MPLS

61
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MPLS
7750 Service Router Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Limitations of Traditional IP Routing: Hyper-aggregation
MPLS Overview 612

IP has a limited ability to alleviate hyper aggregation which leads to
network and link congestion
All network traffic will flow via the primary path
No traffic will use the Alternate Link Inefficient use of resources
A Congestion -> packet loss ! B

Primary
Link
Alternate
Link
IGP
7750 Service Router
Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
Benefits of MPLS
MPLS Overview 613
Congestion
IGP PATH
Exclude this
link
Use CSPF to avoid low

bandwidth links
Fast Reroute paths available
MPLS PATH
Explicitly define the path or use any IGP
7750 Service Router

MPLS: Terminology
MPLS Overview 614
Multi Protocol Label Switching, MPLS:

Allows the network operator to create end-to-end LSPs for data
forwarding instead of using hop-by-hop IP routing.
Alleviates the limitations of traditional IP routing
LER: Label Edge Router LSP 1
LSR: Label Switch Router LSP 2
LSR
LSR
LSR
LER LSR
LER
7750 Service Router

MPLS: Basic operation
MPLS Overview 615

Push Swap Swap Pop
LER LSR LSR LER
Label Switched Path
data label data label data label data data
IP Forwarding LABEL SWITCHING IP Forwarding
7750 Service Router

MPLS Label
MPLS Overview 616

Frame header Single Label
DA SA Type = MPLS IP Header IP Packet FCS

88 47 Header
Label Stack
Data Link MPLS Header MPLS IP Header IP Data FCS

Header 1 Header 2
4 Octets
Label Stack TTL
Label Exp. S
Entry Format
Label: Label Value, 20 bits
Exp.: Experimental, 3 bits (Class of Service)
S: Bottom of Stack, 1 bit (1 = last entry in label stack)
TTL: Time to Live, 8 bits
7750 Service Router

MPLS Label-range
MPLS Overview 617

A:SR2# show router mpls label-range
==============================================================================
Label Ranges
==============================================================================
Label Type Start Label End Label Aging Total Available
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Static-lsp 32 1023 - 992
Static-svc 2048 18431 - 16384
Dynamic 32768 131071 0 98291
==============================================================================
7750 Service Router

MPLS Encapsulation: The Shim Header (Frame Mode)
MPLS Overview 618
Type = IP Type = IP

DA SA Payload FCS DA SA Payload
0800 0800 FCS
LER LER Type = MPLS SA

Type = IP
DA Payload FCS
DA SA 88 47 Header 0800

Type = IP
DA Payload FCS

Type = IP
DA Payload FCS
7750 Service Router

Forwarding Equivalence Classes
MPLS Overview 619
Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)

A groupof IP packets forwarded in the same manner, over
A
the same path, with the same forwarding treatment B
Label Switched Path
MPLS packets are assigned to a FEC at the network ingress

FEC packets are transported by the LSP which has a label to identify it
Label switching is used to route the labelled packet
7750 Service Router
Label Signaling (Distribution) Protocols Overview
MPLS Overview 6 1 10
Interior Gateway Protocols

Static Dynamic
IS-IS
RIP
Distance Vector OSPF
Link State
Label Signaling Protocols
Static Dynamic
LDP RSVP-TE
IGP Based IGP or CSPF based
7750 Service Router

Static Label distribution

Static LSPs are manually configured on each LER/LSR
Labels are assigned on each router individually
Allows the creator to have full control on the path
Disadvantages:
Labour intensive operation
Changes need a reconfiguration on every node
No back-up or fast re-route
No support of label stacking
7750 Service Router

Static Label distribution
PE1# configure router mpls static-lsp

"PE-1 to PE-3"
to 3.3.3.3 PE2>config>router# mpls
push 999 nexthop 10.12.1.2 interface "tope1"
label-map 999
swap 998 nexthop 10.23.1.3
10.12.1.2
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32
iLER LSR2
10.23.1.3
Static LSP
Static LSP
eLER
3.3.3.3/32
LSR3
4.4.4.4/32
PE3>config>router# mpls interface "tope2"

label-map 998
pop
7750 Service Router

Dynamic Label Distribution: Label Distribution Protocol: LDP

LSPs are established dynamically using a label distribution protocol: LDP
LSR 1 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next-
LFIB Label Label Interface hop Dynamic Label
10.2.1.0/24 131067 131071 1/1/4 LER 2 Exchange
SWAP LSR 1 LER 2 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next-hop

