and Equilibrium
A 30-year-old man has been brought to the emergency room after an automobile
accident. The emergency room nurses are tending to the patient, who is
unresponsive. A blood sample is taken, which is sent to Brianna, a clinical laboratory
technician, who begins the process of analyzing the pH, the partial pressures of O2
and CO2, and the concentrations of glucose and electrolytes.
Within minutes, Brianna determines that the patients blood pH is 7.30 and
the partial pressure of CO2 gas is above the desired level. Blood pH is typically in
the range of 7.35 to 7.45, and a value less than 7.35 indicates a state of acidosis.
Respiratory acidosis occurs when there is an increase in the partial pressure of CO2
gas in the bloodstream.
Brianna recognizes these signs and immediately contacts the emergency room to
inform them that the patients airway may be blocked. In the emergency room, the staff
provide the patient with an IV containing bicarbonate to increase the blood pH and
begin the process of unblocking the patients airway. Shortly afterward, the patients
airway is cleared, and his blood pH and partial pressure of CO2 gas return to normal.
ChapTer readiness*
*These Key Math Skills and Core Chemistry Skills from previous chapters are listed here for your review as you proceed to the new material in this
chapter.
The term acid comes from the Latin word acidus, which means sour. We are familiar Describe and name acids and
with the sour tastes of vinegar and lemons and other common acids in foods. bases; identify BrnstedLowry
In 1887, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first to describe acids as sub- acids and bases.
stances that produce hydrogen ions 1H + 2 when they dissolve in water. Because acids pro-
duce ions in water, they are also electrolytes. For example, hydrogen chloride ionizes
completely in water to give hydrogen ions, H + , and chloride ions, Cl- . It is the hydrogen
ions that give acids a sour taste, change blue litmus indicator to red, and corrode some
metals.
H 2O
HCl1g2 H+1aq2 + Cl-1aq2
Polar molecular Ionization Hydrogen
compound ion
323
324 ChapTer 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
naming acids
Acids dissolve in water to produce hydrogen ions, along with a negative ion that may be a
simple nonmetal anion or a polyatomic ion. When an acid dissolves in water to produce a
hydrogen ion and a simple nonmetal anion, the prefix hydro is used before the name of the
nonmetal, and its ide ending is changed to ic acid. For example, hydrogen chloride 1HCl2
dissolves in water to form HCl1aq2, which is named hydrochloric acid. An exception is
hydrogen cyanide 1HCN2, which dissolves in water to form hydrocyanic acid, HCN1aq2.
Sulfuric acid dissolves in water to When an acid contains oxygen, it dissolves in water to produce a hydrogen ion and an
produce one or two H + and an oxygen-containing polyatomic anion. The most common form of an oxygen-containing acid
anion. has a name that ends with ic acid. The name of its polyatomic anion ends in ate. An acid that
contains one less oxygen atom than the common form is named as an ous acid. The name of its
polyatomic anion ends with ite 1see Table 10.12. By learning the names of the most common
acids, we can derive the names of the corresponding ous acids and their polyatomic anions.
naming Bases
Typical Arrhenius bases are named as hydroxides.
Base name
LiOH Lithium hydroxide
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
KOH Potassium hydroxide
Ca1OH22 Calcium hydroxide
Al1OH23 Aluminum hydroxide
10.1 Acids and Bases 325
soLuTion
When calcium hydroxide, which has the formula Ca1OH22, dissolves in water, the solu-
tion contains calcium ions 1Ca2+ 2 and twice as many hydroxide ions 1OH - 2. The equa-
tion is written as
H 2O
Ca1OH221s2 Ca2+1aq2 + 2OH-1aq2 Calcium hydroxide, Ca1OH22, also
called slaked lime, is used in the
sTudy CheCk 10.1 food industry to produce bever-
Write the equation for the dissociation of solid lithium hydroxide in water. ages, and in dentistry as a filler for
root canals.
H H
Water Hydrogen Hydronium ion
ion
+ -
HCl + H 2O H 3O + + Cl-
Hydrogen Water Hydronium Chloride
chloride ion ion
Acid Base
1H+ donor2 1H+ acceptor2 Acidic solution
Ammonia, NH3, acts as a base by accepting H + when it reacts with water. Because the
nitrogen atom of NH3 has a stronger attraction for H + than the oxygen of water, water acts
as an acid by donating H + .
+
-
soLuTion
a. HBr, acid; H2O, base
b. H2O, acid; CN - , base
tionship of loss and gain of one H + , we can now identify the conjugate acidbase pairs as
HF > F - along with H3O+ >H2O.
Conjugate acidbase pair
+
H+ gain
Accepts H+
H+ loss
+ Acid Conjugate base
H 2O H 3O
HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 F-1aq2 + H3O+1aq2
H+ loss
10.1 Acids and Bases 327
In another reaction, ammonia, NH3, accepts H + from H2O to form the conjugate acid
NH4 and conjugate base OH - . Each of these conjugate acidbase pairs, NH4+>NH3 and
+
In these two examples, we see that water can act as an acid when it donates H + or as a
base when it accepts H + . Substances that can act as both acids and bases are amphoteric.
For water, the most common amphoteric substance, the acidic or basic behavior depends
on the other reactant. Water donates H + when it reacts with a stronger base, and it accepts
H + when it reacts with a stronger acid. Another example of an amphoteric substance is
bicarbonate, HCO3- . With a base, HCO3- acts as an acid and donates one H + to give
CO32-. However, when HCO3- reacts with an acid, it acts as a base and accepts one H + to
form H2CO3.
soLuTion
Guide to Writing Conjugate
sTep 1 Identify the reactant that loses H + as the acid. In the reaction, HBr AcidBase Pairs
donates H + to NH3. Thus HBr is the acid and Br - is its conjugate base.
STEP 1
sTep 2 Identify the reactant that gains H + as the base. In the reaction, NH3 Identify the reactant that loses
gains H + to form NH4+ . Thus, NH3 is the base and NH4+ is its conjugate acid. H+ as the acid.
sTep 3 Write the conjugate acidbase pairs. The conjugate acidbase pairs are STEP 2
HBr>Br - and NH4 + >NH3. Identify the reactant that gains
H+ as the base.
sTudy CheCk 10.3
STEP 3
In the following reaction, identify the conjugate acidbase pairs:
Write the conjugate acidbase
HCN1aq2 + SO42-1aq2 h CN - 1aq2 + HSO4 - 1aq2
h
pairs.
