Tuberiaanvil PDF

Pipe Fitter Handbook
Another Anvil Advantage

Mini-catalog
Installation Procedures
Technical Data
Copyright 2001 by Anvil International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced
in any form by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information
retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of Anvil International, Inc.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
MINI CATALOG ............................................... 3 - 103

INSTALLATION ............................................. 104 - 125
TECHNICAL INFORMATION ................................... 126 - 187
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................. 128 - 129
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS ......................................... 130
DECIMAL DEGREE EQUIVALENTS OF MINUTES ................................ 130
STANDARD PIPE DATA ............................................................. 131
BARLOWS FORMULA ............................................................... 131
COMMERCIAL PIPE SIZES AND WALL THICKNESSES ................ 132 - 133
WELD FITTING 90 ELBOW, 180 RETURN, 45 ELBOW ................ 134
WELD FITTING TEE, CAP, CROSS, STUB END ................................ 135
WELD FITTING REDUCERS AND REDUCING OUTLET TEES .................. 136
WELD FITTINGWELDING NECK FLANGES ....................................... 137
SLIP-ON, THREADED AND SOCKET FLANGES .................................. 138
LAP JOINT FLANGES ............................................................... 139
BLIND FLANGES ..................................................................... 140
BOLTING DIMENSIONS FOR 150 TO 300 LB. STEEL FLANGE ............. 141
BOLTING DIMENSIONS FOR 400 LB./600LB. STEEL FLANGE ........... 142
STANDARD CAST IRON COMPANION FLANGES AND BOLTS ................. 143
EXTRA HEAVY CAST IRON COMPANION FLANGES AND BOLTS ............. 143
ASTM CARBON STEEL PIPE AND FLANGE SPECIFICATIONS ...... 144 - 145
HOW TO CUT ODD-ANGLE ELBOWS ................................... 146 - 147
ALIGNMENT OF PIPE ....................................................... 148 - 149
DRILL SIZES FOR PIPE TAPES ................................................... 150
TAP AND DRILL SIZES (AMERICAN STANDARD COARSE) .................... 150
PIPE AND WATER WEIGHT/FOOT ............................................... 151
WEIGHT/FOOT - SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE .................... 151
WATER PRESSURE TO FEET HEAD .............................................. 152
FEET HEAD TO WATER PRESSURE .............................................. 152
BOILING POINTS OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES ..................... 153
FLOW CONVERSION CHART ....................................................... 154
FLOW CONVERSION CHART ....................................................... 155
126
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
TECHNICAL INFORMATION (CONTINUED) ...................... 126 - 187

HEAT LOSSES FROM HORIZONTAL BARE STEEL PIPE ................................... 156
TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPING MATERIAL ...................................... 156
WEIGHTS OF METALS .......................................................................... 157
COLORS AND APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE FOR CARBON STEEL .................... 157
MELTING POINT OF METALS .................................................................. 158
SPCIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES ................................................................. 159
SPCIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS ............................................................... 159
TYPCIAL BTU VALUES OF FUELS ........................................................... 159
USEFUL DEFINITIONS .................................................................. 160 - 161
UNIT CONVERSIONS ................................................................... 162 - 163
GEOMETRY FORMULAS ................................................................ 164 - 165
SPRINKLER SYSTEM FORMULAS .................................................... 166 - 167
STANDARD CONVERSIONS ..................................................................... 168
HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS ......................................................... 169
COATED ARC WELDING ELECTRODES - TYPES & STYLES ............................. 170
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF E60 & E70 SERIES ELECTRODES ........................ 171
TROUBLE SHOOTING ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT ................................ 172 - 174
BASIC ARC AND GAS WELDING SYMBOLS ............................................... 175
SYMBOLS FOR PIPE FITTINGS ....................................................... 176 - 180
WIRE ROPE ............................................................................. 181 - 183
ANVIL DESIGN SERVICES ................................... 184 - 185
127
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations conform to the practice of the American Standard
Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms, ASA Z10.1
abs ............................................................................................. Absolute

AGA ................................................................. American Gas Association
AISI ...................................................... American Iron and Steel Institute
Amer Std .................................................................... American Standard
API ............................................................ American Petroleum Institute
ASA ...................................................... American Standards Association
Ashve ................ American Society of Heating and Ventilation Engineers
ASME ................................... American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM .......................................... American Society for Testing Materials
AWWA .............................................. American Water Works Association
B & S .................................. Bell and spigiot or Brown & Sharpe (gauge)
bbl ................................................................................................... Barrel
Btu ......................................................................... British thermal unit(s)
C .............................................................................................. Centigrade
cfm ......................................................................... Cubic feet per minute
cfs .......................................................................... Cubic feet per second
CI ................................................................................................ Cast iron
CS .............................................................................................. Cast steel
Comp ...................................................................................... Companion
C to F .................................................................................. Center to face
C .............................................................................. Degrees Centigrade
F ................................................................................ Degrees Fahrenheit
diam ........................................................................................... Diameter
dwg ............................................................................................. Drawing
ex-hy ...................................................................................... Extra-heavy
F & D ............................................................................. Faced and drilled
F ............................................................................................... Fahrenheit
F to F ..................................................................................... Face to face
flg .................................................................................. Flange or flanges
flgd ............................................................................................... Flanged
g ........................................................................................ Gage or gauge
128
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
hex ........................................................................................... Hexagonal