LFIB Label Label Interface
10.2.1.0/24 131071 - 1/1/1 external
1/1/3
POP
MPLS Network 1/1/4 LER 2
1/1/5
LSR 2 1/1/1
1/1/4 10.2.1.0/24
LER 1
1/1/2 1/1/2
1/1/1
1/1/1 1/1/3
LSR 2 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next-
LFIB Label Label Interface hop
10.2.1.0/24 131069 131071 1/1/2 LER 2
LER 1 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next- SWAP

10.2.1.0/24 - 131069 1/1/3 LSR 2 PUSH
10.2.1.0/24 - 131067 1/1/2 LSR 1
7750 Service Router

Label distribution: Traffic/Control flow
DATA LABEL DATA DATA
Data flow Data Plane

Data flow
Data traffic flows Downstream

LER1 LSR1 LER2
Control Plane
Label allocation flows Upstream
LABEL
(System Address)
Data packets flow in the downstream direction
Control driven model
Label bindings are formed before the arrival of user generated data packets
Alcatel-Lucent products use the control driven model
Label bindings are distributed from the downstream to the upstream direction
7750 Service Router

LIB and LFIB

Table Meaning Contents Populated By
Name
RIB Routing Information Base Routing updates received Routing Protocol Exchange - Each routing
protocol has a separate RIB
FIB Forwarding Information Active routes RTM selects the active routes from all
Base protocol "Best" routes
LIB Label Information Base Locally generated and MPLS Label Exchange
received MPLS labels
LFIB Label Forwarding Labels used by the LSR The labels assigned to the active routes (for
Information Base each next-hop)
RIB OSPF
FIB
RIB IS-IS
LFIB
LIB LDP
7750 Service Router

LIB: Show Router LDP Bindings
PE1# show router ldp bindings

===============================================================================
LDP LSR ID: 1.1.1.1
===============================================================================
Legend: U - Label In Use, N - Label Not In Use
E - Epipe Service, V - VPLS Service, M - Mirror Service
A - Apipe Service, F - Fpipe Service
===============================================================================
LDP Prefix Bindings
===============================================================================
Prefix Peer IngLbl EgrLbl EgrIntf EgrNextHop
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2 131071U -- -- --
1.1.1.1/32 3.3.3.3 131071U -- -- --
1.1.1.1/32 4.4.4.4 131071U -- -- --
2.2.2.2/32 2.2.2.2 -- 131071 1/1/2 10.12.1.2
2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3 131069U 131069 -- --
2.2.2.2/32 4.4.4.4 131069U 131064 -- --
3.3.3.3/32 2.2.2.2 131070U 131069 -- --
3.3.3.3/32 3.3.3.3 -- 131071 1/1/4 10.13.1.3
3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4 131070U 131065 -- --
4.4.4.4/32 2.2.2.2 131067U 131067 -- --
4.4.4.4/32 3.3.3.3 131067U 131067 -- --
4.4.4.4/32 4.4.4.4 -- 131067 1/1/3 10.14.1.4
7750 Service Router

LFIB: Show Router LDP Bindings Active
PE1# show router ldp bindings active

===============================================================================
Legend: (S) - Static
===============================================================================
LDP Prefix Bindings (Active)
===============================================================================
Prefix Op IngLbl EgrLbl EgrIntf EgrNextHop
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.1.1/32 Pop 131071 -- -- --
2.2.2.2/32 Push -- 131071 1/1/2 10.12.1.2
2.2.2.2/32 Swap 131069 131071 1/1/2 10.12.1.2
3.3.3.3/32 Push -- 131071 1/1/4 10.13.1.3
3.3.3.3/32 Swap 131070 131071 1/1/4 10.13.1.3
4.4.4.4/32 Push -- 131067 1/1/3 10.14.1.4
4.4.4.4/32 Swap 131067 131067 1/1/3 10.14.1.4
-output omitted-
===============================================================================
PE1#
7750 Service Router

LDP: Verifying Alcatel-Lucent Default Settings
LDP defaults are Downstream Unsolicited label distribution mode, Liberal