10.3 Name each of the following acids or bases: 10.10 Write the formula for the conjugate base for each of the
a. HCl b. Ca1OH22 c. H2CO3 following acids:
d. HNO3 e. H2SO3 f. HBrO2 a. HSO3 -
10.4 Name each of the following acids or bases: b. H3O +
a. Al1OH23 b. HBr c. H2SO4 c. HPO42-
d. KOH e. HNO2 f. HClO2 d. HNO2
10.5 Write the formula for each of the following acids and bases: 10.11 Write the formula for the conjugate acid for each of the
a. magnesium hydroxide b. hydrofluoric acid following bases:
c. phosphoric acid d. lithium hydroxide a. CO32-
e. ammonium hydroxide f. sulfuric acid b. H2O
c. H2PO4-
10.6 Write the formula for each of the following acids and bases:
d. Br -
a. barium hydroxide b. hydroiodic acid
c. nitric acid d. strontium hydroxide 10.12 Write the formula for the conjugate acid for each of the
e. sodium hydroxide f. chloric acid following bases:
a. SO42-
10.7 Identify the reactant that is a BrnstedLowry acid and the reac-
b. CN -
tant that is a BrnstedLowry base in each of the following:
c. OH -
a. HI1aq2 + H2O1l2 h I - 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
d. ClO2-
b. F - 1aq2 + H2O1l2 h HF1aq2 + OH - 1aq2
h
10.13 Identify the BrnstedLowry acidbase pairs in each of the
10.8 Identify the reactant that is a BrnstedLowry acid and the reac- following equations:
tant that is a BrnstedLowry base in each of the following:
a. H2CO31aq2 + H2O1l2 h HCO3- 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
a. CO32- 1aq2 + H2O1l2 h HCO3- 1aq2 + OH - 1aq2
h
b. NH4+1aq2 + H2O1l2 h NH31aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
b. H2SO41aq2 + H2O1l2 h HSO4 - 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
c. HCN1aq2 + NO2- 1aq2 h CN - 1aq2 + HNO21aq2
h
10.9 Write the formula for the conjugate base for each of the
10.14 Identify the BrnstedLowry acidbase pairs in each of the
following acids:
following equations:
a. HF
b. H2O a. H3PO41aq2 + H2O1l2 h H2PO4- 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
HCl HC2H3O2
1M 1M
-
+ +
- -
+
-
+
- + -
+
- +
+
- -
-
+
+
Figure 10.1 N A strong acid such as HCl is ionized 1essentially 100%2, whereas a solu-
tion of weak acid such as HC2H3O2 contains mostly dissolved molecules and a few ions.
Q What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
330 ChapTer 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
Many of the products you use at home contain weak acids. In carbonated soft drinks,
CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, H2CO3, a weak acid. A weak acid such as
H2CO3 contains mostly H2CO3 molecules and a few H3O+ and HCO - 3 ions. A weak acid
such as carbonic acid, H2CO3, is written with a double arrow. Carbonic acid is a diprotic
acid that has two H + , which ionize one at a time. Because HCO 3- is also a weak acid, a
second ionization produces another hydronium ion and the carbonate ion, CO32-.
v H3O+ 1aq2 + HCO3- 1aq2
H2CO31aq2 + H2O1l2 h
HF
F-
H2CO3 HCO3- CO32-
Citric acid is a weak acid found in fruits and fruit juices such as lemons, oranges, and
grapefruit. In the vinegar used in salad dressings, the weak acid, acetic acid, HC2H3O2, is
present as a 5% 1m>v2 acetic acid solution.
H 3O +
HC2H3O21l2 + H2O1l2 h H3O+1aq2 + C2H3O2- 1aq2
h
Acetic acid Acetate ion
HI H 3O + I- HF
HF
H 2O H 2O
H 3O + F-
1a2 1b2
H3O+ I- HF
HF
I -
+
H3O+
H3O I- HF HF
- HF
I
H3O+ F-
H3O+ HF
Figure 10.2 N After ionization in water, 1a2 the strong acid 1HI2 has a high concentra-
tion of H3O + and I - , whereas 1b2 the weak acid 1HF2 has a high concentration of HF and
low concentrations of H3O + and F - .
Q How do the heights of H3O + and F - compare to the height of the weak acid HF in
the bar diagram?
10.2 Strengths of Acids and Bases 331
A few strong bases are less soluble in water, but what does dissolve dissociates com-
pletely as ions.
Bases in household products are
strong Bases used to remove grease and to open
drains.
Lithium hydroxide LiOH
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Potassium hydroxide KOH
Strontium hydroxide Sr1OH22*
Calcium hydroxide Ca1OH22*
Barium hydroxide Ba1OH22*
*Low solubility, but they dissociate completely.
equilibrium
3Reactants4 decrease
Eventually, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal. This means
Concentration 1mole>L2
that the reactants form products at the same rate that the products form reactants.
Equilibrium has been reached when no further change takes place in the concentra-
tions of the reactants and products. However, the forward and reverse reactions con-
Equilibrium tinue at equal rates.
Let us look at the reaction of the weak acid HF and H2O as it proceeds to equilib-
rium. Initially, only the reactants HF and H2O are present.
3Products4 increase Forward reaction: HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 h F - 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
As F - and H3O+ products build up, the rate of the reverse reaction increases, while
Time
the rate of the forward reaction decreases.
Equilibrium is reached when there Reverse reaction: F - 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2 h HF1aq2 + H2O1l2
are no further changes in the con-
centrations of reactants and Eventually, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal, which means
products. that equilibrium has been reached. Then the concentrations of the reactants and products
remain constant even though the forward and reverse reactions continue. The forward and
reverse reactions are usually shown together in a single equation, using a double arrow.
Forward reaction
HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 h F - 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
Reverse reaction
soLuTion
a. change b. faster
c. equal d. do not change
Water at equilibrium Stress as water is added to first tank New equilibrium established
Increasing rate of forward direction
Suppose that more HF is added to the equilibrium mixture, which increases the con-
centration of HF. The system relieves this stress by increasing the rate of the forward reac-
tion. According to Le Chteliers principle, adding more reactant causes the system to shift
in the direction of the products until equilibrium is reestablished.
Add HF
HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 F - 1aq2 + H3O+1aq2
In another example, suppose that some HF is removed from the reaction mixture at
equilibrium. The decrease in HF concentration slows the rate of the forward reaction.
According to Le Chteliers principle, the stress of removing some of the reactant causes
the system to shift in the direction of the reactants until equilibrium is reestablished.
Remove HF
HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 F - 1aq2 + H3O+1aq2
Add F -
HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 F - 1aq2 + H3O+1aq2
334 ChapTer 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
Use Le Chteliers principle to predict whether the system shifts in the direction of prod-
ucts or reactants for each of the following:
a. adding some H2CO31aq2
b. removing some HCO3- 1aq2
c. adding some H3O+ 1aq2
soLuTion
According to Le Chteliers principle, when stress is applied to a reaction at equilibrium,
the system shifts to relieve that stress.
a. When the concentration of the reactant H2CO3 increases, the rate of the forward reaction
increases to shift the system in the direction of the products until equilibrium is
reestablished.
b. When the concentration of the product HCO3- decreases, the rate of the reverse reac-
tion decreases. The system shifts in the direction of the products until equilibrium is
reestablished.
c. When the concentration of the product H3O+ increases, the rate of the reverse reaction
increases. The system shifts in the direction of the reactants until equilibrium is
reestablished.
10.20 When does a reversible reaction reach equilibrium? b. removing some HCHO21aq2
10.21 Which of the following are at equilibrium? c. removing some H3O + 1aq2
a. The rate of the forward reaction is twice as fast as the rate of d. adding some HCHO21aq2
the reverse reaction. 10.24 Use Le Chteliers principle to predict whether each the follow-
b. The concentrations of the reactants and the products do not ing changes causes the system to shift in the direction of prod-
change. ucts or reactants:
c. The rate of the reverse reaction does not change.