hg ................................................................................................ mercury
IBBM ............................................. Iron body bronze (or brass) mounted
ID ..................................................................................... Inside diameter
kw ............................................................................................ Kilowatt(s)
MI ....................................................................................... Malleable iron
max ........................................................................................... Maximum
min ............................................................................................ Minimum
mtd ............................................................................................. Mounted
MSS ............................................. Manufactures Standardization Society
(of Value and Fittings Industry)
NEWWA ...................................... New England Water Works Association
NPS .......................... Nominal pipe size (formerly IPS for iron pipe size)
OD ................................................................................. Outside diameter
OS&Y ................................................................. Outside screw and yoke
OWG ................................................................ Oil, water, gas (see WOG)
psig ........................................................... Pounds per square inch, gage
red ............................................................................................. Reducing
sch or sched .............................................................................. Schedule
scd .............................................................................................. Screwed
SF ......................................................................................... Semifinished
Spec ..................................................................................... Specification
SSP ..................................................................... Steam service pressure
SSU ................................................................ Seconds Saybolt Universal
Std .............................................................................................. Standard
Trans .................................................................................... Transactions
WOG ................................................................ Water, oil, gas (see OWG)
WWP .................................................................. Working water pressure
XS .......................................................................................... Extra strong
XXS ........................................................................... Double extra strong
129
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS
164 ........................................... 0.015625 3364 ......................................... 0.515625
132 ................................ 0.03125 1732 .............................. 0.53125
364 ........................................... 0.046875 3564 ......................................... 0.546875
116 ..................... 0.0625 916 ..................... 0.5625
564 ........................................... 0.078125 3764 ......................................... 0.578125
332 ................................ 0.09375 1932 .............................. 0.59375
764 ........................................... 0.109375 3964 ......................................... 0.609375
18 ............ 0.125 58 ............ 0.625
964 ........................................... 0.140625 4164 ......................................... 0.640625
532 ................................ 0.15625 2132 .............................. 0.65625
1164 ......................................... 0.171875 4364 ......................................... 0.671875
316 ..................... 0.1875 1116 ................... 0.6875
1364 ......................................... 0.203125 4564 ......................................... 0.703125
732 ................................ 0.21875 2332 .............................. 0.71875
1564 ......................................... 0.234375 4764 ......................................... 0.734375
14 ............ 0.25 34 ............ 0.75
1764 ......................................... 0.265625 4964 ......................................... 0.765625
932 ................................ 0.28125 2532 .............................. 0.78125
1964 ......................................... 0.296875 5164 ......................................... 0.796875
516 ..................... 0.3125 1316 ................... 0.8125
2164 ......................................... 0.328125 5364 ......................................... 0.828125
1132 .............................. 0.34375 2732 .............................. 0.84375
2364 ......................................... 0.359375 5564 ......................................... 0.859375
38 ............ 0.375 78 ............ 0.875
2564 ......................................... 0.390625 5764 ......................................... 0.890625
1332 .............................. 0.40625 2932 .............................. 0.90625
2764 ......................................... 0.421875 5964 ......................................... 0.921875
716 ..................... 0.4375 1516 ................... 0.9375
2964 ......................................... 0.453125 6164 ......................................... 0.953125
1532 .............................. 0.46875 3132 .............................. 0.96875
3164 ......................................... 0.484375 6364 .........................................
0.984375
12 ............ 0.5 1 ......... 1
DECIMAL DEGREE EQUIVALENTS OF MINUTES
MIN. DEG. MIN. DEG. MIN. DEG. MIN. DEG.
1 ... 0.0167 16 . 0.2667 31 . 0.5167 46 . 0.7667
2 ... 0.0333 17 . 0.2833 32 . 0.5333 47 . 0.7833
3 ... 0.0500 18 . 0.3000 33 . 0.5500 48 . 0.8000
4 ... 0.0667 19 . 0.3167 34 . 0.5667 49 . 0.8167
5 ... 0.0833 20 . 0.3333 35 . 0.5833 50 . 0.8333
6 ... 0.1000 21 . 0.3500 36 . 0.6000 51 . 0.8500
7 ... 0.1167 22 . 0.3667 37 . 0.6167 52 . 0.8667
8 ... 0.1333 23 . 0.3833 38 . 0.6333 53 . 0.8833
9 ... 0.1500 24 . 0.4000 39 . 0.6500 54 . 0.9000
10 . 0.1667 25 . 0.4167 40 . 0.6667 55 . 0.9167
11 . 0.1833 26 . 0.4333 41 . 0.6833 56 . 0.9333
12 . 0.2000 27 . 0.4500 42 . 0.7000 57 . 0.9500
13 . 0.2167 28 . 0.4667 43 . 0.7167 58 . 0.9667
14 . 0.2333 29 . 0.4833 44 . 0.7333 59 . 0.9833
15 . 0.2500 30 . 0.5000 45 . 0.7500 60 . 1.0000
130
STANDARD PIPE DATA
NOM. ACTUAL ACTUAL LENGTH GALLONS
PIPE INSIDE OUTSIDE CONTAINING PER
DIA. DIA. DIA. WT./FT. ONE CU. FT. LINEAL FT.
INCHES INCHES INCHES POUNDS FEET GALLONS
18 0.269 0.405 0.244 2,526.000 0.0030
14 0.364 0.540 0.424 1,383.800 0.0054
38 0.493 0.675 0.567 754.360 0.0099
12 0.622 0.840 0.850 473.910 0.0158
34 0.824 1.050 1.130 270.030 0.0277
1 1.049 1.315 1.678 166.620 0.0449
1 14 1.380 1.660 2.272 96.275 0.0777
1 12 1.610 1.900 2.717 70.733 0.1058
2 2.067 2.375 3.652 49.913 0.1743
2 12 2.469 2.875 5.793 30.077 0.2487
3 3.068 3.500 7.575 19.479 0.3840
3 12 3.548 4.000 9.109 14.565 0.5136
4 4.026 4.500 10.790 11.312 0.6613
4 12 4.560 5.000 12.538 9.030 0.8284
5 5.047 5.563 14.617 7.198 1.0393
6 6.065 6.625 18.974 4.984 1.5008
8 7.981 8.625 28.554 2.878 2.5988
10 10.020 10.750 40.483 1.826 4.0963
BARLOWS FORMULA
Barlows Formula is a safe, easy method for finding the relationship

between internal fluid pressure and stress in the pipe wall. The formula
predicts bursting pressures that have been found to be safely within the
actual test bursting pressures.
It is interesting to note that the formula uses the Outside Diameter of
pipe and is sometimes referred to as the Outside Diameter Formula.
P = (2 t S) / D
Where:
P = internal units pressure, in psi
S = unit stress, in psi
D = outside diameter of pipe, in inches
t = wall thickness, in inches
131
COMMERCIAL PIPE SIZES AND WALL THICKNESSES
This table lists standard pipe sizes and wall thicknesses, or specifically:
1. Traditional standard weight, extra strong and durable extra strong pipe.
2. Pipe wall thickness in American Standard B36.10 for carbon steel.
3. Pipe wall thickness in ASTM Specification A409 and American Standard
B36.19 and applicable only to corrosion resistant materials.
Note: All dimensions in inches and thicknesses are nominal or average
wall thickness. Actual thickness may be as much as 12.5% under
nominal due to mill tolerance.
NOM. NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS FOR
PIPE OUTSIDE SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH
SIZE DIA. 5S* 10S* 10 20 30 STD.
18 0.405 0.049 0.068
14 0.540 0.650 0.088
38 0.675 0.065 0.091
12 0.840 0.065 0.083 0.109
34 1.050 0.065 0.083 0.113
1 1.315 0.065 0.109 0.133
114 1.660 0.065 0.109 0.140
112 1.900 0.065 0.109 0.145
2 2.375 0.065 0.109 0.540
212 2.875 0.083 0.120 0.203
3 3.500 0.083 0.120 0.216
312 4.000 0.083 0.120 0.226
4 4.500 0.083 0.120 0.237
5 5.563 0.109 0.134 0.258
6 6.625 0.109 0.134 0.280
8 8.625 0.109 0.148 0.250 0.277 0.322
10 10.750 0.134 0.165 0.250 0.307 0.365
12 12.750 0.156 0.180 0.250 0.330 0.375
14 O.D. 14.000 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375
16 O.D. 16.000 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375
18 O.D. 18.000 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.438 0.375
20 O.D. 20.000 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375
22 O.D. 22.000 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375
24 O.D. 24.000 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375
26 O.D. 26.000 0.312 0.500 0.375
28 O.D. 28.000 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375
30 O.D. 30.000 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375
32 O.D. 32.000 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375
34 O.D. 34.000 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375
36 O.D. 36.000 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375
42 O.D. 42.000 0.375
132

