cumulative sales of 10,658 plug-in cars
through December 2014. The market share of the plug-in electric car segment grew from 0.03% in 2011, to
0.12% in 2012, and reached 0.27% of new car sales in the country in 2014.[59]

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 British Columbia is the only place in the country where
it is legal to drive a low-speed vehicle (LSV) electric car
on public roads, although it also requires low speed
warning marking and flashing lights. Quebec is allowing
LSVs in a three-year pilot project. These cars will not be
allowed on the highway, but will be allowed on city
streets.

In January 2009, Hydro-Qubec and Mitsubishi signed The Chevrolet Volt is the all-time top selling
an agreement to test 50 i-MiEV, at the time, the largest plug-in electric car in Canada. Shown here is a fleet
pilot test of electric cars in Canada ever. The test's goal of Volts at a solar-powered charging station in
was to allow a better understanding of winter usage of Toronto.
the technology. BC-Hydro and Mitsubishi had
previously tested a three-vehicle fleet in British
Columbia.[158] In October 2010, Transport Canada and Mitsubishi Motor Sales of Canada announced a
partnership to test the Mitsubishi i-MiEV. Transport Canada's ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles (eTV)
Program tested two i-MiEVs in government facilities and in a variety of real-world conditions. This program
aim was to evaluate the i-MiEV road performance and range.[159] Retail sales of the i-MiEV began in
December 2011,[160][161]

The Nissan Leaf roll-out in Canada began with fleet customers on July 29, 2011,[162] and deliveries to
individuals began in late September 2011.[163][164] As of December 2011, the Leaf was sold only through 27
Leaf-certified dealers for the entire country, and sales are limited to customers who live within a 65 km
(40 mi) radius of one of those dealers.[165] Cumulative sales through December 2014 reached 1,965 units,
and, as of December 2014, the Leaf ranked as the top selling all-electric car in the country.[59][155]

Retail sales of the Tesla Model S began in 2012, with 95 cars

The Tesla Model S is the all-time top
selling pure electric car in Canada.
Shown charging in Parksville, British
Columbia.
delivered that year. A total of 638 units were sold in 2013, and
cumulative sales reached 1,580 units through December 2014,
allowing the Model S to rank as the second best selling all-electric
car in the country.[59][166] During 2014 the BMW i3, Kia Soul EV,
BMW i8 and Porsche 918 Spyder were introduced in the Canadian
market.[59] The top selling models in 2015 were the Tesla Model S
with 2,010 units, followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 1,463, the
Nissan Leaf with 1,233, the BMW i3 with 367, and the Kia Soul EV
with 318.[153] In 2015, the Model S passed the Nissan Leaf as the
all-time best selling all-electric car in Canada.[58][167]
The all-electric Renault Twizy 40 low-speed quadricycle was
certified by Transport Canada in March 2016, and is scheduled to be
released on the Canadian market by mid-2016.[168]

There were 18,451 highway legal plug-in electric cars registered in Canada as of December 2015, of which,
10,034 (54%) are all-electric cars and 8,417 (46%) are plug-in hybrids. These figures include some used
imports from the U.S.[156] Until 2014 Canadian sales were evenly split between all-electric cars (50.8)% and
plug-in hybrids (49.2%).[59] The following table presents new car sales by year of all the highway-capable
plug-in electric cars available in Canada between 2011 and December 2015.

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 Highway-capable plug-in electric new car sales by model
in Canada between 2011 and December 2015
Total
Model 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
2011-2015
Chevrolet Volt[154] 5,415 1,463 1,521 931 1,225 275
Tesla Model S[153] 3,590 2,010 847 638 95
Nissan Leaf[155] 3,198 1,233 1,085 470 240 170
Smart electric drive[153] 1,132 306 561 222 28 15
Mitsubishi i MiEV[169] 617 121 109 168 196 23
Ford C-Max Energi[153] 609 138 272 199
BMW i3[153] 566 367 199
Ford Fusion Energi[153] 429 144 169 116
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid[153] 394 43 76 212 63
Kia Soul EV[153] 357 318 39
Ford Focus Electric[153] 244 42 44 103 55
BMW i8[153] 228 200 28
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid[153] 213 213
Fisker Karma[153] 100 7 26 67
Cadillac ELR[153] 73 25 44 4
Chevrolet Spark EV[153] 66 35 26 5
Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid[153] 65 20 45
Tesla Roadster[153] 53 53
Porsche 918 Spyder[153] 28 21 7
Audi A3 Sportback e-tron[153] 24 24
McLaren P1[153] 9 6 3
BMW X5 xDrive40e[153] 5 5
Toyota RAV4 EV[153] 4 1 3

Total new plug-in car sales[153] 17,995 6,990 5,322 3,178 1,969 536
PEV market share of new car sales[153] 0.37% 0.29% 0.18% 0.12% 0.03%
Note: New car sales seldom correspond to registrations figures, as some plug-in model registered are used imports from the
U.S.
and some model numbers may declined as more cars are being taken off the road than are being sold.

Advocacy and meetings

Canada's National Advanced Transportation Center, an electric vehicle advocacy group, will attempt in

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 April 2014 to break the Guinness World Record for the largest electric-vehicle parade.[170]

Government incentives

Purchase incentives for new plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) were established in Ontario consisting of a
rebate between CA$5,000 (4 kWh battery) to CA$8,500 (17 kWh or more) (~US$5,050 to US$8,650),
depending on battery size, for purchasing or leasing a new PEV after July 1, 2010. The rebates will be
available to the first 10,000 applicants who qualify.[171][172] The province also introduced green-coloured
licence plates for exclusive use of plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles.[171][173][174] These unique
green vehicle plates allow PEV owners to travel in the province's carpool lanes until 2015 regardless of the
number of passengers in the vehicle. Also, owners are eligible to use recharging stations at GO Transit and
other provincially owned parking lots.[171][174]

Quebec began offering rebates of up to CA$8,000 (~ US$8,358)

beginning on January 1, 2012, for the purchase of new plug-in
electric vehicles equipped with a minimum of 4 kWh battery, and
new hybrid electric vehicles are eligible for a CA$1,000 rebate.
All-electric vehicles with high-capacity battery packs were eligible
for the full CA$8,000 rebate, and incentives were reduced for
low-range electric cars and plug-in hybrids. Quebec's government
earmarked CA$50 million(US$52.3 million) for the program, and
the maximum rebate amount was set to be slowly reduced every year
Several electric cars charging in
until a maximum of CA$3,000 in 2015, but the rebates would
downtown Toronto. From farthest to
continue until the fund runs out. There was also a ceiling for the
maximum number of eligible vehicles: 10,000 for all-electric closest, a Nissan Leaf, a Smart ED,
vehicles and plug-in hybrids, and 5,000 for conventional hybrids. and a Mitsubishi i MiEV.
[175][176]

In November 2013, the provincial government announced its decision to earmark in 2014 an additional
CA$65 million (~ US$45.5 million) to fund a three-year extension to the electric-vehicle rebate program.
The maximum rebate was kept at CA$8,000, but a graded scale was introduced in order to spread the
incentive over 10,000 or more vehicles.[177] Quebec's government also set the goal to deploy 12,500 more
electric vehicles in the province by 2017, consisting of 10,200 consumer cars, 325 taxis, and 2,000
government-fleet vehicles.[177] Also, incentives were issued for "greening" 525 taxis, aimed to introduce
325 plug-in vehicles (275 plug-in hybrids and 50 all-electrics) and 200 conventional hybrids. The purchase
incentives start at CA$20,000 for battery-electric taxis, CA$12,000 for plug-in hybrids, and CA$3,000 for
conventional hybrids, with the rebate declining over time. The province planned to also subsidize the
deployment of charging stations for taxis.[177]

In October 2016, the National Assembly of Quebec passed a new

Mitsubishi i MiEV from Hydro-
Qubec showcased at the 2012
Montreal International Auto Show.
zero emission vehicle legislation that obliges any carmaker who sells
in the Canadian province more than 4,500 new vehicles per year
over a three-year average, to offer their customers a minimum
number of plug-in hybrid and all-electric models. Under the new law,
3.5% of the total number of autos sold by carmakers in Quebec have
to be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV) starting in 2018, rising to 15.5%
in 2020. A tradable credit system was created for those carmakers
not fulfilling their quotas to avoid financial penalties. The quotas
will be determined by Quebec's Ministry of Sustainable
Development. Quebec became the first Canadian province to pass
such legislation, joining ten U.S. states, including California, that
have similar ZEV laws. Quebec aims to have 100,000 zero emission

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 vehicles on the road by 2020.[157][178] Initially, the provincial government set the goal in 2011 to have
300,000 plug-in vehicles on the roads by 2020.[175]

The Government of British Columbia announced the LiveSmart BC program which will start offering
rebates of up to CA$5,000 per eligible clean energy vehicle commencing on December 1, 2011. The
incentives will be available until March 31, 2013 or until available funding is depleted, whichever comes
first. Available funds are enough to provide incentives for approximately 1,370 vehicles. Battery electric
vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and plug-in hybrids with battery capacity of 15.0 kWh and above are eligible for
a CA$5,000 incentive. Also effective December 1, 2011, rebates of up to CA$500 per qualifying electric
vehicle charging equipment will be available to B.C. residents who have purchased a clean energy vehicle.
[179][180]

The stock of new energy vehicles sold in China

since 2011 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in
March 2016, making the country the largest plug-in
market in the world when all automotive segments
are considered.[28] Sales of domestically produced
plug-in passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit
milestone in September 2016.[35] Domestically
produced cars account for 96% of new energy car
sales in China.[181] As of November 2016, China
also has the world's largest fleet of light-duty plug-in
electric vehicles, with about 600,000 plug-in
cars.[6][39] China overtook the U.S. and Europe in
terms of annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric
vehicles, both in calendar years 2015 and current-
year-to-date through November.[6][39]

The Chinese government adopted in 2009 a plan to

leapfrog current automotive technology, and seize
the growing new energy vehicle (NEV) market to Sales of new energy vehicles in China by year between
become of the world leaders in manufacturing of January 2011 and December 2016.[70][71][72][73][74][8]
all-electric and hybrid vehicles. The government's
political support for the adoption of electric vehicles
has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to
reduce its oil dependence which comes from the Middle East; to reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce its
carbon emissions.[45][182] In June 2012 the State Council of the People's Republic of China published a plan
to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of
500,000 new energy vehicles by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.[183][184] As sales were much lower than
initially expected, and most of the deployed NEV stock has been purchased by the government for public
fleets, new monetary incentives were issued in 2014, and the national government set a sales target of
160,000 units for 2014.[185][186] Although the goal was not achieved, new energy vehicles sales in 2014
totaled 74,763 units, up 324% from 2013. The surge in demand continued in 2015, with a total of 331,092
NEVs sold in 2015, rising 343% year-on-year.[70][74]

As of September 2016, cumulative sales of domestically produced highway legal new energy passenger cars
totaled 521,649 units since 2005, excluding imports, representing 29.2% of the global light-duty plug-in
stock.[187] By the end of September 2016, China's stock of plug-in passenger cars reached the level of the
American stock, and by November 2016, Chinas cumulative total plug-in passenger vehicles sales had

15 of 98
 surpassed those of Europe, allowing China to become the market with the world's largest stock of light-duty
plug-in vehicles.[6][39] As of December 2016, sales of new energy passenger cars since 2010 totaled 632,371
units.[3][188][189]

Government incentives

The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles,
and only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives.
Initially, conventional hybrids were also included.[190] On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced
a trial program to provide incentives for new energy vehicles of up to 60,000 yuan (~US$9,281 in June
2011) for private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50,000 yuan (~US$7,634 in June 2011) for
plug-in hybrids in five cities.[191][192] The government set the goal to raise the country's annual production
capacity to 500,000 plug-in hybrid or all-electric cars and buses by the end of 2011, up from 2,100 in
2008.[182] A mid-September 2013 joint announcement by the National Development and Reform
Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government will
provide a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to
US$81,600 for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's
problematic air pollution.[193]

In April 2016 the Traffic Management Bureau under the Ministry of Public Security announced the
introduction of new green license plates to identify new energy vehicles, as opposed to the country's
standard blue plates. The objective of the special plates is to facilite police enforcement of the preferential
policies that some local authorities apply to cleaner cars to help cut emissions and ease traffic. For example,
central Beijing has in place a road space rationing scheme, a driving restriction regulation that bans
conventional vehicles from entering the city for one day a week, but new energy vehicles are exempted from
the restriction.[194]

Sales

New energy vehicle sales in China totaled 951,447 units between

January 2011 and December 2016. These figures include heavy-duty
commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only
accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country because imports
are not subject to government subsidies.[6][8] As of September 2016,
the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consisted of about
540,000 all-electric vehicles (73.7%) and almost 193,000 plug-in
hybrids (26.3%) sold since 2011.[28][44][195][196][197][198][199] The
country achieved record sales of 207,380 new energy passenger cars
in 2015, allowing China to rank as the world's top selling plug-in As of December 2015, China ranked
passenger car country market in 2015, ahead of the United States, the as the world's largest plug-in electric
leading market in 2014.[23][3] A particular feature of the Chinese bus market with a stock of almost
passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level 173,000 vehicles.[3] Shown a BYD
vehicles. In 2015, all-electric car sales in the mini and small K9 bus in Shenzhen.
segments (A-segment) represented 87% of total pure electric car
sales, while 96% of total plug-in hybrid car sales were in the
compact segment (C-segment).[200] Sales of plug-in passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in
September 2016. Imported plug-in cars, such as Tesla Model S or BMW i3s are not included.[35]

Over 160,000 heavy-duty new energy vehicles were sold between 2011 and 2015, of which, 123,710
(77.2%) were sold in 2015.[27][74] Sales of commercial new energy vehicles in 2015 consisted of 100,763
all-electric vehicles (81.5%) and 22,947 plug-in hybrid vehicles (18.5%).[74] The share of all-electric bus
sales in the Chinese bus market climbed from 2% in 2010 to 9.9% in 2012, and was expected to be closed to

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 20% for 2013.[201] As of December 2014, China had about 36,500 all-electric buses.[27] The global stock of
plug-in electric buses was estimated to be about 173,000 units as of December 2015, almost entirely
deployed in China, the world's largest electric bus market. Of these, almost 150,000 were all-electric buses.
The Chinese electric bus stock grew nearly sixfold between 2014 and 2015.[3]

A total of 8,159 new energy vehicles were sold in China during

2011, including passenger cars (61%) and buses (28%). Of these,
5,579 units were all-electric vehicles and 2,580 plug-in hybrids.[71]
Electric vehicle sales represented 0.04% of total new car sales in
2011.[202] Sales of new energy vehicles in 2012 reached 12,791
units, which includes 11,375 all-electric vehicles and 1,416 plug-in
hybrids.[72] New energy vehicle sales in 2012 represented 0.07% of
BYD e6 all-electric taxi in Shenzhen, the country's total new car sales.[203] During 2013 new energy
China. vehicle sales totaled 17,642 units, up 37.9% from 2012 and
representing 0.08% of the nearly 22 million new car sold in the
country in 2013. Deliveries included 14,604 pure electric vehicles
and 3,038 plug-in hybrids. [73][204] The top selling new energy car in China between 2011 and 2013 was the
Chery QQ3 EV city car, with 2,167 units sold in 2011, 3,129 in 2012, and 5,727 in 2013.[45]

New energy vehicle sales in China during 2014 totaled 74,763 units,
consisting of 45,048 all-electric vehicles, and 29,715 plug-in
hybrids. Of these, 71% were passenger cars, 27% buses, and 1%
trucks.[207] Pure electric vehicle sales increased 210% from 2013
while plug-in hybrid sales grew 880% from the previous year. The
plug-in electric segment market share reached 0.32% of the 23.5
million new car sales sold in 2014.[70] The BYD Qin ranked as the
top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2014, with 14,747 units
sold during the year,[207] and became the country's top selling The BYD Qin, released in December
plug-in passenger car ever.[205] The Qin was followed by the 2013, became the all-time top selling
all-electrics Kandi EV with 14,398, Zotye Zhidou E20, with 7,341 passenger new energy vehicle in
units, and BAIC E150 EV with 5,234.[207][210] China since 2014.[205] As of
December 2016, cumulative sales
Domestically produced new energy vehicle sales in 2015 totaled a totaled 68,655 units sold since its
record 331,092 units, consisting of 247,482 all-electric vehicles and inception.[206][207][208][209]
83,610 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 449% and 191% from 2014,
respectively.[74] Sales of plug-in passenger cars, excluding imports,
totaled 176,627 units in 2015, allowing China to rank as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car country
market in 2015.[23] The plug-in electric passenger car segment market share rose to 0.84% in 2015, up from
0.25% in 2014.[49] The top selling passenger models in 2015 were the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid with 31,898
units sold,[208] followed by the BYD Tang (18,375),[211] and the all-electrics Kandi EV (16,736), BAIC
E150/160/200 EV (16,488), and the Zotye Z100 EV (15,467).[212]

As of December 2015, with 31,898 units sold in 2015, the BYD Qin continued to rank as the all-time top
selling plug-in passenger car in the country, with cumulative sales of 46,787 units since its introduction.
[206][205][207][208] The BYD Qin was the world's second best selling plug-in hybrid car in 2015 after the
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and also ranked fifth among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars in
2015.[213] BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty
plug-in electric vehicles, with around 60,000 units sold, followed by Tesla Motors, with 50,580 units sold in
2015.[213][214]

A total of about 289,000 new energy vehicles were sold during the first nine months of 2016, up 100.6%

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 year-on-year, consisting of 216,000 pure electric vehicles, up 128.4%
year-on-year, and 73,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 47.2% from the
same period the previous year.[44][215] A total of 209,359 new energy
passenger cars were sold in the first three quarters of 2016, up 122%
year-on-year, consisting of about 145,000 all-electric cars, up 170%
year-on-year, and about 65,000 plug-in hybrids, up 60% year-on-
year.[216] The plug-in segment market share totaled 1.08% of new
The BYD Tang, released in June car sales during the period.[44][216]
2015, was the best-selling plug-in
electric car in China in 2016 with Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling
new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang plug-in hybrid
31,405 units sold.[209]
SUV was the top selling plug-in car with 31,405 units delivered,
followed by the BYD Qin (21,868) and the BYD e6 (20,605).[209]
As of December 2016, the BYD Qin, with 68,655 units sold since its inception, remains the all-time top
selling plug-in electric car in the country.[206][207][208][209] For a second year running BYD Auto was the
world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer in 2016 with over 100,000 units delivered in China, ahead of
Tesla Motors by about 30,000 units.[1][217] The following table presents annual sales of the top selling new
energy passenger cars by model with cumulative sales of about or over 3,000 units between 2011 and
December 2015.

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 Sales of top selling new energy cars in China by model
between 2011 and December 2015
NEV
Total Sales Sales Sales
segment Sales Sales
Model sales 2015[208] 2014[207] 2011[45]
market
[211][212][218] [210][219] 2013[45][204] 2012[45][220] [221][222]
2011-2015
share(1)
BYD Qin 46,787 10.5% 31,898 14,747 142 N/A N/A

Kandi EV 31,134 7.0% 16,736 14,398 N/A N/A N/A

BAIC
E150/160/200 23,832 5.4% 16,488 5,234 1,466 644
EV
BYD Tang 18,375 4.1% 18,375 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Chery QQ3 EV 16,247(2) 3.7% 3,208(2) 2,016(3) 5,727 3,129 2,167

Zotye
15,467 3.5% 15,467 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Cloud/Z100 EV
JAC J3/iEV 15,279 3.5% ~9,000 ~1,000 1,309 2,485 1,585(4)
BYD e6 14,257(5) 3.2% 7,029 3,560 1,544 1,690 401
Zotye Zhidou
13,726 3.1% 6,385 7,341 N/A N/A N/A
E20
SAIC Roewe
11,711 2.6% 10,711 ~1,000 N/A N/A N/A
550 PHEV
Chery eQ 7,804 1.8% 7,262 542 N/A N/A N/A

Tesla Model
5,524(6) 1.2% 3,025(6) 2,499 N/A N/A N/A
S[223][224][225]
Geely-Kandi
4,939 1.1% 3,654 1,285 N/A N/A N/A
Panda EV
Zhidou D2 3,777 0.8% 3,777 N/A N/A N/A N/A

BYD F3DM 3,284(5) 0.7% N/A N/A 1,005 1,201 613

Denza EV 3,020 0.7% 2,888 132 N/A N/A N/A

Total new
energy
444,447(7) - 331,092 74,763 17,642 12,791 8,159
vehicles sales[70]
[71][72][73][74]

Notes:

(1) Model market share as percentage of the 444,447 new electric vehicles sold between 2011 and December 2015.
(2) Only sales between January and June 2015.[226]
(3) Only includes sales between January and March 2014.
(4) Combined sales for 2010 and 2011.[222]
(5) BYD e6 total includes 33 units sold in 2010. F3DM total includes 417 units sold in 2010 and 48 in 2009.[227][228]
(6) Tesla Model S sales through September 2015.
(7) Total annual NEV sales figures include heavy-duty vehicles, such all-electric buses and sanitation trucks, but do not

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 include Tesla Model S sales nor any other imports.

The Mitsubishi i-MiEV was launched in May 2011 at a price of

CLP28,9 million (US$60,000). Initial availability was limited to 25
units.[229][230] The first public quick charging station in the country
was opened in April 2011 in preparation for the arrival of the first
i-MiEV electric cars.[231] As of August 2012, only 10 units have
been sold.[232]

In August 2014 Mitsubishi withdrew the i-Miev from the market due
to its low sales volume and introduced the Outlander PHEV at a
lower price of US$54,000. Later that year BMW introduced their "i" Mitsubishi i-MiEV in Chile
range with the i3 (US$55,000) and i8 (US$225,000) plug-in cars;
while Renault launched their whole Zero Emission (Z.E.) lineup,
including the Fluence Z.E. sedan, the Kangoo utility van and Zoe city car. The French brand sold 22 electric
vehicles in their first month in the Chilean market.

In 2013 the government established incentives to promote the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. These
include the exemption from the driving restriction scheme (Spanish: Pico y placa) in place in several
Colombian cities such as Bogot and Medelln. Also the government exempted all-electric and plug-in
hybrid cars from import duties for three years, but limited to an annual quota of 750 plug-in cars of each
type. All-electric vehicles are exempted 100% if the vehicle's "Free On Board" (FOB) value is less than
US$52,000, while plug-ins with an internal combustion engine of less than 3 liters, the import duty was
reduced to 5%.[233]

The first South American all-electric taxi fleet made up of BYD e6

was launched at the beginning of 2013 in Bogot, the capital city of
Colombia after receiving operation approval by the Colombia
Ministry of Transportation. These taxis are exempted from the
driving restriction scheme. The program is an effort to improve the
local air quality and set an example to other cities in the country.
[234][235][236] In September 2013 a total of 45 e6 taxis of this pilot
program were delivered. The e6 fleet are part of Colombia's
"BIOTAXIS Project."[237] Another three BYD e6s were sent to
Colceincias, Bogota's Tech, Science and Innovation
The all-electric Renault Twizy Administration.[236]
quadracycle is the top selling electric
The BMW i3 was introduced in Colombia in late 2014 with pricing
vehicle in Colombia.
starting at COP$154.9 million (~US$49,000). As of June 2015, i3
sales totaled 25 units.[233] The all-electric Renault Twizy
quadracycle was introduced in the Colombian market in June 2015, at a price starting at COP$40 million
(~US$12,650).[238] Sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV were scheduled to begin in September
2015.[233]

Retail sales during 2014 totaled 52 pure electric cars and four plug-in hybrids. Lower sales than expected are
the result of lack of charging infrastructure and the relatively high price of plug-in vehicles despite the

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 reduced import duties. In addition to the charging stations used for the electric taxi fleet, there is only one
public charging point in Bogot.[233] As of June 2015, a totalof 126 plug-in electric vehicles have been sold
in the country, mostly to corporate customers, and consisting of 43 BYD e6s (taxis), 35 Mitsubishi i-MiEVs,
25 BMW i3s, 19 Renault Twizys, and four Nissan Leafs.[233] A total of 203 Twizys had been sold as of
October 2015, of which, 114 were sold in October,[239] capturing a 0.1% market share of new car sales, and
placing Colombia at the forefront of electric vehicle market in Latin America, along with Costa Rica.[240]

As of January 2015, the Costa Rican stock of electric drive vehicles consisted of 477 hybrid electric vehicles
and 2,229 plug-in electric vehicles, including passenger cars, buses, motorcycles, quadricycles and electric
bicycles. With a registered fleet of 1,399,082 units at the end of 2014, electric vehicles represent a 0.16%
share of the Costa Rican stock of motor vehicles.[241][242] Costa Rica is considered the leading country in
electric vehicle adoption in Latin America.[240]

The first electric car to go on sale in the country was the REVAi,
introduced in March 2009. The REVAi, powered by leadacid
batteries, sold 10 units during its first month in the market, 5 by
corporate clients and 5 by individual customers.[243] The Mitsubishi
i MiEV was launched in February 2011, with initial availability
limited to 25 to 50 units.[244][245][246] According to Mitsubishi,
Costa Rica was selected at the first market launch in the Americas
due to its environmental record, despite the lack of government
Mitsubishi i-MiEV purchased by the incentives for purchasing electric cars.[246][247]
U.S. embassy in Costa Rica.
As of February 2012, only a total of 61 all-electric cars had been
registered in the country, with 31 purchased by individual customers,
and 30 sold to embassies, universities, and corporate clients. Lack of charging infrastructure, there are no
public charging stations in the country, and the need to introduce government incentives to reduce purchase
taxes, were cited as the main causes for the low volume sales.[248] Nissan signed an agreement with the
Costa Rican government in February 2012 to implement a pilot program as part of the introduction of the
Nissan Leaf in the country. A task force was created through the agreement to assess the infrastructure
requirements for the deployment of electric cars and the definition necessary government incentives for
consumers to purchase electric cars.[249] Nissan planned to start Leaf sales by late 2013.[250]

In January 2013 BYD Auto signed an agreement with the Costa

Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy to deploy 200 BYD e6
electric cars for use as "green taxis." The electric cars will be exempt
from import duties and the government has agreed to deploy
charging stations in strategic locations in the city of San Jos.[251]
Retail sales of the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid began in Costa Rica in
November.[252][253] Retail sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV
began in March 2015.[254] The BMW i3 was released in the Costa Retail sales of the BMW i3 94 Ah
Rican market in September 2016.[255] Pricing of the i3 94 Ah starts began in Costa Rica in September
at US$67,500, since the bill to eliminate import duties and other 2016.
taxes is still pending approval in Congress.[256]

Government incentives

Initially, the only existing fiscal incentive for the purchase of electric vehicles was the exemption from the
consumption tax implemented in 2006, while conventional vehicles pay a 30% rate. A bill introduced in

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 2010 to reduce purchase and import duty taxes did not move forward in the Legislative Assembly.[248] Since
October 2012, electric cars are exempted from the driving restriction implemented by plate number to
restrict access to downtown San Jos, the country's capital.[250]

In October 2015 a new bill was introduced into the Legislative Assembly, called, "Incentives and Promotion
of the Electric Transport", which would eliminate all taxation on all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles
including import duties, consumption tax, and sales tax, which would result in a 44% reduction of the
current retail price. The bill also proposes free parking at parking meters for electric vehicles, free
designated parking at private and public facilities, and a five-year exemption from the annual road tax. The
bill set a cap of 100,000 units to benefit from the law and the benefits would be in place for five-years,
whichever comes first. Vehicles eligible for the tax exemptions includes passenger cars, passenger vans,
motorcycles, buses and trains.[242][257]

The bill also promotes the development of charging infrastructure with goal to provide charging points every
80 km (50 mi) on national highways and every 120 km (75 mi) on the municipal road network. The
proposed law also mandates all government agencies to replace 10% of their auto fleets with plug-in electric
vehicles; and public transportation and taxi services are mandated to slowly replace their fleets with electric
vehicles, with a minimum of 10% of plug-in electric cars for new taxi cab medallions ("ecotaxis"). In
addition, the law would provide income tax incentives for corporations that replace with plug-ins at least
10% of their fleets, with a minimum of three company cars.[242][258]

As of November 2015, there were 440 electric cars registered in Croatia.[259] There are 82 charging stations
available in 32 cities and towns as of February 2016.[260] In 2014, the Croatian government subsidized the
purchase of electric cars with HRK 70,000 (c. 9300) for a fully electric vehicle, HRK 50,000 (c. 6600) for
a plug-in hybrid, and HRK 30,000 (c. 4000) for other hybrid vehicles.[261]

A small city car called XD assembled by Croatian company DOK-ING.[262] The name XD comes from
oddly shaped rear lights ("X" shaped) and "D" beginning letter of the company's name. The XD can travel
over 250 km on a single charge with Lithium-ion batteries. Car's base-cost will be only 10,000. Serial
production is predicted to start mid-2012.