Label Retention mode and Ordered Control mode
PE1# show router ldp parameters

=====================================================================
LDP Parameters (LSR ID 1.1.1.1)
=====================================================================
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Interface Parameters
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Keepalive Timeout : 30 sec Keepalive Factor : 3
Hold Time : 15 sec HELLO Factor : 3
Propagate Policy : system Transport Address: system
Deaggregate FECs : False Route Preference : 9
Label Distribution : downstreamUnsolicited Label Retention : liberal
Control Mode : ordered Loop Detection : none
---------------------------------------------------------------------
PE1#
7750 Service Router

LDP: Downstream Unsolicited Distribution Mode
Downstream: iLER Prefix Next-hop Label

LIB
Advertising labels from downstream to the 10.2.1.0/24 LSR 2 131065
upstream direction.
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 3 131066
Unsolicited:
1.1.1.1/32 FEC: 10.2.1.0/24
Label mappings are provided to all peers Label: 131065
2.2.2.2/32
iLER LSR2
for which the local LSR might be a next-
hop for a given FEC, even when not
explicitly requested.
FEC: 10.2.1.0/24
FEC: 10.2.1.0/24
Label: 131067
Label: 131066
10.2.1.0/24
LSR3
eLER
4.4.4.4/32 FEC: 10.2.1.0/24
3.3.3.3/32
Label: 131067
7750 Service Router

LDP: Liberal Retention & Ordered Control Mode
Liberal Retention:

Ordered Control:
The label received from the router An LSR only propagates a label for a FEC
providing the active IGP route for once it has a label mapping from the
the FEC is used and the other labels FEC next-hop.
are kept Label
2.2.2.2/32
131065
1.1.1.1/32 LSR2
iLER Prefix Next-hop Label iLER Step 2
LIB
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 2 131065

10.2.1.0/24 LSR 3 131066
Label
Step 2
Label
Step 1
131066 131067
iLER Prefix Next-hop
FIB
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 3
10.2.1.0/24
iLER Prefix Next-hop Label
LFIB
Step 1
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 3 131066 LSR3 eLER
Label
4.4.4.4/32 3.3.3.3/32
131067
7750 Service Router

LDP: Signaling

Each LSR will originate a label for its system address by default
Each LSR may originate a label for a FEC for which it has a next-hop
that is external to the MPLS domain: an export policy is needed !
LSR 1 LSR 2 LSR 3 LSR 4
1/1/2 1/1/2 1/1/2 1/1/1

1/1/3 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/3
10.1.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4/32
LSR 1 Prefix Ing. Egr. Egr. Next-hop LSR 4 Prefix Ing. Egr. Egr. Next-hop
LFIB Label Label Intf LFIB Label Label Intf
10.2.1.0/24 - 131068 1/1/2 LSR2 10.1.1.0/24 - 131065 1/1/3 LSR3

4.4.4.4/32 - 131071 1/1/2 LSR2 1.1.1.1/32 - 131070 1/1/3 LSR3
Control Plane
7750 Service Router

LDP: Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)
Multiple next hops for a given FEC

Maximum number of ECMP LDP paths
for a given FEC is 16
Configuration
=>configure>router>ecmp <x>
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32
iLER LSR2
LSR 1 Prefix Next-hop Label
LIB
1/1/2
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 2 131065
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 3 131066
1/1/3
LER 1 Prefix Next-hop Interface
FIB
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 2 1/1/2
10.2.1.0/24 LSR 3 1/1/3
10.2.1.0/24
LER 1 Prefix Ing. Egr. Egr. Next-hop
LFIB Label Label Intf
LSR3 eLER
10.2.1.0/24 - 131065 1/1/2 LSR2
4.4.4.4/32 3.3.3.3/32
10.2.1.0/24 - 131066 1/1/3 LSR3
7750 Service Router

LDP: Minimum Configuration
PE1 P1 P2
PE2
Provider
Network
PE-3
P3
P1# configure router
P1>config>router# ldp
P1>config>router>ldp# interface-parameters
P1>config>router>ldp>if-params$ interface "P1-PE1"
P1>config>router>ldp>if-params>if$ exit
P1>config>router>ldp>if-params$ interface "P1-P2"
P1>config>router>ldp>if-params>if$ exit
P1>config>router>ldp>if-params$ interface "P1-P3"
P1>config>router>ldp>if-params>if$ exit all
7750 Service Router

LDP: Convergence

LSP before the failure
LSP after the failure
1/1/2 LSR2
LSR4 10.2.1.0/24
1000
1/1/3
LER1 LER2
LSR1
LER 1 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next-