Note: Thicknesses shown in light face for Schedule 60 and heavier pipe
are not currently supplied by the mills unless a certain minimum
tonnage is ordered.
*Schedule 5S and 10S are available in corrosion resistant material and
Schedule 10S is available in carbon steel in sizes up to 12"
Thickness shown in italics are available in stainless steel as Sch. 40S
Thickness shown in italics are available in stainless stell as Sch. 80S
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS FOR

SCH SCH EXTRA SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH. XX
40 60 STRONG 80 100 120 140 160 STRONG
0.068 0.095 0.095
0.088 0.119 0.119
0.091 0.126 0.126
0.109 0.147 0.147 0.188 0.294
0.113 0.154 0.154 0.219 0.308
0.133 0.179 0.179 0.250 0.358
0.140 0.191 0.191 0.250 0.382
0.145 0.200 0.200 0.281 0.400
0.540 0.218 0.218 0.344 0.436
0.203 0.276 0.276 0.375 0.552
0.216 0.300 0.300 0.438 0.600
0.226 0.318 0.318
0.237 0.337 0.337 0.438 0.531 0.674
0.258 0.375 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750
0.280 0.432 0.432 0.562 0.719 0.864
0.322 0.406 0.500 0.500 0.594 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875
0.365 0.500 0.500 0.594 0.719 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.000
0.406 0.562 0.500 0.688 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.312 1.000
0.438 0.594 0.500 0.750 0.938 1.094 1.250 1.406
0.500 0.656 0.500 0.844 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594
0.562 0.750 0.500 0.938 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781
0.594 0.812 0.500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.969
0.875 0.500 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.125
0.688 0.969 0.500 1.218 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.344
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.688 0.500
0.688 0.500
0.750 0.500
0.500
133
WELD FITTING 90 ELBOW, 180 RETURN, 45 ELBOW
O.D. B
O.D.
O.D.
K
B
T A T A A T
NOM. 90 ELBOWS 180 RETURNS 45

PIPE LONG R SHORT R LONG R SHORT R ELBOW
SIZE A A K K B
12 112 17 8 58
34 118 11116 716
1 112 1 2316 158 78
114 178 1 14 23 4 2116 1

112 114 1 12 31 4 2716 1 18
2 3 2 4316 3316 1 38
212 334 2 12 5316 31516 1 34
3 412 3 61 4 434 2
312 514 3 12 71 4 512 2 14
4 6 4 81 4 614 2 12
5 712 5 10516 734 3 18
6 9 6 12516 9516 3 34
8 12 8 16516 12516 5
10 15 10 2038 1538 6 14
12 18 12 2438 1838 7 12
14 21 14 28 21 8 34
16 24 16 32 24 10
18 27 18 36 27 1114
20 30 20 40 30 1212
22 33 44 1312
24 36 24 48 36 15
26 39 52 16
30 45 30 60 45 1812
34 51 21
36 54 36 54 2214
42 63 48 26
*Dimensions apply to STD and XS only.
134
WELD FITTING TEE, CAP, CROSS, STUB END
T
T
O.D.
I.D. T
I.D. O.D.
O.D. E
C C T
C F
NOM.
PIPE TEES CAPS CROSSES STUB ENDS
SIZE C E C F G
12 1 1 3 138
34 11 8 1 3 11116
1 11 2 112 4 2
11 4 17 8 112 1 78 4 212
11 2 21 4 112 2 14 4 278
2 21 2 112* 2 12 6 358
21 2 3 112* 3 6 414
3 33 8 2* 3 38 6 5
31 2 33 4 212* 3 34 6 512
4 41 8 212* 4 18 6 6316
5 47 8 3* 4 78 8 7516
6 55 8 312* 5 58 8 812
8 7 4* 7 8 1058
10 81 2 5* 8 12 10 1234
12 10 6* 10 10 15
14 11 612* 11 12 1614
16 12 7* 12 12 1812
18 1312 8* 1312 12 21
20 15 9* 15 12 23
22 1612 10 1612
24 17 1012 17 12 2714
26 1912 1012
30 22 1012
34 25 1012
36 2612 1012
42 12
*Dimensions apply to STD and XS only.
135
WELD FITTING REDUCERS AND REDUCING OUTLET TEES
H H H H
H: Concentric and Eccentric Reducers C, M: Reducing Outlet Tees