As of December 2015, there were around 4,000 electric cars in Denmark.[263] Denmark is the second largest
European market for light-duty plug-in electric commercial vehicles or utility vans, with over 2,600 plug-in
electric vans sold in 2015, representing an 8.5% market share of all vans sold in the country. Most of the van
sold in the Danish market are plug-in hybrids, accounting for almost all of the plug-in hybrid van sales
across the European Union.[42] As of 2014, the country generated about a third of its electric power from
wind energy,[264] but some of it is exported to hydropower storage in Norway and elsewhere because there
is currently no way for utilities to store the excess power inside Denmark.

Better Place partnered with Denmark's leading energy company, Dong Energy, in a 103 million (770
million Danish Kroner) investment to introduce electric cars and infrastructure to Denmark. With the Better
Place model, Dong hoped to leverage the existing electric grid and electric vehicle batteries to harness and
store the abundance of wind-generated power and distribute appropriately for transportation consumption.
[265][266] The network commercial launch was scheduled for late 2011.[99]

The first battery switch station in Denmark, out of 20 planned to be deployed across the country until March
2012 as part of the network of charging infrastructure, was unveiled in June 2011 at Gladsaxe, near

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 Copenhagen.[267] Sales of the Renault Fluence Z.E., the electric car selected for the network, began in late
2011, and 234 units were sold in Denmark between 2012 and April 2013.[268] As of December 2012 there
were 17 battery swapping stations fully operational in the country enabling Danish customers to drive
anywhere across the country in an electric car.[269] On 26 May 2013, and following the decision of the
Board of Directors of Better Place's global company, Better Place Danmark A/S decided to begin
bankruptcy proceedings.[270][271] Some of these stations were converted to hydrogen-producing fuel stations
for hydrogen cars such as the Toyota Mirai.[272]

A taxi demonstration project in Copenhagen, including three Fluences and a Nissan Leaf, began in May
2013 scheduled to run through the second quarter of 2015. The demonstration was supported with a 12.5
million kroner government grant.[273]

As of February 2015, a total of 1,188 plug-in electric vehicles were

registered in Estonia. As of December 2013, there were 757
all-electric cars registered in Estonia, up from 619 pure electric cars
registered through 2012.[14][274] With a total of 506 pure electric cars
during 2012, Estonia ranked second after Norway in terms of EV
penetration of the total auto fleet, with 1 electric car for every 1,000
registered cars.[14] However, the market share of the all-electric car
segment dropped from 2.39% in 2012 to 0.69% in 2013, as
registrations decreased to 138 units in 2013.[274] The top selling
electric car in 2013 was the Nissan Leaf with 95 units sold.[274] In Two Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in Estonia.
the year 2015, the number of electric cars sold in Estonia was 34. The majority of electric cars in
The figure is low compared to other advanced economies in the EU, Estonia are i-MiEVs.
and low sales are atrributed to lack of government subsidies after the
carbon credit scheme was depleted.[275]

Estonia is the first country that completed the deployment of an EV charging network with nationwide
coverage, with fast chargers available along highways at a minimum distance between 40 to 60 km (25 to
37 mi).[15][16] As of December 2012, the nationwide network consisted of 165 fast chargers fully financed
by the Estonian government, with a separation on highways of no more than 60 km (37 mi) with a higher
density on urban areas. These public fast chargers are dual units, with a 50 kW CHAdeMO port and a 22 kW
AC plug.[276][277][278]

Carbon credits exchange

On March 3, 2011, the government of Estonia confirmed the sale to Mitsubishi Corporation of 10 million
carbon dioxide credits in exchange for 507 i-MiEV electric cars. The deal also included funding to build 250
fast charging stations in larger towns and main highways by 2013, and subsidies for the first 500 private
buyers of any electric car approved by the European Union.[279][280] The first 50 i-MiEVs were delivered in
October 2011 and this official fleet was assigned for use by municipal social workers.[281][282] During the
first round of allocations of the electric cars, municipalities requested only 336 of the 507 i-MiEVs
available. Several local authorities stated concerns about the electric car performance during harsh winter
conditions, maintenance costs and the i-MiEV' reliability on difficult countryside roads.[283][284]

As of October 2016, there were about 2,250 plug-in electric cars on Finish roads.[285] Registrations in 2015

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 totaled 658 plug-in cars, up from 445 in 2014.[286] During the first three quarters of 2016 plug-in electric car
registrations totaled 1,017 units, consisting of 163 pure electric cars and 854 plug-in hybrids.[287] Plug-in
electric car sales have been slow primarily due to the limited range of pure electric cars and the high
purchase prices of plug-in models in general.[285]

In November 2016, the government set the goal to have 250,000 plug-in electric cars and 50,000 biogas cars
on the road by 2030. To achieve this goal the government is considering to earmark 100 million in
subsidies for electric and biogas cars between 2017 and 2020. The transport ministry is considering two
options, a 4,000 purchase subsidy available for the first 25,000 emissions-free cars sold, or to overhaul
automotive taxes to encourage people to buy clean cars.[285] These goals are part of the Finnish government
efforts to meet Finland's climate commitments under the 2015 Paris Agreement.[285]

Electric cars are also present in Finland, with companies such as Valmet Automotive (Fisker Karma and
Garia A/S electric golf cart production) and also agreement of Think City car production,[288] Fortum
(concept cars and infrastructure), Kabus (http://www.kabus.fi/etusivu/96-etusivu/2151-briefly-in-english)
(hybrid buses; part of Koiviston Auto Oy), BRP Finland (part of Bombardier Recreational Products), Lynx
(snowmobile), Patria (military vehicles), European Batteries (http://www.europeanbatteries.com/) (Li-ion
battery plant in Varkaus), Finnish Electric Vehicles (http://www.fevt.com/) (battery control systems), ABB,
Efore (http://www.efore.com/en_GB/), Vacon (electric motor technology production), Ensto
(http://www.ensto.com/solutions/evcharging/) (production of charging units), Elcat (electric vehicle
production since the 1980s), production of electric car accessories (http://www.acev.fi/), Suomen Shkauto
Oy (http://www.yritysopas.com/tiedot/Pori/Suomen_Sahkoauto_Oy/) (produces small electric cars), Oy
AMC Motors Ltd. (http://www.amcmotors.fi/) (produces and designs small electric cars), Raceabout[289]
(specialist electric sport car with very few sales), Gemoto skooters from Cabotec
(http://www.cebotec.tawi.fi/), Resonate's Gemini and Janus Scooters (http://www.resonate.fi/), Moto Bella
Oy (http://www.motoitalia.fi/www/), Axcomotors (http://www.axcomotors.com/), Randax
(http://www.randax.fi/web/palvelut/), Visedo (http://www.visedo.com/).

Research related to electric cars is in progress at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and Tekes
(http://www.tekes.fi/en/community/Home/351/Home/473).

Electric Motor Show

Sharing knowledge is also in progress: in Helsinki the Electric Motor Show was held from 10 to 12
September 2010.[290] The show will feature only cars, motorcycles, scooters, mopeds and microcars and
components for them. Year 2010 is second year for Helsinki Electric motor show. The plan is to hold the
show annually.

Infrastructure

Basic charging infrastructure is already available all over Finland, used for engine pre-warming in the cold
winters. Because of its climate cold winters and warm summers Finland is considered a convenient "test
laboratory" for electric cars and many companies have made field tests in Finland. It has been said in
Autobild 08/09 magazine that Fortum is developing the high-speed charging system. With a new kind of
three-phase charging method electric cars can be charged in four minutes. A commercial product should be
ready by 2011.

There are also mines and metal refineries for lithium alloy in Finland. At the moment there are several
mining projects under way such as the Keliber project.[291]

Support organizations

There are several electric car organisations in Finland, such as the Electric Vehicle Association of Finland

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 (http://www.sahkoajoneuvoyhdistys.fi/framesen.html) and Electric Vehicles Finland (http://www.evf-
electric.fi/).

Electric Cars - Now!

There is also a non-commercial electric car conversion organisation called Electric Cars - Now![292] that
converts standard Toyota Corollas into Li-ion battery-powered electric cars. As of August 2009, more than
1,700 pre-orders for conversion Toyotas have been placed. The speciality in the Electric Cars - Now! project
is that it is an open source project: anyone can start similar production anywhere they want, the benefits for
the customer being open-source spare part coding and so on. The ideas and design are freely available from
the Electric Cars - Now! organisation.

As of December 2016, a total of 108,065

light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been
registered in France, making the country the
third largest European plug-in country
market and the sixth largest in the world.[1]
As of September 2016, and accounting for
registrations since 2010, the plug-in electric
stock consisted of 61,686 all-electric
passenger cars, 24,696 all-electric utility
vans, and 12,857 plug-in hybrids.[36] As of
December 2015, France ranked as the
country with the world's largest market for
light-duty electric commercial vehicles or
utility vans. Nearly half of the vans sold in
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in France by type of
the European Union are sold in the country
vehicle between 2010 and 2016.[293][294][295][296][297][298][299]
as a result of a national purchase incentive [300][301][302]
scheme, which French companies have
embraced.[42] The market share of
all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, and 1.30% in
2015.[43]

All-electric car registrations increased from 184 units in 2010 to 2,630 in 2011.[303] Sales in 2012 increased
115% from 2011 to 5,663 electric cars,[304] making France the world's fourth largest all-electric country
market in 2012.[305] Registrations reached 8,779 electric cars in 2013, up 55.0% from 2012,[306] and the
all-electric market share of total new car sales went up to 0.49% from 0.3% in 2012.[304][307] In addition,
5,175 electric utility vans were registered in 2013, up 42% from 2012,[306] representing a market share of
1.4% of all new light commercial vehicles sold in 2013.[307] Sales of all-electric passenger cars and utility
vans totaled 13,954 units in 2013,[306] France was the leading European light-duty all-electric market in
2012 and 2013.[48][306][308]

All-electric car sales in the French market for 2011 were led by the Citron C-Zero with 645 units followed
by the Peugeot iOns with 639 vehicles.[303] During 2012, all-electric car registrations in France were led by
the Bollor Bluecar with 1,543 units.[309] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. was the top selling utility electric
vehicle with 2,869 units registered in 2012, capturing 82% of the segment sales.[308][310] Registrations of
pure electric cars in 2013 were led by the Renault Zoe with 5,511 units representing 62.8% of total pure
electric car sales.[306] Registrations of all-electric light utility vehicles were led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E.

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 with 4,174 units, representing 80.7% of the segment sales.[306]
Registrations of plug-in hybrids in 2012 were led by the Toyota Prius
PHV with 413 units.[297] During 2013 the Prius PHEV continuing as
the plug-in hybrid segment leader with 393 units registered.[298]
When plug-in hybrids sales in 2013 are accounted for, a total of
14,762 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in
2013,[298][306] making the country the second largest plug-in market
in Europe after the Netherlands.[48]
The Bollor Bluecar, deployed for the
Parisian Autolib' carsharing program, A total of 15,045 all-electric
led highway-capable electric car cars and vans were registered
registrations in France in 2012.[309] in 2014, up 7.8% from 2013.
Registrations of all-electric
cars in 2014 passed the
10,000 unit mark for the first time (10,560).[296] This figure does not
include BMW i3 with range extender.[75] All-electric utility vans
continued to be a significant share of the all-electric segment, with
4,485 units registered in 2014.[296] All-electric cars captured a The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the
0.59% market share, while light-duty electric vehicles reached a country's all-time top selling
1.22% market share of their segment.[311] The slow down in sales all-electric utility vehicle with over
during the first half of 2014, allowed Norway to end 2014 as the top 15,000 units registered through
selling European market in the all-electric segment, with France September 2016.[36]
ranking second.[312][313] The Zoe continued leading plug-in electric
vehicle registrations in 2014, with 5,970 units registered, followed
by the Kangoo Z.E. van with 2,657 registrations.[293][311]

Plug-in hybrid car registrations totaled 1,527 units in 2014, almost doubling registrations from a year
earlier.[300] Plug-in hybrid sales were driven by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, with 820 units registered
in 2014, representing 54% of the segment registrations in 2014.[314] Between 2012 and 2014, cumulative
plug-in hybrid registrations reached 2,985 units, rising cumulative French registrations of plug-in electric
vehicles since 2005 to 46,590 units,[297][298][313][315] just ahead of the Netherlands (45,020),[316] and
making France the European country where there were more plug-in electric vehicles on the road as of
December 2014.[313]

A total of 27,701 light-duty electric vehicles were registered in

France in 2015, consisting of 17,779 all-electric cars, 4,916 electric
vans, and 5,006 plug-in hybrid cars.[299][301] All-electric cars
captured a 0.9% market share of new passenger car registrations in
2015,[23] and the entire plug-in passenger car market achieved a
market share of 1.17%.[23][293][300] All-electric car registrations in
2015 continued to be led by the Renault Zoe (10,406),[293] the
electric utility van segment was led by the Kangoo Z.E. (2,836),[301]
The Renault Zoe has led electric car and the plug-in hybrid segment was led by the Volkswagen Golf
sales in France since 2013, and is the GTE (1,687).[300] A total of 33,774 light-duty electric vehicles were
country's all-time best selling plug-in registered in France in 2016, making the country the third largest in
electric car with more than 30,000
Europe in 2016 after Norway and the UK.[9] France was the top
units registered through September
selling European market in the light-duty all-electric segment with
2016.[293]
27,307 units registered, up 23% from 2015.[317] During the first
three quarters of 2016, registrations consisted of 16,091 all-electric
cars, 3,991 electric vans, and 4,858 plug-in hybrid cars.[318] The Renault Zoe continued as the top selling

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 plug-in electric car with 8,163 units during this period.[293] The plug-in passenger car market achieved a
market share of 1.57% of new car sales during the first nine months of 2016.[293][318] As of September
2016, the Renault Zoe is the all-time best-selling plug-in electric vehicle in the French market with 30,098
units registered since 2012.[293] Ranking second is the Kangoo Z.E. utility van with 15,032 units registered
since 2010.[43][306][310][318][319][320] As of September 2016, the all-time top selling plug-in hybrid is the
Volkswagen Golf GTE with about 2,500 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with almost
2,000 registered.[36] The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in France passed the 100,000
unit milestone in October 2016.[36][37]

The following table presents registrations of the top selling light-duty highway-capable electric vehicles by
type (all electric cars and vans, and plug-in hybrids) with detailed all-electric car registrations by model
between 2010 and December 2015.

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 Registration of highway-capable all-electric vehicles by model
and total registrations by light-duty vehicle type in France
between January 2010 and December 2015[293]
Total Market
Model 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
2010-2015 share(1)
Renault Zoe 21,935 48.7% 10,406 5,970 5,511 48
Nissan Leaf 5,865 13.0% 2,220 1,600 1,438 524 83
Bollor Bluecar 4,936 11.0% 1,166 1,170 658 1,543 399
Peugeot iOn 3,144 7.0% 725 163 178 1,409 639 30
Citron C-Zero 2,638 5.9% 397 154 80 1,335 645 27
Smart electric drive 1,475 3.3% 336 509 478 66 52 34
Tesla Model S[293][321] 1,071 2.4% 708 328 35
Mia electric 843 1.9% 0 9 201 384 249
Renault Fluence Z.E. 727 1.6% 0 5 18 295 396 13
Kia Soul EV 548 1.2% 485 63
Total registrations electric cars[293][299] 45,595 68.8% 17,779 10,560 8,779 5,663 2,630 184
Renault Kangoo Z.E.[301][306][310]
[311][319]
13,319 64.3% 2,836 2,657 4,174 2,869 768 15

Nissan e-NV200 cargo van[301] 585 2.8% 343 242

Total registrations utility vans[294]
[295][296][301]
20,705 31.2% 4,916 4,485 5,175 3,651 1,682 796

Total registrations
66,300 100% 22,695 15,045 13,954 9,314 4,312 980
all-electric cars and vans

Total registrations plug-in hybrids[297]

[298][300]
7,999 10.8% 5,006 1,527 800 666

Total registrations
74,299 100% 27,701 16,572 14,754 9,980 4,312 980
plug-in electric cars and vans
Note: (1) By model, is the market share as percentage of the 45,041 electric cars(2) and 20,705 vans registered between
2010 and 2015, and by type, the share of each type of vehicle (car or van) as percentage of the 66,300 electric
vehicles registered between 2010 and 2015.[293][294][295][296][299][301] (2) BMW i3 figures exclude units with REx option.

Government incentives

Since 2008 France has a bonus-malus system offering a financial incentive, or bonus, for the purchase of
cars with low carbon emissions, and a penalty fee, or malus, for the purchase of high-emission vehicles. The
fee schedule is updated each year.[322] From April 1, 2015, the French government introduced a super-
bonus, increasing the financial incentive to a cumulative total of 10,000, consisting of the regular bonus of
6,300 for purchasing a pure electric car, plus up to 3,700 for customers scrapping a diesel-powered car in
circulation before 1 January 2001. In the case of plug-in hybrids with CO2 emission levels between 21 and
60 g/km, the purchase bonus was 4,000 plus the scrapping premium of 3,700.[323]

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 Effective January 4, 2016, the 6,300 purchase bonus, limited to
27% of the purchase price, for vehicles emitting up to 20 g/km was
maintained. This bonus corresponds to pure electric vehicles and
those equipped with a range extender. Vehicles emitting between 21
and 60 g/km are entitled to a 1,000 bonus. This bonus corresponds
to the majority of plug-in hybrids. The 10,000 super-bonus for the
purchase or lease of a new all-electric car was maintained.[324] The
scrappage bonus for the purchase of pure electric cars was
maintained at 3,700, while the bonus for plug-in hybrid car emitting
Electric cars equipped with a range
between 21 and 60 g/km was set at 2,500.[325] As of September extender, such as the BMW i3 REx,
2016, the scrappage bonus of 3,700 for trading in old diesel- are entitled to the 6,300 bonus if
powered cars has been granted to more than 10,000 purchase emitting between 21 and 60 g/km of
transactions.[326] CO2.

As of September 2016, a total of 66,674 plug-in electric

cars have been registered in Germany since 2010.[331]
The country is the largest passenger car market in
Europe, however ranks as the fifth largest plug-in
market in Europe as of September 2016.[33][331] About
80% of the plug-in cars registered in the country through
September 2016 were registered since January 2014.[55]
[57][332] The official German definition of electric
vehicles changed at the beginning of 2013, before that,
official statistics only registered all-electric vehicles
because plug-in hybrids were accounted together with
conventional hybrids. As a result, the registrations
figures for 2012 and older do not account for total new
plug-in electric car registrations.[333] As of November
2014, the country had 4,800 public charging Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in
stations.[334] Germany by type of vehicle between 2010 and
2016.[55][57][327][328][329][330]
The fleet of electric car registered in the country
increased from 1,558 units in 2009 to 2,307 in 2010.
The electric car stock in 2011 increased 96.8% from 2010 to 4,541 units registered, and up 56.7% from 2011
to 7,114 units in 2012, reaching 12,156 registered cars on 1 January 2014.[56] At the beginning of 2014
registrations of plug-in electric vehicles represented a 0.028% market share of all passenger vehicles
registered in Germany.[56] The plug-in hybrid segment in the German market in 2014 experienced an
explosive growth of 226.9% year-over-year, and the overall plug-in segment increased 75.5% from a year
earlier.[55][327] The surge in sales continued in 2015, the plug-in hybrid segment grew 125.1%
year-over-year, while the all-electric segment climbed 91.2% from the previous year.[57]

During 2011, a total of 2,154 pure electric cars were registered in the country, up from 541 units in
2010.[328] All-electric car sales for 2011 were led by the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family representing 50.6% of all
electric car registrations in 2011.[328] Plug-in hybrid registrations totaled 266 units in 2011, led by the Opel
Ampera (241), for a total of 2,420 plug-in electric vehicles registered in 2011.[335] A total of 2,956
all-electric vehicles were registered in Germany during 2012, a 37.2% increase over 2011.[329] When 901
registered plug-in hybrids are accounted for, 2012 registrations climb to 3,857 units,[329][336] and sales of
plug-in electric car represented a 0.12% market share of new passenger vehicles sold in the country in

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 2012.[337] Registrations of plug-in electric vehicles were led by the
Opel Ampera extended-range electric car with 828 units, followed
by the Smart electric drive with 734 units.[336][338] In addition, a
total of 2,413 Renault Twizys were sold during 2012, making
Germany the top selling European market for the electric
quadricycle.[339][340]

A total of 7,436 new plug-in

As of December 2013, the Smart electric cars were registered
electric drive led the plug-in electric in Germany in 2013,
car segment in Germany with 2,952 consisting of 6,051
all-electric cars and 1,385
units registered.[56]
plug-in hybrids.[327] Total
registrations at the end of
2013 reached 12,156 units. [56] The Smart electric drive led new
plug-in car registrations in 2013 with 2,146 units, followed by The BMW i3 led plug-in car
Renault Zoe with 1,019. [342][343] Registrations of plug-in electric registrations in 2014.[341]
cars totaled 13,049 units in 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars
and 4,527 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in segment achieved a market share of 0.4% of new car sales that
year.[55] The BMW i3 ended 2014 as the top selling plug-in electric car with 2,233 units registered.[341]

Plug-in hybrid registrations totaled 11,101 units in 2015, up 145% from 2014, and all-electric cars totaled
12,363 units registered, up 45% from 2014. Combined sales of the two segments totaled 23,464 units. The
plug-in segment achieved a market share of 0.7% of new car sales that year, up from 0.4% in 2014.[55][57]
The German monthly plug-in market share passed the 1% mark for the first time ever in December 2015,
with an all-time record market share of 1.28% of new car registrations that month. Also, with 3,176 plug-in
cars registered in December 2015, the German market achieved the highest monthly sales volume
ever.[57][344] The top selling models in 2015 were the Kia Soul EV (3,839), followed by the BMW i3
(2,271), and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (2,128).[345]

During the first three quarters of 2016, sales of plug-in hybrids surpassed sales of all-electric cars for the
first time in the country. A total of 17,074 units were registered, consisting of 7,678 all-electric cars and
9,396 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in segment achieved a market share of 0.7% of new car sales.[332] The top
selling models during the first eight months of 2016 were the Renault Zoe (1,836), BMW i3 (1,237), Tesla
Model S (978), Audi A3 e-tron (908), and Volkswagen Golf GTE (852).[346][347] The introduction of the
purchase bonus did not produce immediate effect on plug-in car sales until September 2016, when
registrations peaked to 3,061 units, consisting of 1,641 all-electric cars, up 76.6% year-on-year, and 1,420
plug-in hybrids, up 36.8% year-on-year.[331][332] Combined registrations of both type of plug-in accounted
for 1.1% of new car registrations, allowing the German plug-in market share to pass the 1% mark for the
first time during 2016.[331][348]

The following table presents registrations of the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars available
for retail customers by year between 2010 and June 2014.