HNO21aq2 + H2O1l2 h NO2- 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
10.22 Which of the following are not at equilibrium?
a. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. a. adding some HNO21aq2
b. The rate of the forward reaction does not change. b. removing some NO2- 1aq2
c. The concentrations of reactants and the products are not c. adding some H3O+ 1aq2
constant. d. removing some HNO21aq2
336 ChapTer 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
-
O H + O H H O H+ + O H
H H H
Experiments have determined that, in pure water, the concentrations of H3O+ and OH - at
25 C are each 1.0 * 10 -7 M. Square brackets are used to indicate the concentrations in
moles per liter 1M2.
Pure water 3H3O+ 4 = 3OH - 4 = 1.0 * 10 -7 M
When these concentrations are multiplied, we obtain the expression and value called the
ion product constant of water, Kw. The concentration units are omitted in the Kw value.
Kw = 3H3O+ 43OH - 4
= 11.0 * 10 -7 M211.0 * 10 -7 M2 = 1.0 * 10 -14
100
Concentration 1mole>L2
H 3O + OH -
10-7
H 3O + OH -
Figure 10.3 N In a neutral
solution, 3H3O + 4 and 3OH - 4 are
equal. In acidic solutions, the
OH - H 3O + 3H3O +4 is greater than the 3OH -4.
In basic solutions, the 3OH - 4 is
greater than the 3H3O + 4.
10-14
3H3O +4 > 3OH -4 3H3O +4 = 3OH -4 3H3O +4 < 3OH -4 Q Is a solution that has a
3H3O +4 of 1.0 * 10-3 M
Acidic solution Neutral solution Basic solution acidic, basic, or neutral?
TaBLe 10.5 Examples of 3H3O + 4 and 3OH 4 in Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions
Type of solution 3 h3o+ 4 3 oh 4 Kw 125 C2
-7 -7
Neutral 1.0 * 10 M 1.0 * 10 M 1.0 * 10 -14
-2 -12
Acidic 1.0 * 10 M 1.0 * 10 M 1.0 * 10 -14
Acidic 2.5 * 10 -5 M 4.0 * 10 -10 M 1.0 * 10 -14
-8 -6
Basic 1.0 * 10 M 1.0 * 10 M 1.0 * 10 -14
Basic 5.0 * 10 -11 M 2.0 * 10 -4 M 1.0 * 10 -14
soLuTion
sTep 1 State the given and needed quantities. Guide to Calculating 3H3O+4
and 3OH 4 in Aqueous
given need know Solutions
AnAlyzE tHE
-
3OH 4 = 5.0 * 10 -12
M 3H 3 O + 4 Kw = 3H3O + 43OH - 4 STEP 1
PrOblEm
= 1.0 * 10 -14 State the given and needed
quantities.
sTep 2 Write the Kw for water and solve for the unknown 3H3O +4. STEP 2
Rearrange the ion product expression by dividing both sides by the 3OH - 4. Write the Kw for water and
Kw = 3H3O+ 4 3OH - 4 = 1.0 * 10 -14 solve for the unknown 3H3O+4
or 3OH 4 .
Kw 3H3O+ 4 3OH - 4
- = STEP 3
3OH 4 3OH - 4 Substitute the known 3H3O+4
1.0 * 10 -14 or 3OH 4 into the equation
3H3O+ 4 =
3OH - 4 and calculate.
sTep 3 Substitute the known 3OH - 4 into the equation and calculate.
1.0 * 10 -14
3H3O+ 4 = = 2.0 * 10 -3 M
35.0 * 10 -124
Because the 3H3O+ 4 of 2.0 * 10 -3 M is larger than the 3OH - 4 of
5.0 * 10 -12 M, the solution is acidic.
pH Value
1 M HCl solution 0.0
0
1
Gastric juice 1.6
Vinegar 2.8
Carbonated beverage 3.0
3
Orange 3.5
Acidic Apple juice 3.8
4 Tomato 4.2
Coffee 5.0
5
Bread 5.5
Potato 5.8
Urine 6.0
6
Milk 6.4
10
Milk of magnesia 10.5
Basic
Ammonia 11.0
11
Bleach 12.0
12
a. Place the pH values of the items on the list in order of most acidic to most basic.
b. Which item has the highest 3H3O+ 4?
Cranberry juice has a pH of 2.9.
soLuTion
a. The most acidic item is the one with the lowest pH, and the most basic is the item with the
highest pH: cranberry juice 12.92, pickles 13.52, root beer 15.82, glass cleaner 17.62,
kitchen cleaner 110.92.
b. The item with the highest 3H3O+ 4 would have the lowest pH value, which is cranberry
juice.
ph Calculation
The pH of a solution is calculated from the 3H3O+ 4 by using the log key and changing the
sign as shown in Sample Problem 10.8.
10.5 The pH Scale 341
h
h
h
Step 2 Enter the pH value into the inverse log equation and change the sign.
Procedure Calculator Display
8.25 +/ - 8.25
Press the 2nd function key and then the 10 x key. Or press the inverse key and
then the log key.
2nd 10x or inv log 5.623413252 - 09 or 5.623413252 - 09 or 5.623413252E - 09
Step 3 Adjust the SFs in the coefficient. Because the pH value of 8.25 has two digits on
the right of the decimal point, the 3H3O+ 4 is written with two significant figures.
3H3O+ 4 = 5.6 * 10 -9 M
Two SFs
100 0 10 -14
10 -1 1 10 -13
10 -2 2 10 -12
10 -3 3 10 -11
Acidic
10 -4 4 10 -10
10 -5 5 10 -9
10 -6 6 10 -8
10 -7 7 10 -7 Neutral
10 -8 8 10 -6
10 -9 9 10 -5
10 -10 10 10 -4 Basic
10 -11 11 10 -3
10 -12 12 10 -2
10 -13 13 10 -1
10 -14 14 100
10.40 Calculate the pH of each solution given the following 3H3O+ 4 10.42 Complete the following table:
or 3OH - 4 values:
acidic, Basic,
a. 3H3O+ 4 = 1 * 10 -6 M b. 3H3O+ 4 = 5 * 10 -6 M
- -2
3 h3o+ 4 3 oh 4 ph or neutral?
c. 3OH 4 = 4.0 * 10 M d. 3OH - 4 = 8.0 * 10 -3 M
+ -2
10.0
e. 3H3O 4 = 4.7 * 10 M f. 3OH - 4 = 3.9 * 10 -6 M
Neutral
10.41 Complete the following table:
-5
1 * 10 M
acidic, Basic,
-2
3 h3o+ 4 3 oh 4 ph or neutral? 1 * 10 M
1 * 10 M -6 11.3
3.0
-5
2 * 10 M
1 * 10 -12 M
4.62
Esophagus
Epithelial
Stomach cell
lining
Parietal
cell
Mucous
cell
Duodenum
Gastric
gland
Chief cell
Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete gastric acid HCl.