NOM. PIPE NOM. PIPE
SIZE H C M SIZE H C M
12 X 14 1 1 4 X 11 2 4 4 18 3 38
38 1 2 3 12
34 X 38 11 2 11 8 1 18 21 2 3 34
12 1 18 3 3 78
1 X 38 2 11 2 1 12 31 2 4
12 1 12 5X 2 5 4 78 4 18
34 1 12 21 2 4 14
11 4 X 1 2 2 17 8 1 78 3 4 38
34 1 78 31 2 4 12
1 1 78 4 4 58
11 2 X 1 2 21 2 21 4 2 14 6 X 21 2 5 12 5 58 4 34
34 2 14 3 4 78
1 2 14 31 2 5
11 4 2 14 4 5 18
5 5 38
2 X 34 3 21 2 1 34
1 2 8X 3 7 6
11 4 2 14 31 2 6 6
11 2 2 38 4 6 18
5 6 38
21 2 X 1 31 2 3 2 14 6 6 58
11 4 2 12
11 2 2 58 10 X 4 7 8 12 7 14
2 2 34 5 7 12
6 7 58
3X 1 2 58 8 8
11 4 31 2 33 8 2 34
11 2 2 78 12 X 5 8 10 8 12
2 3 6 8 58
21 2 3 14 8 9
10 9 12
31 2 X 11 4 4
11 2 33 4 3 18 14 X 6 13 11 9 38
2 3 14 8 9 14
21 2 3 12 10 1018
3 3 58 12 1058
136
WELD FITTING WELDING NECK FLANGES
NOM. PIPE 150 LB. 300 LB. 400 LB. 600 LB.
SIZE O Y(1) O Y(1) O Y(2) O Y(2)
12 31 2 178 3 34 2116 For 3 34 2116
34 37 8 2116 4 58 2 14 sizes 4 58 2 14
1 41 4 2316 4 78 2716 31 2 4 78 2716
11 4 45 8 214 5 14 2916 and 5 14 2 58
11 2 5 2716 6 18 21116 smaller 6 18 2 34
2 6 212 6 12 2 34 use 6 12 2 78
21 2 7 234 7 12 3 600 LB. 7 12 3 18
3 71 2 234 8 14 3 18 Standard 8 14 3 14
31 2 81 2 21316 9 3316 9 3 38
4 9 3 10 3 38 10 312 1034 4
5 10 312 11 3 78 11 4 13 4 12
6 11 312 1212 3 78 1212 4116 14 4 58
8 1312 4 15 4 38 15 458 1612 5 14
10 16 4 1712 4 58 1712 478 20 6
12 19 412 2012 5 14 2012 538 22 6 18
14 21 5 23 5 58 23 578 2334 6 12
16 2312 5 2512 5 34 2512 6 27 7
18 25 512 28 6 14 28 612 2914 7 14
20 2712 51116 3012 6 38 3012 658 32 7 12
22 2912 578 33 6 12 33 634 3414 7 34
24 32 6 36 6 58 36 678 37 8
26 3414 5 3814 7 14 3814 758 40 8 34
30 3834 518 43 8 14 43 858 4412 9 34
34 4334 5516 4712 9 18 4712 912 49 1058
36 46 538 50 9 12 50 978 5134 1118
42 53 558 57 1078 57 1138 5834 1234
(1) The 116 raised face is included in length thru Hub, Y.

(2) The 116 raised face is not included in length thru Hub, Y.
137
SLIP-ON, THREADED AND SOCKET FLANGES
Y Y Y
O O O
SIZE O Y(1) O Y(1) O Y(2) O Y(2)
12 3 12 58 33 4 78 For 33 4 78
34 3 78 58 45 8 1 sizes 458 1
1 4 14 1116 47 8 1116 312 47 8 1116
11 4 4 58 1316 51 4 1116 and 51 4 11 8
11 2 5 78 61 8 1316 smaller 618 11 4
2 6 1 61 2 1516 use 61 2 1716
21 2 7 11 8 71 2 112 600 LB. 712 15 8
3 7 12 1316 81 4 11116 Standard 814 11316
31 2 8 12 11 4 9 1 34 9 11516
4 9 1516 10 1 78 10 2 1034 21 8
5 10 1716 11 2 11 218 13 23 8 *
6 11 1916 1212 2116 1212 214 14 25 8
8 1312 13 4 15 2716 15 21116 1612 3
10 16 11516 1712 258 1712 278 20 33 8
12 19 2316 2012 278 2012 318 22 35 8
14 21 21 4 23 3 23 3516 2334 31116
16 2312 12 2512 314 2512 31116 27 4316
18 25 21116 28 312 28 378 2914 45 8
20 2712 27 8 3012 334 3012 4 32 5
22 2912 318 * 33 4* 33 414* 3414 1
5 4*
24 32 31 4 36 4316 36 412 37 51 2
26 3414 338* 3814 714* 3814 758* 40 834*
30 3834 312* 43 814* 43 858* 4412 934*
34 4334 31116* 4712 918* 4712 912* 49 1058*
36 46 334* 50 912* 50 978* 5134 1118*
42 53 4* 57 1078* 57 1138* 5834 1234*
* Not available in Threaded type

Not available in Socket type
138
LAP JOINT FLANGES
r Y
O
SIZE O Y(1) O Y(1) O Y(2) O Y(2)
12 31 2 58 3 34 78 For 33 4 78
34 37 8 58 4 58 1 sizes 458 1
1 414 1116 478 1116 312 47 8 1116
1 14 458 1316 514 1116 and 51 4 1 18
1 12 5 78 618 1316 smaller 618 1 14
2 6 1 612 1516 use 61 2 1716
2 12 7 11 8 712 112 600 LB. 712 1 58
3 712 1316 814 11116 Standard 814 11316
3 12 81 2 11 4 9 134 9 11516
4 9 1516 10 178 10 2 1034 218
5 10 1716 11 2 11 21 8 13 238
6 11 1916 1212 2116 1212 214 14 258
8 1312 134 15 2716 15 21116 1612 3
10 16 11516 1712 334 1712 4 20 438
12 19 2316 1
20 2 4 20 2 414
1 22 458
14 21 31 8 23 438 23 45 8 2334 5
16 2312 3716 2512 434 2512 50 27 512
18 25 31316 28 518 28 53 8 2914 6
20 2712 4116 3012 512 3012 534 32 612
24 32 438 36 6 36 6 14 37 7 14

139
BLIND FLANGES
116"
Q
O
SIZE O Y(1) O Y(1) O Y(2) O Y(2)
12 3 12 716 33 4 916For 33 4 916
34 3 78 12 45 8 58 sizes 45 8 58
1 4 14 916 47 8 1116 312 47 8 1116
11 4 4 58 58 51 4 34 and 51 4 1316
11 2 5 1116 61 8 3
1 16 smaller 61 8 78
2 6 34 61 2 78 use 61 2 1
21 2 7 78 71 2 1 600 LB. 71 2 11 8
3 712 1516 81 4 118 Standard 81 4 11 4
31 2 812 1516 9 1316 9 13 8
4 9 1516 10 1 14 10 13 8 1034 1 12
5 10 1516 11 3
1 8 11 11 2 13 1 34
6 11 1 1212 1 16 1212
7 15 8 14 1 78
8 1312 118 15 1 58 15 17 8 1612 2316
10 16 1316 1712 1 8 1712
7 21 8 20 2 12
12 19 11 4 2012 2 2012 14 22 2 58
14 21 13 8 23 2 18 23 23 8 2334 2 34
16 2312 1716 2512 2 4 2512
1 21 2 27 3
18 25 1916 28 2 38 28 25 8 2914 3 14
20 2712 11116 3012 212 3012 23 4 32 3 12
22 2912 11316 33 2 58 33 27 8 3414 3 34
24 32 17 8 36 2 34 36 3 37 4
26 3414 2 3814 318 3814 31 2 40 4 14
30 38 4 218
3 43 3 58 43 4 4412 4 12
34 4334 2516 4712 4 4712 43 8 49 4 34
36 46 23 8 50 4 18 50 41 2 5134 4 78
42 53 25 8 57 5
4 8 57 51 8 5834 5 12
(1) The 116 raised face is included in Thickness, Q.