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 Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model
in Germany between 2010 and June 2014[328][329][335][336][342][343][349][350][351]
Total 2Q
Model (1) 2013 2012 2011 2010
2010-2014 2014
Smart electric drive 3,959 645 2,146 734 328 106
BMW i3 1,937 1,378 559
Nissan Leaf 1,693 380 855 451 7
Renault Zoe 1,532 513 1,019
Opel Ampera 1,450 46 335 828 241
Volkswagen e-Up! 1,034 884 150
Citron C-Zero 950 17 276 454 200 3
Mitsubishi i MiEV 910 56 89 71 683 11
Tesla Model S 637 446 191
Peugeot iOn 520 0 48 263 208 1
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 507 507
Total and registrations by year[56][327][328][329][333] 17,919(2) 5,763 7,436 2,956(2) 2,154(2) 541(2)
Notes: (1) CYTD: current year-to-date sales through June 2014. (2) The official KBA registration numbers only
registered all-electric vehicles before 2013 (plug-in hybrids were accounted together with conventional hybrids).
As a result, these figures do not include plug-in hybrids, and the cumulative total does not reflect actual all new
plug-in electric car registrations before 2013.[333]

Government incentives

Under its National Plattform for Electric Mobility, Chancellor

Angela Merkel set in 2010 the goal to bring one million electric
vehicles on German roads by 2020.[352][353] Initially, the government
also announced that it would not provide subsidies to the sales of
plug-in electric cars but instead it would only fund research in the
area of electric mobility.[352] The Bundestag passed the Electric
Mobility Act in March 2015 authorizing local government to grant
non-monetary incentives, which are not mandatory. The benefits
include measures to privilege battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles
and some plug-in hybrids, just like Norway does, by granting local Chancellor Angela Merkel announced
governments the authority to allow these vehicles into bus lanes, and her goal to bring 1 million electric
to offer free parking and reserved parking spaces in locations with vehicles on German roads at the 2010
charging points.[354][355] The law also provides issuing special Electromobility Summit in Berlin.
license plates for electric vehicles to allow proper identification to
avoid abuses of these privileges.[356][357]

According to the fourth progress report of the German National Platform for Electric Mobility, only about
24,000 plug-in electric cars are on German roads by the end of November 2014, well behind the target of
100,000 unit goal set for 2014. As a result, Chancellor Angela Merkel recognized in December 2014 that the
government has to provide more incentives to meet the goal of having one million electric cars on the
country's roads by 2020.[334][358] At the beginning of 2016, German politicians from the three parties in
Mrs. Merkel's ruling coalition and auto executives began talks to introduce a subsidy for green car buyersto

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 boost sales of electric and plug-in hybrid cars.[359]

An incentive scheme to promote plug-in electric vehicle adoption

was approved in April 2016 with a budget of 1 billion
(US$1.13 billion). A total of 600 million (US$678 million) is
reserved for the purchase subsidies, which are expected to run until
all the money is disbursed, estimated to last until 2019 at the latest.
Another 300 million (US$339 million) are budgeted to finance the
deployment of charging stations in cities and on autobahn highway
stops. And another 100 million (US$113 million) would go toward
purchasing electric cars for federal government fleets. The program
is aimed to promote the sale of 400,000 electric vehicles. The cost of
The Tesla Model S, and other
the purchase incentive is shared equally between the government and
premium car with a purchase price
automakers. Electric car buyers get a 4,000 (US$4,520) discount
over 60,000 (US$67,800) are not
while buyers of plug-in hybrid vehicles get a discount of 3,000
eligible to the purchase bonus.
(US$3,390). Premium cars, such as the Tesla Model S and BMW i8,
are not eligible to the incentive because there is a cap of 60,000
(US$67,800) for the purchase price.[360][361][362] Only electric vehicles purchased after 18 May 2016 are
eligible for the bonus and the owner must keep the new electric car at least nine months. The same rule
applies for leasing.[363]

As of September 2016, BMW, Citron, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault,
Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo had signed up to participate in the scheme.[363][364] The online application
system to claim the bonus went into effect on 2 July 2016.[365] As of September 2016, a total of 26 plug-in
electric cars and vans are eligible for the purchase bonus.[364] According to the Federal Office of Economics
and Export Control (BAFA), a total of 4,451 applications have been made for the government subsidy for
the purchase of a plug-in electric model as of 30 September 2016, consisting of 2,650 all-electrics and 1,801
plug-in hybrids.[364]

As of September 2016, there were 6,298 plug-in electric vehicles on

the roads in Hong Kong,[366] up from 3,253 in October 2015, and
from less than 100 units in 2010.[367] As of September 2016, plug-in
cars represented 1.1% of Hong Kong's total car registered stock of
579,104 units. The plug-in segment market share achieved 4.8% of
new car sales in Hong Kong in 2015.[366]

As of October 2015, there have been deployed more than 1,200

electric vehicle charging points available for public use.[367] By the
end of June 2015 there were about two electric cars per public Tesla Roadster charging at Central
charging stall. [368] As of October 2015, the Transport Department Star Ferry carpark in Hong Kong.
(TD) had approved 49 EV models, including 34 all-electric cars and
motorcycles, and 15 models for public transport and commercial
vehicles. Popular passenger and light-duty van models available for retail sales include the BMW i3, BYD
e6, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV, Nissan Leaf, Nissan e-NV200, Renault Fluence Z.E.,
Renault Kangoo Z.E., Renault Zoe, Smart ED, Tesla Model S, Tesla Roadster, and Volkswagen e-Golf.[367]
During the first quarter of 2015 Hong Kong had world's third largest EV market share, with 2.3% of new
vehicle registrations during this quarter. Only Norway and the Netherlands had a larger EV share.[368]

The Government of Hong Kong has been promoting the use of electric vehicles through several measures.

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The Tesla Model S was the all-time
top selling all-electric car in Hong
Kong by the end of 2015,
representing 70% of the registered
stock of EVs in the territory.[368]
First Registration Tax for EVs is waived until the end of March
2017. In addition, enterprises which procure EVs are allowed 100%
profits tax deduction for the capital expenditure on EVs in the first
year of procurement. A HK$300 million Pilot Green Transport Fund
was put in place since March 2011 for application by transport
operators and non-profit-making organizations providing services to
their clients and goods vehicle owners, encouraging them to try out
innovative green and low carbon transport technologies (including
EVs). The ultimate policy objective of the Government is to have
zero emission buses running across the territory. To this end, the
Government allocated HK$180 million for franchised bus companies
to purchase 36 single-deck electric buses for trial runs to assess their
operational efficiency and performance under the local conditions.
The trial is expected to commence progressively by end of 2015.[367]

Sales of electric cars took off in Hong Kong after the introduction of the Tesla Model S in July
2014,[368][369] and one year later, the Model S is the top selling all-electric car in the territory with about
70% of the registered stock of EVs (about 1,720 units). Model S sales gained traction thanks to the tax
waiver, which makes the Model S price very competitive in the luxury car segment, about half the price of
other high-end models.[368] According to Tesla, as of September 2016, Hong Kong has the world's highest
density of Tesla superchargers, with twelve stations comprising a total of 52 supercharger stalls. This
infrastructure allows most Model S owners to have a supercharger within 20 minutes drive.[370]

In 2013, there were only 41 plug-in electric cars registered in Hungary.[371] Noticing the rapid development
of the electric car industry, the Hungarian government introduced its e-mobility plan named after Hungarian
scientist nyos Jedlik in March, 2014. The Jedlik plan aims to enhance the spread of the technology by
supporting the domestic production of electric vehicles, expanding the necessary infrasturcture and
promoting the purchase of PEVs with public incentives.[372] Such incentive is a governmental contribution
of maximum 1,5 million HUF to the buy of an electric vehicle, which was initiated in the end of 2016. In
November, 2016, there were 1 473 PEVs registered in Hungary. The Jedlik plan expects this number to
reach 63 000 by the end of 2020.[373]

The group 2012 - New beginning in Iceland was planning to convert all vehicles in the country to electric by
2012, the first to do so.[290][374] As of 2012 this has not happened.

During 2013 a total of 72 plug-in electric cars were sold in Iceland representing a 0.94% market share of
new car sales during the year. The Nissan Leaf led sales with 29 units sold in 2013, followed by the
Mitsubishi i-MiEV and Prius PHEV with 13 registrations each, Tesla Model S with 8, Chevrolet Volt 4,
Citroen C-Zero 3 and Opel Ampera 2 units.[375]

The stock of the plug-in electric cars in the country climbed from 530 units in 2009 to over 3,100 in 2013,
and as of December 2015, there were over 6,000 plug-in electric cars registered in India, consisting of 4,350
all-electric cars and 1,660 plug-in hybrids.[3]

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 The Mahindra Reva e2o electric car was introduced in India in March 2013. It operates on lithium ion
battery with 100 km range for 4 hours of charging. In addition to this, there are several other companies
involved in making electric bikes (http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-biking-
and-motoring-top-5-electric-bikes-manufacturers-in-india/20130509.htm%20electric%20bikes#1) like Hero
(http://www.heroelectric.in/) and Ampere (http://www.ampvl.com/india/index.html).

The Indian government admitted that it has not implemented schemes/policy initiatives to encourage the
adoption of electric vehicles. This information was given on December 2, 2014 by Minister of State in the
Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises G. M. Siddeshwara in a written reply to Lok Sabha
question. But the Minister also admitted that the scheme is only on paper and no policy initiative has been
undertaken to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles in India. The Minister said in his reply that a
Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in India, under the National
Electric Mobility Mission 2020 has been proposed. The scheme envisages to encourage progressive
induction of reliable, affordable and efficient electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country that meet
consumer performance and price expectations, through Government-Industry collaboration for promotion
and development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities, required infrastructure, consumer awareness and
technology; thereby helping India to emerge as a leader in the xEV Two Wheeler and Four Wheeler market
in the world by 2020. The Mission aims at providing a clean transportation system to the people that is not
dependent on gasoline based fossil fuel, he said.[376]

In 2016, a new car, the Mahindra e-Verito (http://www.mahindraverito.com/), was launched by Mahindra
introducing the sedan class electric vehicle at a cost of 9 to 10 lakh Indian rupees ex showroom.

Israel was the first nation in the world that partnered with Better
Place to have an electric car infrastructure.Shai Agassi, former CEO
of Better Place claimed that in Israel by 2016, plus or minus a year,
more than 50% of cars sold will be electric.[379] Better place reached
agreements with Renault-Nissan and the Israeli government to begin
the first phases of the company's efforts to deploy the world's first
integrated electric car network. Israel was considered a viable site for
this innovative endeavor due to the country's relatively small size
and the fact that approximately 90% of the nation's car owners drive
Parade of Renault Fluence Z.E.
less than 40 mi (60 km) a day.[380] Israel enacted policies to create a electric cars enabled with battery
tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars, swapping technology to
to accelerate the transition to electric cars.[381] commemorate the first deliveries to
Better Place employees in Israel in
Better Place designed an
January 2012.[377][378]
infrastructure consisting of
500,000 charging stations
and almost 200 battery-exchange stations. In December 2008, Better
Place revealed its first plug-in parking lot in Tel Aviv. Additionally,
in May 2009, the company unveiled its patented battery swap
system, which is designed for drivers taking longer road trips who
lack the time needed to recharge their own battery.[382] The first
battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near Rehovot,
Better Place's battery switching was deployed in March 2011. The station was the first of
station in Israel
approximately 40 planned stations to begin operating in the near
term. The battery exchange process took five minutes.[383] The
company also erected over 1,000 functional charging spots for the
cars. [383] Orders for the Renault Fluence ZE, the car selected for the Better Place network, began in July

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 2011.[384]

The first deliveries of the Renault Fluence Z.E. took place on the 22nd of January 2012 and around 100
electric cars were allocated among Better Place employees.[377][378] Retail customer deliveries began in the
second quarter of 2012.[385] As of mid September 2012, there were 21 operational battery-swap stations
open to the public in Israel.[386] In October 2012, Better Place signed a deal with Elco to supply 125 Renault
Fluence ZEs through 2012 and 2013.[387] As of December 2012, a total of 518 cars had been sold in the
country,[388] and during the first four months of 2013, 422 units were sold, bringing the total to 940.[389]

Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013. The company's financial difficulties were caused by
the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in
private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi.
[390][391] Under Better Place's business model, the company owns the Fluence Z.E. batteries, so the court
liquidator will have to decide what to do with customers who do not have ownership of the battery and risk
being left with a useless car.[392]

In November 2008, the Department of Transport announced the Electric Transport Plan which calls for 10%
of all vehicles to be electric by 2020. Government officials reached agreements with French car maker
Renault and its Japanese partner Nissan to boost the use of electric cars. Eamon Ryan Ireland's former
Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources repeatedly emphasised the importance of the
electric car within the Irish context. The Electricity Supply Board has actively supported this call and sees
electric vehicles as a key part of its strategy with regard to wind power in the Republic of Ireland.
Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) is currently looking at a number of pilot projects. More information on
incentives was expected to come to light in the 2010 Irish Budget.

The Irish government has committed to getting enough electric passenger vehicles on the road by 2020 to
account for 10% of all vehicles (a projected 230,000 electric vehicles).[393] As of September 2014, plug-in
electric car purchasers are eligible for a government credit worth up to 5,000 (about US$6,500). Vehicle
Registration Tax (VRT), up to 5,000 is also waived for electric cars. Also, all-electric car owners pay the
lowest rate of annual road tax, which is based on emissions. In addition, the first 2,000 electric cars
registered in Ireland are eligible for installation of a free home-charging points worth about 1,000 (about
US$1,300).[394] Sales of all-electric cars in Ireland increased more than four times in 2014, with 222 units
sold, up from 51 sold in 2013.[395] The number of electric cars owned by individuals totaled about 500 by
mid-2014.[394]

The stock of the plug-in electric cars in the country climbed from
530 all-electric cars in 2005 to 640 in 2010, to about 2,470 plug-in
electric cars in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were over
6,100 plug-in electric cars registered in Italy, consisting of 4,580
all-electric cars and 1,550 plug-in hybrids. The first 150 plug-in
hybrids were registered in the country in 2012.[3]

Despite being a G8 country, in 2015 sales of electric vehicles in Italy

still amounted to a modest 0.1% of the total car sales in the country.
BMW i3 patrol car of the Italian
This is mainly due to a lack of commitment by the government
police at Vatican City.
(incentives have been discontinued in 2014), a meager public
charging infrastructure and timid reception by the public, which still

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 considers BEVs too expensive and unsuitable. Further, many Italian houses are still equipped with electric
contracts allowing only 3 KW of peak consumption, making home charging of electric cars unsuitable.

The top five selling electric vehicles in 2015 were the Nissan Leaf (390 units sold), Renaul Zoe (326),
Citroen C-Zero (164), Tesla Model S (134) and Smart Fortwo (115).[396]

As of December 2016, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Japan is the world's third largest
after China and the United States, with about 147,500 highway legal plug-in electric vehicles sold in the
country since 2009.[9] Plug-in segment sales climbed from 1,080 units in 2009 to 12,630 in 2011, and
reached 24,440 in 2012.[3] Global sales of pure electric cars in 2012 were led by Japan with a 28% market
share of the segment sales. Japan ranked second after the U.S. in terms of its share of plug-in hybrid sales in
2012, with 12% of global sales.[305]

A total of 30,587 highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles were

sold in Japan in 2013.[47] In 2014 the segment sales remained flat
with 30,390 units sold, and a market share of 1.06% of total new car
sales in the country (kei cars not included).[47] Sales totaled 24,660
units in 2015, consisting of 10,420 all-electrics and 14,190 plug-in
hybrids.[3] The rate of growth of the Japanese plug-in segment
slowed down from 2013, with annual sales falling behind Europe,
the U.S. and China during 2014 and 2015.[23][398] The decline in
plug-in car sales reflects the Japanese government and the major As of December 2016, the Nissan
domestic carmakers decision to adopt and promote hydrogen fuel Leaf is the top selling plug-in electric
cell vehicles instead of plug-in electric vehicles.[399][400] car in Japan, with 72,494 units sold
since December 2010.[397] Shown a
The Japanese electric vehicle charging infrastructure climbed from Leaf taxi at the Kumamoto
only 60 public charging stations in early 2010,[401] to 1,381 public Prefecture.
quick-charge stations as of December 2012, representing the largest
deployment of fast chargers in the world. The number of
non-domestic slow charger points increased to around 300 units.[305] Japan also is the country with the
highest ratio of quick charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of 0.030 as of December
2012. The Japanese government has set up a target to deploy 2 million slow chargers and 5,000 fast charging
points by 2020.[305]

Introduction and sales

The first electric car available in the Japanese market was the Mitsubishi i MiEV, launched for fleet
customers in Japan in late July 2009.[401][402] Retail sales to the public began in April 2010.[403][404][405]
Sales of the Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV electric van began in December 2011.[406] A truck version of the
Minicab MiEV was launched in January 2013.[407] Mitsubishi also launched in January 2013 a plug-in
hybrid version of the Outlander, called the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, becoming the first SUV plug-in
hybrid in the world's market.[408] As of December 2014, Mitsubishi had sold 36,386 light-duty plug-in
electric vehicles in Japan since July 2009.[406][409]

Sales of the Nissan Leaf began on December 22, 2010, when the first 10 Leaf were delivered at the
Kanagawa Prefecture.[411][412] Sales of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid began in January 2012, and a total
of 19,100 units have been sold through September 2014.[413] The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid is available
in Japan, and as of December 2013, ranked as the third best selling plug-in hybrid in the domestic

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 market.[414] Retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Japan in
September 2014.[410]

Sales of the plug-in electric

drive segment in 2013 were
led by the Nissan Leaf with
13,021 units sold, up from
11,115 in 2012.[416] The Leaf
Deliveries of the Tesla Model S in continued as the market
Japan began in Japan in September leader in 2014 for the fourth
2014.[410]
year running with 14,177 The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV
units sold, followed by the was the top selling plug-in electric car
Outlander P-HEV with in Japan in 2015.[415]
10,064 units, together representing about 80% of the plug-in segment
sales in Japan in 2014.[406][417][418] In 2015 the Outlander plug-in
hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric car in the country with 10,996 units sold, followed by the Leaf
with 9,057 units.[415] Japan is the Outlander P-HEV largest country market with 30,668 units sold through
December 2015.[419] Cumulative sales of plug-in electric cars since 2009 totaled 126,420 units at the end of
2015.[3]

Leaf sales in 2016 achieved a record of 14,795 units delivered, surpassing the previous record set in
2014.[397] Since December 2010, Nissan has sold 72,494 units through December 2016, making the Leaf the
all-time best-selling plug-in car in the country.[397] Between January and August 2016, a total of 4,162
Outlander P-HEVs were sold in Japan.[420] Sales of the Outlander plug-in hybrid fell sharply from April
2016 as a result of Mitsubishi's fuel mileage scandal.[421] Since its inception, sales of the plug-in hybrid
totaled 34,830 units through August 2016.[420]

The following table presents sales for the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles since July
2009 through April 2016.[32]

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 Top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles
available in the Japanese market between 2009 and April 2016
Type Market
Model Sales Comments
of PEV launch
December
Nissan Leaf Electric car 64,978 Sales through April 2016.[422][423]
2010
Mitsubishi Outlander Plug-in hybrid
January 2013 33,991 Sales through April 2016.[424]
P-HEV SUV
Toyota Prius PHV Plug-in hybrid January 2012 22,100 Sales through April 2016.[425]
Mitsubishi i-MiEV Electric car July 2009 11,144 Sales through April 2016.[409][424]
December
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV All-electric van 6,172 Sales through April 2016.[424]
2011
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV
All-electric truck January 2013 927 Sales through April 2016.[424]
truck
Sales between April and August
BMW i3 Electric car 2014 + 400
2014.[426]
Note: The Nissan e-NV200, Tesla Model S, BMW i8 and Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid are also available in Japan, but sales
figures are not available.

Government incentives

In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the "Green Vehicle

Purchasing Promotion Measure" that went into effect on June 19,
2009, but retroactive to April 10, 2009.[427] The program established
tax deductions and exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel
efficient vehicles, according to a set of stipulated environmental
performance criteria, and the requirements are applied equally to
both foreign and domestically produced vehicles. The program
provided purchasing subsidies for two type of cases, consumers
purchasing a new passenger car without trade-in (non-replacement
program), and for those consumers buying a new car trading a used Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV in Japan.
car registered 13 years ago or earlier (scrappage program).[427][428]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000
yen (~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of
a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and
emission criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) to 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).[427][429][430]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a vehicle
at least 13 years old are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000
yen (~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses
meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) to
1,800,000 yen (~US$19,000).[427][429][430]

All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from
April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010.[429][430]

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 In October 2009 Nissan reached an agreement with the local government of Mexico City, by which 500
Leafs would be delivered by 2011 for use of government and corporate fleets. In exchange, recharging
infrastructure was to be deployed by the city government, and an exemption from the ownership tax is being
pursued.[431][432] The city government of Mexico D.F. also reached an agreement with Nissan in November
2010 in order for the first 100 Leafs to be introduced in the country to operate as part of the capital's taxi
fleet.[433][434] The first Leafs destined for the taxi fleet were delivered by late September 2011,[435][436]
allowing the country to become the first Latin American market where the Leaf is available.[437]

As of February 2013, there were in the country about 70 Leafs deployed as taxis, 50 in Aguascalientes and
20 in Mexico City.[438] The Aguascalientes program began in May 2012, and its implementation included
the deployment of a garage with 58 charging points, the largest of its kind in the world.[439] Carrot Mexico,
a carsharing company operating in Mexico City, acquired 3 Leafs which are available to their 1,600
customers.[440] As of October 2012, there were no government fiscal incentives available to lower the
purchase price of electric cars, neither preferential electricity rates for electric car owners. However, electric
cars are exempted from the driving restriction scheme implemented by plate number to restrict access to
Mexico City to improve its air quality.[439]

Retail sales of the Nissan Leaf began in June 2014, with availability initially limited to Mexico City.[441]
Deliveries to retail customers began in August 2014.[442] The BMW i3 and i8 are also available in the
country. Retail deliveries of the i3 began in Mexico City in late September 2014.[443][444]

The second generation Volt was released for retail customers in December 2015. Pricing starts at 638,000
pesos (~US$36,880), and it is available in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, Quertaro, and Puebla.[445]
Also in December 2015, retail sales of the Tesla Model S began in Mexico City. Initially, no Supercharger
stations are available in the country.[446]

As of 31 December 2016, there were 113,636 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in
the Netherlands, consisting of 98,903 range-extended and plug-in hybrids, 13,105 pure electric cars, and
1,628 all-electric light utility vans. When buses, trucks, motorcycles, quadricycles and tricycles are
accounted for, the Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet climbs to 115,193 units.[449] The country's electric
vehicle stock reaches 151,752 units when fuel cell electric vehicles (30), mopeds (3,775), electric bicycles
(32,496), and microcars (258) are accounted for.[449] A distinct feature of the Dutch plug-in market is
dominance of plug-in hybrids, which represented 87% of the country's stock of passenger plug-in electric
cars and vans registered at the end of December 2016.[449][38]

The Netherlands listed as the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in
2015, with 43,971 units registered.[23] Until December 2015, the Netherlands had Europe's largest fleet
light-duty plug-in vehicles.[23] Sales in the Dutch plug-in market fell sharply during 2016 after changes in
the tax rules that went into force at the beginning of 2016.[38] Sales during the first half of 2016 were down
64% from the same period in 2015.[450] As a result, Norway surpassed the Netherlands during 2016 as the
European country with largest light-duty plug-in stock.[31][38] Nevertheless, the stock of light-duty plug-in
electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands passed the 100,000 unit milestone in November 2016.[38][451]
At the end of 2016, the Netherlands ranked as the second largest European plug-in country market and the
fifth largest in the world.[1]

39 of 98
 The Netherlands is among the countries with the highest
plug-in market penetration in the world. Registrations of
plug-in electric car represented a 0.57% share of total
new car registrations in 2011 and 2012.[452]
Registrations in 2013 totaled 22,415 passenger cars,
climbing 338% from 2012, the highest rate of growth of
any country in the world in 2013.[48][447] The segment's
market share in 2013 surged almost ten times from 2012
to 5.34% new car sales,[453] the world's second highest
in 2013 after Norway (5.6%).[48] The rapid growth of
segment during 2013, allowed the Netherlands to reach
a market concentration of 1.71 registered plug-in
electric vehicles per 1,000 people, second only to
Norway (4.04).[48] As of July 2016, the market
Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric
concentration had increased to 5.6 registered plug-in
vehicles in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2016.
cars per 1,000 people, almost as high as California's
Plug-in hybrids have an 87% market share of the
(5.8), and exceeding the U.S. by 3.7 times.[81][82] After
Dutch plug-in passenger car segment, the largest
falling to 3.9% in 2014, with 43,769 plug-in passenger
market share of any country in the world.
cars registered in 2015, the segment's market share rose [447][448][449]
to a record 9.7% of new car sales, the second highest
after Norway (22.4%).[23][454]

In November 2013, a total of 2,736 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs were sold, making the plug-in hybrid the
top selling new car in the country that month, representing a market share of 6.8% of all the new cars
sold.[455][456] Again in December 2013, the Outlander P-HEV ranked as the top selling new car in the
country with 4,976 units, representing a 12.6% market share of new car sales, contributing to a world record
plug-in vehicle market share of 23.8% of new car sales.[457][458] The Netherlands is the second country,
after Norway, where plug-in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales.[455][456][458]
The strong increase of plug-in car sales during the last months of 2013 was due to the end of the total
exemption of the registration fee for corporate cars, which was valid for 5 years. From January 1, 2014,
all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[459] After the change in the
registration fee incentive, sales in 2014 fell significantly.[460] A total of 15,646 plug-in electric cars were
sold in 2014, down from 22,542 in 2013, with sales led by the Outlander P-HEV with 7,712 units. The top
selling all-electric car in 2014 was the Tesla Model S with 1,533 units.[461][462]

A total of 42,367 plug-in electric cars were sold in 2015.