LFIB Label Label Interface hop MPLS Convergence =
10.2.1.0/24 - 131068 1/1/2 LSR 2 Failure Detection Time +
IGP Convergence +
LER 1 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next- LDP Convergence
10.2.1.0/24 - 131065 1/1/3 LSR 1
7750 Service Router

Dynamic Label Distribution: RSVP-TE

RSVP-TE is used for establishing LSPs in MPLS networks
RSVP-TE operates in downstream-on-demand (DOD) label
advertisement mode with ordered LSP control.
A request to bind labels to a specific LSP tunnel is initiated by an
ingress node through the RSVP Path message
Labels are requested downstream and distributed (propagated)
upstream by means of the RSVP Resv message
Advantage of using RSVP to establish LSP tunnels is that it enables the
allocation of resources along the path.
For example, bandwidth can be allocated to an LSP tunnel using
standard RSVP reservations and Integrated Services service classes
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Message Types

Downstream on Demand (DoD)
PATH message sent
towards tunnel 1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32
destination iLER LSR1
Path: 3.3.3.3
Receiver sends RESV
message back towards
sender
eLER sends label Resv: label 131068
Resv: label 1310710
Path: 3.3.3.3
binding info in RESV
message
Path Refresh and RESV
Refresh messages are
sent periodically
LSR2 eLER
4.4.4.4/32 3.3.3.3/32
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Label allocation

ilER makes use of
the shortest IGP
path from tunnel iLabel eLabel Action iLabel eLabel Action
head to tunnel
--- 131068 Push 131068 131071 Swap
destination (no 1/1/2 2.2.2.2/32

ERO). LSR2
After the Resv 1.1.1.1/32
message is iLER
propagated
upstream to the
sender node, a 1/1/1 1/1/3
label-switched path
is effectively 1/1/2
eLER
established. 3.3.3.3/32
LSr3 iLabel eLabel Action

131071 --- Pop
4.4.4.4/32
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Strict versus Loose hops

Example of strict and loose path
Blue path => ERO (Explicit Route Object) defines strict hops
ERO explicitly defines the path PE2 => PE3 => PE4
Red Path => ERO defines only loose hops
ERO defines only 4.4.4.4 as loose
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32
PE1 PE2
Blue Path
10.12.1.2
Red Path
10.23.1.3
10.34.1.4
PE4 PE3
4.4.4.4/32 3.3.3.3/32
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Optional object Explicit Route Object: ERO
RSVP Path
LSP Tunnel (IPv4)

ERO provides specific Label_Request
ERO: 10.12.1.2
path information for the 10.23.1.3
RSVP Path message to 10.34.1.4
4.4.4.4
follow Session_Attributes
1.1.1.1/32 RRO: 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2/32
If ERO is not present PE1 PE2
then IGP is used to .1 .2
10.12.1.0/29
follow the path RSVP Path
LSP Tunnel (IPv4)
ERO can be manually Label_Request
ERO: 10.12.1.2
provided or computed .1 .2
10.23.1.0/29
10.23.1.3
based on RSVP 10.14.1.29/29
.4 .3
10.34.1.4
4.4.4.4
requirements such as Session_Attributes
bandwidth, hop limit,

RRO: 1.1.1.1
1/1/2 10.34.1.0/29 10.12.1.2
link coloring
.4 RSVP Path .3
LSP Tunnel
PE4 (IPv4) PE3
4.4.4.4/32 Label_Request 3.3.3.3/32
ERO: 10.12.1.2
10.23.1.3
10.34.1.4
4.4.4.4
Session_Attribut
es
RRO: 1.1.1.1
10.12.1.2
10.34.1.3
7750 Service Router
RSVP-TE: Optional object Record Route Object: RRO

Record Route Object RSVP Resv
LSP Tunnel (IPv4)
(RRO) of RSVP-TE is Label: 65
used for route Session_Attributes
recording purpose RRO: 10.12.1.1
10.12.1.2
RRO records the 1.1.1.1/32 10.34.1.3 2.2.2.2/32
actual route a PE1 PE2
.1 .2
packet traversed 10.12.1.0/29
Recording the path
RSVP Resv
allows the iLER to .1 .2
LSP Tunnel (IPv4)
know, on a hop-by- 10.14.1.29/29 10.23.1.0/29
Label_Request
Session_Attributes
hop basis, which .4 .3 RRO: 10.12.1.2
LSRs the path 10.23.1.2
traverses. 10.34.1.0/29 10.34.1.3
.4 RSVP Resv .3
LSP Tunnel
PE4 PE3
(IPv4)
4.4.4.4/32 Label_Request 3.3.3.3/32
Session_Attribut
es
RRO: 10.12.1.1
10.23.1.2
10.34.1.3
7750 Service Router
RSVP-TE: The Alcatel-Lucent CSPF Implementation