(2) The 14 raised face is not included in Thickness, Q.
140
BOLTING DIMENSIONS FOR 150 TO 300 LB. STEEL FLANGE
125/150 LB. FLANGE 250/300 LB. FLANGE

NOM. BOLT NO. BOLT NO.
PIPE CIRCLE BOLT OF *STUD BOLT CIRCLE BOLT OF *STUD BOLT
SIZE DIA. DIA. BOLTS Len. LEN. DIA. DIA. BOLTS Len. LEN.
12 238 12 4 2 14 134 25 8 1 2 4 21 2 2
34 234 12 4 2 14 2 31 4 5 8 4 23 4 21 2
1 1
3 8 1 2 4 2 12 2 1
3 2 5 8 4 3 21 2
114 312 12 4 2 12 214 37 8 5 8 4 3 23 4
112 378 12 4 2 34 214 41 2 3 4 4 31 2 3
2 434 58 4 3 234 5 5 8 8 1
3 4 3
212 512 58 4 3 14 3 57 8 3 4 8 33 4 31 4
3 6 58 4 3 12 3 65 8 3 4 8 4 31 2
312 7 58 8 3 12 3 71 4 3 4 8 41 4 33 4
4 712 58 8 3 12 3 77 8 3 4 8 41 4 33 4
5 812 34 8 3 34 314 91 4 3 4 8 41 2 4
6 912 34 8 3 34 314 10 8 4 12 4 4 414
5 3 3
8 1134 34 8 4 312 13 78 12 514 434

10 1418 78 12 412 334 1514 1 16 6 51 4
12 17 78 12 412 4 1734 118 16 612 534
14 1834 1 12 5 414 2014 118 20 634 6
16 1
21 4 1 16 514 412 22 2 1 4 20 7 4 612
1 1 1
18 2234 118 16 534 434 2434 114 24 712 634
20 25 118 20 6 514 27 114 24 8 7
22 2714 114 20 612 512 2914 112 24 834 712
24 2912 114 20 634 534 32 112 24 9 73 4
26 3134 114 24 7 6 3412 158 28 10 834
30 36 1 4 28 714
1 614 3914 134 28 1114 10
34 4012 112 32 8 7 4312 178 28 1214 1034
36 4234 112 32 814 7 46 2 32 1234 1114
42 4912 112 36 834 714 5234 2 36 1334 1312
*116" Raised Face

Stud lengths for lap joint flanges are equal to lengths shown plus the
thickness of two laps of the stub ends.
141
BOLTING DIMENSIONS FOR 400 LB./600LB. STEEL FLANGE
400 LB. STEEL FLANGES 600 LB. STEEL FLANGES

DIAM LENGTH DIAM LENGTH
NOM OF DIAM NO. OF STUDS OF DIAM NO OF STUDS
1 1
PIPE BOLT OF OF 4 RAISED BOLT OF OF 4 RAISED
SIZE CIRCLE BOLTS BOLTS FACE CIRCLE BOLTS BOLTS FACE
12 2 58 12 4 3 2 58 12 4 3
34 3 14 58 4 314 3 14 58 4 314
1 3 12 58 4 312 3 12 58 4 312
11 4 3 78 58 4 334 3 78 58 4 334
11 2 4 12 34 4 4 4 12 34 4 4
2 5 5 8 8 4 5 5 8 8 4
21 2 5 78 34 8 412 5 78 34 8 414
3 6 58 34 8 434 6 58 34 8 434
31 2 7 14 78 8 514 7 14 78 8 514
4 7 78 78 8 514 8 12 78 8 512
5 9 14 78 8 612 1012 1 8 614
6 1058 78 12 534 1112 1 12 612
8 13 1 12 612 1334 118 12 712
10 1514 118 16 714 17 114 16 814
12 1734 114 16 734 1914 114 20 812
14 2014 114 20 8 2034 138 20 9
16 1 3
22 2 1 8 20 1
8 2 3 1
23 4 1 2 20 934
18 2434 138 24 834 2534 158 20 1012
20 27 11 2 24 912 2812 158 24 1114
22 2914 158 24 10 3058 134 24 12
24 32 13 4 24 1012 33 178 24 1234
26 3412 134 28 1112 36 178 28 1314
30 1
39 4 2 28 13 1
40 4 2 28 14
34 1
43 2 2 28 3 1 1
13 4 44 2 2 4 28 15
36 46 2 32 14 47 212 28 1534
42 5234 212 32 1614 5334 234 28 1712
Stud lengths for lap joint flanges are equal to lengths shown minus 12"
plus the thickness of two laps of the stub ends.
142
STANDARD CAST IRON COMPANION FLANGES AND BOLTS
(for working pressures up to 125 psi steam, 175 psi WOG)
SIZE FLANGE DIA. BOLT CIRCLE NO. BOLTS BOLT SIZE BOLT LENGTH
34 31 2 21 2 4 38 138
1 1
4 4 1
3 8 4 1 2 112
1 14 45 8 31 2 4 12 112
1 12 5 37 8 4 12 134
2 6 43 4 4 58 2
2 12 7 51 2 4 58 214
3 71 2 6 4 58 212
3 12 81 2 7 8 58 212
4 9 1
7 2 8 5 8 234
5 10 81 2 8 34 3
6 11 1
9 2 8 3 4 3
8 1
13 2 3
11 4 8 3 4 314
10 16 1414 12 78 312
12 19 17 12 78 334
14 21 1834 12 1 414
16 2312 2114 16 1 414
EXTRA HEAVY CAST IRON COMPANION FLANGES AND BOLTS