As of December 2016 the Mitsubishi Outlander
P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in electric
vehicle in the Netherlands with 25,984 units
registered.[449]
The top 5 best-selling plug-in electric cars in 2015 were all
plug-in hybrids, led again by the Mitsubishi Outlander
P-HEV (8,757). The Tesla Model S continued as the top
selling all-electric car with 1,842 units.[463] Plug-in car
sales achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in
December 2015, with about 15,900 units sold, and
allowing the segment to reach a record market share of
about 23%. The surge in plug-in car sales was due to
reduction of the registration fees for plug-in hybrids. From
January 1, 2016, all-electric vehicles continue to pay a 4%
registration fee, but for a plug-in hybrid the fee rises from
7% to 15% if its CO2 emissions do not exceed 50 g/km.
The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25%
of its book value.[464][465]

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 A total of 9,185 plug-in passenger cars were registered in the first three quarters of 2016, consisting of 6,567
plug-in hybrids and 2,618 all-electric cars. The market share of the plug-in car segment captured 3.2% of
new car sales during the period.[466] As of December 2016, the Outlander P-HEV remained as the all-time
top-selling plug-in car in the country with 25,984 units registered, followed by the Volvo V60 Plug-in
Hybrid (15,804), Volkswagen Golf GTE (10,691), Volkswagen Passat GTE (7,773), Mercedes-Benz C 350 e
(6,226), and the Tesla Model S (6,049).[449] The following table presents registrations by year for the top 10
selling plug-in electric cars since 2009 through December 2015.

Registration of Top 10 plug-in electric cars by model in the Netherlands

between 2009 and December 2015[467][468]
Total Market
Model registrations share 2015[463] 2014[461] 2013[462] 2012[469] 2011[470] 2010
(1)
2009-2015 2009-2015 (1)

Mitsubishi
Outlander 24,508 27.5% 8,757 7,712 8,039
P-HEV
Volvo V60
Plug-in 13,144 14.8% 3,851 3,126 6,144 23
Hybrid
Volkswagen
8,584 9.6 % 8,183 401
Golf GTE
Opel
5,031 5.7% 80[471] 41[472] 2,207 2,695 8
Ampera
Tesla
4,569 5.1% 1,842 1,533 1,194
Model S
Audi A3
4,434 5.0% 4,354 80[473]
e-tron
Toyota
4,052 4.6% 81[474] 87[473] 2,699 1,184 1
Prius PHV
Volkswagen
2,879 3.2% 2,879
Passat GTE
Nissan Leaf 2,658 3.0% 571 1,022 497 269 299
BMW i3 1,369 1.5% 574 544 251
Total annual registrations of plug-in
42,367 15,646 22,542 5,116 819 81
passenger cars(2)

Total registered PEVs at the end of the

year 88,991[448] 45,020[448] 29,342[447] 6,258[447] 1,141[447] 395[475
(plug-in passenger cars and utility vans)
Notes:
(1) Market share as percentage of the 88,991 plug-in electric car registered in the Netherlands at the end of December 2015,
consisting of all-electric cars, plug-in hybrids, and all-electric utility vans.[448]
(2) all-electric vans not included

Government incentives

41 of 98
 Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country,
the Dutch government set s target of 15,000 electric vehicles on the
roads in 2015, 200,000 vehicles in 2020 and 1 million vehicles in
2025.[447][477] Instead of direct purchase subsidies for electric
vehicles in the Netherlands, the government established total
exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which translated in
savings of approximately 5,324 for private car owners over four
years,[478][479] and 19,000 for corporate owners over five
years.[480] Other vehicles including hybrid electric vehicles were The Tesla Model S, released in the
also exempt from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for Dutch market in September 2013, is
diesel-powered vehicles, or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered the country's top selling all-electric
vehicles.[478] The exemption from the registration tax ended, and car ever.[38]
from January 1, 2014, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee
and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[459]

Buyers also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam reserved for battery electric vehicles, so they avoid
the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the
city.[481] Free charging is also offered in public parking spaces.[482] Other factors contributing to the rapid
adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the relative small size of the country, which reduces range anxiety
(the Netherlands stretches about 100 mi (160 km) east to west); a long tradition of environmental activism;
high gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013), which make the cost of running a car on
electricity five times cheaper; and also some EV leasing programs provide free or discounted gasoline-
powered vehicles for those who want to take a vacation driving long distances. With all of these incentives
and tax breaks, plug-in electric cars have similar driving costs than conventional cars.[482] Initially, sales of
plug-in electric car were lower than expected, and during 2012 the segment captured a market share of less
than 1% of new car sales in the country.[482] As a result of the end of the total exemption of the registration
fee, the segment sales peak at the end of 2013,[483] and plug-in electric car sales reached a market share of
5.34% of new car sales in 2013.[453]

As of October 2016, there were about 2,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the country.[484]
Over half of the country's stock were purchased in the preceding 12 months. The fleet includes a significant
number of used imports from Japan and the UK. Approximately 45 were manufactured prior to 2005 and
some of these are conventional vehicles converted to electric.[485] The number of electric and plug-in hybrid
vehicles in the fleet started increasing from 2009 as models such as the Mitsubishi i-MiEV were released to
the market, and accelerated from 2015 as imported second-hand Japanese Nissan Leafs provided a cheaper
purchase method. The majority of Nissan Leafs in New Zealand have been imported used or as a parallel-
import from Japan and the UK, fewer than 100 Nissan Leafs have been imported new.[485]

The New Zealand Government launched an Electric Vehicle Programme in May 2016, in order to encourage
uptake of electric vehicles. Notable initiatives include a target of year-on-year doubling to 64,000 electric
vehicles by 2021, a nationwide electric vehicle information and promotion campaign over five years (at $1
million per year), a contestable fund of up to $6 million per year to encourage and support innovative low
emission vehicle projects, and an exemption from road user charges for both light and heavy vehicles.[486]

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 Registrations of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
in New Zealand[485]
Total
in CYTD
fleet to
Model/carmaker 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
as of Sep
Sep 2016
2016
Mitsubishi
144 143 197 1 - -
Outlander PHEV
Nissan Leaf 417 217 101 24 11 1
BMW 89 54 9 - - -
Audi 20 30 - - - -
Tesla 19 26 2 - - -
Others 254 33 17 12 19 16
A Fast Charge station for electric
Total 1901 943 503 326 37 30 17
vehicles in Wellington, New Zealand
Note: CYTD sales through September 2016. Data for years 2012 and prior is based on data
provided directly by the New Zealand Ministry of Transport (not available in a public
document). All data includes vehicles registered in New Zealand that have been imported as
"new" and as "used" vehicles (the majority of used imports originates in Japan). "Others"
includes Renault Kangoo Z.E, Volvo XC-90, Loyds Paxster, Nissan E-NV 200, Toyota Prius
PHEV, Porsche Cayenne, Holden Volt (especially pre-2013) and Mitsubishi I-MiEV
(especially pre-2013), and various other models in small numbers.

As of December 2016, a total of 135,276 light-duty

plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in
Norway, making the country the one with the largest
European stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the
fourth largest in the world.[1] Norway's fleet of
electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world
because 98% of the electricity generated in the
country comes from hydropower.[488][489] Norway,
with 5.2 million people, is the country with the
largest electric vehicle (EV) ownership per capita in
the world, with Oslo recognized as the EV capital of
the world.[11][490][491][492] As of July 2016, the
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway by
market concentration was 21.5 registered plug-in
year between 2004 and 2016. Includes plug-in hybrids
cars per 1,000 people, 14.2 times higher than the
and all-electric cars and vans. Used import are included.
U.S., then the world's largest country market.[81][82] [51][86][487]
In March 2014, Norway became the first country
where over one in every 100 registered passenger
cars is plug-in electric.[10] The segment's market penetration reached 2% in March 2015,[12] passed 3% in
December 2015,[13][85] and rose to 5% at the end of 2016.[9]

The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales is the highest in the world, rising from

43 of 98
 1.6% in 2011, to 3.1% in 2012,[493] and reaching 5.6% of new car sales in 2013.[86] Combined sales of new
and used plug-in electric vehicles captured a 13.8% market share in 2014,[47] and climbed to 23.4% in 2015,
representing almost one in four new cars registered in the country in 2015.[23] A record market share of
29.1% was achieved in 2016.[494] The highest-ever monthly market share for plug-in electric passenger
segment was achieved in March 2016 with 33.5% of new car sales.[29][495] Also, Norway was the first
country in the world to have all-electric cars topping the new car sales monthly ranking. The Tesla Model S
has been the top selling new car four times, and the Nissan Leaf twice.[496] In March 2014 the Tesla Model
S also broke the 28-year-old record for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source, with
1,493 units sold, surpassing the Ford Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.[497][498] In July 2016,
when new car registrations are break down by type of powertrain, for the first time a plug-in hybrid, the
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, listed as the top selling new car.[499] In September 2016, the Tesla Model X
ranked as the top selling new car model in Norway when registrations are broken down by type of
powetrain.[496][500][501] The BMW i3 was the top selling new passenger car in November 2016.[502]

Government incentives

The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission vehicles by 2018. Among the existing
incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase
taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car
purchase price competitive with conventional cars.[503] Pure electric vehicles are also exempt from the
annual road tax, all public parking fees, and toll payments (including domestic ferries), as well as being able
to use bus lanes. These incentives were set to be in effect until the end of 2017 or until the goal of 50,000
all-electric cars registered in the country was achieved.[491] Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much
smaller market penetration than pure electric car sales because they are not eligible for the same tax
exemptions and other government incentives enacted for electric cars.[503][504][505] However, in June 2013
the government approved a tax reduction for plug-in hybrids effective since July 2013, that improved PHEV
sales.[505][506]

The target of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached

The goal of 50,000 electric cars on
Norwegian roads was reached on 20
April 2015. The plate "EL 60000"
was granted to the 50,000th electric
car registered. The special electric
vehicle EL series began with "EL
10000."[507]
new scheme, which may be subjected to a ceiling that could be reduced as technology develops. The
agreement also gives local authorities the right to decide whether electric cars can park for free and use
public transport lanes.[512][513]
on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected.
[507][508] The two purchase tax exemptions applicable to electric
vehicles had cost the government about 3 billion krone (around
US$480 million) in lost revenue just in 2014, and up to 4 billion
krone (around US$640 million) if all the other benefits are accounted
for.[509] In July 2016, as the stock of prefix "EL" plates was almost
depleted, the first electric vehicles were registered with the special
prefix "EK" (elektrisk kjrety - Norwegian for electric vehicle)
series, reserved for the next 90,000 EVs.[510][511]
In May 2015 the Government decided to keep the existing incentives
through 2017, and the political parties in Parliament agreed to
reduced and phase out some of the incentives. Beginning in January
2018, electric car owners will be required to pay half of the yearly
road license fee and the full rate as of 2020. The value-added tax
(VAT) exemption for electric cars will end in 2018, but replaced by a

In February 2016, the government opened for public discussion until 1 July 2016 the proposed National
Transport Plan 2018-2029 (NTP). Among others, the NTP sets the goal that all new cars, buses and light

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 commercial vehicles in 2025 should be zero emission vehicles, this is, all-electric and hydrogen vehicles. By
2030, heavy-duty vans, 75% of new long-distance buses, and 50% of new trucks must be zero emission
vehicles.[514][515][516]

Sales

As of December 2016, a total of 135,276 light-duty plug-in

electric vehicles have been registered, making Norway the
European country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and
vans, and the fourth largest in the world.[1][9] The
Norwegian light-duty plug-in electric fleet consisted of
101,126 all-electric passenger cars and vans, and 34,383
plug-in hybrids.[518] These figures account for both new and
used imports registrations. Sales of used imports in Norway
are significant, with more than 15,000 used imported
electric cars have been registered from neighboring
countries as of December 2016.[496][519][520]

As of 30 September 2013, the total plug-in electric

registered stock included 1,456 heavy quadricycles, such as
the Kewet/Buddy, Th!nk City, and the REVAi. These city
cars are entitled to the special "EL" (now "EK") licensed Registration of new and used imports by type
plates reserved for Norwegian electric vehicles. [521]
of plug-in electric vehicle between 2013 and
Registrations of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the 2016.[51][517][487]
country passed the 100,000 unit milestone in April
2016,[31][522] and 100,000 all-electric vehicles in December
2016, representing about 10% of all pure electric cars and vans that have been sold worldwide.[523][524]

Plug-in electric vehicle registrations totaled 10,769 units in 2013, representing 6.9% of total car registrations
in 2013.[86] During 2013, the Leaf continued as the top selling plug-in electric car, with 4,604 new units
sold, followed by the Tesla Model S with 1,986 units (25.2%), and the Volkswagen e-Up! with 580 units
(7.4%).[525][526] During its first full month in the market, the Model S was the top selling car in Norway
during September 2013 with 616 units delivered, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars
sold in the country, and becoming the first all-electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country
ever.[527][528][529] In October 2013, and for a second month in a row, an electric car, the Nissan Leaf, was
the best selling car in the country. The Leaf sold 716 units, representing a 5.6% of new car sales that month.
[530][531] In December 2013 the Model S, with 553 units sold and a 4.9% market share, was the top selling

new car in the country for the second time in the year.[532]

The first European deliveries of the
Tesla Model S took place at Tesla's
store in Oslo in August 2013.
In January 2014, the Leaf topped for a second time the ranking of
top selling new cars in Norway, with 650 units sold, representing a
5.7% of new car sales that month.[533] The Model S topped the
monthly sales ranking for a third time in March 2014, with 1,493
units sold, capturing a 10.8% market share of new car sales that
month, and contributing to a record market share for the all-electric
car segment of 20.3% of total new car sales.[83][497][534] A total of
23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in
2014.[517] Combined sales of new and used plug-in electric vehicles
captured a 13.84% market share of total passenger car registrations
in 2014.[47] Sales of the new all-electric car segment reached a
market share of 12.5%.[535] New all-electric passenger car

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 registrations were up 129.5% from 2013, and the plug-in hybrid segment grew 411.6% from a year
earlier.[517] Norway ended 2014 as the top selling European country in the light-duty all-electric market
segment, with 18,649 passenger cars and utility vans registered, surpassing France (15,046).[536] Norway
accounted for a third of all European all-electric car sales in 2014.[537] Plug-in electric car sales in 2014
were led by the Nissan Leaf with 4,781 new registrations, followed by Tesla Model S with 4,040 units[517]

Record sales and the highest monthly market share registered at the
time were achieved in March 2015, with registration of new plug-in
electric cars reaching a market share of 26.4% of new car sales.
[539][540] A total of 39,632 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were
registered in Norway in 2015, up from 23,408 in 2014 (69.3%). New
plug-in sales totaled 34,455 units. A total of 5,177 used imports were
registered, of which, 5,122 were pure electric cars.[51] The combined
sales of new plug-in cars reached a market share of 23.4% of all new
passenger cars sold in 2015, with the all-electric car segment Electric cars have access to bus lanes
reaching 17.1%, up from 12.5% in 2014, while the plug-in hybrid in Norway. Shown a Nissan Leaf, the
segment reached 5.2%, up from 1% in 2014.[23][541] The VW e-Golf, all-time top selling plug-in electric
with 8,943 units sold, was the best-selling plug-in electric car in car. As of November 2016, there were
Norway in 2015, followed by the Tesla Model S (4,039). [541] The more than 27,000 Leafs on
e-Golf variant represented 54.6% of total new VW Golf nameplate Norwegian roads.[538]
sales in the country in 2015. [542] The top selling plug-in hybrid in
2015 was the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 2,875 units,
followed by the Volkswagen Golf GTE with 2,000.[541] As of December 2015, the Nissan Leaf continued to
rank as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in the country with a total of 15,245 new Leafs registered
since 2011.[517][525][526][542]

New plug-in electric car registrations in February

2016 reached 28.5% market share of new car
sales.[543] The highest-ever monthly market share
for plug-in electric passenger segment was achieved
in March 2016 with 33.5% of new car sales; the
all-electric car segment had an 18.7% market share
among new passenger cars, while the plug-in hybrid
segment had a 14.8%.[29][495] Registrations achieved
a market share of 29.1% of all new passenger cars
registered in 2016, with the all-electric car segment
reaching 15.7%, down from 17.1% in 2016, and the
plug-in hybrid segment up to 13.4%.[494]

A total of 50,875 plug-in electric vehicles were

registered in Norway in 2016, consisting of 24,222
new electric cars, 5,281 used imported all-electric
Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in electric
cars, 20,663 new plug-in hybrid cars, 607 new
car segment market share of new car sales and monthly
all-electric vans, and 102 used imported all-electric
records through December 2016. (Source: Norwegian
Road Federation (OFV).
vans.[487] New light-duty plug-in registrations
totaled 45,492 plug-in cars and vans registered,[487]
up 32% from 2015, and making Norway the top
selling plug-in country market in Europe in 2016, surpassing the Netherlands, Europes top market in
2015.[9] The Outlander PHEV ended 2016 listed as the best selling plug-in car in Norway with 5,136 units
sold, the first time ever a plug-in hybrid topped the Norwegian list of top selling plug-in electric cars.[544]
Ranking next were the Volkswagen e-Golf (4,705), Volkswagen Golf GTE (4,337), and Nissan Leaf (4,162).

46 of 98
 [487][545]

In 2016 the more general category of hybrid electric cars, which in Norway includes plug-in hybrids, had a
market share of 24.5% of new car sales, up from 12.4% in 2015. Accounting together the market shares of
all-electric cars (15.7%), plug-in hybrids (13.4%), and conventional hybrids (11.1%), the Norwegian
electric-drive segment achieved a record 40.2% market share of new cars sales in 2016. In contrast, the
market share of new diesel-powered cars declined to 30.8% from 40.8% in 2015, and gasoline-powered cars
had a 29.0% market share, slightly down from 29.6% in 2015. These trends indicate that the diesel segment,
and in a lesser degree, the gasoline segment, are losing market share in favor of conventional hybrids and
plug-in electric cars, particularly plug-in hybrids.[487][546] In September 2016 the Norwegian electric-drive
segment had achieved a record 47.8% market share of new cars sales that month.[496][500] Sales of plug-in
cars are expected to overtake diesel-powered cars in Norway in 2017.[546]

Breaking down new car registrations by type of powertrain in July

2016, show that the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV was for the first
time as the top selling new car in the country with 504 units
registered.[499][547] The Tesla Model X ranked as the top selling
plug-in electric car in Norway in September 2016 with 601 units
registered.[548][500] However, when registrations are broken down by
each variant's powetrain, the Model X also ranked as the top selling
new car model in September 2016.[496][500][501] Again in November
2016, an electric car topped new cars sales in the country. The BMW The prefix "EL" or "EK" is added to
i3 listed as the top selling new passenger car with 1,014 units the license plates of electric cars in
registered.[502][519] Norway to control the privileges
electric vehicles are entitled to.
As of November 2016, the Nissan Leaf continued to rank as the Shown a BMW i3.
all-time best selling plug-in electric car in the country with a total of
19,150 new Leafs registered since 2011.[549] When used imported
from neighboring countries are accounted for, there were 27,115 Leafs on Norwegian roads at the end of
November 2016, representing more than 10% of total Nissan Leaf global deliveries.[538][549] Ranking
second is the Volkswagen e-Golf with 15,991 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with 11,615 units. These
three models account for more than half of the stock of all-electric vehicles registered in the country.[538]

The following table presents registrations of the top 15 selling plug-in electric cars and utility vans by model
per year since 2008 through December 2015. Figures between 2008 and 2013 correspond to the combined
number of first registrations by year accounting for both, new and used imports. Figures for 2014 and 2015
correspond only to new car registrations. The breakdown between new and used import for the Nissan Leaf
and the Kia Soul EV is shown because these are the two PEV models with the largest share of used import
registrations.

47 of 98
 Registration of top selling plug-in electric vehicles by model in Norway
between 2008 and December 2015
2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 200
Total Market
Model
registrations share(2)
(1) New only[541] Includes new and used imports[86][49
[550][551] [552][553]

Combined 21,231 25.2% 5,277 7,013 6,073 2,487 381[492]

Nissan Only new 15,245 3,189[542] 4,781[542] 4,604[525] 2,298[526] 373[526]
Leaf
Used
5,986 2,088[550] 2,232[554] 1,469[554] 189[493] 8
imports
Volkswagen
10,961 13.0% 8,943 2,018
e-Golf
Tesla Model S 10,064 11.9% 4,039 4,040 1,985
Volkswagen
5,056 6.0% 1,507 2,971 578
e-Up!
BMW i3 4,494 5.3% 2,403[555] 2,040 51
Mitsubishi
4,363 5.2% 2,875 1,485[556] 3
Outlander P-HEV
Combined 3,355 4.0% 2,064 445
Kia
Only new 1,311 866[541] 445[541]
Soul
EV Used
2,044 2,044[550] NA
imports
Mitsubishi
3,077 3.6% 490 413 453 671 1,050
i-MiEV
Renault Zoe 2,071 2.5% 1,634 433 4
Volkswagen Golf
2,000 2.4% 2,000
GTE
Peugeot iOn 1,815 2.2% 570 309 277 442 217
Citron C-Zero 1,796 2.1% 437 371 221 557 210
Audi A3 e-tron 1,701 2.0% 1,684 17(3)
Mercedes-Benz
1,352 1.6% 1,352
B-Class ED
Th!nk City(4)(5) 1,120[521] 1.3% 12 22 133 331 93
Total
registered[51] 84,401 39,632 23,408 10,769 4,700 2,243 733 45
[83][517][552]

Notes:

(1) Total registrations include new car sales and used imports from neighboring countries since 2004.
(2) Market share as percentage of the 84,401 plug-in electric vehicles registered in Norway as of December 2015, including new
electric car and van sales and used imports.

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 (3) Sales between January and November 2014.
(4) Th!nk City registrations include units registered prior to 2008. In Norway heavy quadricycles are entitled to the special "EL
plate.
(5) Registrations through September 2013.

The first electric car in the country was launched at Silliman University by Insular Technologies in August
2007.[557][558] In some major urban cities in the Philippines like Makati, E-Jeepneys or Electric Jeepneys are
used as well as Electrical Tricycles (Rickshaws). Eagle G-Car a Philippine all-electric car was made
available for purchase in the Philippines as low as $3,000-$6,000), the car is made out of fiber glass.[559]
While E-Jeepneys are expected to be available in many other cities in the Philippines and hope to be
revolutionize and made into an icon of the Philippines, it is a venture of Renewable Independent Power
Producer Inc., which sprang from Greenpeace and other groups, and Solarco, which in turn is a part of
GRIPP.[560]

Poland is developing charging station infrastructure in Gdask,

Katowice, Krakw, Mielec and Warsaw. Funds for the project come
from the European Union. The biggest organization in Poland in the
area of electric vehicles is Klaster Green Stream.[562]
The Polish company 3xE - samochody elektryczne (3xE - electric
cars) offer electric vehicle conversions of small city cars such as the
Smart ForTwo, Citron C1, Fiat Panda, Peugeot 107, Audi A2. The
converted cars have a range of about 100 km (60 mi), using lithium
iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries and brushless DC electric
motors, and the conversion can cost less than 12,000.[563] A Mitsubishi i-MiEV charging at an
e+ charging station. e+ is a Polish
provider of electric cars and
infrastructure.[561]
The stock of the plug-in electric cars in Portugal climbed from 20
all-electric cars in 2010 to about 530 plug-in electric cars in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were
about 2,000 plug-in electric cars registered in the country, consisting of 1,280 all-electric cars and 720
plug-in hybrids. As of December 2014, there were only 180 plug-in hybrids registered in the country.[3]

Portugal reached agreements with French car maker Renault and its
Japanese partner Nissan to boost the use of electric cars by creating a
national recharging network. The aim was to make Portugal one of
the first countries to offer drivers nationwide charging stations.[564]
As of May 2010, there are only about a dozen recharging stations in
the country, but the government expects to deploy 320 before the end
of 2010 and 1,300 by the end of 2011.[565] The government
established a subsidy of 5,000 for the first 5,000 new electric cars
sold in the country. In addition, there was a 1,500 incentive if the
consumer turned in a used car at least 10 years old as part of the BMW i3 charging in Coimbra,
down payment for the new electric car.[565] Electric cars were also Portugal
exempt from the registration tax.[138] These incentives were

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 discontinued at the end of 2011 due to the financial crisis of the country.[566]

On December 22, 2010, Nissan delivered in Lisbon the first nine Leafs to its commercial customer the
MOBI.E consortium, and another unit to the Portuguese government as a loan for trial purposes. Deliveries
for individual customers began in early 2011.[567][568] Since 2010 a total of 283 electric cars and utility vans
have been sold in the country through October 2012, with the Nissan Leaf as the best selling EV with 121
units.[569] Sales decreased significantly during 2012, with only 44 units sold between January and July due
to the end of fiscal incentives.[570]

Plug-in electric car sales totaled 1,305 units in 2015, up 260% from 2014. The plug-in electric segment
market share totaled 0.61% of new car sales, up from the 0.25% in 2014.[571] The top selling models were
the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (229), Nissan Leaf (209), BMW i3 (162), Renault Zoe (153), and the
Mercedes-Benz C350 e (80).[571]

As of 1 July 2016, a total of 722 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Russia. Registrations are led by
the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with 249 cars, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 189 units, Tesla Model S with 167,
and the Lada Ellada with 93. There were also less than 20 units of the Renault Twizy, BMW i3 and Tesla
Model X.[572]

As of October 2016, there were 129 plug-in electric cars registered in Singapore, representing 0.02% of the
country's automobiles on the road. BMW is the plug-in segment leader.[366] Despite the existing government
incentive that grants a maximum tax rebate of $30,000 for electric cars, adoption of plug-in electric vehicles
has been slow in Singapore due to the high purchase prices, lack of public charging infrastructure, and
unclear national policies on clean cars. As of October 2016, there were 74 public charging stations across
the island managed by Bosch and Greenlots.[366]

The country's existing taxation scheme sometimes make a plug-in car more expensive than a conventional
car. Among other factors is the carbon surcharge, applied to account for grid CO2 emissions during the
electricity generation and distribution process, which is not applied to the production and distribution of
petrol or diesel. There is also the scrap rebate, which is higher for electric vehicles as compared to a petrol
model of the same value, resulting in significantly lower resale values for electric cars. The annual road tax
also present inconsistencies that might increase the cost of owning a plug-in electric car.[366]

The stock of the plug-in electric cars in the country climbed from 30 all-electric cars in 2013 to about 50 in
2013, and as of December 2015, there were about 290 plug-in electric cars registered, consisting of 170
all-electric cars and 120 plug-in hybrids. All the plug-in hybrids were registered in 2015.[3]