The CSPF functionality provided by OSPF and IS-IS provides the capability to
traffic engineer LSPs based on the following constraints:
Link constraints (include/exclude), a.k.a Link Coloring

Bandwidth requirements
Hop count limitations
Enable Traffic-engineering on OSPF/IS-IS:
config>router>ospf# traffic-engineering
config>router>isis# traffic-engineering
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Signaled LSPs with CSPF

TE Capable IGP
OSPF-TE
IS-IS-TE
Traffic Constrained
User
Routing Table Engineering Shortest Path First
Requirements
Database (TED) (CSPF)
Explicit Route
Object
(ERO)
Signaling
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: LSP Configuration
10.10.43.3 10.10.44.3
10.10.10.101
10.10.42.3 10.10.10.102
10.10.10.99 10.10.10.103
10.10.10.100
interface to-100 RSVP PATH

Primary_Path
Example: config>router# mpls config>router# mpls

config>router>mpls# path Primary_Path config>router>mpls#lsp LSP_99_103
config>router>mpls>path$ hop 1 10.10.42.3 strict config>router>mpls>lsp# to 10.10.10.103
config>router>mpls>path$ hop 2 10.10.43.3 strict config>router>mpls>lsp# cspf
config>router>mpls>path# hop 3 10.10.44.3 strict config>router>mpls>lsp# primary Primary_Path"
config>router>mpls>path# hop 4 10.10.10.103 loose config>router>mpls>lsp>primary# hop-limit 4
config>router>mpls>path# no shutdown config>router>mpls>lsp>primary# bandwidth 256,000
config>router>mpls>path# exit config>router>mpls>lsp>primary# no shutdown
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Show Router RSVP Session
Configure the interfaces in MPLS automatically RSVP enabled !

Example: config>router# mpls
config>router>mpls# interface to-100
config>router>mpls>if# exit
Command shows RSVP session information.
A:# show router rsvp session
===================================================
RSVP Sessions
===================================================
From To Tunnel LSP Name State
ID ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.10.10.99 10.10.10.103 1 1 LSP_99_103::Primary_Path Up
10.10.10.99 10.10.10.103 1 2 LSP_99_103::Secondary_Path Up
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sessions : 2
===================================================
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Show Router MPLS Path LSP-binding

Display MPLS paths with binding information.
A:# show router mpls path lsp-binding
===================================================
MPLS Path:
===================================================
Path Name Opr LSP Name Binding
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary_Path Up LSP_99_103 Primary
Secondary_Path Down LSP_99_103 Secondary
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paths : 2
===================================================
A:#
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Show Router MPLS LSP Path Detail
A:P99# show router mpls lsp LSP_99_103 path detail
===============================================================================
MPLS LSP LSP_99_103 Path (Detail)

===============================================================================
Legend :
@ - Detour Available # - Detour In Use
b - Bandwidth Protected n - Node Protected
===============================================================================
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LSP LSP_99_103 Path Primary_Path
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LSP Name : LSP_99_103 Path LSP ID : 1
From : 10.10.10.99 To : 10.10.10.103
Adm State : Up Oper State : Up
Path Name : Primary_Path Path Type : Primary
Path Admin : Up Path Oper : Up
OutInterface: 1/1/3 Out Label : 131063
Path Up Time: 0d 00:12:51 Path Dn Time : 0d 00:00:00
Retry Limit : 0 Retry Timer : 30 sec
RetryAttempt: 0 Next Retry In : 0 sec
Bandwidth : 256 Mbps Oper Bandwidth : 256 Mbps
Hop Limit : 4
Record Route: Record Record Label : Record
Oper MTU : 9198 Negotiated MTU : 9198
Adaptive : Enabled MBB State : N/A
Include Grps: Exclude Grps :
None None
Path Trans : 1 CSPF Queries : 1
Failure Code: noError Failure Node : n/a
ExplicitHops:
10.10.42.3 -> 10.10.43.3 -> 10.10.44.3 ->10.10.45.3
Actual Hops :
10.10.42.2(10.10.10.99)
-> 10.10.42.3(10.10.10.100) Record Label : 131063
-> 10.10.43.3(10.10.10.101 Record Label : 131068
-> 10.10.44.3(10.10.10.102) Record Label : 131063
-> 10.10.45.3 (10.10.10.103) Record Label : 131064
ComputedHops:
10.10.42.2 -> 10.10.42.3 -> 10.10.43.3 -> 10.10.44.3 -> 10.10.45.3
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Reservation Styles