(for working pressures up to 250 psi steam, 400 psi WOG)
SIZE FLANGE DIA. BOLT CIRCLE NO. BOLTS BOLT SIZE BOLT LENGTH
1 47 8 31 2 4 58 214
1 14 51 4 37 8 4 58 212
1
1 2 1
6 8 1
4 2 4 3 4 212
2 61 2 5 8 58 212
1
2 2 1
7 2 7
5 8 8 3 4 3
3 1
8 4 5
6 8 8 3 4 314
3 12 9 71 4 8 34 314
4 10 77 8 8 34 312
5 11 91 4 8 34 334
6 1212 1058 12 34 334
8 15 13 12 78 414
10 1
17 2 1
15 4 16 1 5
12 2012 1734 16 1 18 512
14 O.D. 23 1
20 4 20 1
1 8 534
16 O.D. 2512 2212 20 1 14 6
18 O.D. 28 3
24 4 24 1
1 4 614
20 O.D. 3012 27 24 1 14 634
24 O.D. 36 32 24 112 712
30 O.D. 43 3914 28 1 34 812
36 O.D. 50 46 32 2 912
42 O.D. 57 3
52 4 36 2 10
48 O.D. 65 6034 40 2 11
143
ASTM CARBON STEEL PIPE AND FLANGE SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM GRADE
PIPE AND TUBING SPEC OR STRENGTH
DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS NO. TYPE PSI
Seamless milled steel pipe for high-
temperature service, suitable for bending, (1) A 48,000
flanging and similar forming operations A106
As above, except use Grade A for close (1) B 60,000

coiling, cold bending or forge welding. A106
Black or hot-dip galvanize seamless or
res-welded steel pipe suitable for coiling, A 53 A 48,000
bending, flanging, and other special
purposes, suitable for welding
As above, except use Grade A for close
coiling, cold bending or forge welding. A 53 B 60,000
Black or hot-dip galvanize seamless or res.
welded steel pipe suitable for ordinary A 120
uses. (When tension, flattening or bend (obsolete)
test required, order to A-53)
Resistance welded steel pipe for liquid, A 135 A 48,000
gas or vapor
As above, except use Grade A for flanging A 135 B 60,000
and bending
Electric-fusion-welded strait- or spiral-
seam pipe for liquid, gas or vapor frommill A 139 A 48,000
grades of plate
As above A 139 B 60,000
FORGED PIPE, FLANGES

DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS
Forged or rolled steel pipe flanges, fittings
(6) values and parts for high temperature A105 I 60,000
service. Heat treatment required; may be
annealed or normalized
As above
A 105 II 70,000
As above except for general service. Heat
treatment is not required A 181 I 60,000
As above
A 181 II 70,000
(1) 0.10% silicon minimum.
(2) Open hearth, 0.13 max for 18" and 14" size resistance welded pipe only
(3) Seamless: open hearth 0.048 max, acid bessemar 0.11 max;
Res. welded: open hearth 0.050 max.
(4) Longitudinal or transverse direction of test specimen with respect to pipe axis
144

YIELD
POINT OR ELONGATION (% IN 2) CHEMICAL
STRENGTH STD RECTANGULAR COMPOSITION, %
PSI ROUND t 516" 516" C MN P S
28 long. 17.5+ 56t 35 .27
30,000 OR (4) or . .25 to .048 .058
20 trans. 12.5+ 40t 25 max .93 max max
28 long. 17.5+ 56t 35 .27
35,000 OR (4) or . 30 to .048 .058
12 trans. 6.5+ 32t 16.5 max 1.06 max max
30,000 28 17.5+ 56t 35 (2) (3) -
35,000 22 15+ 48t 30 (2) (3) -
30,000 17.5+ 56t 35 .050 .060

max max
35,000 15+ 48t 30 .05 .060
max max
.30
30,000 17.5+ 56t 35 to .040 .050
1.00 max max
.30
.30 to .040 .050
35,000 15+ 48t 30 max 1.00 max max
.35 (5) .90 .05 .05

30,000 25 max max max max
.35 (5) .90 .05 .05

.35 (5) .90 .05 .05
.35 (5) .90 .05 .05
(5) When flanges will be subject to fusion welding, carbon content shall be 0.35%.
If carbon is 0.35%, it may be necessary to add silicon to meet required tensile
properties. The silicon content shall be 0.35%.
(6) Factor-made Wrought Carbon Steel and Ferritic Alloy Steel Welding Fitting
Specifications are covered under ASTM A234.
145
HOW TO CUT ODD-ANGLE ELBOWS
45

37 1
2
22 1
2
37 1
2
15
22 1
10 2
F G 15
E
5 C
D 10
e
f g
1 B 1 5 d
A abc
NOM OUTSIDE ARC

SIZE A B C D E F G
2 532 38 3
2 32 3 21
1 32 1 32 2 34 3932
21 2 332 716 2 32 11132 2132
9 3 38 4116
3 732 916 118 158 21532 4332 42932
31 2 18 58 1932 12932 22732 4 34 51116
4 932 2332 1716 2532 3 14 51332 61532
5 316 2932 12532 21116 4132 62332 8116
6 732 1116 2532 3732 42732 8116 92132
8 932 1716 22732 4932 61332 101116 121316
10 1132 12532 3916 51132 8 131132 16
12 716 21 8 414 638 9916 153132 19532
14 12 2716 478 7516 11 18516 22
16 916 21316 51932 838 12916 201516 2518
18 58 31 8 6932 9716 1418 23916 28932
20 1116 31 2 7 101532 152332 26316 311332
22 34 32732 71116 111732 17932 281316 34916
24 2732 4316 838 12916 182732 311332 371116
26 2932 41732 9332 1358 201332 34132 402732
30 1132 51 4 101532 1534 23916 3914 4718
34 1532 52932 112732 171316 262332 441732 5338
36 1732 61 4 121732 1878 28732 47 561732
42 1716 7516 1458 22 323132 543132 651516
146
HOW TO CUT ODD-ANGLE ELBOWS
Step1 Step2 Step1