10.6 Reactions of Acids and Bases 345
Typical reactions of acids and bases include the reactions of acids with metals, bases, and Write balanced equations for reac-
carbonate or bicarbonate ions. For example, when you drop an antacid tablet in water, the tions of acids and bases; calculate
bicarbonate ion and citric acid in the tablet react to produce carbon dioxide bubbles, water, the molarity or volume of an acid
and a salt. A salt is an ionic compound that does not have H + as the cation or OH - as the from titration information.
anion.
soLuTion
Write the reactants and products. When a metal reacts with an acid, the products
are hydrogen gas and a salt. The unbalanced equation is written as
Magnesium reacts rapidly with acid
Al1s2 + HCl1aq2 h H21g2 + salt1aq2 and forms H2 gas and a salt of
Determine the formula of the salt. When Al1s2 reacts, it forms Al3+ , which is magnesium.
balanced by 3Cl- from HCl.
Al1s2 + HCl1aq2 h H21g2 + AlCl31aq2
balance the equation.
2Al1s2 + 6HCl1aq2 h 3H21g2 + 2AlCl31aq2
acid. We can write the following equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl
and NaOH:
HCl1aq2 + NaOH1aq2 h H2O1l2 + NaCl1aq2
Acid Base Water Salt
If we write the strong acid HCl and the strong base NaOH as ions, we see that H + reacts
with OH - to form water, leaving the ions Na + and Cl- in solution.
H +1aq2 + Cl- 1aq2 + Na+ 1aq2 + OH - 1aq2 h H2O1l2 + Na+ 1aq2 + Cl- 1aq2
If soil is too acidic, nutrients are not
absorbed by crops. Then lime When we omit the ions that do not change during the reaction 1Na + and Cl- 2, we see that
1CaCO32, which acts as a base, the net ionic equation for neutralization is the formation of H2O from H + and OH - .
may be added to increase the
soil pH.
H + 1aq2 + Cl- 1aq2 + Na + 1aq2 + OH - 1aq2 h H2O1l2 + Na + 1aq2 + Cl- 1aq2
H + 1aq2 + OH - 1aq2 h H2O1l2 Net ionic equation
In a neutralization reaction, one H + always combines with one OH - . Therefore, a
neutralization equation uses coefficients to balance H + in the acid with the OH - in the
base. Sample Problem 10.11 shows how to balance the equation for the neutralization of
HCl and Ba1OH22.
soLuTion
Guide to Balancing an
Equation for Neutralization sTep 1 Write the reactants and products.
STEP 1 HCl1aq2 + Ba1OH221s2 h H2O1l2 + salt
Write the reactants and
sTep 2 balance the H + in the acid with the OH in the base. Placing a coef-
products.
ficient of 2 in front of HCl provides 2H + for the 2OH - in Ba1OH22.
STEP 2 2HCl1aq2 + Ba1OH221s2 h H2O1l2 + salt
Balance the H+ in the acid with
the OH in the base. sTep 3 balance the H2O with the H + and the OH . Use a coefficient of 2 in
front of H2O to balance 2H + and 2OH - .
STEP 3
Balance the H2O with the H+ 2HCl1aq2 + Ba1OH221s2 h 2H2O1l2 + salt
and the OH .
sTep 4 Write the salt from the remaining ions. Use the ions Ba2+ and 2Cl - to
STEP 4 write the formula for the salt, BaCl2.
Write the salt from the 2HCl1aq2 + Ba1OH221s2 h 2H2O1l2 + BaCl21aq2
remaining ions.
sTudy CheCk 10.11
Write the balanced equation for the reaction between H2SO41aq2 and NaHCO31aq2.
1 mole
1 mole
1 mole
of HCl
of of
HClHCl
= 1= mole
=1 mole
1 mole
of NaOH
of of
NaOH
NaOH
1 mole
1 mole
1 mole
HClHClHCl 1 mole 1 mole
1 mole
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
andandand
1 mole
1 mole
1 mole
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH 1 mole 1 mole
1 mole
HClHClHCl
10.50 What is the molarity of the acetic acid solution if 29.7 mL of a 10.52 If 32.8 mL of a 0.162 M NaOH solution is required to titrate
0.205 M KOH solution is required to neutralize 25.0 mL of a 25.0 mL of a solution of H2SO4, what is the molarity of the
solution of HC2H3O2? H2SO4 solution?
HC2H3O21aq2 + KOH1aq2 h H2O1l2 + KC2H3O21aq2 H2SO41aq2 + 2NaOH1aq2 h 2H2O1l2 + Na 2SO41aq2
10.51 If 38.2 mL of a 0.163 M KOH solution is required to titrate
25.0 mL of a solution of H2SO4, what is the molarity of the
H2SO4 solution?
H2SO41aq2 + 2KOH1aq2 h 2H2O1l2 + K2SO41aq2
The pH of water and most solutions changes drastically when a small amount of acid or Describe the role of buffers in main-
base is added. However, when an acid or base is added to a buffer solution, there is little taining the pH of a solution.
change in pH. A buffer solution maintains pH by neutralizing small amounts of added
acid or base. For example, blood contains buffers that maintain a consistent pH of about
7.4. If the pH of the blood goes slightly above or below 7.4, changes in oxygen levels
and metabolic processes can be drastic enough to cause death. Even though we obtain
acids and bases from foods and cellular reactions, the buffers in the body absorb those
compounds so effectively that the pH of the blood remains essentially unchanged 1see
Figure 10.72.
H 2O
pH
pH
+
O
H3
Add
pH OH -
Buffer
pH
In a buffer, an acid must be present to react with any OH - that is added, and a base
must be available to react with any added H3O + . However, that acid and base must not
neutralize each other. Therefore, a combination of an acidbase conjugate pair is used to
prepare a buffer. Most buffer solutions consist of nearly equal concentrations of a weak
acid and a salt containing its conjugate base 1see Figure 10.82. Buffers may also contain a
weak base and a salt containing its conjugate acid.
350 ChapTer 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
HC2H3O2 C2H3O2-
HC2H3O2 C2H3O2-
C2H3O2- HC2H3O2
H 3O + OH -
Weak acid Conjugate base Weak acid Conjugate base Weak acid Conjugate base
Figure 10.8 N The buffer described here consists of about equal concentrations of ace-
tic acid 1HC2H3O22 and its conjugate base, acetate ion 1C2H3O2 - 2. Adding H3O + to the
buffer reacts with C2H3O2 - , whereas adding OH - neutralizes HC2H3O2. The pH of the
solution is maintained as long as the added amounts of acid or base are small compared
to the concentrations of the buffer components.
Q How does this acetic acidacetate ion buffer maintain pH?
For example, a typical buffer can be made from the weak acid, acetic acid 1HC2H3O22,
and its salt, sodium acetate 1NaC2H3O22. As a weak acid, acetic acid ionizes slightly in
water to form H3O + and a small amount of C2H3O2 -. The addition of its salt provides a
much larger concentration of the acetate ion 1C2H3O2-2, which is necessary for its buffer-
ing capability.