GridCars is a Pretoria based company promoting Commuter Cars, their launch vehicle is based on the TREV
from Australia. The concept behind the electric car is to build ultra-light EVs, placing less demand on
battery requirements, and making the vehicle more affordable.[573] The Joule, designed by Cape Town-based
Optimal Energy,[574] made its debut at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, has a maximum driving range of 300 km
(190 mi). The Juoule accommodates two large-cell lithium ion battery packs.[575]

The first series production electric car available for retail sales in the country was the Nissan Leaf,

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 introduced in October 2013. BMW South Africa has plans to introduce the BMW i3 and BMW i8. The
country does not have government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars.[576] Plug-in electric car
sales totaled 80 units during the first three months of 2016, consisting of 55 BMW i3s, 15 BMW i8s, and 10
Nissan Leafs.[577]

As of October 2016, about 7,200 plug-in electric cars have been sold in South Korea.[3][578] The stock of the
plug-in electric cars in the country climbed from 60 all-electric cars in 2010 to about 1,450 in 2013, and as
of December 2015, there were over 4,300 plug-in electric cars registered in South Korea, consisting of over
4,000 all-electric cars and 270 plug-in hybrids. All the plug-in hybrids were registered in 2015.[3] A total of
2,896 plug-in electric vehicles were sold during the first ten months of 2016, up 12% year-on-year.[578]

As of 2014, all the electric cars models on sale in South Korea were domestically manufactured by local
brands. Sales during the first eight months of 2015 totaled 1,744 units. The top selling models during this
period were the Kia Soul EV (657), Samsung SM3 Z.E. (640) and the BMW i3 (243).[579] The Hyundai
Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold more than 1,000 units during its first two
months in the market. Hyundai expects to sell at least 4,800 Ioniq Electric in 2016, representing more than
60% of the total electric car sales in the country in 2016 year, estimated at around 8,000 electric
vehicles.[580]

Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model

in South Korea between 2012 and 2013[581]
Total
Sales Sales
Model Sales
2013 2012
20122013
Kia Ray EV 929 398 531
Samsung SM3 Z.E. 294 277 17
Chevrolet Spark EV 40 40
Total registrations 1,263 715 548

The government subsidy has in place a one-time purchase subsidy for electric cars. Effective July 8, 2016,
the subsidy was increased to 14 million won (US$12,100) from 12 million won (US$10,400). Also starting
in 2016, the purchase tax surcharges of electric cars will be reduced, and all-electric car drivers will benefit
from reductions in insurance premiums, expressway tolls and parking fees.[582]

In July 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced a plan to make electric car batteries run
longer, build a network of charging stations and make electric car purchases and ownership more affordable.
The government expects that the current and future policy programs will help increase the electric car
market share in South Korea to 0.5% in 2017, up from 0.2% in 2015, and to achieve 5.3% in 2020. The
government plan calls for the deployment of fast charging stations in 2020 to be available at an average of
one within a two-kilometer radius in the capital city of Seoul. In addition, 30,000 slow charging stations will
be strategically located at about 4,000 apartment complexes nationwide by 2020.[582]

The government's plan also includes the development of an electric car battery, beginning in 2016, with
energy density high enough to more than double the travel distance on a charge to 400 km (250 mi). The
government expects to increase the global market share of South Korean electric cars to match that of South
Korean gasoline and diesel cars, which reached 8.5% based on sales by South Korea's two main car

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 exporters, Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Motors.[582]

The stock of the plug-in electric cars in Spain climbed

from 70 all-electric cars in 2010 to about 1,200 plug-in
electric cars in 2012, and as of December 2015, there
were almost 6,000 plug-in electric cars registered in the
country, consisting of 4,460 all-electric cars and 1,490
plug-in hybrids. The first 10 plug-in hybrids were
registered in the country in 2011.[3]

In May 2011 the Spanish government approved a 72

million (US$103 million) fund for year 2011 to promote
electric vehicles. The incentives include direct subsidies
for the acquisition of new electric cars for up to 25% of
the purchase price, before tax, to a maximum of 6,000
per vehicle (US$8,600), and 25% of the gross purchase
price of other electric vehicles such as buses and vans,
with a maximum of 15,000 or 30,000, depending on Plug-in electric vehicle registrations in Spain by
the range and type of vehicle. [587] Several regional year between 2010 and 2014.[583][584][585][586]
government grant incentives for the purchase of
alternative fuel vehicles including electric and hybrid vehicles. In Aragn, Asturias, Baleares, Madrid,
Navarra, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castile and Len electric vehicles are eligible to a 6,000
tax incentive and hybrids to 2,000.[138]

Retail sales of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV began in December 2010

.[588][589] A total of 233 i-MiEV family electric cars were sold
during 2011, representing 58% of all electric vehicles sold in Spain
that year.[590] The Nissan Leaf was released in Barcelona in
September 2011, followed by Madrid in October 2011.[591][592] A
total of 137 Leafs were sold through September 2012.[590][593]

A total of 401 electric cars and utility vehicles were sold in Spain
Peugeot iOn electric car in Bilbao. during 2011, led by the Peugeot iOn with 125 units, followed by 85
Citron C-Zeros and 59 Nissan Leafs.[594] During the first half of
2012 a total of 209 electric cars were sold, representing a market
share of 0.05% of new car sales. [595] During 2012 plug-in electric car sales totaled 484 units and 176 electric
utility vans were sold, for a total of 660 highway-capable plug-in vehicles registered in 2012. In addition,
943 Renault Twizy quadricycles were sold in the country, making the Twizy the top selling plug-in electric
vehicle, followed by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 176 units, and the Nissan Leaf with 154 units.[596]

Plug-in electric car sales in Spain totaled 1,958 units in 2014, up 53% from 2013.[597] The market
penetration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars climbed in 2014 to 0.16% of total new car sales in the
country, up from 0.05% in 2011.[598][599] Sales in 2014 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 465 units, followed
by the Renault Zoe with 289.[597] Plug-in electric car sales totaled 3,015 units in 2015, up 54% from
2014.[600] The top selling models in 2015 were the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (389), Smart electric drive
(388), Nissan Leaf (344), Renault Zoe (312), Renault Kangoo Z.E. (257), and the BMW i3 (251).[600]

A total of 3,129 plug-in electric vehicles were sold in Spain during the first three quarters of 2016. Sales
continued to growth at an accelerated pace, up 79% from the same period in 2015. The segment achieved a

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 market share of 0.36% of new car registrations[601] The Outlander
P-HEV continued as the top selling plug-in with 495 units, followed
by the Leaf with 435, the BMW i3 with 267, and the Zoe with 257
units.[601]

Sales of the Nissan Leaf in Sri Lanka began in 2013.[602] There are
BMW i3 in Barcelona.
no government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars in Sri
Lanka. Electric vehicle tax increased from 5% to 50% through the
new Government's Interim Budget.

As of September 2015, a total of 2,072 electric cars have been registered in the country, with the Nissan
Leaf ranking as the most popular model. Electric car sales experienced a record month in September 2015
with 471 units registered, up from only 15 in September 2014. Four Tesla Model S cars were registered the
record month.[603]

As of December 2016, a total of 30,525 plug-in electric

vehicles have been registered in Sweden since 2011,
consisting of 21,181 plug-in hybrids, 7,985 all-electric
cars and 1,359 all-electric utility vans.[60][61][62]
[604][605][606] The Swedish plug-in electric market is
dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 69.4% of the
Swedish light-duty plug-in electric vehicle registrations
through December 2016.[60][62][605][606] Sweden has
ranked among the world's top ten best-selling plug-in
markets for two years running, 2015 and 2016, listed in
both years as the ninth largest country market.[9][23] As
of December 2016, the Swedish stock of plug-in cars
and vans is the sixth largest in Europe.[9] The market
share of plug-in electric vehicles climbed from 0.57% in
2013 to 1.53% of new car sales in the country in
2014.[62][604] The country achieved a record market Plug-in electric vehicle registrations in Sweden by
share of 2.5% of new car sales in 2015,[60] and rose to year between 2011 and 2016.[60][61][62][604][605][606]
3.5% in 2016.[9]

Government incentives

In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a 200 million kr program, effective starting in
January 2012, to provide a subsidy of 40,000 kr per car for the purchase of 5,000 electric cars and other
"super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions, defined as those with emissions below 50 grams of
carbon dioxide (CO2) per km.[607] There is also an exemption from the annual circulation tax for the first
five years from the date of their first registration that benefits owners of electric vehicles with an energy
consumption of 37 kWh per 100 km or less, and hybrid vehicles with CO2 emissions of 120 g/km or less. In
addition, for both electric and hybrid vehicles, the taxable value of the car for the purposes of calculating the
benefit in kind of a company car under personal income tax is reduced by 40% compared with the
corresponding or comparable gasoline or diesel-powered car. The reduction of the taxable value has a cap of
16,000 kr per year.[478]

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 By July 2014 the program run out of funds as a total of 5,028 new "super clean cars" had been registered in
the country since January 2012.[608][609] BIL Sweden, the national association for the automobile industry,
requested the government an additional 100 million kr to cover the subsidy for another 2,500 registrations of
new super clean cars between August and December 2014.[609][610] In December 2014 the Riksdagen, the
Swedish parliament, approved an appropriation of 215 million kr to finance the super clean car subsidies in
2015. The appropriation for 2015, according to the parliamentary decision and subsequent government
decision, was to also be used for the retroactive payment of the super green cars registered in 2014 that did
not receive the subsidy.[61]

The Government raised the appropriation for the super green car rebate by 132 million kr for 2015 and by 94
million kr for 2016. Beginning in 2016, only zero emissions cars are entitled to receive the full 40,000 kr
premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium. The exemption for the first
five years of ownership from the annual circulation tax is still in place.[611][612] In 2016, in order to promote
the introduction of electricity-powered buses in the market, the Government planned to allocate 50 million
kr for 2016 and 100 million kr per year between 2017 and 2019 to introduce an electric bus premium.[612]

Two alternative proposals are being considered by the Swedish government regarding the introduction of a
bonus-malus system. Both proposals entail changes to vehicle and car benefit taxation and the premium
system for purchases of new cars. An official inquiry report was due by 29 April 2016. The goal is for the
system to enter into force on 1 January 2017.[612]

Registrations

A total of 178 all-electric cars were registered in Sweden in 2011, and registrations of plug-in electric
vehicles climbed to 928 units in 2012, led by the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with 499 units, followed by
the Nissan Leaf with 129 units, and the third place was shared by the Volvo C30 Electric and the Opel
Ampera with 88 units each.[605] Electric-drive cars reached a market share of 0.33% in 2012. In addition,
265 Renault Kangoo Z.E. utility vans were sold in 2012.[605] During 2013 a total of 1,545 plug-in electric
cars were registered in the country out of 269,363 new passenger cars sold, representing a market share of
0.57%.[604] With 1,113 units registered in 2013, plug-in hybrids represented 72.0% of total plug-in electric
car registrations. This number includes 10 BMW i3s sold with the range extender option, which in Sweden
are classified as plug-in hybrids.[604] The top selling plug-in cars during 2013 were the Volvo V60 PHEV
with 601 units, the Prius PHV with 376 and the Nissan Leaf with 317.[604]

Plug-in electric car sales during 2014 grew significantly.

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV
was the top selling plug-in electric car
in 2014 and 2015, and, as of
December 2016, remains as the
all-time best-selling plug-in car in
Sweden.[60][62][606]
Registrations of super clean cars increased five-fold in July 2014
driven by the end of the quota of 5,000 new cars eligible for the
super clean car subsidy.[608][609] A total of 4,656 plug-in super clean
passenger cars were registered in 2014, representing a 1.53% market
share of new passenger cars registered in the country in 2014.
Registrations of super clean cars were up 201% from 2013, while
registrations of new passenger cars increased 12.7%.[61][62] Super
clean cars represented 8.8% of alternative fuel cars sold during
2014.[62] The top selling plug-in electric cars in 2014 were the
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 2,289 units, Volvo V60 PHEV
with 745, and the Nissan Leaf with 438 units. The top selling
all-electric utility van was the Kangoo Z.E. with 242 units out of a
total of 282 electric vans registered.[62]

A total of 8,908 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in 2015, up 80% from 2014. The
registered stock consisted of 5,625 plug-in hybrids, 2,962 all-electric cars and 321 all-electric utility
vans.[60] The plug-in segment had a market share of 2.49% of new car sales in 2015.[60] The Mitsubishi

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 Outlander P-HEV was the top selling plug-in car for a second year running with 3,302 units registered in
2015, followed by the Tesla Model S with 996 units. The top selling all-electric utility van was the Nissan
e-NV200 with 168 units.[60] As of December 2015, a total of 16,996 plug-in electric vehicles had registered
in Sweden since 2011, up from 7,342 at the end of 2014 (131.5%).[60][62][604][605]

Registrations totaled 13,454 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in

2016, consisting 10,257 plug-in hybrids, up 16.7% from 2015, 2,924
all-electric cars, up 4.8% year-on-year, and 273 all-electric vans
down 15.9% from 2015. Super clean car registrations totaled 12,995
units, up 51.4% from 2015.[606] The plug-in electric car segment
achieved a market share of 3.5% of all new cars registered in 2016,
the world's third largest after Norway and the Netherlands.[9]
Stockholm county registered the highest proportion of super green
car registrations during the first nine months of 2016, with 5.6% of The Volkswagen Passat GTE listed as
the country's total. The proportion during September 2016 was the top-selling plug-in electric car in
8.5%.[613] In 2016 the Volkswagen Passat GTE listed as the top Sweden in 2016. Also ranks as the
selling plug-in car with 3,804 units, followed by the Outlander all-time second best-selling plug-in in
P-HEV (1,819), Volvo V60 PHEV (1,239), Volvo XC90 T8 (983), the country.[60][606]
Tesla Model S (838), and Nissan Leaf (836).[606] The top selling
all-electric utility van was the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 171 units
registered.[606]

As of December 2016, the all-time top selling plug-in electric cars are the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with
7,506 units registered, followed by the Volkswagen Passat GTE (4,075), Volvo V60 PHEV (3,239), Nissan
Leaf (2,561) and Tesla Model S (2,099). The Renault Kangoo Z.E. continued as the all-time the leader in the
plug-in commercial utility segment with 1,024 units.[60][62][605][606] The following table presents
registrations of highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars by model between January 2011 and
September 2016.

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 Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars by model
in Sweden between 2011 and September 2016[60][62][604][605][614]
CYTD
Total Market
Model 3Q 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Registered share(1)
2016
Mitsubishi Outlander
6,781 26.9% 1,094 3,302 2,289 96
P-HEV
Volkswagen Passat GTE 3,156 12.5% 2,885 271
Volvo V60 PHEV 2,907 11.5% 907 612 745 601 42
Nissan Leaf 2,349 9.3% 624 841 438 317 129
Tesla Model S 1,882 7.5% 620 996 266
Toyota Prius PHV 1,262 5.0% 45 132 210 376 499
Total 951 3.8% 351 379 210 11
BMW i3 REx 678 2.7% 261 275 132 10
BEV 273 1.1% 90 104 78 1
Renault Zoe 874 3.5% 292 378 204
Volvo XC90 T8 857 3.4% 692 165
Volkswagen Golf GTE 725 2.9% 324 401
Volkswagen e-Up! 491 1.9% 95 157 199 40
Audi A3 e-tron 478 1.9% 115 349 14
BMW 330e
440 1.7% 440
iPerformance
Volkswagen e-Golf 395 1.6% 100 278 17
Volvo C30 Electric 198 0.8% 0 0 16 46 88 48
BMW X5 xDrive40e 169 0.7% 169
Nissan e-NV200
167 0.7% 36 131
(passenger van)
Mercedes-Benz C 350 e 157 0.6% 86 71
BMW 225xe Active
152 0.6% 152
Tourer
Tesla Model X 139 0.6% 139
Opel Ampera 147 0.6% 0 16 22 21 88
Mitsubishi i MiEV 101 0.4% 3 0 6 12 9 71
Kia Soul EV 78 0.3% 26 50 2
Citron C-Zero 71 0.3% 0 0 4 7 29 31
BMW i8 51 0.2% 20 25 6
Chevrolet Volt 40 0.2% 0 0 0 7 33
Peugeot iOn 39 0.2% 0 0 2 0 9 28

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 Mercedes-Benz B-Class
38 0.15% 14 24
Electric Drive
Audi Q7 e-tron 32 0.13% 32
Porsche Panamera S
22 0.09% 4 6 10 2
E-Hybrid
Fisker Karma 21 0.08% 0 0 0 2 19
Ford Focus Electric 9 0.04% 0 3 2 4
Porsche 918 Spyder 6 0.02% 1 1 4
Saab 9-3 ePower 6 0.02% 2 0 4
BMW 740e
6 0.02% 6
iPerformance
Volkswagen XL1 2 0.01% 2
Smart electric drive 2 0.01% 0 0 0 0 2

Total plug-in passenger

25,207(2) 100% 9,276(2) 8,588(2) 4,671(2) 1,547(2) 947 178
car registrations
Notes: (1) Market share as percentage of the 25,207 plug-in electric passenger cars registered in Sweden between 2011 and
September 2016.
The number of super clean cars during the same period is 24,983 units, excluding fuel cell vehicle registrations.
(2) According to the official Swedish definition of super clean cars (CO2 emissions of up to 50 g/km), the Fisker Karma, the
two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder, and two BMW models, the X5 xDrive40e and
740e iPerformance, are not classified as super clean cars,
instead they are accounted for as conventional hybrids.

As of April 2016, over 12,000 plug-in electric cars have been registered in Switzerland since 2012.[33]
During the first quarter of 2016, a total of 1,479 plug-in electric car were registered in the country,
consisting of 773 all-electric cars (up 37.5% from 1Q 2015), and 706 plug-in hybrids (up 44.1% from 1Q
2015).[615] Registrations of plug-in cars totaled 6,288 units in 2015, up 133.9% from 2,668 in 2014.[286] The
plug-in segment registrations totaled 1,717 units in 2013.[616]

Deliveries of the Mitsubishi i MiEV began in 2011, and a total of 430 units have been registered in
Switzerland through September 2012, including 219 i MiEVs, 110 C-Zeros, and 101 iOns.[617] The Nissan
Leaf was launched in November 2011,[618][619] and a total of 86 Leafs have been sold through September
2012.[617]

As of December 2015, new passenger all-electric car registrations totaled 6,499 units since 2006, while
range extender electric cars totaled 1,333 units since their introduction in the country in 2011. No detail is
available for parallel plug-in hybrid registrations as these cars were accounted together with conventional
hybrid electric vehicles.[620] A total of 2,389 all-electric passenger cars were sold in 2015, representing a
market share of 1% of total new car registrations.[620] During the first nine months of 2015, registrations in
the all-electric segment were led by the Tesla Model S with 1,146 units, followed by the Renault Zoe with
318, and the all-electric variant of the BMW i3 with 201. The plug-in hybrid segment was led by the
Volkswagen Golf GTE with 497 units, followed by the BMW i3 REx with 387 units, and the Audi A3 e-tron
with 343. With 588 new units registered through September 2015, the BMW i3 was the second best selling

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 model after the Model S.[620]

The Swiss government does not have any subsidies or incentives for purchasing plug-in electric
vehicles.[621] Cantons can propose special discounts on annual taxes depending on the car's efficiency label
and range from 100% rabate (e.g. Solothurn) to 0%.[622]

As of 1 January 2017, a total of 3161 plug-in electric vehicles and

gibrides were registered in Ukraine.[623] Registrations are led by the
Nissan Leaf with 647 cars, followed by the Tesla Model S with 72,
and the BMW i3 with 19.[572]

About 90% of electric car registrations in Ukraine are used imports,

particularly from the United States with cars that are two- to
three-years old, and mileage between 30,000 to 40,000 km (19,000
to 25,000 mi). Used imports are attractive in the Ukrainian market
because the purchase price is two times lower than a new electric Nissan Leaf in Kharkiv - EcoTaxi,
vehicle in Europe. During the first eight months of 2016, Ukrainians 2016
imported twice as much used electric cars than the whole 2015.[624]
Imports of used electric cars in Ukraine grew from 95 in 2014, to
731 in 2015, and totaled 1,550 units during the first eight months of 2016.[625]

Nevertheless, at the beginning of August 2016, Ukrainian officials started to refuse the registration of
American electric vehicles, citing the need for certification by European rules. To comply with the
certification requirements, the cars have to be converted from U.S. to European standards, which includes
the replacement of a windshield, headlights and other parts of the electric vehicle, at a cost of more than
US$1,000.[624]

More than 90,000 plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the UK up until December 2016,
including about 4,000 electric commercial vans.[9][631] This figure includes a significant number of
registered plug-in electric cars and vans which were not eligible for the grant schemes.[631] As of January
2017, a total of 85,581 eligible cars have been registered since the launch of the Plug-in Car Grant in
2011,[632] and, as of June 2016, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled
2,395 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.[633] As of 7 October 2016, the UK had 11,903 public
charging points at 4,215 locations, of which 2,140 were rapid charging points at 696 locations.[634]

Before the introduction of series production plug-in vehicles, a total of 1,096 all-electric vehicles were
registered in the UK between 2006 and December 2010.[635] Electric car sales grew from 138 units in 2010
to 1,082 units during 2011.[627][636] Before 2011, the G-Wiz, a heavy quadricycle, listed as the top-selling
EV for several years.[637] During 2012, a total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in the UK, of
which, 1,262 were pure electrics, and sales were led by the Nissan Leaf with 699 units, followed by the
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid and the Vauxhall Ampera, with 470 and 455 units sold, respectively, in
2012.[629][638][639] Vehicles eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant accounted for 0.1% of total new car sales in
2012.[640]

During 2013, a total of 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered, up 59.0% from 2012.[54][641] Of these,
2,512 were pure electric cars, up 99.0% from 2012, and 1,074 plug-in hybrids, up 8.1% from 2012.[54]

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 Plug-in car
sales

The REVAi/G-Wiz i electric car

charging at an on-street station in
London.

represented a 0.16% market share of total new

cars sales in the UK in 2013.[641] The top selling
plug-in electric car during 2013 was the Nissan
Leaf, with 1,812 units sold,[642] and the Prius
PHV ended 2013 as the top selling plug-in hybrid
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in the UK between
with 509 units sold, up 8.5% from 2012.[641]
January 2011 and December 2016.[54][626][627]
[628][629][630]
The British market experienced a surge of plug-in
car sales during 2014, driven by the introduction
of several new models.[643][644][645] Plug-in electric car registrations in the UK quadruple from 3,586 in
2013 to 14,518 units in 2014.[54] Registrations during 2014 consisted of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821
plug-in hybrids. Total registrations in 2014 were up 305% from 2013, with all-electric cars growing 167%
while plug-in hybrid registrations were up 628% from a year earlier.[54] The plug-in electric car segment
captured a 0.59% market share of new car sales in 2014, up from 0.16% in 2013.[54][642] In November 2014,
with 646 all-electric cars and 1,225 plug-in hybrids registered, the segment's market share passed 1% of
monthly new car sales for the first time in the UK.[646][647]

Nissan Leaf sales in September 2014 achieved a record of 851 units,

up from 332 units the same month in 2013, representing not only the
best monthly sales ever in the UK, but also the largest volume of
Nissan Leafs ever sold in one month in a European country. The
previous European record was achieved by Norway in March 2013
with 703 Leafs sold in that month.[645][650] The Outlander P-HEV
was among the new models with a significant effect in the market,
released in April 2014, it captured a 35.8% market share of total
plug-in sales during the first half of 2014.[651] The Mitsubishi The Nissan Leaf, with 15,000 units
plug-in hybrid became the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in July sold by September 2016, has been the
2014 and captured 43% of all applications to the Plug-in Car Grants best-selling pure electric car in the
scheme that month.[652] The Outlander P-HEV ended 2014 as the top UK since 2011.[648][649]
selling plug-in electric car in the UK that year with 5,370 units
sold.[556][653] The Nissan Leaf sales also experienced a significant
growth in 2014, with 4,051 units sold, up 124% from the 1,812 units sold in 2013.[643] As of December
2014, the Leaf continued ranking as the top selling plug-in electric car ever in the UK with cumulative sales
of 7,197 units since its introduction in March 2011.[642][643][654] Over 24,500 light-duty plug-in electric cars
were registered in the country at the end of December 2014.[53]

The surge in demand for plug-in cars continued during 2015, to the extent that 2014's ultra-low emission

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 vehicle (ULEV) sales figure was passed in June 2015.[655] Plug-in electric car registrations in the UK
totaled 28,188 units in 2015, consisting of 9,934 pure electric cars and 18,254 plug-in hybrids. Total
registrations in 2015 were up 94.0% from 2014, with all-electric cars growing 48.3% year-on-year, while
plug-in hybrid registrations were up 133.0% year-on-year.[626] The plug-in electric car segment raised its
market share of new car sales in 2015 to almost 1.1%, up from 0.59% in 2014.[54][656] With almost 3,100
plug-in cars sold during December 2015, the plug-in segment reached a record of 1.7% of new car sales in
the UK, the highest ever.[656]

Sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in the British market

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is
the all-time top selling plug-in
electric car in the UK, with 26,600
units sold up until 2016.[657][658]
reached the 10,000 unit milestone in March 2015, allowing the
plug-in hybrid to overtake the Leaf as the all-time top selling plug-in
electric vehicle in the UK.[659][660] Sales of the Nissan Leaf sales
passed the 10,000 unit milestone in June 2015.[661] The top selling
models in 2015 were the Outlander P-HEV with 11,681 units
registered, up 118% from 2014, followed by the Leaf with 5,236
units (up 29%), and the BMW i3 with 2,213 units (up 59%).[662]
Plug-in car sales in March 2016 achieved the best monthly plug-in
registration volume on record ever, and the plug-in segment market
share reached 1.37% of total UK new car registrations that
month.[663]

Registrations during the first six months of 2016 recorded the

highest-volume half-year ever for plug-in electric car registrations.[664] A total of 36,907 plug-in electric
vehicles were registered in 2016, of which, 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant.
Registrations consisted of 10,264 all-electric cars, up 3.3% from 2015, and 26,643 plug-in hybrids, up
41.9% from the previous year.[630] Sales of plug-in hybrids oversold pure electric cars, with the latter more
than doubling sales of battery electric models.[630][665] The plug-in car segment's market share reached
1.37% of new car sales in 2016.[630] While overall new car registrations year-to-date increased 2.3% from
the same period in 2015, total plug-in car registrations in 2016 increased 28.6% from a year earlier.[630] The
Outlander P-HEV continued to lead sales of the plug-in electric segment in 2016 with 9,486 units delivered.
The Leaf remained as the top selling all-electric car with 4,463 units registered.[666]

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK with 26,600 units
registered through December 2016, accounting for about 50% of all plug-in hybrid sold in the British market
since 2010.[657][658] The Nissan Leaf ranks second and it is also the all-time top selling all-electric car with
15,000 units sold by September 2016.[648] Ranking third is the BMW i3 with 4,457 units, followed by the
Renault Zoe with 4,339 units, both, registered at the end of June 2016.[667] The following table presents
registrations of the top 20 selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model by the end of 2014, by the
end of 2015, and by the end of June 2016.