Measure distance on Measure distance on Wrap tape around
outside arc using the inside arc using the elbow and mark
values from the table values from the table cutting line
on the previous page below and make a
and make a mark. mark.
NOM INSIDE ARC
SIZE AA BB CC DD EE FF GG
2 132 532 516 1532 2332 1316 1716
2 12 332 316 1332 1932 2932 112 11316
3 332 14 12 2332 1332 11316 2532
3 12 116 932 916 2732 1932 218 2916
4 116 516 2132 3132 11532 2716 21516
5 532 1332 1316 11 4 12732 3332 32332
6 332 12 1 11 2 2732 32332 41532
8 18 1116 11132 2 3132 5132 6132
10 532 2732 11116 21732 32532 6516 7916
12 732 1 2132 3116 4916 71932 918
14 14 7
1 32 2716 32132 51 2 9532 11
16 932 11332 21316 4316 6316 101532 1258
18 516 1916 31 8 42332 7116 112532 1418
20 1132 13 4 31 2 51 4 72732 13332 151116
22 38 12932 32732 53 4 85 8 1438 17932
24 1332 2332 4316 6932 9716 151116 182732
26 1532 2932 41732 61316 10732 17132 201332
30 1732 25 8 51 4 778 112532 1958 23916
34 1932 23132 52932 82932 1338 22932 261116
36 58 21316 61 4 9716 1418 2358 2814
42 2332 32132 7516 101932 1612 2638 323132
147
ALIGNMENT OF PIPE
Proper alignment is important if a piping system is to be correctly
fabricated.
Poor alignment may result in welding difficulties and a system that does
not function properly.
Welding rings may be employed to assure proper alignment as well as the
correct welding gap. In addition to using welding rings, some simple
procedures can be followed to assist the pipe fitter. Below and on the
following page are alignment procedures commonly used by todays
craftsmen.
PIPETOPIPE
1. Level one length of pipe
using spirit level
2. Bring lengths together leaving
only small welding gap
3. Place spirit level over both pipes as shown and maneuver unpositioned
length until both are level
4. Tack weld top and bottom
5. Rotate pipe 90
6. Repeat procedure
45 ELBOW-TO-PIPE
1. Level pipe using spirit level
2. Place fitting to pipe leaving small
welding gap
3. Place 45" spirit level on face of elbow
and maneuver elbow until bubble is centered
4. Tack weld in place
90 ELBOW.TO-PIPE
2. Place fitting to pipe leaving small
welding gap
3. Place spirit level on face of elbow and maneuver elbow until level
148
ALIGNMENT OF PIPE
TEE-TO-PIPE
2. Place tee to pipe leaving small
welding gap
3. Place spirit level on face of tee and
maneuver tee until level
FLANGE-TO-PIPE
1. Bring flange to pipe end leaving small
welding gop
2. Align toptwo holes of flange with spirit level
4. Center square on face of flange as
shown
6. Check sides in same way
JIG FOR SMALL DIAMETER PIPING

Cut Notch,
The jig is made from channel iron 3' 9" long. Heat & Bend
Use 18" x 112" for pipe sizes 114" thru 3";
18" x 34" for Sizes 1" or smaller.
1. Cut out 90 notches about 9" from end.

2. Heat bottom of notch with torch.
3. Bend channel iron to 90 angle and weld sides.
4. Place elbow in jig and saw half thru sides Weld
of channel iron as shown. Repeat this Sides
step with several elbows so jig may be used
for different operations.
5. A used hack saw blade placed in notch as shown will provide proper
welding gap.
Cut Slots Using Cut Slots Using
Fitting as Guide Fitting as Guide
Weld Weld
Sides Sides
149
DRILL SIZES FOR PIPE TAPES
TAP SIZE THREADS/IN. DRILL DIAMETER
18 27 1132
14 18 716
38 18 3732
12 14 2332
34 14 5932
1 1112 1532
1 14 1112 112
1 12 1112 14932
2 1112 2316
2 12 8 2916
3 8 3316
3 12 8 31116
4 8 4316
4 12 8 434
5 8 5516
6 8 6516
TAP AND DRILL SIZES (AMERICAN STANDARD COARSE)

DRILL SIZE TAP SIZE THREADS/IN.
7 14 20
F 516 18
516 38 16
U 716 14
7
2 32 12 13
3132 916 12
1732 58 11
1932 1
1 16 11
2132 34 10
2332 1316 10
4932 78 9
5332 5
1 16 9
78 1 8
6332 1
1 8 7
1732 1
1 4 7
11332 13 8 6
11132 1
1 2 6
12932 5
1 8 512
1916 13 4 5
11116 17 8 5
12532 2 412
150
PIPE AND WATER WEIGHT/FOOT
WEIGHT WEIGHT
NOM. PIPE SIZE STD PIPE WATER XS PIPE WATER
12 0.851 0.132 1.088 0.101
34 1.131 0.231 1.474 0.187
1 1.679 0.374 2.172 0.311
1 14 2.273 0.648 2.997 0.555
1 12 2.718 0.882 3.632 0.765
2 3.653 1.453 5.022 1.278
2 12 5.794 2.073 7.622 1.835
3 7.580 3.200 10.250 2.860
3 12 9.110 4.280 12.510 3.850
4 10.790 5.510 14.990 4.980
5 14.620 8.660 20.780 7.880
6 18.980 12.510 28.580 11.290
8 28.560 21.680 43.400 19.800
10 40.500 34.100 54.700 32.300
12 49.600 49.000 65.400 47.000
14 54.600 59.700 72.100 57.500
16 62.600 79.100 82.800 76.500
18 70.600 101.200 93.500 98.300
20 78.600 126.000 104.100 122.800
24 94.600 183.800 125.500 179.900
30 118.700 291.000 157.600 286.000
WEIGHT/FOOT - SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE
NOMINAL REGULAR EXTRA STRONG

PIPE YELLOW RED YELLOW RED
SIZE BRASS BRASS COPPER BRASS BRASS COPPER
12 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.19 1.23 1.25
34 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.62 1.67 1.71
1 1.73 1.78 1.82 2.39 2.49 2.51
11 4 2.56 2.63 2.69 3.29 3.39 3.46
1
1 2 3.04 3.13 3.20 3.99 4.10 4.19
2 4.01 4.12 4.22 5.51 5.67 5.80
151
WATER PRESSURE TO FEET HEAD
LBS./ FEET LBS./ FEET LBS./ FEET
SQ.IN. HEAD SQ.IN. HEAD SQ.IN. HEAD
1 2.31 40 92.36 180 77.96
2 4.62 50 115.45 200 86.62
3 6.93 60 138.54 250 108.27
4 9.24 70 161.63 300 129.93
5 11.54 80 184.72 350 151.58
6 13.85 90 207.81 400 173.24
7 16.16 100 43.31 500 216.55
8 18.47 110 47.64 600 259.85
9 20.78 120 51.97 700 303.16
10 23.09 130 56.30 800 346.47
15 34.63 140 60.63 900 389.78
20 46.18 150 64.96 1,000 433.00
25 57.72 160 69.29
30 69.27 170 73.63
FEET HEAD TO WATER PRESSURE