HC2H3O21aq2 + H2O1l2 h H3O+ 1aq2 + C2H3O2 - 1aq2
h
Large amount Large amount
We can now describe how this buffer solution maintains the 3H3O+ 4. When a small
amount of acid is added, it combines with the acetate ion, C2H3O2 - , causing the equilib-
rium to shift in the direction of HC2H3O2. There will be a slight decrease in 3C2H3O2- 4
and a slight increase in 3HC2H3O24; thus both 3H3O+ 4 and pH are maintained.
HC2H3O21aq2 + H2O1l2 H3O+ 1aq2 + C2H3O2- 1aq2
h
If a small amount of base is added to this buffer solution, it is neutralized by the acetic
acid, HC2H3O2. The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the products, water and C2H3O2 - .
The 3HC2H3O24 decreases slightly and the 3C2H3O2 - 4 increases slightly, but again the
3H3O+ 4 and the pH of the solution are maintained 1see Figure 10.82.
HC2H3O21aq2 + OH - 1aq2 h H2O1l2 + C2H3O2 - 1aq2
Equilibrium shifts in the
direction of the products
soLuTion
a. No. A buffer requires a weak acid and a salt containing its conjugate base.
b. No. A weak acid is part of a buffer, but the salt containing the conjugate base of the
weak acid is also needed.
c. Yes. This mixture would be a buffer since it contains a weak acid and a salt containing
its conjugate base.
ConCept Map
is a is a gives to form
Chapter review
10.1 acids and Bases NaOH1s2 In pure water, the molar concentrations of
learning goal Describe and H3O+ and OH - are each 1.0 * 10 -7 M.
H 3O + OH-
name acids and bases; identify The ion product constant for water,
BrnstedLowry acids and bases. Kw = 3H3O+ 4 3OH - 4 = 1.0 * 10 -14 at
- OH -
+ + - + 25 C.
An Arrhenius acid produces H + and -
+
+ Na+
In acidic solutions, the 3H3O+ 4 is greater than
+ -
an Arrhenius base produces OH - in + -
-
aqueous solutions.
-
+
-
-
+
Water the 3OH - 4.
3H3O+4 = 3OH-4
Acids taste sour, may sting, and NaOH1s2
HO
Na+1aq2 + OH -1aq2
2 In basic solutions, the 3OH - 4 is greater than
Neutral solution
neutralize bases. Ionic Dissociation Hydroxide the 3H3O+ 4.
compound ion
Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, and
neutralize acids. 10.5 The ph scale
Acids containing a simple anion use a hydro prefix, whereas acids learning goal
with oxygen-containing polyatomic anions are named as ic or ous Calculate the pH of a solution from
acids. 3H3O +4; given the pH, calculate 3H3O +4.
According to the BrnstedLowry theory, acids are H + donors and The pH scale is a range of numbers typi-
bases are H + acceptors. cally from 0 to 14, which represents the
A conjugate acidbase pair is related by the loss or gain of one H + . 3H3O+4 of the solution.
For example, when the acid HF donates H + , the F - is its conjugate A neutral solution has a pH of 7.0. In
base. The other acidbase pair would be H3O+ >H2O. acidic solutions, the pH is below 7.0; in basic solutions, the pH is
HF1aq2 + H2O1l2 h H3O+ 1aq2 + F - 1aq2
h
above 7.0.
Mathematically, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion
10.2 strengths of acids and Bases concentration, pH = - log3H3O+ 4.
learning goal Write equations for the
ionization of acids and bases. HC2H3O2
1M 10.6 reactions of acids and Bases
Strong acids ionize completely in water, and the learning goal Write balanced
H + is accepted by H2O acting as a base. equations for reactions of acids and
A weak acid ionizes slightly in water, producing bases; calculate the molarity or volume
only a small percentage of H3O+ . - of an acid from titration information.
Strong bases are hydroxides of Groups 1A 112 An acid reacts with a metal to produce
and 2A 122 that dissociate completely in water. +
hydrogen gas and a salt.
An important weak base is ammonia, NH3. The reaction of an acid with a carbonate
or bicarbonate produces carbon dioxide,
10.3 acidBase equilibrium water, and a salt.
learning goal Use the 3Reactants4 decrease
In neutralization, an acid reacts with a
Concentration 1mole>L2
Key Terms
acid A substance that dissolves in water and produces hydrogen ions equilibrium The point at which the rate of forward and reverse
1H + 2, according to the Arrhenius theory. All acids are hydrogen reactions are equal so that no further change in concentrations of
ion 1H + 2 donors, according to the BrnstedLowry theory. reactants and products takes place.
acidosis A physiological condition in which the blood pH is lower hydronium ion The ion formed by the attraction of H + to a H2O
than 7.35. molecule, written as H3O+ .
alkalosis A physiological condition in which the blood pH is higher ion product constant of water, K w The product of 3H3O+ 4 and
than 7.45. 3OH -4 in solution; Kw = 3H3O+43OH -4.
amphoteric Substances that can act as either an acid or a base in Le Chteliers principle When a stress is placed on a system at equi-
water. librium, the system shifts to relieve that stress.
base A substance that dissolves in water and produces hydroxide neutral The term that describes a solution with equal concentrations
ions 1OH - 2 according to the Arrhenius theory. All bases are of H3O+ and OH - .
hydrogen ion 1H + 2 acceptors, according to the BrnstedLowry neutralization A reaction between an acid and a base to form water
theory. and a salt.
BrnstedLowry acids and bases An acid is a hydrogen ion 1H + 2 ph A measure of the 3H3O+ 4 in a solution; pH = - log3H3O+ 4.
donor, and a base is a hydrogen ion 1H + 2 acceptor. strong acid An acid that completely ionizes in water.
buffer solution A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a strong base A base that completely dissociates in water.
weak base and its conjugate acid that maintains the pH by neu- titration The addition of base to an acid sample to determine the
tralizing added acid or base. concentration of the acid.
conjugate acidbase pair An acid and base that differ by one H + . weak acid An acid that is a poor donor of H + and ionizes only
When an acid donates a hydrogen ion 1H + 2, the product is its slightly in water.
conjugate base, which is capable of accepting a hydrogen ion weak base A base that is a poor acceptor of H + and ionizes only
1H + 2 in the reverse reaction. slightly in water.
Identifying Conjugate acidBase pairs 110.12 HSO4- 1aq2 + H2O1l2 h SO42- 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
According to the BrnstedLowry theory, a conjugate acidbase answer: HSO4- 1aq2 + H2O1l2 h SO42- 1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2
h
pair consists of molecules or ions related by the loss of one H + by Acid Base Conjugate base Conjugate acid
an acid, and the gain of one H + by a base.
Every acidbase reaction contains two conjugate acidbase pairs Conjugate acidbase pairs: HSO4- >SO42- , H3O+ >H2O
because an H + is transferred in both the forward and reverse directions.
When an acid such as HF loses one H + , the conjugate base F - is
formed. When H2O acts as a base, it gains an H + , which forms its
conjugate acid, H3O+ .
Understanding the Concepts 355
using Le Chteliers principle 110.32 Writing equations for reactions of acids and Bases
Le Chteliers principle states that when a system at equilibrium is 110.62
disturbed by changes in concentration, the system will shift in the Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas 1H22 and a
direction that will reduce that stress. salt.
