ABSTRACT:
Walking on the streets cluttered with street vendors, parked vehicles, animals,
lamp post and many other obstacles creates difficulties even to sighted
people.Imagine how visually impaired people would struggle crossing all over
these hindrance and reach his/her destination.
To assist them, our proposed model Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick lend hand
acting as a mobility tool. This method of working is followed from bats, which
emits sonar calls into their surroundings and uses the echoes bouncing back
from nearby objects to divert around them. Likewise, our proposed model sends
ultrasonic waves to detect the barriers across them. FID system is used to the
identification the location of current status and tell in speaker.
The blind stick (cane) is integrated with ultrasonic, light and water sensor. This
aids in finding out obstacles, darkness and stagnant water or pit. He/she can find
her cane anywhere near them using remote which is integrated with more
features.
Introduction:
Everyone is too busy with their own works and they barely greet or lend a hand
to help others who face with accidents or any other catastrophe. Life of a
visionless is so wretched that they have to be dependent on their care takers for
their daily chores. To help them walk in a more secured way,
independently,Ultrasonic Blind stick acts as a primary cane. It is an innovative
signalling cane which aids the visionless to walk comfortably in the busy streets
of India.
Another major crisis for them is stepping onto stagnant water and dirty
water pits which is another form of intolerable situation. The ultrasonic sensor is
configured in such a way that it also detects water and sends signal to micro
controller which in return sends signal to buzzer. The buzzer sound for obstacle
and water varies which helps them to identify.
Wireless remote, easy to carry, helps them to locate their cane just by
pressing the button which sends signal to the microcontroller in the stick.
It triggers the buzzer which helps them to find the cane. Thus the blind stick
acts as a walk assistant helping them to walk independently.
Blind people have used canes as mobility tools for centuries, but it was not until
after World War I. The white cane was introduced by a photographer James
Biggs who became blind after an accident. He found this to avoid minor
accidents during his walk.
They had disadvantage due to the appearance of the model.Earlier model was
designed in such a way that the end of the stick has a ball situated on the
damper which produces an acoustic signal when touched by an object. These
have the disadvantages that they are rigid and produce shock for the hands
becoming annoying and tedious.
They may also stump over the pedestrians. They can be only used as a normal
stick which clings to the object and produces signal.
Pin
Description Function
Number
1 PC6 Reset
2 PD0 Digital Pin (RX)
3 PD1 Digital Pin (TX)
4 PD2 Digital Pin
5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM)
6 PD4 Digital Pin
7 Vcc Positive Voltage (Power)
8 GND Ground
9 XTAL 1 Crystal Oscillator
10 XTAL 2 Crystal Oscillator
11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM)
12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM)
13 PD7 Digital Pin
14 PB0 Digital Pin
15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM)
16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM)
17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM)
18 PB4 Digital Pin
19 PB5 Digital Pin
Positive voltage for ADC
20 AVCC
(power)
21 AREF Reference Voltage
22 GND Ground
23 PC0 Analog Input
24 PC1 Analog Input
25 PC2 Analog Input
26 PC3 Analog Input
27 PC4 Analog Input
28 PC5 Analog Input
Function:
As stated before, 20 of the pins function as I/O ports. This means they can
function as an input to the circuit or as output. Whether they are input or output
is set in the software. 14 of the pins are digital pins, of which 6 can function to
give PWM output. 6 of the pins are for analog input/output.
2 of the pins are for the crystal oscillator. This is to provide a clock pulse for the
Atmega chip. A clock pulse is needed for synchronization so that
communication can occur in synchrony between the Atmega chip and a device
that it is connected to.
The chip needs power so 2 of the pins, Vcc and GND, provide it power so that it
can operate. The Atmega328 is a low-power chip, so it only needs between 1.8-
5.5V of power to operate.
The Atmega328 chip has an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) inside of it. This
must be or else the Atmega328 wouldn't be capable of interpreting analog
signals. Because there is an ADC, the chip can interpret analog input, which is
why the chip has 6 pins for analog input. The ADC has 3 pins set aside for it to
function- AVCC, AREF, and GND. AVCC is the power supply, positive voltage,
that for the ADC. The ADC needs its own power supply in order to work. GND
is the power supply ground. AREF is the reference voltage that the ADC uses to
convert an analog signal to its corresponding digital value. Analog voltages
higher than the reference voltage will be assigned to a digital value of 1, while
analog voltages below the reference voltage will be assigned the digital value of
0. Since the ADC for the Atmega328 is a 10-bit ADC, meaning it produces a 10-
bit digital value, it converts an analog signal to its digital value, with the
AREF value being a reference for which digital values are high or low. Thus, a
portrait of an analog signal is shown by this digital value; thus, it is its digital
correspondent value.
The last pin is the RESET pin. This allows a program to be rerun and start over.
Ultrasonic Sensors:
Ultrasonic sensors are based on measuring the properties of sound waves with
frequency above the human audible range. They are based on three physical
principles: time of flight, the Doppler effect, and the attenuation of sound
waves. Ultrasonic sensors are non-intrusive in that they do not require physical
contact with their target, and can detect certain clear or shiny targets otherwise
obscured to some vision-based sensors. On the other hand, their measurements
are very sensitive to temperature and to the angle of the target.
Doppler Shift
When a wave reflects off of a moving object, its frequency is shifted by an
amount proportional to the velocity of the object. This fact can be exploited in
ultrasonic sensing by having the receiver measure not the time of flight but the
frequency of the returning echo pulse. Knowing fe and fr, the frequency of the
emitted and received pulse, respectively, the velocity v of the target may be
calculated:
fe - fr = 2 fe (v / c) cos(A)4)
where A is the angle between the target's and the pulse's lines of motion.
Light sensor:
A LightSensor is something that a robot can use to detect the current ambient
light level - i.e. how bright/dark it is. There are a range of different types of light
sensors, including 'Photoresistors', 'Photodiodes', and 'Phototransistors'. The
sensor included in the BOE Shield-Bot kit, and the one we will be using, is
called a Phototransistor.
Circuit diagram of a phototransistor
Buzzer:
Pin Diagram:
Pin Description:
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data output pin Data
3 Linear output pin; not connected NC
4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
5 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
6 Ground (0V) Ground
7 Ground (0V) Ground
8 Antenna input pin ANT
Diodes:
Capacitors:
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or capacity to store energy
in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.
There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor
beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but
they all do the same thing, they store charge.
Resistor:
They are passive components, meaning they only consume power (and cant
generate it). Resistors are usually added to circuits where they
complement active components like op-amps, microcontrollers, and
other integrated circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit current, divide
voltages, and pull-up I/O lines.
Voltage Regulator:
LED:
Thus Ultra cane provides narrow-beam accurate navigation that allows a skilled
user to proceed at normal walking speed. It helps you to navigate your way
rather than simply avoid hitting things.