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 Top 20 selling light-duty highway-capable plug-in electric cars by registrations
in the UK between December 2014 and June 2016
Total registered at Total registered at
the end of the end of
Model Model
2Q 1Q
2015[667][668] 2014[669] 2015[667][668] 2014[669]
2016[667] 2016[667]
Mitsubishi
BMW 330e
Outlander 21,708 16,100 5,273 1,479
iPerformance
P-HEV
Nissan Leaf 12,837 11,219 6,838 BMW i8 1,307 1,022 279
Vauxhall
BMW i3 4,457 3,574 1,534 1,267 1,272 1,169
Ampera
Renault Zoe 4,339 3,327 1,356 Volvo XC90 T8 813 38
Mercedes-Benz Renault Kangoo
3,337 628 785 740 663
C350 e Z.E.
Porsche
Tesla Model S 3,312 2,087 698 Panamera S 475 395 241
E-Hybrid
Volkswagen Volvo V60
2,657 1,359 410 337 232
Golf GTE Plug-in Hybrid
Toyota Prius
1,655 1,580 1,324 Peugeot iOn 405 374 368
Plug-in Hybrid
Mercedes-Benz
Audi A3 e-tron 1,634 1,218 66 303 162 0
B-Class ED
Mitsubishi i
Nissan e-NV200 1,487 1,047 399 252 251 266
MiEV
Note: Registrations figures seldom correspond to cumulative sales figures. Some model numbers have actually declined
which indicates
more cars are being taken off the road than are being sold. In addition, a significant number of plug-in electric cars in Europe
are imported from
neighborhood countries as used cars, mainly to Norway.

Government incentives

The Plug-in Car Grant program started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the U.K. The programme
reduces the up-front cost of eligible cars by providing a 25% grant towards the cost of new plug-in cars
capped at GB5,000 (~US$7,450).[670][671][672] From 1 April 2015, the purchase price cap was raised to
cover up to 35% discount of the vehicle's recommended retail price, up to the already existing GB5,000
limit. This change means electric cars priced under GB20,000 can take advantage of most or all of the
GB5,000 discount.[673] Both private and business fleet buyers are eligible for this grant, which is received
at the point of purchase and the subsidy is claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.[670][671]

The Plug-In Car Grant was extended to include vans since February 2012. Van buyers can receive 20% - up
to GB8,000 (~US$12,000)- off the cost of a plug-in van. To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet
performance criteria to ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both business and

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 private can receive the discount at the point of purchase.[674] The Plug-In Van Grant scheme was extended
in October 2016 to make electric trucks above 3.5 tonnes eligible for grants of up to GB20,000, when
businesses switch their large trucks to an electric vehicle. The government also announced their commitment
for an additional GB4 million to the scheme so that all vans and trucks meeting the eligibility requirements
can benefit from the grant scheme.[675]

In April 2014, the government announced that funding for the full grant of up to GB5,000 will remain in
place until either 50,000 grants have been issued or 2017, whichever is first.[673][676] As forecasts estimated
that the scheme would reached its 50,000 limit around November 2015, the government announced in
August 2015 that the Plug-in Car Grant will continue until at least February 2016 for all plug-in cars with
CO2 emissions of 75 g/km of under.[655] The Government also announced that a minimum of
GB200 million (~US$300 million) has been made available to continue the Plug-in Car Grant.[677]

In December 2015, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced

that Plug-in car grant was extended until March 2018 to encourage
more than 100,000 UK motorists to buy cleaner vehicles. A total
funding of GB400 million (~US$600 million) will be available for
the extension. To reflect the rapidly developing technology, and the
growing range of ULEVs on the British market, the criteria for the
Plug-in Car Grant was updated and the maximum grant drops from
GB5,000 (~US$7,450) to GB4,500 (~US$6,700). For the Plug-in hybrid models with a
extension, the amount of the grant is linked in directly with the purchase price of over GB60,000,
Office for Low Emission Vehicles three vehicle categories issued in
such as the BMW i8, are not eligible
April 2015. The eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) must
for the Plug-in Car Grant from March
meet criteria in one of three categories depending on emission levels
2016.[678]
(CO2 emissions bands between 50 and 75g/km) and zero-emission-
capable mileage (minimum of 10 mi (16 km)), with a technology
neutral approach, which means that hydrogen fuel cell cars are eligible for the grant.[673][679][680] The
updated scheme will go into effect on 1 March 2016.[680]

A price cap will be in place, with all Category 1 plug-in vehicles eligible for the full grant no matter what
their purchase price, while Category 2 and 3 models with a list price of more than GB60,000 (~US$90,000)
will not be eligible for the grant.[679][680] Under the extended scheme, some plug-in hybrid sports car will no
longer be eligible for the grant, such as the BMW i8 because of its GB100,000 (~US$150,000) purchase
price tag.[678] Vehicles with a zero-emission range of at least 70 miles (110 km) (category 1), including
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, will get a full GB4,500 (~US$6,700), but plug-in hybrids (categories 2 and 3)
costing under GB60,000 (~US$90,000) will receive GB2,500 (~US$3,725).[679][680] The grant scheme
will come under review when a cumulative total of 40,000 Category 1 claims, and 45,000 Category 2 and 3
combined sales have been made. Both these totals will include cars sold before March 2016.[680]

In addition to the extension of the Plug-in Grant, the government also announced it will continue the
"Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme." Starting in March 2016 owners of ultra-low emission vehicles who
install a dedicated charge point at their home, covering roughly half the average cost, will get GB500
(~US$750) towards the cost of installing the charging point, rather than the previous GB700 (~US$1,050)
maximum.[679][680]

Exemption from the London congestion charge

All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) qualify for a 100%
discount from the London congestion charge. A plug-in electric drive vehicle qualifies if the vehicle is
registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and has a fuel type of 'electric', or
alternatively, if the vehicle is a 'plug-in hybrid' and is on the Government's list of PHEVs eligible for the

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 OLEV grant.[681] As of February 2016, approved PHEVs include all extended-range cars such as the BMW
i3 REx, and plug-in hybrids that emit 75g/km or less of CO2 and that meet the Euro 5 standard for air
quality, such as the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (passenger and van
variants), Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, and Volkswagen Golf GTE.[682]

As of December 2016, cumulative sales in the United

States totaled 570,187 highway legal plug-in electric
cars since the market launch of the Tesla Roadster in
2008,[7] accounting for 28.1% of the global light-duty
plug-in stock, down from about 40% in 2014.[9] As of
December 2016, the U.S. has the world's third largest
stock of plug-in passenger cars, after China and Europe.
[1][6] As of August 2016, the distribution of cumulative
The Nissan Leaf electric car (left) and the Chevrolet
sales since 2010 between the two plug-in technologies
Volt plug-in hybrid (right) were the first two series
was 52.8% all-electrics and 47.2% plug-in hybrids.[34]
production plug-in electric vehicles introduced by
Sales of series production PEVs in the U.S. market
major automakers in the U.S.
during its first two years were lower than the initial
expectations.[683][684][685][686][687] According to Pike
Research, cumulative sales will reach the one million goal set by the Obama Administration only in 2018
instead of 2015.[688] Cumulative plug-in electric car sales since 2008 reached the 250,000 unit milestone in
August 2014,[689] and the 500,000 unit milestone in August 2016.[34]

Nationwide plug-in car sales climbed from 17,800 units in 2011 to 53,200 during 2012, and reached 97,100
units delivered in 2013, up 83% from the previous year.[690] During 2014 plug-in electric car sales totaled
123,347 units, up 27.0% from 2013, and fell to 114,248 units in 2015, down 7.4% from 2014.[691] A total of
157,181 plug-in cars were sold in 2016, up 37.6% from 2015.[692] The market share of plug-in electric
passenger cars increased from 0.14% of new car sales in 2011 to 0.37% in 2012, 0.62% in 2013, and reached
0.75% of new car sales during 2014.[691][693][694] As plug-in car sales slowed down during the 2015, the
segment's market share fell to 0.66% of new car sales,[691] and increased to 0.90% in 2016.[7] The
highest-ever monthly market share for plug-in electric vehicles was achieved in December 2016 with 1.39%
of new car sales.[7] The previous record was set in September 2016 (1.12%) marking the first time plug-in
cars sold more than 1% of the new light-duty market in the U.S.[695] December 2016 is also the best
monthly plug-in sales volume on record ever, with 23,288 units delivered.[7]

As of December 2016, there were 30 highway-capable plug-in cars available in the American market for
retail sales from over a dozen car manufacturers,[692] plus several models of electric motorcycles, utility
vans and neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). As of December 2016, total sales are led by the Chevrolet
Volt plug-in hybrid with 113,489 units,[7] followed by the Nissan Leaf all-electric car with 103,597 units
delivered. Both plug-in cars were released in December 2010.[692][549] Launched in the U.S. market in June
2012, the Tesla Model S ranks as the third top selling plug-in electric car with an estimated 92,317 units sold
through December 2016,[7] followed by the Prius PHV, launched in February 2012, with 44,767 units.
Ranking fifth is the Ford Fusion Energi with 43,327 units, followed by the Ford C-Max Energi with 33,509
units delivered through December 2016.[698][699][692][34]

During 2013 sales were led by the Chevrolet Volt with 23,094 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with
22,610 cars, and the Tesla Model S with around 18,000 units.[700][701] In 2014 the Leaf took the lead, with
30,200 units sold, with the Volt ranking second with 18,805, followed by the Model S with 16,689 units.[691]

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 The Tesla Model S, with 25,202 units delivered, was
the top selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2015,
followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17,269 units, the
Volt with 15,393, and the BMW i3 with 11,024.[691]
For a second year on a row, the Model S was the top
selling plug-in car with about 29,156 units sold in
2016, followed by the Volt with 24,739, Model X
with about 18,028, and the Ford Fusion Energi with
15,938.[692]

U.S. plug-in electric vehicle cumulative sales since 2008

passed the 500,000 unit milestone in August 2016.[34]
The graph shows cumulative sales by month by type of
powertrain from December 2010 up to December
2016.[696][697]

California is the largest U.S. car market, and accounts

for approximately 48% of cumulative plug-in sales in
the American market from 2011 to June 2016, and also
accounts for about 50% of nationwide all-electric car
sales and 47% of total plug-in hybrid sales. The other
nine states that follow California's Zero Emission
Comparison of annual sales of plug-in electric
Vehicle (ZEV) regulations have accounted for another
vehicles in the United States versus California
10% of cumulative plug-in car sales in the U.S. during
between 2010 and 2015.[68][69][697]
the same period.[76] California's overall plug-in market
share has remained at about 3% statewide light-duty
vehicle sales for 2015 and the first half of 2016.,[76] Until December 2014 California had more plug-in
electric vehicles than any other country,[77] and its plug-in sales volume in 2014 was higher than any other
country.[78] California's plug-in market share in 2015 was surpassed only by two countries, Norway (22.4%)
and the Netherlands (9.7%).[81] As of December 2016, China is the only other country with more plug-in
electric cars on the road than California.[1]

As of 31 January 2016, the United States had 12,203 charging stations across the country, up from 5,678 in
March 2013.[702][703] California led with 2,976 stations, followed by Texas with 686, and Florida with 626.
In terms of public charging points, there were 30,669 public outlets available across the country by the end
of January 2016, led by California with 9,086 charging points (29.6%), followed by Texas with 1,679
(13.8%), and Florida and Washington state with 1,435 each (11.8%).[702] There were 592 CHAdeMO quick
charging stations across the country by April 2014.[704]

The following table presents cumulative sales for the top-10 best selling highway-capable plug-in electric
cars and available for retail sales between 1996 and December 2016.

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 Top selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars
available for retail sales or leasing in the U.S. between 2010 and December 2016
Type Market
Model Sales/leases Comments
of PEV launch
The Volt is the top selling plug-in electric car in
the United States.[705]
Sales through December 2016, of both first and
Plug-in December second generation models.[7]
Chevrolet Volt 113,489
hybrid 2010 Production of the first generation Volt ended in
mid-May 2015.[706]
Deliveries of the second generation Volt began in
October 2015.[707]
The Leaf is the top selling all-electric car in the
Electric December
Nissan Leaf 103,597 United States.[705]
car 2010
Sales through December 2016.[692][549]
Sales through December 2016.[7]
Electric
Tesla Model S June 2012 ~92,317 The Model S was the top selling plug-in car in the
car
U.S. in 2015, and again in 2016.[7]
Sales through December 2016, of both first and
second generation models.[698][699][692][34]
Toyota Prius Production of the first generation Prius Plug-in
Plug-in February
PHV 44,767 ended in June 2015.[708]
hybrid 2012
/Prius Prime Dealerships run out of stock in October 2016.[709]
Deliveries of the second generation Prius Prime
began in November 2016.[710]
Ford Fusion Plug-in February
43,327 Sales through December 2016.[698][699][692][34]
Energi hybrid 2013
Ford C-Max Plug-in October
33,509 Sales through December 2016.[698][699][692][34]
Energi hybrid 2012
Electric Sales through December 2016.[698][699][692][34]
BMW i3 May 2014 23,950
car Includes REx variant.
Electric
Fiat 500e July 2013 18,956 Sales through December 2016.[711][712]
car
Electric September
Tesla Model X ~18,236 Sales through December 2016.[698][699][692][34]
SUV 2015
Volkswagen Electric October
8,526 Sales through December 2016.[692][691][713]
e-Golf car 2014
Selected out-of-production highway-capable plug-in electric cars
available for retail sales or leasing in the U.S. between 1996 and 2015
Toyota RAV4
Electric September Sales through October 2015.[693][694][713][714]
EV 2,490
(2nd gen)
car 2012 Production ended in September 2014.[715]

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 Sales through December 2011.[716]
Electric About Production ended in January 2012 and it was not
Tesla Roadster March 2008
car 1,800 available for sale in the U.S.
since December 2011.[717]
Sales through December 2013.[716]
Plug-in November About
Fisker Karma Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy in
hybrid 2011 1,600
November 2013.[718]
Toyota RAV4 Units leased from 1997 to 2003.
Electric
EV 1997 1,484 As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 units still
car
(1st gen) in use.[719]
Units leased from 1996 to 2003. All cars were
repossessed and most were crushed.[720]
General Motors Electric About 40 units were delivered to museums and
1996 1,117
EV1 car educational institutes with their electric
powertrains deactivated. The only intact EV1 was
donated to the Smithsonian Institution.[721]

Government incentives

The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and later the American Clean Energy and Security
Act of 2009 (ACES) granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric vehicles.[722] The American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins,
though the credit is lower than for new PEVs.[723]

The federal tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth
$2,500 plus $417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 5
kWh, and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity
cannot exceed $5,000. Therefore, the total amount of the credit
allowed for a new PEV is $7,500.[722] Several states have
established incentives and tax exemptions for BEVs and PHEV, and
other non-monetary incentives.

Two separate initiatives are being pursued in 2011 to transform the

President Barack Obama behind the
tax credit into a cash rebate worth up to $7,500. The initiatives by
wheel of a new Chevrolet Volt during
Senator Debbie Stabenow and the Obama Administration seek to
make new qualifying plug-in electric cars more accessible to buyers his tour of the General Motors Auto
by making the incentive more effective. The rebate will be available Plant in Hamtramck, Michigan
at the point of sale allowing consumers to avoid a wait of up to a
year to apply the tax credit against income tax returns.[724][725][726] Another change to the rules governing
the tax credit was introduced by Senator Carl Levin and Representative Sander Levin who are proposing to
raise the existing cap on the number of plug-in vehicles eligible for the tax credit. The proposal raises that
limit from the existing 200,000 PEVs per manufacturer to 500,000 units.[724]

The U.S. government also has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants to support the development of
next-generation electric cars and batteries, and US$115 million for the installation of electric vehicle
charging infrastructure in 16 different metropolitan areas around the country. President Barack Obama also
set the goal of bringing 1 million plug-in electric vehicles on the road by 2015.[727][728] However,
considering the actual slow rate of PEV sales, as of mid-2012 several industry observers have concluded that
this goal is unattainable.[685][729][730]

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 CARB ZEV mandate

Since the late 1980s, electric vehicles have been promoted in the US
through the use of tax credits. Electric cars are the most common
form of what is defined by the California Air Resources Board
(CARB) as zero emission vehicle (ZEV) passenger automobiles,
because they produce no emissions while being driven. The CARB
had set progressive quotas for sales of ZEVs, but most were
withdrawn after lobbying and a lawsuit by auto manufacturers
complaining that EVs were economically infeasible due to an
obvious lack of consumer demand. Many of the factors that hindered
The General Motors EV1 was one of
the widespread production of electric cars during the late 1990s and
the first PEVs introduced in 1996 as a
2000s are discussed in the documentary film Who Killed the Electric
result of CARB's zero-emissions
Car?.[731]
vehicle mandate.
The California program was designed by CARB to reduce air
pollution and not specifically to promote electric vehicles. Under pressure from various manufactures,
CARB replaced the zero emissions requirement with a combined requirement of a very small number of
ZEVs to promote research and development, and a much larger number of partial zero-emissions vehicles
(PZEVs), an administrative designation for a super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV), which emits about
10% of the pollution of ordinary low emissions vehicles and are also certified for zero evaporative
emissions. While effective in reaching the air pollution goals projected for the zero emissions requirement,
the market effect was to permit the major manufacturers to quickly terminate their electric car programs and
crush the vehicles.[731]

Battery electric vehicle

Electric car
Electric vehicle
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Electric vehicle industry in India
Neighborhood electric vehicle
Plug-in electric vehicle
Renewable energy by country

1. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). "The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2017-01-17. An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at
the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe
(638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European country markets
are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of
domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the
top selling plug-in car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars.
2. Staff (February 2017). "Global Plug-in Sales for 2016". EV-Volumes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
3. International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2016).
"Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars" (PDF). IEA Publications. Retrieved 2016-08-24. See
pp. 4-5, and 24-25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34-37.
4. Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). "1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EV Revolution Begins!". Clean Technica.
Retrieved 2016-11-23.

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 5. Randall, Tom (2016-02-25). "Here's How Electric Cars Will Cause the Next Oil Crisis". Bloomberg News.
Retrieved 2016-02-25. See embedded video (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2016-02-24/the-peak-
oil-myth-and-the-rise-of-the-electric-car).
6. Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-27). "China Takes Lead As Number One In Plug-in Vehicle Sales". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2017-01-06. As of November 2016, cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles in China totaled
846,447 units, including passenger and commercial vehicles, making the country the world's leader in overall
plug-in electric vehicle sales. With cumulative sales of about 600,000 plug-in electric passenger cars through
November 2016, China is also the global leader in the plug-in passenger vehicle segment, ahead of Europe and
the U.S.
7. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-11). "America's Plug-in Car Sales Were Their Best Ever in 2016". HybridCars.com and
Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017-01-12. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, up 37.6%
from 2015 (114,248). The plug-in car segment achieved an all-time high market share of 0.90% of new car sales
in 2016. December sales totaled a record monthly volume of 23,288 units and also achieved a record monthly
market share of 1.39% of new car sales. The top selling model for the second year in a row was the Tesla Model S
with 29,156 units sold in 2016, followed by the Chevrolet Volt (24,739), Tesla Model X (18,028), Ford Energi
Fusion with 15,938, and the Nissan Leaf with 14,006 units. As of December 2016, cumulative sales totaled
570,187 plug-in cars since 2008, with the Chevrolet Volt as the all-time best selling plug-in car with 113,489
units. The Tesla Model S ranks third with an estimated 92,317 units since its inception in 2012.
8. Liu Wanxiang (2017-01-12). " 2016 50 , 50%" [China Auto
Association: 2016 new energy vehicle production and sales were over 500,000, an increase of about 50%] (in
Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved 2017-01-12. Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000,
consisting of 409,000 all-electric vehicles and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.
9. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-17). "Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2017-01-23.
10. Klippenstein, Matthew (2014-04-08). "One Percent Of Norway's Cars Are Already Plug-In Electrics". Green Car
Reports. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
11. Joly, David (2015-10-16). "Norway is A Model For Encouraging Electric Car Sales". The New York Times.
Retrieved 2016-02-16.
12. Jeff Cobb (2015-04-17). "Norway Electric Car Incentives Will Hit Sales Cap Next Week". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2015-04-21.
13. Petter Haugneland (2016-02-29). "Nasjonal transportplan: Elbil er klimalsningen" [National Transport: EV is
the climate solution] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved
2016-03-04.
14. "Estonia goes electric with new car charger network". Reuters. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
15. Adam Palin (2013-11-19). "Infrastructure: Shortage of electric points puts the brake on sales". Financial Times.
Retrieved 2013-12-28.
16. KredEx (2013-02-20). "Estonia becomes the first in the world to open a nationwide electric vehicle fast-charging
network". Estonian World. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
17. Jeff Cobb (2015-09-16). "One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2015-10-10.
18. Nic Lutsey (2015-09-29). "Global milestone: The first million electric vehicles". International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT). Retrieved 2015-10-10.
19. "The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database: Stable 60:40 Ratio". EV-Volumes. Archived from the original on
2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
20. Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (2016-03-28). "Fact #918: March 28, 2016 -
Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015". Office of Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
21. Clark, Pilita; Campbell, Peter (2016-08-31). "Motor Industry: Pressure on the Pump". Financial Times. Retrieved
2016-09-30.
22. Justin Gerdes (2012-05-11). "The Global Electric Vehicle Movement: Best Practices From 16 Cities". Forbes.
Retrieved 2014-10-20.
23. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). "Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries 2015". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2016-01-23. About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worlwide in 2015, with
cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is the leading market with 411,120 units sold since
2008, followed by China with 258,328 units sold since 2011. Japan ranks third (about 130,000), followed by the
Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and the UK (53,254). Four of these countries achieved
a PEV market share over 1% of new car sales in 2015: Norway (22.39%), the Netherlands (9.74%), France
(1.2%), and the UK (1.1%)

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 24. Berman, Brad (2016-02-13). "US Falls Behind Europe and China in Global Plug-in Vehicle Market".
Plugincars.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
25. "Tesla Motors hands keys to 100th Roadster owner". The Mercury News. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
26. Cobb, Jeff (2014-12-10). "Retrospective: Four Years of Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2016-10-01.
27. International Energy Agency, Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (March 2015).
"Global EV Outlook 2015" (PDF). Clean Energy Ministerial. Retrieved 2015-03-14. The EV Outlook 2015 figures
include only plug-in electric passenger cars and SUVs (excludes light-weight utility vehicles) (http://www.iea.org
/evi/GEO_2015_Addendum.pdf) and total sales/registrations figures correspond to the 16 EVI countries, which
are estimated to represent 95% of the global PEV stock. (http://www.greentechmedia.com/industry/read/evi-
releases-the-global-ev-outlook-2015-355910) As of December 2014, the Japanese stock of plug-in cars totaled
108,241 units, and China had about 36,500 all-electric buses.
28. Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-11). "China Reports 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle Sold". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2016-05-12. As of March 2016, a total of 502,572 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011,
consisting of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%). Sales since 2011
includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles
manufactured in the country.
29. Grant, Alex. "PHEV boom drives 43% electric vehicle sales in Norway". EV Fleet World.
30. Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-14). "Californians Will Buy 200,000th Plug-in Car By This Month". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-03-15. Sales of plug-in electric cars in California passed the 200,000 unit milestone in March
2016, representing 47% of the 425,000 plug-in electric cars sold in the U.S. through February 2016.
31. Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-05-09. As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about
450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around
300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through
March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
32. Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-22). "Global Plug-in Car Sales Cruise Past 1.5 Million". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2016-06-22.
33. Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-15). "Europe Buys Its 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
As of May 2016, cumulative sales by country are led by the United States with a stock of more than 460,000
highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with almost 390,000
units sold since 2011. Europe is the largest regional market with more than 500,000 plug-in electric passenger
cars and vans registered through May 2016.
34. Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2016-09-02. See other figures in graphs.
35. Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-28). "China Buys Half-Millionth Passenger Plug-in Car; On Track To Surpass US".
HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-28. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 689,447 units between 2011 and
August 2016. Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 493,290 units between 2010 and August
2016.
36. Cobb, Jeff (2016-10-10). "France Becomes Fifth Nation To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-10-10.
37. Foucaud, Isabelle (2016-10-01). "Plus de 100.000 vhicules lectriques circulent aujourd'hui en France" [More
than 100,000 electric vehicles currently on the road in France]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Environment Minister, Sgolne Royal, announced during the 2016 Paris Motor Show that there are more than
100,000 electric vehicles currently on French roads.
38. Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-17). "The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles".
HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
39. King, Danny (2016-12-29). "China far ahead of US, Europe in total electric vehicle sales". Autoblog.com.
Retrieved 2017-01-09. "Last year, China overtook both the US and Europe in annual sales of electric vehicles
and plug-in hybrids. This year, it will move ahead of both the US and Europe in cumulative plug-in vehicle sales."
40. Ida Warner (2016-02-15). "Over 100.000 ladbare biler i Norden" [Over 100,000 plug-in cars in the Nordic
countries]. Insero.com (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved
2016-02-15. Out of over 100,000 plug-in passenger cars registered in the Nordic countries at the end of 2015, a
total of 74,883 were registered in Norway, 16,187 in Sweden, 7,926 in Denmark, and 1,479 in Finland (see
graph).
41. Cobb, Jeff (2016-02-16). "Nordic Countries Buy Their 100,00th Plug-in Car in 2015". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-02-16.
42. Fergusson, Malcolm (October 2016). "Electric Vehicles in Europe - 2016: Approaching adolescence" (PDF).
Transport & Environment. Retrieved 2016-10-13. See pp. 15-16.