H2S1aq2 + H2O1l2 h H O+ 1aq2 + HS- 1aq2
h
3 Mg1s2 + 2HCl1aq2 h H21g2 + MgCl21aq2
Metal Acid Hydrogen Salt
example: For each of the following changes at equilibrium, indicate
whether the system shifts in the direction of products or When an acid is added to a carbonate or bicarbonate, the products
reactants: are carbon dioxide gas, water, and a salt.
a. removing some H2S1aq2 2HCl1aq2 + Na 2CO31aq2 h CO21g2 + H2O1l2 + 2NaCl1aq2
b. adding some H3O+ 1aq2 Acid Carbonate Carbon Water Salt
dioxide
answer: a. Removing a reactant shifts the system in the direction of
the reactants. Neutralization is a reaction between a strong or a weak acid with a
b. Adding a product shifts the system in the direction of strong base to produce water and a salt.
the reactants. HCl1aq2 + NaOH1aq2 h H2O1l2 + NaCl1aq2
Acid Base Water Salt
Calculating 3 h3o+ 4 and 3 oh 4 in solutions 110.42
example: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of
For all aqueous solutions, the product of 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH - 4 is
equal to the ion product constant of water, Kw. ZnCO31s2 and hydrobromic acid HBr1aq2.
+
Kw = 3H3O 43OH 4 - answer: ZnCO31s2 + 2HBr1aq2 h CO21g2 + H2O1l2 + ZnBr21aq2
- +
Because pure water contains equal numbers of OH ions and H3O
Calculating Molarity or Volume of an acid or Base in a
ions each with molar concentrations of 1.0 * 10 -7 M, the numeri-
Titration 110.62
cal value of Kw is 1.0 * 10 -14 at 25 C.
In a titration, a measured volume of acid is neutralized by a basic
Kw = 3H3O+ 43OH - 4 = 31.0 * 10 -7431.0 * 10 -74
solution of known molarity.
= 1.0 * 10 -14 From the measured volume of the strong base solution required for
If we know the 3H3O+ 4 of a solution, we can use the Kw to calculate titration and its molarity, the number of moles of base, the moles of
the 3OH - 4. If we know the 3OH - 4 of a solution, we can calculate acid, and the concentration of the acid are calculated.
3H3O+4 using the Kw. example: A 15.0-mL 10.0150 L2 sample of an H2SO4 solution is
-
Kw +
Kw titrated with 24.0 mL of a 0.245 M NaOH solution. What is
3OH 4 = 3H3O 4 =
the molarity of the H2SO4 solution?
3H3O 4 +
3OH -4
H2SO41aq2 + 2NaOH1aq2 h 2H2O1l2 + Na 2SO41aq2
example: What is the 3OH - 4 in a solution that has
+
3H3O 4 = 2.4 * 10 -11
M? Is the solution acidic or basic? 1 L NaOH solution
answer: 24.0 mL NaOH solution *
1000 mL NaOH solution
answer: We solve the Kw expression for 3OH - 4 and substitute in the
0.245 mole NaOH 1 mole H2SO4
known values of Kw and 3H3O + 4. * * = 0.00294 mole of H2SO4
1 L NaOH solution 2 moles NaOH
Kw 1.0 * 10 -14
3OH -4 = + 3OH - 4 = = 4.2 * 10 -4 M 0.00294 mole H2SO4
3H3O 4 32.4 * 10-114 = 0.196 M H2SO4 solution
0.0150 L H2SO4 solution
-
Because the 3OH 4 is greater than the 3H3O + 4, this is a basic solution.
10.62 State whether each of the following solutions is acidic, basic, 10.65 Sometimes, during stress or trauma, a person can start to
or neutral: 110.52 hyperventilate. To avoid fainting, a person might breathe into a
a. saliva, pH 6.8 b. urine, pH 5.9 paper bag to avoid fainting. 110.72
c. pancreatic juice, pH 8.0 d. bile, pH 8.4 a. What changes occur in the blood pH during
e. blood, pH 7.45 hyperventilation?
10.63 Determine if each of the following diagrams represents a strong b. How does breathing into a paper bag help return blood pH
acid or a weak acid. The acid has the formula HX. 110.22 to normal?
HX HX
HX X - H 3O +
HX H 3O + X -
HX
H3O+ HX X- H O+
3
H 3O +
X- + X-
HX HX H 3O -
X
A B
10.64 Adding a few drops of a strong acid to water will lower the pH Breathing into a paper bag
appreciably. However, adding the same number of drops to a can help a person who is
buffer does not appreciably alter the pH. Explain. 110.72 hyperventilating.
pH = pH = pH = pH =
7.0 3.0 7.0 6.9
Water Buffer
c. HNO2 or HC2H3O2 d. H2O or HCO3- a. removing some HClO1aq2 b. adding some ClO- 1aq2
10.70 Using Table 10.3, identify the weaker acid in each of the fol- c. removing some H3O+ 1aq2 d. adding some HClO1aq2
lowing pairs: 110.22 10.73 Determine the pH for the following solutions: 110.52
a. HNO2 or H2CO3 b. HF or HCO3- a. 3H3O+ 4 = 1.0 * 10 -8 M
-
c. HBr or HSO4 d. NH4+ or H3PO4 b. 3H3O+ 4 = 5.0 * 10 -2 M
c. 3OH - 4 = 3.5 * 10 -4 M
d. 3OH - 4 = 0.005 M
Challenge Questions 357
10.74 Determine the pH for the following solutions: 110.52 10.81 A buffer is made by dissolving H3PO4 and NaH2PO4 in water.
a. 3OH - 4 = 1.0 * 10 -7 M 110.72
b. 3H3O+ 4 = 4.2 * 10 -3 M a. Write an equation that shows how this buffer neutralizes
added acid.
c. 3H3O+ 4 = 0.0001 M
b. Write an equation that shows how this buffer neutralizes
d. 3OH - 4 = 8.5 * 10 -9 M added base.
10.75 Identify each of the solutions in problem 10.73 as acidic, basic, 10.82 A buffer is made by dissolving HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2 in
or neutral. 110.52 water. 110.72
10.76 Identify each of the solutions in problem 10.74 as acidic, basic, a. Write an equation that shows how this buffer neutralizes
or neutral. 110.52 added acid.