Alcatel-Lucent supports two reservation styles for LSP BW reservation
Fixed Filter LSP Secondary Path (10Mb/s)
Total amount of BW LSP Primary Path

reserved on shared
(80 Mb/s)
link equals sum of
individual reservations
Shared Explicit
Total amount of BW
reserved on shared link
equals BW of largest
reservation request
Shared Link Shared Link
(FF) (SE)
90Mb/s 80Mb/s
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: LSP Protection

Path Protection
Primary LSP with Secondary LSP
Primary LSP with Secondary Standby LSP
Fast Reroute
One-to-One Backup
Facilities Backup
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Backup LSP LSPs with Secondary Path
Secondary Path: Non-standby or Hot-standby

Failure in primary path triggers secondary LSP
R3
R2
R1
R6 R9
R7 R4
Primary LSP:
R1->R2->R3->R4 R8
Secondary LSP:
Primary LSP: One primary path R1->R6->R7->R8->R9->R4
Secondary LSP
Alternative path that is used if the primary path is not available.
Non-Standby needs to be signaled first (after primary path failure detection
Hot-Standby will be signaled upon creation
Continuously tries to revert back to the primary path.
Up to 8 secondary paths can be specified.
Allthe secondary paths are considered equal and the first available path is
used.
The software will not switch back among secondary paths.
7750 Service Router
RSVP-TE: LSP Protection with a Secondary Path

Pros
Deterministic data flow during any point in primary path
Multiple failures along the primary path can be handled by the same
secondary path
When statically configured, no nodes or links should be shared by the
Primary and Secondary paths (otherwise if that link or node goes down,
both are lost)
Entire path is protected
Cons
Notification of a link or node failure might take a while to reach head of
tunnel
Full path resources are reserved over both Primary and Secondary paths,
therefore double booking
Selective protection of link or node is not possible, only end-to-end
7750 Service Router

RSVP-TE: Fast Reroute (FRR) Overview

MPLS Fast Reroute (FRR) defines ways of pre-configuring and
signaling backup paths before a failure
Allows traffic to flow almost continuously (in the 10s of ms
timeframe)
Uses LSPs established using RSVP-TE
Allows protection to be applied as close to point of failure as
possible
7750 Service Router

FRR: One-to-one Backup Method Multiple LSPs

R10
R3
PLR
R2
R1 MP
PLR PLR
R5 MP
R4
MP
(2)
(1)
R9
R6
R7 R8
(1)
Protected LSP 1: R2s backup for Protected LSP 1

R1->R2->R3->R4 R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
(2)
Protected LSP 2: R2s backup for Protected LSP 2

R10->R2->R3->R4 R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
7750 Service Router

FRR: One-to-one Backup Method Path Setup

PLR
R3
R2 PLR
R1 MP
R5 (3)
PLR R4
(1) (2)
R9
R6
R7 R8
Detour Tunnel
(1) (3)
R1s backup:
R1->R6->R7->R8->R9->R4 R3s backup:
Protected LSP: R3->R9->R4
(2)
R1->R2->R3->R4
R2s backup:
R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
7750 Service Router

FRR: One-to-one Backup Method Link Protection
Failure occurred along the protected LSP, the PLR redirects traffic into the local detour.
PLR R3
R2
R1 X MP
R5
R4
R9
R6
R7 R8
If the link [R2->R3] fails:
R2 switches traffic received from R1 LSP along link [R2->R7] using the label received
when R2 created the detour.
The detour is calculated based on the shortest IGP path using CSPF from the PLR (R2)
to the router that is the termination of the protected LSP (R4), while avoiding the
failed link (R2-R3).
At no point does the depth of the label stack increase as a result of taking the detour.
While R2 is using its detour, traffic will take the path [R1->R2->R7->R8->R9->R4]
7750 Service Router