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 43. Automobile Propre (August 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires lectriques en France"
[Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved
2016-10-02. See "Ventes dutilitaires lectriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-electric utility van registrations.
44. Liu Wanxiang (2016-10-12). " 9 4.4 " [Automobile
Association: slowdown ends, new energy vehicle sales in September rose to 44 000] (in Chinese). D1EV.com.
Retrieved 2016-10-12. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 289,000 units between January and September 2016,
consisting of 216,000 all-electric vehicles and 73,000 plug-in hybrids. In September, sales totaled 44,000 units,
consisting of 35,000 all-electric vehicles and 9,000 plug-in hybrids. Total car sales during the first nine months of
2016 totaled 19,360,000 units.
45. Henry Lee; Sabrina Howell; Adam Heal (June 2014). "Leapfrogging or Stalling Out? Electric Vehicles in China".
Belfer Center, Harvard Kennedy School. Retrieved 2015-01-18. Download EVS in China (full report). See Table
2: Chinas's EV Sales by Brand, 2011-2013, pp.19.
46. "2016 " [2016 pure electric bus pattern change: Yutong BYD
in the tripod] (in Chinese). NEV.ofweek.com. 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
47. Jeff Cobb (2015-02-18). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries 2014". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2015-02-18.
48. Jeff Cobb (2014-01-16). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
"Over 172,000 highway-capable passenger vehicles have been sold in the U.S. between 2008 and December
2013."
49. Jose, Pontes (2016-01-12). "China December 2015 (3rd Update)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
50. Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Special: Analyse over 2014" [Special:
Analysis of 2014] (PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2015-02-24. See
total 2014 registration by type of PEV under the heading "31-12-2014". The market share of the plug-in electric
passenger car segment in 2014 was 3.86% of total new passenger car registrations.
51. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2015" [Car sales in 2015] (in Norwegian). OFV.
Retrieved 2016-03-05. Registrations of new plug-in electric vehicles totaled 25,779 electric cars (zero emission
vehicles totaled 25,788 accounting for 9 hydrogen vehicles), 7,964 plug-in hybrids and 712 all-electric vans in
2015. In addition, registrations of used imports totaled 5,122 electric cars and 55 electric vans. Plug-in electric
vehicle registrations totaled 39,632 units.
52. "Ladbare biler i Norge sep, 2015" [Rechargeable cars in Norway September 2015] (in Norwegian). Grnn bil.
October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2015-10-14. Click on the bar graph
"Registrerte biler" and select "12 mnd" for registrations for each year. Registrations include new and used
imports. Move the mouse over each bar to show the sales split between all-electric and plug-in hybrids by year.
Registrations totaled 44,769 light-duty plug-in vehicles at the end of 2014, and 74,282 at the end of September
2015.
53. Ben Lane (2015-01-12). "UK electric fleet passes 24,500 mark". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
54. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). "December 2014 EV registrations". SMT.
Retrieved 2015-01-08. A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697
pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of
2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
55. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014" [New
Registrations Barometer December 2014] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-27. A total of 13,049 plug-in
electric cars registered in Germany during 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.
56. Henk Bekker (2014-03-29). "2014 Germany: Total Number of Electric Cars". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved
2014-08-23. Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 12,156 as of January 1, 2014.
57. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015" [New
Registrations Barometer December 2015] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-21. A total of 23,464 plug-in
electric cars registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 all-electric cars and 11,101 plug-in
hybrids.
58. Klippenstein, Matthew (2016-01-20). "Plug-in electric car sales in Canada, December 2015: Tesla Model
S-Capades". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-06-19. Estimated sales for Ford Energi models. Tesla Model S,
Smart ED and the other figures with yellow background from IHS data.
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with yellow background from IHS data.

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 60. Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in
Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2016-04-15. Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def"
(PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljpersonbilar december 2015. A total of 5,625 plug-in
hybrids, 2,962 all-electric cars and 321 all-electric vans were registered in 2015, for a total of 8,908 light-duty
plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 345,108 units in 2015. Figures for 2014 were
revised.
61. Bil Sweden (2015-10-02). "Urstark bilmarknad under 2014" [Exceptionally strong car market in 2014] (in
Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-02-22. A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were
registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two
Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars,
instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles
registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the
introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars
have been registered.
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(preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-01-03. Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014
(prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car
registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014; table "Nyregistrerade eldrivna ltta lastbilar (hgst 3,5 ton)
per modell:" for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years; and table "Nyregistrerade miljbilar
per typ jan-dec 2014" for the distribution of registrations by alternative fuels. A total of 303,866 new passenger
vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53%
of new car sales.
63. Roger Schreffler (2015-09-23). "PSA, Toyota Lead Way as European Cars Get Cleaner". Ward's Auto. Retrieved
2015-09-24. Cumulative plug-in hybrid and all-electric sales in Europe totaled 233,022 units as of December
2014.
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Retrieved 2016-02-19. Market share only includes Western European countries. A total of 95,140 plug-in hybrid
cars were sold in Europe in 2015.
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est la place de la France sur le march europen du vhicule lectrique ?" [What is the place of France in the
European electric vehicle market] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-03-27. A total of 97,687 all-electric
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the market share rises to 0.49%.
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41,795 units in November 2016, consisting of 26,811 all-electric cars and 4,178 plug-in hybrids. Sales of new
energy passenger car totaled 282,292 units between January and November 2016, consisting of 208,839
all-electric cars and 73,453 plug-in hybrids. BYD Auto sold 8,314 units in November 2016 consisting of 2,069
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189. Liu Wanxiang (2017-01-11). " 2016 32 \\ " [By the
Federation: new energy passenger car sales in 2016 totaled 320,000 units. BYD, Geely and BAIC were the top
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195. Staff (2016-05-11). " 4 3 2" [Automobile Association:
April sales of new energy vehicles sync break 30,000, an increase of nearly 2-fold] (in Chinese). D1EV.com.
Retrieved 2016-07-31. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 31,772 units in April 2016, consisting of 23,908
all-electric vehicles and 7,864 plug-in hybrids.
196. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2016-06-29). "New energy vehicles kept a high-speed
growth". CAAM. Retrieved 2016-07-31. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 35,000 units in May 2016,
consisting of 26,000 all-electric vehicles and 9,000 plug-in hybrids.
197. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2016-07-22). "New energy vehicles kept a high-speed
growth". CAAM. Retrieved 2016-07-31. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 44,000 units in June 2016,
consisting of 34,000 all-electric vehicles and 10,000 plug-in hybrids. Cumulative sales of new energy vehicles in
China during the first half of 2016 totaled 170,000 units, consisting of 126,000 all-electric vehicles and 44,000
plug-in hybrids.
198. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2016-08-15). "New energy vehicles kept a high-speed
growth". CAAM. Retrieved 2016-10-12. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 36,000 units in July 2016,
consisting of 26,000 all-electric vehicles and 10,000 plug-in hybrids.
199. Liu Wanxiang (2016-09-09). " 8 4.2 82%" [August new
energy vehicle production rose to 42,000 an increase of 82%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
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10,000 plug-in hybrids.
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201. Xinhua News Agency (2014-02-01). "Experts eye Tesla to spur China's electric vehicle market". Xinhua English
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202. Philippe Crowne (2012-11-23). "China To Sell Over 4 Million Electrified Vehicles in 2020". HybridCars.com.
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203. China Daily (2013-02-28). "China needs electric cars more than hybrid". China Economic Net. Retrieved
2013-03-12.
204. Staff (2014-01-10). "Plug-in EV Sales in China Rose 37.9% to 17,600 in 2013". China Auto Web. Retrieved
2014-02-09.
205. Jeff Cobb (2015-02-11). "2014's Top-10 Global Best-Selling Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2015-10-22.
206. Mat Gasnier (2014-01-14). "China December 2013: Focus on the all-new models". Best Selling Cars Blog.
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207. Staff (2015-01-14). "2014 EV Sales Ranking". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
208. Staff (2016-01-14). "Best-selling Sedan in 2015". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2016-02-08. A total of 31,898 Qins
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209. Staff (2017-01-19). "Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2017-01-25. Three BYD
Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang SUV
was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed by the BYD Qin with
21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with 20,605 units.
210. Kandi Technologies Group (2015-01-07). "Kandi Technologies Announces the Expansion of Micro Public EV
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211. Staff (2016-01-14). "Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2016-01-17. A total of
18,375 Tangs were sold in China in 2015.
212. Staff (2016-01-14). "Sales Ranking of China-made Pure-electric Cars in 2015". China Auto Web. Retrieved
2016-02-10. A total of 16,736 Kandi EVs, 16,488 BAIC E-Series EVs, 15,467 Zotye Z100 EVs, 7,029 BYD e6s,
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the Nissan Leaf (about 43,000), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (over 40,000), the BYD Qin (31,898) and the
BMW i3 (24,057). BYD Auto ended 2015 with 58,728 units sold in China (includes BYD Qin, Tang, e6 and e5
vehicles).
214. John Voelcker (2016-01-15). "Who Sold The Most Plug-In Electric Cars In 2015? (It's Not Tesla Or Nissan)".
Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-01-17. BYD Auto delivered 31,898 Qins, 18,375 Tangs, and 7,029 e6s during
2015. Added to that are small numbers of the T3 small commercial van and e5 battery-electric compact sedan,
along with 2,888 Denza EV compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler. Altogether, BYD sold a
total of 61,722 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China in 2015.
215. "EV sales growth, production slow down". China Daily. China.org.cn. 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
216. Liu Wanxiang (2016-10-12). " 9 3 65%" [By the
Automobile Association: September new energy passenger car sales maintains the level of 30,000 and
year-on-year growth of 65%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. Sales of new energy passenger
cars totaled 29,699 units in September 2016, consisting of 22,236 all-electric vehicles and 7,463 plug-in hybrids.
Total new energy passenger car sales during the first nine months of 2016 totaled 209,359 units (see pie graph).
217. Jin Peiling (2017-01-10). " 2016 " [Who is the dominant electric vehicle market in
2016?] (in Chinese). Daily Observation Car. Retrieved 2017-01-15. BYD sold more than 100,000 new energy
passenger cars in China in 2016, about 30,000 more units than Tesla Motors. The BYD Tang was the top selling
plug-in car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units delivered.
218. Jose, Pontes (2016-01-12). "China December 2015 (3rd Update)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-13. A total of
10,711 SAIC Roewe 550 PHEVs were sold in China in 2015.
219. Tim Harrup (2014-04-16). "Sales of EV's surge in China". Global Fleet. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
220. China Auto Web (2013-03-25). "Chinese EV Sales Ranking for 2012". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
221. Mat Gasnier (2013-01-14). "China Full Year 2012: Ford Focus triumphs". Best Selling Car Blog. Retrieved
2013-04-21.A total of 613 F3DMs and 401 e6s were sold during 2011 and 1,201 F3DMs and 1,690 e6s in 2012.
222. China Auto Web (2012-09-30). "JAC Delivers 500 J3 EVs ("ievs")". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2014-05-31. A
total of 1,585 of the first and second generation models were sold during 2010 and 2011..
223. Staff (2015-03-07). "Tesla cutting 30% of staff in China". Want China Times. Retrieved 2015-03-09. Tesla
imported 4,800 Model S cars in 2014, but only 2,499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China.
224. Colum Murphy (2015-03-09). "Tesla Runs Out of Charge in China". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
According to JL Warren Capital LLC, just under 2,500 Model S cars were sold in China in 2014, and an
additional 469 units in January 2015. See graphs for monthly imports and registrations.
225. Jake Spring (2015-10-23). "CORRECTED-(OFFICIAL)-UPDATE 2-Tesla CEO says negotiating with China on
local production". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-10-25. Tesla sold sold 3,025 Model S cars in China from January to
September 2015.
226. Staff (2015-07-17). "Chinese EV Sales Ranking in the First Half of 2015". China Auto Web. Retrieved
2015-10-21.
227. "BYD Delivered Only 33 Units of e6, 417 F3DM in 2010". ChinaAutoWeb. 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
228. "BYD Plans to Start European Car Sales Next Year (Update 2)". Bloomberg News. 2010-03-08. Retrieved
2014-05-31. 48 F3DMs were sold in 2009.
229. Alejandro Marimn Ibarra (2011-05-04). "Mitsubishi i-MIEV: Lanzado oficialmente en Chile" (in Spanish).
Yahoo Chile. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
230. Roberto Valencia (2011-03-17). "Desde julio se vender en Chile el primer auto 100% elctrico". La Nacin
(Chile) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-04-28.
231. "Chile inaugura primera estacin de carga para autos elctricos en Latinoamrica". Caribbean News Digital (in
Spanish). 2011-04-21. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
232. "Autos elctricos en Latinoamrica" [Electric cars in Latin America] (in Spanish). Publinews. 2012-08-10.
Retrieved 2012-08-29.
233. Daniel Otero Bravo (2015-06-19). "Carros Elctricos en Colombia: En Carga Lenta" [Electric Cars in Colombia:
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234. "BYD Supplying 46 EV Taxis To Bogota, Colombia". CleanTechnica. 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
235. "Bogot Launches All-electric Taxi Fleet Using Long-Range BYD e6 Cross-over Sedan". YAHOO FINANCE.
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236. "Bogota Taxi Fleet to Get 46 BYD E6 EVs in 2013". autoevolution. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
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Spanish). Portafolio.co. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
239. Groupe Renault (November 2015). "Ventes Mensuelles" [Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved
2015-12-04. Click on "XLSX - 237 Ko Ventes mensuelles (Octobre)" to download the file with monthly and
year-to-date sales, and open the tab "Twizy Renault".
240. Jose Pontes (2015-11-28). "Markets Roundup October 2015". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
241. Irela Fonseca (2015-02-06). "Plan para taxis hbridos suma solo 10 unidades" [Hybrid Taxi Plan added only 10
units]. La Nacin (San Jos) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-03-17.
242. Corella Vargas, Franklin; Guerrero Campos, Marcela (2015-11-30). "Proyecto de Ley de Inventivos y Promocin
para el Transporte Elctrico - Expediente N. 19.744" [Bill for the Incentives and Promotion of the Electric
Transport - Bill 19,744] (PDF) (in Spanish). La Gaceta Diario Oficial. Retrieved 2015-12-04. A total of 1,399,082
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243. Alejandro Arley Vargas (2009-04-27). "En mes y medio venden 10 carros elctricos" [Ten electric cars sold in
month and a half]. Al Da (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-10-26.
244. "Carro 100% elctrico i-miev ya recorre las calles del pas" [i-MiEV 100% electric car is already on the country
roads]. La Nacin (San Jos) (in Spanish). Rebeca Madrigal. 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
245. "i-MiEV Goes on Sale in Costa Rica". Green Car Congress. 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
246. "Mitsubishi lanza auto elctrico en Costa Rica" [Mitsubishi launches electric car in Costa Rica]. La Nacin (San
Jos) (in Spanish). ACAN-EFE. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
247. "Mitsubishi To Launch Its Electric Car First in Costa Rica". InsideCostaRica. 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
248. Mariela Montero (2012-02-25). "Apenas 61 carros elctricos circulan por las calles del pas" [Just 61 electric cars
are running on the country roads]. La Nacin (San Jos) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-10-26.
249. Julio Durn (2012-02-29). "Nissan Leaf se abre paso en Costa Rica" [Nissan Leaf opens its way in Costa Rica].
Puro Motor (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-10-26.
250. Camila Salazar (2013-07-06). "Carros hbridos y elctricos se abren paso en Costa Rica" [Hybrid and electric cars
make their way in Costa Rica]. La Nacin (San Jos) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-07-06.
251. Daniela Garcia (2013-01-21). "MINAE anuncia convenio para insertar taxis "verdes" en el pas" [Ministry of
Environment and Energy announces agreement to introduce green taxis] (in Spanish). Costa Rica Hoy. Retrieved
2013-05-01.
252. Beatriz Nuez. "BYD Presenta su Auto Hbrido Qin" [BYD Presents its Hybrid Car Qin] (in Spanish). Puro
Motor. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
253. John Voelcker (2013-12-09). "BYD Qin Plug-In Hybrid Now On Sale In Costa Rica". Green Car Reports.
Retrieved 2013-12-16.
254. Cristina Fallas (2015-03-06). "Expomvil abre una vitrina para exhibir lo nuevo del mercado" [Expomvil auto
show opens a showcase to display what is new in the market]. La Nacin (San Jos) (in Spanish). Retrieved
2015-03-09.
255. Herrera, Walter (2016-06-02). "BMW presenta su primer vehculo elctrico en el pas" [BMW presents its first
electric vehicle in the country]. La Repblica (in Spanish). Retrieved 2016-09-24.
256. Caldern, Armando (2016-08-25). "Red Motors present su auto electrico BMW i3" [Red Motors presented its
all-electric BMW i3]. Mundo Motorizado (in Spanish). Retrieved 2016-09-24.
257. Marielos Gutirrez Vargas (2015-10-19). "Incentivan uso de vehculos hbridos y elctricos" [Incentives for the
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Norway and Switzerland). For Denmark and Romania only pure electric vehicles are included. Electric Vehicles
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287. European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2016-10-28). "New Passenger Car Registrations by
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of electric vehicles) for detailed sales by category during 2010 and 2011: a total of 184 electric cars and 796
electric utility vans were registered in 2010, and 2,630 electric cars and 1,682 all-electric utility vehicles were
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295. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2013-01-07). "Bilan des Immatriculations pour l'Anne 2012"
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296. AVERE-France (2015-01-05). "Le march du vhicule lectrique maintient sa progression en 2014" [The electric
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298. Michal Torregrossa (2014-01-19). "Hybride rechargeable Le march franais stagne en 2013" [Rechargeable
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299. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2016-01-07). "Immatriculations des voitures lectriques : + 62,1%
en 2015" [All-electric car registrations: + 62.1% in 2015] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. A total of
17,779 all-electric cars were registered in France in 2015. This figure accounts of 822 BMW i3s, including the
model with a range extender.
300. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2016-01-08). "Immatriculations des hybrides rechargeables : La
barre des 5.000 est franchie !" [Plug-in hybrid registrations: The 5,000 barrier is achieved!] (in French). AVERE.
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301. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2016-01-12). "Immatriculations des utilitaires lectriques : + 9,6%
en 2015" [All-electric utility vehicle registrations: + 9.6% in 2015] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. A
total of 4,916 all-electric utility vans were registered in France in 2015.
302. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2017-01-09). "Plus de 27 000 vhicules lectriques immatriculs en
2016, aprs un mois de dcembre record" [More than 27,000 electric vehicles registered in 2016, after a record
month of December] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2017-01-09. A total of 33,774 light-duty plug-in electric
vehicles were registered in France in 2016 consisting of 27,751 all-electric cars, 5,556 electric utility vans and
6,467 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 1.40% of new car registrations in
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303. Laurent Meillaud (2012-01-14). "2630 voitures lectriques immatricules en 2011" [2630 electric cars registered
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304. Yoann Nussbaumer (2013-01-16). "+115% pour les ventes de voitures lectriques en France pour 2012" [Electric
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305. International Energy Agency, Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (April 2013). "Global EV
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306. AVERE-France (2014-01-08). "Baromtre Avere-France des ventes de vhicules lectriques et hybrides - bilan
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307. Mark Kane (2014-01-15). "Sales of Battery Electric Cars In France Rose By 50% in 2013". InsideEVs.com.
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308. "2012, une anne record pour les vhicules lectriques" [2012 a record year for electric vehicles] (in French).
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309. Michal Torregrossa (2013-01-09). "Voitures lectriques Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France"
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310. Joseph Beretta (2013-01-09). "Les ventes de voitures lectriques et hybrides dcollent enfin" [Sales of electric
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311. Automobile Propre. "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires lectriques en France" [Sales figures &
electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-07-04. See "Ventes
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 312. Zachary Shahan (2014-08-07). "Europe Electric Car Sales Up 77% In 2014". EV Obsesion. Retrieved
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313. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2015-01-30). "Immatriculations de vhicules lectriques en
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314. Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-16). "Mitsubishi mise et gagne sur l'hybride rechargeable" [Mitsubishi bets and
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(AVEM). Retrieved 2015-02-02.
315. AVERE-France (2015-01-08). "Hybride : un march en recul en 2014, l'hybride essence tient le coup" [Hybrid: a
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316. Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal
geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland - Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische
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317. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2017-01-30). "La France s'impose comme le leader des ventes de
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318. Association Nationale pour le Dveloppement de la Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2016-10-07). "Le
march du vhicule lectrique dpasse les 20 000 immatriculations pour l'anne 2016 !" [The electric vehicle
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During the first nine months of 2016 a total of 16,091 all-electric cars, 3,991 electric vans, and 4,858 plug-in
hybrids were registered in France.
319. Justin Aschard (2012-11-30). "Inmatriculations VP et VUL France fin Oct. 2012 (2010-2012)" [Registrations of
passenger cars and utility vehicles in France through October 2012 (2010-2012)] (PDF) (in French). France
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320. Association Nationale pour le Dveloppement de la Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2016-09-05). "Le
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321. Michal Torregrossa (2014-01-15). "Tesla Model S - Plus de 22.000 ventes dans le monde en 2013" [Tesla Model
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Mditerranen (AVEM). Retrieved 2014-01-18. A total of 35 Model S cars were registered in France in 2013.
322. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) (2014-05-30). "Environmental Tax Reform in Europe:
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323. "What is new for April 1?". The Connexion. 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
324. Ministre de l'Environnement, de l'Energie et de la Mer (2016-05-04). "Bonus-Malus : dfinitions et barmes
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325. Association Nationale pour le Dveloppement de la Mobilit lectrique- AVERE France (2016-01-04).
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326. Schwoerer, Philippe (2016-10-06). "Les aides pour les 2, 3 et 4 roues lectriques en 2017 annonces par Sgolne
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2016-10-08.
327. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2013"
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328. Autobild (2012-01-12). "2011 Full Year Best-Selling Electric Cars in Germany in 2011". BestSellingCars.com.
Retrieved 2012-10-31. Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 4,541 as of January 1, 2012.
All-electric car and van registrations in 2010 totaled 541 units and 2,154 in 2011..
329. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2013-01-31). "Neuzulassungen E-Mobilitt 2012-Kaum Zuwachs wegen Twizy"
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 330. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2017). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2016" [New
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electric cars were registered in Germany in 2016, consisting of 11,410 all-electric cars and 13,744 plug-in
hybrids.
331. Hall, Larry E. (2016-10-07). "German Plug-in Car Sales Surge Past 1 Percent For First Time in September".
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332. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (October 2016). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im September 2016" [New
Registrations Barometer September 2016] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2016-10-07. A total of 17,074 plug-in
electric cars were registered in Germany between January and September 2016, consisting of 7,678 all-electric
cars and 9,396 plug-in hybrids.
333. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen - Neuzulassungsbarometer im Juni 2014"
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total of 1,575 plug-in hybrids and 4,188 electric cars were registered during the first six months of 2014.
334. Brian Parkin; Dorothee Tschampa (2014-12-02). "Merkel Backs Incentives in Push for a Million Electric Cars".
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335. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2011 nach Segmenten
und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2011 by segment and model lines] (PDF) (in
German). KBA. Retrieved 2012-10-15.A total of 241 Amperas and 25 Volts were sold through December 2011.
336. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2013). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2012
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337. Hans Hvard Kvisle (2013-02-12). "Europeisk salg av elbiler 2012" [European sales of electric cars in 2012] (in
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339. Renault (2013-01-18). "Ventes Mensuelles" [Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
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340. Mat Gasnier (2012-09-27). "Europe: Renault Twizy sales update". Best Selling Car Blog. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
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342. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2014). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2013
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343. Jose Pontes (2014-01-20). "Germany December 2013". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
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345. Pontes, Jose (2016-01-25). "Germany December 2015". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
346. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (September 2016). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im August 2016
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347. Pontes, Jose (2016-09-20). "Germany August 2016". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
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 447. Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2014). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal
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National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2016-03-13.
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geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische auto" [Figures electric transport Top 5 registered plug-in hybrids
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National Office for Enterprising - (in Dutch). BovagWebsite. January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-13. With a total of
25,984 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2016, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time
top registered plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands.
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Dutch). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-14. With a total of 24,765
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of September 2016, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top
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(http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken
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2e6c5e657ba2)".
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Retrieved 2012-10-30. Download the pdf file "benchmark-elektrisch-rijden" - See Chapter 5, Table 4, pp. 19
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(PDF) (in Dutch). BOVAG-RAI Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-30. See table 2.8: "Personenautoregistraties
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all-electric cars registered between 2007 and 2009. Other years show figures mixed with hybrid electric vehicles.
477. Sander van der Kuip (November 2011). "The potential of electric vehicles amongst Dutch lease drivers". Tilburg
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479. "Leaf prijzen" (in Dutch). Nissan Netherlands. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
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481. Graeme Roberts (2010-05-17). "UK: Nissan Leaf costlier in Europe even with incentives". Just-Auto. Retrieved
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482. Elisabeth Rosenthal (2013-02-09). "Plugging In, Dutch Put Electric Cars to the Test". The New York Times.
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483. Jeroen de Boer (2014-02-14). "Topjaar verkoop hybride auto's, maar 2014 wordt minder" [Peak annual sales of
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484. Loveday, Eric (2016-12-02). "New Zealand Sets Aside $6 Million Annually To Promote / Subsidize Electric
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485. "New Zealand Vehicles Fleet Statistics". Ministry of Transport New Zealand. Retrieved 2016-10-03. Click on the
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486. "Electric Vehicles". Ministry of Transport New Zealand. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
487. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "Bilsalget i 2016" [Car sales in 2016] (in Norwegian). OFV.
Retrieved 2017-01-11. A total of 50,875 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2016, consisting
of: 24,222 new electric cars, 5,281 used imported all-electric cars, 20,663 new plug-in hybrid cars, 607 new
all-electric vans, and 102 used imported all-electric vans.
488. Figenbaum, Erik; Kolbenstvedt, Marika (June 2016). "Learning from Norwegian Battery Electric and Plug-in
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 489. Alister Doyle; Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?".
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490. Agence France-Presse (2011-05-15). "Electric cars take off in Norway". The Independent. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
491. European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE) (2012-09-03). "Norwegian
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492. Ole Henrik Hannisdahl (2012-01-09). "Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011" [Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011]
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2011.
493. "Over 10.000 ladbare biler p norske veier" [Over 10,000 plug-in cars in Norwegian roads] (in Norwegian).
Grnn bil. 2013-01-04. Archived from the original on 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2013-02-10. A total of 2.298 new
Leafs and 189 used-imports were registered in Norway during 2012.
494. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (2017-01-05). "Elbilsalget: Ned i fjor venter ny
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Retrieved 2017-01-21.
495. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (April 2016). "2597 nullutslippsbiler" [2,597 zero-emission vehicles] (in
Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2016-04-13. A total of 2,597 new zero emission cars were registered in Norway in
March 2016 (including two hydrogen cars), representing an 18.7% market share among new passenger cars
registered that month. In addition, a total of 2,051 new plug-in hybrid cars were registered , representing a
market share of 14.8% of the 13,875 new cars registered in March 2016 (http://www.ofvas.no/aktuelt-2/bilsalget-
i-mars-article578-396.html).
496. Cobb, Jeff (2016-10-11). "Almost Half The Cars Bought In Norway Last Month Were Electrified".
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2013-06-06.
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February 2016.
517. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2014" [Car sales in 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV.
Retrieved 2015-01-14. A total of 10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting
of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086 used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new
all-electric vans. A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of:
18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new
all-electric vans.
518. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2017). "Norwegian EV market". Norsk
Elbilforening. Retrieved 2017-01-21. Place the pointing device over the graph to show the cumulative number of
electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids in Norway at the end of each year. As of 31 December 2016, the registered
light-duty plug-in electric stock consisted of 101,126 all-electric battery electric vehicles and 34,383 plug-in
hybrids.
519. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2016-12-01). "Bilsalget i november" [Car sales in November] (in
Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2016-12-03. Click on "Modellfordelt" to display the top 20 selling new cars in
Norway: BMW i3 registrations totaled 3,540 units during the first eleven months of 2016
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Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
521. Norsk Elbilforening (2013-10-22). "S mange elbiler er det i Norge n" [So many electric cars are in Norway's
reach] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2016-03-12. As
of 30 September 2013, Th!nk City/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units; Kewet/Buddy 1,087 units (consisting of
2 Kewet CITI VANs, 50 Kewet CITI JET 5s, 22 Kewet EL-JET (1-4)s, 634 Kewet Buddy Citi-Jet 6 (2005-2009),
and 379 Buddy M9 (2010-2013)); REVA 299; Citron C1/Saxo Electrique 221; and Peugeot 106 Electrique 210.
522. France Mobilit lectrique - AVERE France (2016-05-17). "Dossier : A la dcouverte du vhicule lectrique en
Norvge" [Dossier: Discovering the electric vehicle in Norway] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-19. In
April 2016 Norway just exceeded the threshold of 100 000th registered electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids included.
523. Cobb, Jeff (2015-12-19). "Norway's 100,000th EV Constitutes 10-Percent Of The World's Total".
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during 2013 totaled 4,604 new Leafs.
526. Mat Gasnier (2013-01-09). "Norway Full Year 2012: VW Tiguan and Nissan Leaf impress".
BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2013-02-15. A total of 373 new units were sold in 2011 and 2,298 units in 2012.
527. Mat Gasnier (2013-10-05). "Norway September 2013: Tesla Model S in pole position!". BestSellingCars.com.
Retrieved 2013-10-08. New Leaf sales totaled 3,039 units during the first nine months of 2013.
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Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2016-03-06. A total of 1,927 new zero emission cars were registered in Norway in
February 2016 (including two hydrogen cars), representing a 15.8% market share among passenger cars in
February. In addition, a total of 1,563 new plug-in hybrid cars were registered that month, representing a market
share of 12.8% of the 12,222 new cars registered in February 2016 (http://www.ofvas.no/bilsalget-i-februar
/category685.html). Also 371 all-electric used imports were registered, and 77 all-electric vans, 67 new and 10
used imports. Total new plug-in car registrations totaled 3,488 units, and accounting for vans and used imports,
the total February registrations rise to 3,936 units.
544. Staff (2017-01-21). "Outlander PHEV was best-selling plug-in model in Norway in 2016". Electric Cars Report.
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plug-in utility van was the Nissan NV200.
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Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2012-10-24.
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Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-01-03. Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel.pdf" see table
"NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJBILAR DECEMBER 2013" with summary of PEV sales by model for
2013 and 2012.
605. "2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & Plug-In Hybrid Models". BestSellingCars.com.
2013-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
606. Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def" [New Registrations December 2016 (final)] (in
Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2016-04-15. Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def"
(PressRel1612_DEF.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljpersonbilar december 2016 (def). A total of 10,257
plug-in hybrids, 2,924 all-electric cars and 273 all-electric vans were registered in 2016, for a total of 13,454
light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 372,318 units in 2016. Registrations of
super green cars totaled 12,995 units, up from 8,582 in 2015. Figures for 2015 were revised.
607. Desk, Lifestyle (2011-09-08). "Sweden Follows Suit with Electric Car Subsidy". The Global Herald. Retrieved
13 September 2011.
608. Bil Sweden (2014-08-01). "Fjrde hgsta julisiffran ngonsin fr nya bilar" [Fourth highest July sales figure ever
for new cars] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-09-01. A total of 5,209 super clean cars have been
registered in Sweden since 2011. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two
Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars,
instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 super clean vehicles registered,
928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 2,554 were registered during the first seven months of 2014.
609. Lasse Swrd (2014-08-01). "Supermiljbilspremien r slut" [Super car rebate ends]. Dagens Nyheter (in
Swedish). Retrieved 2014-09-01.
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Swedish). Joomla. August 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
611. Bil Sweden (2016). "Stimulanser fr miljbilar" [Incentives for green cars] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved
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614. Bil Sweden (2016-10-03). "Nyregistreringar september 2016" [New Registrations September 2016] (in Swedish).
Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2016-10-16. Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar september 2016" (PressRel1609.pdf)
See table: Nyregistrerade miljpersonbilar per typ september 2016. A total of 9,467 units were registered during
the first three quarters of 2016, consisting of 7,228 plug-in hybrids, 2,041 all-electric cars, and 198 all-electric
vans. Super clean car registrations totaled 9,106 units.
615. European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2016-04-29). "New Passenger Car Registrations by
Alternative Fuel Type in the European Union - Quarter 1 2016" (PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2016-06-21. A total of
47,685 new passenger plug-in electric vehicles were sold in the European Union and two EFTA countries,
consisting of 23,717 all-electric cars and 23,868 plug-in hybrids (See tables pp. 2 and 3). Light-duty utility vans
are not included.
616. European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (February 2015). "New Electric Vehicles Registrations
In The European Union" (PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2015-02-18. See table "Total Electrically Charged Vehicles:
Total Europe (EU+EFTA)", 65,071 registered units for 2013 and 97,791 units for 2014. For Denmark, Ireland
and Romania includes only pure electric vehicles. Total Electrically Charged Vehicles = Pure Electric Vehicles +
Extended-Range Electric Vehicles + Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles.