10.77 Calculate the 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH - 4 for a solution with the b. Write an equation that shows how this buffer neutralizes
following pH values: 110.52 added base.
a. 3.0 b. 6.00 c. 8.0 10.83 Calculate the volume, in milliliters, of a 0.150 M NaOH solution
d. 11.0 e. 9.20 needed to neutralize each of the following: 110.62
10.78 Calculate the 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH - 4 for a solution with the a. 25.0 mL of a 0.288 M HCl solution
following pH values: 110.52 b. 10.0 mL of a 0.560 M H2SO4 solution
a. 10.0 b. 5.0 c. 7.00 c. 5.00 mL of a 0.618 M HBr solution
d. 6.5 e. 1.82 10.84 Calculate the volume, in milliliters, of a 0.215 M KOH solution
10.79 Solution A has a pH of 4.0, and solution B has a pH of 6.0. needed to neutralize each of the following: 110.62
110.52 a. 2.50 mL of a 0.825 M H2SO4 solution
a. Which solution is more acidic? b. 18.5 mL of a 0.560 M HNO3 solution
b. What is the 3H3O+ 4 in each? c. 5.00 mL of a 3.18 M HCl solution
c. What is the 3OH - 4 in each? 10.85 A 0.205 M NaOH solution is used to titrate 20.0 mL of a
10.80 Solution X has a pH of 9.0, and solution Y has a pH of 7.0. solution of H2SO4. If 45.6 mL of the NaOH solution is
110.52 required, what is the molarity of the H2SO4 solution? 110.62
a. Which solution is more acidic? H2SO41aq2 + 2NaOH1aq2 h 2H2O1l2 + Na 2SO41aq2
b. What is the 3H3O+ 4 in each? 10.86 A 10.0-mL sample of vinegar, which is an aqueous solution of
c. What is the 3OH - 4 in each? acetic acid, HC2H3O2, requires 16.5 mL of a 0.500 M NaOH
solution to reach the endpoint in a titration. What is the molar-
ity of the acetic acid solution? 110.62
HC2H3O21aq2 + NaOH1aq2 h H2O1l2 + NaC2H3O21aq2
Challenge QueStionS
The following groups of questions are related to the topics in this 10.92 Complete and balance each of the following: 110.62
chapter. However, they do not all follow the chapter order, and they a. H3PO41aq2 + Ca1OH221s2 h
require you to combine concepts and skills from several sections. These b. KHCO31s2 + HNO31aq2 h
questions will help you increase your critical thinking skills and prepare 10.93 Determine each of the following for a 0.050 M KOH solution:
for your next exam. 110.5, 10.62
a. 3H3O+ 4
10.87 For each of the following: 110.22
b. pH
1. H2S 2. H3PO4
c. the balanced chemical equation for the reaction with H2SO4
a. Write the formula for the conjugate base.
d. milliliters of the KOH solution required to neutralize
b. Which is the weaker acid 11 or 22?
40.0mL of a 0.035 M H2SO4 solution
10.88 For each of the following: 110.22
10.94 Determine each of the following for a 0.100 M HBr solution:
1. HCO -3 2. H2O
110.5, 10.62
a. Write the formula for the conjugate base.
a. 3H3O+ 4
b. Which is the weaker acid 11 or 22?
b. pH
10.89 Identify the conjugate acidbase pairs in each of the following c. the balanced chemical equation for the reaction with LiOH
equations: 110.12 d. milliliters of the HBr solution required to neutralize
a. NH31aq2 + HNO31aq2 h NH + -
4 1aq2 + NO3 1aq2 36.0mL of a 0.250 M LiOH solution
+ -
b. H2O1l2 + HBr1aq2 h H3O 1aq2 + Br 1aq2
10.95 A 0.204 M NaOH solution is used to titrate 50.0 mL of an
10.90 Identify the conjugate acidbase pairs in each of the following H3PO4 solution. 110.62
equations: 110.12 a. Write the balanced chemical equation.
a. HNO21aq2 + HS- 1aq2 h NO2 - 1aq2 + H2S1g2
h
b. What is the molarity of the H3PO4 solution if 16.4 mL of
b. HCl1aq2 + OH - 1aq2 h Cl - 1aq2 + H2O1l2 the NaOH solution is required?
10.91 Complete and balance each of the following: 110.62 10.96 A 0.312 M KOH solution is used to titrate 15.0 mL of an
a. ZnCO31s2 + H2SO41aq2 h H2SO4 solution. 110.62
b. Al1s2 + HCl1aq2 h a. Write the balanced chemical equation.
b. What is the molarity of the H2SO4 solution if 28.2 mL of
the KOH solution is required?
358 ChapTer 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium
10.97 Calculate the volume, in milliliters, of a 0.250 M LiOH a. What are the 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH - 4 of Little Echo Pond?
solution that will completely neutralize each of the following: b. What are the 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH - 4 of a lake that has a pH
110.62 of 6.5?
a. 38.5 mL of a 0.150 M H3PO4 solution c. One way to raise the pH 1and restore aquatic life2 is to
b. 15.0 mL of a 0.420 M H2SO4 solution add limestone 1CaCO32. How many grams of CaCO3 are
10.98 Calculate the volume, in milliliters, of a 0.215 M NaOH needed to neutralize 1.0 kL of the acidic water from Little
solution that will completely neutralize each of the following: Echo Pond if the acid is sulfuric acid?
110.62 H2SO41aq2 + CaCO31s2 h CO21g2 + H2O1l2 + CaSO41aq2
a. 3.80 mL of a 1.25 M HNO3 solution
10.100 The daily output of stomach acid 1gastric juice2 is 1000 mL
b. 8.50 mL of a 0.825 M H3PO4 solution
to 2000 mL. Prior to a meal, stomach acid 1HCl2 typically
10.99 One of the most acidic lakes in the United States is Little has a pH of 1.42. 110.5, 10.62
Echo Pond in the Adirondacks in New York. Recently, this a. What is the 3H3O+ 4 of stomach acid?
lake had a pH of 4.2, well below the recommended pH of 6.5. b. One chewable tablet of the antacid Maalox contains
110.5, 10.62 600. mg of CaCO3. Write the neutralization equation,
and calculate the milliliters of stomach acid neutralized
by two tablets of Maalox.
c. The antacid milk of magnesia contains 400. mg of
Mg1OH22 per teaspoon. Write the neutralization equation,
and calculate the number of milliliters of stomach acid
neutralized by one tablespoon of milk of magnesia
1one tablespoon = three teaspoons2.
A helicopter drops
calcium carbonate
on an acidic lake to
increase its pH.
anSwerS
answers to study Checks 10.3 a. hydrochloric acid b. calcium hydroxide
H 2O c. carbonic acid d. nitric acid
10.1 LiOH1s2 h Li + 1aq2 + OH - 1aq2 e. sulfurous acid f. bromous acid
10.2 HNO31aq2 + H2O1l2 h H3O+ 1aq2 + NO3 - 1aq2 10.5 a. Mg1OH22 b. HF
10.3 The conjugate acidbase pairs are HCN>CN - and c. H3PO4 d. LiOH
HSO4- >SO42- . e. NH4OH f. H2SO4
10.4 The double arrow indicates that the reaction is reversible and 10.7 a. HI is the acid 1H + donor2 and H2O is the base 1H + acceptor2.
that at equilibrium the rates of forward and reverse reactions b. H2O is the acid 1H + donor2 and F - is the base 1H + acceptor2.
are equal. 10.9 a. F - b. OH -
10.5 Removing H2CO3 causes the equilibrium to shift in the direc- c. HCO3- d. SO42-
tion of the reactants. 10.11 a. HCO3- b. H3O+
+
10.6 3H3O 4 = 2.5 * 10 -11
M, basic c. H3PO4 d. HBr
10.7 kitchen cleaner 10.13 a. The conjugate acidbase pairs are H2CO3 >HCO3- and
10.8 11.38 H3O+>H2O.
b. The conjugate acidbase pairs are NH 4 +>NH3 and
10.9 3H3O+ 4 = 3 * 10 -5 M H3O +>H2O.