FRR: One-to-One Backup Method Label Exchange
Inner Inner Inner

label 21 label 32 label 54
PLR
R3 54
R2 32
21 MP
R1
R4
159
172
198
187
R9
R8
R7
Protected LSP:
R1->R2->R3->R4
R2s backup: Control Plane

R2->R7->R8->R9->R4 (label propagation)
7750 Service Router

FRR: One-to-One Backup Method Link/Node Failure

Inner
label
21
R3 54
R2 PLR
21 MP
R1
X R4
159
172
Inner 198
172 187 Inner
159
label label
R9
R7
R8
Inner Inner
187 label
198
label
Protected LSP:
R1->R2->R3->R4
R2s backup:
R2->R7->R8->R9->R4 Control Plane
(label propagation)
7750 Service Router

FRR: Facility Backup Method Link Protection

R10
R3
R2
R1
MP
PLR
R4
R9
R6
R7 R8
Protected LSP 1:
R1->R2->R3->R4
Bypass tunnel
R2->R7->R8->R3
Protected LSP 2:
R10->R2->R3->R4
7750 Service Router

FRR: Facility Backup Link Protection Label Exchange

Works the same as One-to-One Backup under normal operating conditions
Inner Inner Inner

label 21 label 32 label 54
MP
PLR R3 54
32
21 R2
R1
R4
172
138
R8
R7 187
Protected LSP:
R1->R2->R3->R4
R2s backup: Control Plane

R2->R7->R8->R3 (label propagation)
7750 Service Router

FRR: Facility Backup Link Failure

MP receives same label from backup link as it would from Primary LSP
Inner
label 32 Inner
Inner
21 label 54
label MP
PLR 32
R3 54
R2
21
R1
X R4
172 Inner
label 32 138
Inner
label 32 172 138
R8
Protected LSP: R7 187
R1->R2->R3->R4 Inner
label 32 187
R2s backup:
R2->R7->R8->R3 Control Plane
(label propagation)
7750 Service Router

OAM Tools: OAM LSP-trace
A:# oam lsp-trace LSP_99_103

lsp-trace to LSP_99_103: 0 hops min, 0 hops max, 116 byte packets
1 10.10.10.100 rtt<10ms, rc=6 (DSRtrMatchLabel)
4 10.10.10.102 rtt<10ms, rc=3 (EgressRtr)
A:#
7750 Service Router

End of Module
7750 Service Router


MPLS

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7750 Service Router Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course

A Congestion -> packet loss ! B

Use CSPF to avoid low

Fast Reroute paths available

7750 Service Router

Multi Protocol Label Switching, MPLS:

LER: Label Edge Router LSP 1

LSR: Label Switch Router LSP 2

7750 Service Router

LER LSR LSR LER

Label Switched Path

data label data label data label data data

IP Forwarding LABEL SWITCHING IP Forwarding

7750 Service Router

DA SA Type = MPLS IP Header IP Packet FCS

Data Link MPLS Header MPLS IP Header IP Data FCS

7750 Service Router

7750 Service Router

LER LER Type = MPLS SA

LER LER Type = MPLS SA

LER LER Type = MPLS SA

7750 Service Router

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)

Label Switched Path

MPLS packets are assigned to a FEC at the network ingress

Interior Gateway Protocols

Label Signaling Protocols

7750 Service Router

Labels are assigned on each router individually

Allows the creator to have full control on the path

7750 Service Router

PE1# configure router mpls static-lsp

PE3>config>router# mpls interface "tope2"

7750 Service Router

SWAP LSR 1 LER 2 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next-hop

LER 1 Prefix Ingress Egress Egress next- SWAP

7750 Service Router

DATA LABEL DATA DATA

Data flow Data Plane

Data traffic flows Downstream

Label allocation flows Upstream

7750 Service Router

7750 Service Router

PE1# show router ldp bindings

7750 Service Router

PE1# show router ldp bindings active

7750 Service Router

LDP defaults are Downstream Unsolicited label distribution mode, Liberal

PE1# show router ldp parameters

7750 Service Router

Downstream: iLER Prefix Next-hop Label

7750 Service Router

10.2.1.0/24 LSR 2 131065

7750 Service Router

LSR 1 LSR 2 LSR 3 LSR 4

1/1/2 1/1/2 1/1/2 1/1/1

10.2.1.0/24 - 131068 1/1/2 LSR2 10.1.1.0/24 - 131065 1/1/3 LSR3

7750 Service Router

Multiple next hops for a given FEC

7750 Service Router

7750 Service Router