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 617. Vereinigung Scheweizer Automobil-Importeure (2012-10-15). "Personenwagen nach Modellen - Modellstatistik
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Schweiz. Retrieved 2012-10-17.Download files ModellePW2012.xls and ModellePWQuartal2011.xls.
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626. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2016-01-07). "December 2015 EV registrations". SMT.
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pure electrics and 18,254 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,633,503 new cars were registered in 2015. There have been
47,690 cars registered eligible to the Plug-In Car Grant.
627. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2012-01-06). "December 2011 EV and AFV
registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2012-01-14. A total of 1,082 electric vehicles were registered in the UK in 2011.
628. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013-01-07). "December 2012 EV and AFV
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630. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2017-01-05). "December 2016 EV registrations". SMT.
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all-electric cars and 26,643 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car
Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 83,052 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through
December 2016. A total of 2,692,786 new cars were registered in 2016, resulting in a plug-in electric car market
share of 1.37% of new car sales.
631. Lane, Ben (October 2016). "Electric car market statistics". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2016-10-07. As of 30
September 2016, the total UK light-duty electric fleet is about 90,000 plug-in electric vehicles, consisting of
about 85,000 plug-in cars and 5,000 plug-in electric commercial vans. This figure includes a significant number
of registered plug-in electric cars and vans which were not eligible for the grant schemes.
632. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2017-02-06). "January 2017 EV registrations". SMMT.
Retrieved 2017-02-07.
633. RAC Foundation (September 2016). "Claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme". UK: RAC
Foundation. Retrieved 2016-10-29. See graph with PIVG cumulative claims and claims by quarter.
634. "Charging point statistics 2016". Zap-Map. 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
635. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (April 2011). "Motor Industry Facts 2011" (PDF). SMMT.
Retrieved 2012-01-14. Download the pdf report. Data available by year in Table: AFV Registrations, pp.15. Data
shows all type of EVs, including quadricycles. A total of 1,096 electric vehicles were registered in the UK
between 2006 and December 2010
636. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). "Motor Industry Facts 2012" (PDF). SMMT. Retrieved
2013-10-10. Download the pdf report. Data available by year in Table: Alternatively-fuelled vehicle registrations
by fuel type, pp.24. Data shows highway-capable EVs.
637. Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2013-08-30). "TLC needed: Can cars like the G-Wiz still have a purpose in life?". The
Green Car Website. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
638. Jon LeSage (2013-01-08). "Toyota Prius Plug-In wins 2012 sales battle in UK". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved
2013-02-10.A total of 470 Prius PHV were sold in 2012.
639. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013). "New Car CO2 Report 2013" (PDF). SMMT.
Retrieved 2013-03-17. See Table 5: New car CO2 emissions and registrations by fuel type (pp.8) SMMT reports
1,262 electric cars, 522 range extenders and 470 plug-in hybrids for a total of 2,254 PEVs sold in 2012.
640. Duncan Kay, Nikolas Hill and Dan Newman (Ricardo-AEA) (April 2013). "Powering Ahead - The future of
low-carbon cars and fuels" (PDF). RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2013-04-26.

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 641. Faye Sunderland (2014-01-07). "Plug-in car sales boom on back of recovering car market". The Green Car
Website. Retrieved 2014-01-12. 509 Prius PHVs were sold 2013.
642. Fleet News (2014-01-23). "Nissan set a new UK sales record in 2013". Fleet News. Retrieved 2014-01-24. 1,812
Leafs were sold during 2013.
643. Will Nichols (2015-01-08). "Electric car sales quadruple during 2014". Business Green. Retrieved 2015-01-08. A
total of 4,051 Leafs were sold in 2014.
644. Ben Lane (2014-08-06). "UK electric fleet passes 13,000 mark". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
645. Will Nichols (2014-10-07). "UK electric car sales surge in 2014". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
646. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-12-04). "November 2014 EV registrations".
SMMT. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
647. Mark Kane (2014-12-08). "Plug-In Electric Car Sales UK At 1% Of Market In November". InsideEVs.com.
Retrieved 2014-12-09.
648. "Cash reward celebrates 15,000th UK LEAF sale" (Press release). Nissan UK. 2016-09-14. Retrieved
2016-09-15.
649. Staff (2016-01-18). "Nissan electric vehicle sales soar, as industry celebrates fresh green car investment".
Business Green. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
650. "September serves up record sales for Nissan LEAF" (Press release). UK: Nissan GB. 2014-10-06. Retrieved
2014-10-09.
651. Alex Grant (2014-07-08). "Japanese manufacturers lead growing UK electric and hybrid vehicle sales". Fleet
World. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
652. Faye Sunderland (2014-08-06). "Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid tops UK electric car sales". UK: The Green
Car Website. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
653. "Confident Mitsubishi UK Builds On Strong 2014 Sales With New Five-Year Warranty" (Press release). London:
Mitsubishi Motors UK. 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
654. Mat Gasnier (2013-02-01). "UK Full Year 2012: Now with Top 350 All-models ranking!". Best Selling Cars
Blog. Retrieved 2013-02-16. A total of 635 Leafs were sold in 2011 and 699 in 2012.
655. Chris Lilly (2015-08-26). "Plug-in Car Grant scheme extended". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
656. Lane, Ben (2016-01-07). "UK plug-in car sales hit record levels". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
657. Mitsubishi UK (2017-01-20). "Further evolution for the 2017 Mitsubishi Outlander". Automotive World.
Retrieved 2017-01-21. "The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV is the UKs best-selling Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle.
At its introduction in 2014 it effectively created the ultra-low emission vehicle segment, notching up 10,000 sales
in the UK within the first ten months and amassing a total sales figure of 26,600 by the end of 2016."
658. Millikin, Mike (2016-10-14). "Sales of Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top 25K in UK, accounting for ~50% of all
PHEVs there since 2010". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
659. "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV is the UK's Favourite Plug-In Vehicle". The Auto Channel. 2015-03-09. Retrieved
2015-03-14.
660. Andy Sharman (2015-03-25). "Mitsubishi's outlandish electric car success". Financial Times. Retrieved
2015-03-29.
661. Nissan News Release (2015-07-06). "Nissan celebrates 10,000 LEAF sales in the UK". Automotive World.
Retrieved 2015-07-08. A total of 2,964 Nissan Leafs were sold during the first half of 2015, and cumulative sales
since the Leaf introduction totaled 10,161 units by the end of June 2015.
662. "Record-breaking year for plug-in cars". Fleet News. 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
663. Lilly, Chris (2016-04-07). "Record month for EV sales". Next GreenCar UK. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
664. "Highest ever electric car uptake recorded at 2016 half-way point" (Press release). London: Go Ultra Low.
2016-08-02. Retrieved 2016-08-19. The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV was the top selling plug-in car in the UK
with 5,738 registered during the first half of 2016. The Nissan LEAF remained the top selling pure-electric car
with 2,336 first-half registrations in 2016.
665. Lilly, Chris (2016-10-06). "September sales figures see boost for electric models". Next Green Car. Retrieved
2016-10-07.
666. Pontes, Jose (2017-01-23). "UK December 2016 (Top 5 Draft)". EV Sales. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
667. RAC Foundation (September 2016). "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed (at the end of Q2 2016)". UK: RAC
Foundation. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
668. RAC Foundation. "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed". UK: RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Figures correspond to the number of vehicles registered at the end of the corresponding month. For models with
declining number of registered cars the highest figure from previous quarters is shown.
669. RAC Foundation (2015-09-18). "Ultra-green cars - latest on-the-road figures". UK: RAC Foundation. Retrieved
2015-10-17. Figures correspond to the number of vehicles registered at the end of the corresponding month.
670. "UK Government Announces 5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First "Plugged-in
Places" ". Green Car Congress. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.

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 671. "Plug-in car grant eligibility guidance". Department for Transport. February 2015. Archived from the original on
2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
672. Paul Hudson (2010-02-28). "5,000 grant to buy plug-in electric cars". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved
2010-04-23.
673. Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2015-02-13). "UK Government Announces Changes to Plug-in Car Incentives,
Introduces Banding Based on ZEV Capabilities". Transport Evolved. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
674. Department for Transport (DfT) (2014-11-18). "Plug-in car and van grants". DfT. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
675. "4 million boost to help businesses switch vans and trucks to electric". InvestInUK. October 2016. Retrieved
2016-10-29.
676. Department for Transport, Office for Low Emission Vehicles and Baroness Krame (2015-02-13). "Take-up of
plug-in car grant continues to rise - Number of ultra-low emission vehicles breaks 25,000 barrier.". UK
Government. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
677. Mike Millikin (2015-08-26). "UK extends current levels of the Plug-in Car Grant to at least February 2016".
Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
678. Robert Hull (2015-12-17). "Plug-in car grant extended to 2018 but hybrid buyers will now receive half as much
as before towards new vehicles". Daily Mail. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
679. "Plug-in car grant extended to 2018". The Guardian. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
680. Chris Lilly (2015-12-17). "Extension announced for Plug-in Car Grant". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved
2015-12-20.
681. Transport for London (February 2015). "Discounts and exemptions - Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)".
Transport for London. Retrieved 2015-02-15. Click on "Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)" for details.
682. Go Ultra Low (February 2016). "Vehicle technologies - Plug-in hybrids". Go Ultra Low. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
683. Bill Vlasic & Matthew L. Wald (2012-06-11). "Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance". The New York Times.
Retrieved 2012-06-12.
684. Sharyl Attkisson (2012-06-02). "Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal". CBS News.
Retrieved 2012-06-12.
685. David Shepardson (2012-04-17). "Battery-powered autos proving a tough sell". The Detroit News. Retrieved
2012-06-12.
686. Reuters (2013-01-31). "U.S. resets expectations for electric vehicle sales". Long Island Newsday. Retrieved
2013-02-24.
687. Norihiko Shirouzu, Yoko Kubota & Paul Lienert (2013-02-04). "Insight: Electric cars head toward another dead
end". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
688. Pike Research (2012-07-02). "Pike Research projects plug-in sales to fall short of US 2015 target; strong growth
through 2020". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
689. Jeff Cobb (2014-09-09). "Americans Buy Their 250,000th Plug-In Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
As of August 2014, sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with 67,698 units, followed by the Nissan
Leaf electric car with 61,063 units. The total of 250,609 units sold includes 1,800 Roadsters, 1,600 Fisker
Karmas, and 500 Mini Es usually not captured by most statistics.
690. Stacy C. Davis; Susan W. Diegel; Robert G. Boundy (July 2014). "Transportation Energy Data Book Edition 33"
(PDF). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2014-09-02. See Table 6.5: Hybrid and Plug-in Vehicle Sales,
1999-2013, pp. 6-9.
691. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2016-03-14. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 114,248 units in 2015, consisting of 71,105 all-electric
cars and 43,143 plug-in hybrids, with corresponding market shares of 0.25% and 0.41%. Sales in 2014 totaled
123,347 units.
692. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-05). "December 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2017-01-06. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, consisting of 84,246 all-electric cars and
72,935 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 0.90% of new car sales. December
sales totaled 23,288 units with a market share of 1.39%. The top selling model in 2016 was the Tesla Model S
with 29,156 units sold, followed by the Chevrolet Volt (24,739) and the Tesla Model X (18,028).
693. Jeff Cobb (2013-01-08). "December 2012 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2013-02-27. See the section: December 2012 Plug-in Electric Car Sales Numbers. A total of 53,172 plug-in
electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Sales of the Fisker Karma, Coda and Wheego are not included, as these
carmakers does not report monthly sales on a regular basis.
694. Jeff Cobb (2014-01-06). "December 2013 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2014-01-07.

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 695. Cobb, Jeff (2016-10-04). "Plug-in Cars Have Their Best-Ever US Sales in September". HybridCars.com and
Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-10-04. Since 2008, sales of highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles in the
U.S. totaled 522,519 at the end of September 2016.
696. Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) (January 2017). "Electric Drive Sales Dashboard". EDTA.
Retrieved 2017-01-06. Sales figures sourced from HybridCars.com and direct reports submitted by EDTA
member companies
697. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. "HybridCars Dashboard". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
698. Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-02). "October 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2016-11-04. Tesla sales for 3Q 2016 have been restated based upon information provided from the company
corresponding to U.S. sales during 3Q 2016. Tesla reported 9,156 Model S and 5,428 Model X sold during the
third quarter of 2016 (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-12/tesla-dominates-u-s-luxury-sedan-
sales). The combined effect of both models totaled 1,116 less units than originally estimated, so the revised
current-year-to-date figure for sales through September is 108,397 units. The revised CYTD figure for Model S is
20,856 and 12,328 for the Model X (http://www.hybridcars.com/september-2016-dashboard/). October sales
figures already reflect this adjustment.
699. Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-02). "November 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2016-12-03.
700. Mark Rogowsky (2014-01-16). "Tesla Sales Blow Past Competitors, But With Success Comes Scrutiny". Forbes.
Retrieved 2014-01-18. Almost 18,000 units were sold in the U.S. in 2013.
701. David Shepardson (2014-01-03). "2013 electric vehicle sales jump 84%". The Detroit News. Retrieved
2014-01-04.
702. U.S. Department of Energy (2016-01-31). "Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State". Alternative Fuels Data
Center (AFDC). Retrieved 2016-01-01. The AFDC counts electric charging units or points, or EVSE, as one for
each outlet available, and does not include residential electric charging infrastructure.
703. Danny King (2013-04-10). "US public charging stations increase by 9% in first quarter". Autoblog Green.
Retrieved 2013-09-02.
704. Mark Kane (2013-04-22). "Sweden and UK Drive Growth Of CHAdeMO Chargers In Europe To 1,117".
InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
705. Blanco, Sebastian (2016-04-04). "Chevy Volt reclaims US plug-in sales crown from Nissan Leaf". Autoblog.com.
Retrieved 2016-04-06. As of March 2016, the Chevrolet Volt is the all-time selling plug-in car in the U.S. with
92,737 units, while the Nissan Leaf ranks second with 92,522 units sold, both, since December 2010.
706. Jeffrey N. Ross (2015-05-21). "Last First-Gen Chevy Volt Rolls Off The Assembly Line". TopSpeed.com.
Retrieved 2015-06-21.
707. Jeff Cobb (2015-11-03). "2016 Volts Account For 1,324 Sales Out Of 2,035 October Deliveries".
HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
708. Brad Berman (2015-05-01). "Toyota Halts Production of Prius Plug-in Hybrid Until Late 2016". Plugincars.com.
Retrieved 2015-06-20.
709. Staff (2016-12-01). "Monthly Plug-In Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01. During the first
nine months of 2016 Prius PHV sales totaled 52 units. None was sold in October 2016 as dealerships run out of
stock of the first generation model
710. Voelcker, John (2016-12-01). "Plug-in electric car sales for Nov: Volt soars, Prius Prime arrives (UPDATE)".
Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
711. Loveday, Eric (2016-06-10). "Fiat 500e Recalled Due To Software Glitch That Could Result In Shutdown".
InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
712. "Monthly Plug-In Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs.com. January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-06. See Fiat 500e sales by
year.
713. Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2014 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2015-01-06.
714. Cobb, Jeff (2015-11-04). "October 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved
2016-01-23. A total of 18 RAV4 EVs and 2 Honda Fit EV were sold during the first ten months of 2015.
715. Brad Berman (2014-09-24). "Toyota Wraps Up Production of RAV4 EV". PluginCars.com. Retrieved
2015-06-20.
716. Cobb, Jeff (2014-01-16). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Around 1,800 Tesla Roadsters and 1,600 Fisker Karmas had been sold in the U.S. by the end of 2013.
717. Tesla Motors (2012-02-27). "Tesla Motors Inc - 10-K - Management's Discussion And Analysis Of Financial
Condition And Results of Operations". MSP News Channels. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
718. Angela Greiling Keane (2013-11-23). "Fisker Selling Assets to Li Group at $139 Million Loss to U.S.".
Bloomberg. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-11-23.

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 719. John Voelcker (2012-08-02). "2012 Toyota RAV4 EV: First Drive Of Tesla-Powered Crossover". Green Car
Reports. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
720. Sherry Boschert (2006). Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America. New Society Publishers,
Gabriola Island, Canada. ISBN 978-0-86571-571-4.
721. Jim Motavalli (2013-07-03). "GM's EV1 Lives On, With EV2 on the Way". PluginCars.com. Retrieved
2013-07-03.
722. "Notice 200989: New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit". Internal Revenue Service.
2009-11-30. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
723. "Consumer Energy Tax Incentives: Plug-In Hybrid Conversion Kits". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved
2010-04-01.
724. John Voelcker (2011-02-08). "Senator Stabenow: $7,500 Electric-Car Credit Should Be Rebate".
GreenCarReports.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
725. "Obama FY 2012 budget proposes big boost for EVs and EV technology, cuts for hydrogen". Green Car
Congress. 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
726. "Charging America Forward Act to support Michigan-made vehicles". Stabenow.senate.gov. 2011-02-08.
727. Woodyard, Chris (2010-07-14). "Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week". USA Today.
728. Jerry Mitlitski (2011-02-18). "Raising the Volt-Age: Is Obama's Goal of 1 Million Electric Vehicles on U.S.
Highways by 2015 Realistic?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
729. Bill Vlasic; Matthew L. Wald (2012-06-11). "Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance". The New York Times.
Retrieved 2012-06-12.
730. Sharyl Attkisson (2012-06-02). "Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal". CBS News.
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731. Erickson, Glenn (10 January 2009). "DVD Savant Review:Who Killed the Electric Car?". dvdtalk.com. Retrieved
17 November 2009.. See main article Who killed the electric car

Driving Electrification - A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles
(http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf),
International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2014
Global EV Outlook 2013 - Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020 (http://www.iea.org
/publications/globalevoutlook_2013.pdf), International Energy Agency (IEA), April 2013
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - The Electric Drive Gains Traction (http://www.ieahev.org/assets
/1/7/IA-HEV_Annual_Report_May_2013_3MB.pdf) (See section C, overview by country), IA-HEV,
International Energy Agency, May 2013
Plug-In Electric Vehicles: A Case Study of Seven Markets (http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/research
/publications/publication-detail/?pub_id=2369) (Norway, Netherlands, California, United States,
France, Japan, and Germany), UC Davis, October 2014.
Shades of Green - Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe (http://shrinkthatfootprint.com
/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Shades-of-Green-Full-Report.pdf), Shrink that Footprint, February
2013.
The Norwegian EV success continues (http://elbil.no/elbilforeningen/dokumentarkiv/finish
/10-dokumenter/458-evs29-symposium-montreal-the-norwegian-ev-success-continues-paper),
Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association, June 2016.

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