10.10 Ca1s2 + 2HBr1aq2 h H21g2 + CaBr21aq2 c. The conjugate acidbase pairs are HCN>CN - and
10.11 H2SO41aq2 + 2NaHCO31s2 h HNO2 >NO2- .
2CO21g2 + 2H2O1l2 + Na 2SO41aq2 10.15 a. HBr b. HSO4- c. H2CO3
-
10.17 a. HSO4 b. HNO2 c. HCO3 -
10.12 0.200 M HCl solution
10.19 A reversible reaction is one in which a forward reaction con-
10.13 1. the salt
verts reactants to products, whereas a reverse reaction converts
answers to selected Questions and problems products to reactants.
10.21 a. not at equilibrium b. at equilibrium
10.1 a. acid b. acid c. acid
c. at equilibrium
d. base e. both
Answers 359
10.23 a. Equilibrium shifts in the direction of the reactants. 10.63 a. weak acid b. strong acid
b. Equilibrium shifts in the direction of the reactants. 10.65 a. Hyperventilation will lower the CO2 level in the blood,
c. Equilibrium shifts in the direction of the products. which lowers the 3H2CO34, which decreases the 3H3O+ 4
d. Equilibrium shifts in the direction of the products. and increases the blood pH.
10.25 In pure water, 3H3O+ 4 = 3OH - 4 because one of each is pro- b. Breathing into a bag increases the CO2 level, increases the
duced every time an H + transfers from one water molecule to 3H2CO34, and increases the 3H3O+4, which lowers the blood
another. pH.
10.27 In an acidic solution, the 3H3O +4 is greater than the 3OH - 4. 10.67 a. base, lithium hydroxide b. salt, calcium nitrate
10.29 a. acidic b. basic c. acid, hydrobromic acid d. base, barium hydroxide
c. basic d. acidic e. acid, carbonic acid
10.31 a. 1.0 * 10 -3 M b. 5.0 * 10 -6 M 10.69 a. HF b. H3O +
c. 1.8 * 10 -12 M d. 4.0 * 10 -13 M c. HNO2 d. HCO3-
10.33 a. 1.0 * 10 -9 M b. 1.0 * 10 -6 M 10.71 a. System shifts in the direction of the products.
c. 2.0 * 10 -5 M d. 4.0 * 10 -13 M b. System shifts in the direction of the products.
c. System shifts in the direction of the reactants.
10.35 In a neutral solution, the 3H3O + 4 is 1 * 10 -7 M and the pH is
d. System shifts in the direction of the reactants.
7.0, which is the negative value of the power of 10.
10.73 a. 8.00 b. 1.30
10.37 a. basic b. acidic c. basic
c. 10.54 d. 11.7
d. acidic e. acidic f. basic
10.75 a. basic b. acidic
10.39 a. 4.0 b. 8.5 c. 9.0
c. basic d. basic
d. 3.40 e. 7.17 f. 10.92
10.77 a. 3H3O+4 = 1 * 10 -3 M, 3OH - 4 = 1 * 10 -11 M
10.41
acidic, Basic, b. 3H3O+4 = 1.0 * 10 -6 M, 3OH - 4 = 1.0 * 10 -8 M
3 h3o+ 4 3 oh 4 ph or neutral? c. 3H3O+4 = 1 * 10 -8 M, 3OH - 4 = 1 * 10 -6 M
-8
1 * 10 M 1 * 10 -6 M 8.0 Basic d. 3H3O+4 = 1 * 10 -11 M, 3OH - 4 = 1 * 10 -3 M
1 * 10 M -3
1 * 10 -11
M 3.0 Acidic e. 3H3O+4 = 6.3 * 10 -10 M, 3OH - 4 = 1.6 * 10 -5 M
-5 -10 4.7 Acidic 10.79 a. Solution A with a pH of 4.0 is more acidic than solution B.
2 * 10 M 5 * 10 M
b. Solution A: 3H3O+ 4 = 1 * 10 -4 M,
1 * 10 -12 M 1 * 10 -2 M 12.0 Basic Solution B: 3H3O+ 4 = 1 * 10 -6 M
2.4 * 10 M -5
4.2 * 10 -10
M 4.62 Acidic c. Solution A: 3OH - 4 = 1 * 10 -10 M,
Solution B: 3OH - 4 = 1 * 10 -8 M
10.43 a. ZnCO31s2 + 2HBr1aq2 h 10.81 a. Acid added:
CO21g2 + H2O1l2 + ZnBr21aq2 H2PO4-1aq2 + H3O+ 1aq2 h H2O1l2 + H3PO41aq2
b. Zn1s2 + 2HCl1aq2 h H21g2 + ZnCl21aq2 b. Base added:
c. HCl1g2 + NaHCO31s2 h H3PO41aq2 + OH - 1aq2 h H2O1l2 + H2PO4- 1aq2
CO21g2 + H2O1l2 + NaCl1aq2
d. H2SO41aq2 + Mg1OH221s2 h 2H2O1l2 + MgSO41aq2 10.83 a. 48.0 mL
b. 74.7 mL
10.45 a. 2HCl1aq2 + Mg1OH221s2 h 2H2O1l2 + MgCl21aq2 c. 20.6 mL
b. H3PO41aq2 + 3LiOH1aq2 h 3H2O1l2 + Li3PO41aq2
10.85 0.234 M H2SO4 solution
10.47 a. H2SO41aq2 + 2NaOH1aq2 h 2H2O1l2 + Na 2SO41aq2
b. 3HCl1aq2 + Fe1OH231aq2 h 3H2O1l2 + FeCl31aq2 10.87 a. 1. HS- 2. H2PO4 -
10.49 0.830 M HCl solution 10.89 a. NH4+ >NH3 and HNO3 >NO3-
b. H3O+ >H2O and HBr>Br -
10.51 0.124 M H2SO4 solution
10.91 a. ZnCO31s2 + H2SO41aq2 h
10.53 b and c are buffer systems; b contains the weak acid H2CO3 and CO21g2 + H2O1l2 + ZnSO41aq2
its salt NaHCO3; c contains HF, a weak acid, and its salt KF. b. 2Al1s2 + 6HCl1aq2 h 3H21g2 + 2AlCl31aq2
10.55 a. 3 b. 1 and 2 10.93 a. 2.0 * 10 -13 M
c. 3 d. 1 b. 12.70
10.57 a. acid b. base c. H2SO41aq2 + 2KOH1aq2 h 2H2O1l2 + K2SO41aq2
c. base d. acid d. 56 mL
10.59 10.95 a. H3PO41aq2 + 3NaOH1aq2 h 3H2O1l2 + Na 3PO41aq2
acid Conjugate Base
-
b. 0.0224 M H3PO4 solution
H2O OH
10.97 a. 69.3 mL of a LiOH solution
HCN CN - b. 50.4 mL of a LiOH solution
HNO2 NO2 -