FEET LBS./ FEET LBS./ FEET LBS./
HEAD SQ.IN. HEAD SQ.IN. HEAD SQ.IN.
1 0.43 40 17.32 180 77.96
2 0.87 50 21.65 200 86.62
3 1.30 60 25.99 250 108.27
4 1.73 70 30.32 300 129.93
5 2.17 80 34.65 350 151.58
6 2.60 90 38.98 400 173.24
7 3.03 100 43.31 500 216.55
8 3.46 110 47.64 600 259.85
9 3.90 120 51.97 700 303.16
10 4.33 130 56.30 800 346.47
15 6.50 140 60.63 900 389.78
20 8.66 150 64.96 1,000 433.00
25 10.83 160 69.29
30 12.99 170 73.63
Note: One foot of water at 62F equals 0.433 pound pressure per square
inch. To find the pressure per square inch for any feet head not given in
the table above, multiply the feet head by 0.433.
152
BOILING POINTS OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES
VACUUM, IN PRESSURE BOILING

INCHES OF BOILING GAUGE LBS POINT
MERCURY POINT 0 212.0
29 76.62 1 215.6
28 99.93 2 218.5
27 114.22 4 224.4
26 124.77 6 229.8
25 133.22 8 234.8
24 140.31 10 239.4
23 146.45 15 249.8
22 151.87 25 266.8
21 156.75 50 297.7
20 161.19 75 320.1
19 165.24 100 337.9
18 169.00 125 352.9
17 172.51 200 387.9
16 175.80
15 178.91
14 181.82
13 184.61
12 187.21
11 189.75
10 192.19
9 194.50
8 196.73
7 198.87
6 200.96
5 202.25
4 204.85
3 206.70
2 208.50
1 210.25
153
FLOW CONVERSION CHART
The accompanying chart provides fast answers to many problems that

may confront the pipe fitter. Procedures for using the chart are as follows:
Note that there are three sets of figures shown in connection with the
extreme left-hand column A.
Standard gives the internal diameter of standard pipe

(somewhat greater than 1" for 1 in. standard pipe).
Exact gives the exact diameter.

Extra Heavy gives the internal diameter of extra heavy pipe.
EXAMPLE:
How much water is passing through a pipe with parameters:
I.D. of exactly 1 in.

Velocity of the water being 3 F.P.S.
To apply the chart to the problem locate 1 in. in column A using

the scale Exact and run a straight line from the point through the 3
in column C. From the intersection of this line with column B.
run a straight line horizontally to column G. The intersection of
this line at columns D, E and F gives the following information:
D shows the cubic feet/minute flowing through the pipe.

E shows the volume of flow in gallons/minute
F gives the weight of the water in pounds/minute.

(For liquids other tharn water. multiply the value of column F
by the specific gravity of the liquid for accurate weight
conversion.)
If a quantity in columns D, E and F is known then velocity may

be determined by reversing the procedure. Draw a horizontal line
from the known point to column G. From this intersection draw a
line to the exact I.D. of the pipe in column A and extend this line to
cross column C. The intersection with column C gives the
velocity in feet/second.
The chart can be used as a.conversion chart to determine the

number of gallons in a certain number of cubic feet of liquid. The
horizontal line already drawn to determine answers in columns C
and D will provide the answer to the conversion in column E.
A little practice will prove this chart to be a real time-saver.

154
FLOW CONVERSION CHART
1
0.2 1 0.3
18"
18" 0.4 0.01

1
0.3 4" 2
0.1 1 2
0.5
1
4"
0.6 0.03 2
0.4 38"
3
0.7 3
3
8" 0.5 3 0.5
12" 0.8 6
0.9 0.1
12" 0.6
1 10
1.0
3 4
4"
3 0.8 4 0.3 2
4" 20
1" 0.5
1.0 1.5
1" 5 50
5
1
1 4" 5 1
2 10
114" 100
112"
1 2
1 2"
3 20 200
2" 6
2" 2 6 3
5
212" 50 500
212"
4 10
3" 100
3" 3 1,000 7
1 7 5
3 2" 20
312"
4" 200
4" 4 6
1
4 2" 3,000
412" 7 50
5" 8
5" 5 8 500 5,000
8
6" 9 100
6" 6
1,000 10,000
7" 10
7" 7 200
8" 9
8" 8 9 2,000 20,000
9" 9 9"
500
10" 10 10" 15
5,000 50,000
12"
12" 12 1,000 10
13" 13" 10 20
14" 14 14" 10,000 100,000
15" 15" 2,000
16
200,000
30 30,000 11
11
A B C D E F G
Extra Heavy Gal./Min.
Exact Ft.3/Min. Lbs./Min.
Standard Velocity, Ft./Sec. (water)
155
HEAT LOSSES FROM HORIZONTAL BARE STEEL PIPE
(BTU per hour per linear foot at 70F room temperature)
PIPE HOT WATER STEAM
NOM. PIPE SIZE (180F) 5 PSIG (20 PSIA)
12 60 96
34 73 118
1 90 144
11 4 112 179
11 2 126 202
2 155 248
21 2 185 296
3 221 355
31 2 244 401
4 279 448
TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPING MATERIAL

(INCHES PER 100 FT. ABOVE 32F)
TEMP CARBON AND CAST BRASS WROUGHT
F CARBON MOLLY IRON COPPER AND IRON
STEEL BRONZE
32 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5
150 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.9
200 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.3
250 1.7 1.5 2.7 2.6 1.7
300 2.0 1.9 3.3 3.2 2.2
350 2.5 2.3 4.0 3.9 2.6
400 2.9 2.7 4.7 4.6 3.1
450 3.4 3.1 5.3 5.2 3.6
500 3.8 3.5 6.0 5.9 4.1
550 4.3 3.9 6.7 6.5 4.6
600 4.8 4.4 7.4 7.2 5.2
650 5.3 4.8 8.2 7.9 5.6
700 5.9 5.3 9.0 8.5 6.1
750 6.4 5.8 6.7
800 7.0 6.3 7.2
850 7.4
900 8.0
950 8.5
1000 9.1
156
WEIGHTS OF METALS
CHEMICAL WEIGHT IN POUNDS WEIGHT IN POUNDS

MATERIAL SYMBOL PER CUBIC INCH PER CUBIC FOOT
Aluminum Al 0.093 160
Antimony Sb 0.2422 418
Brass 0.303 524
Bronze 0.32 552
Chromium Cr 0.2348 406
Copper Cu 0.323 558
Gold Au 0.6975 1,205
Iron (cast) Fe 0.26 450
Iron (wrought) Fe 0.2834 490
Lead Pb 0.4105 710
Maganese Mn 0.2679 463
Mercury Hg 0.491 849
Molybdenum Mo 0.309 534
Monel 0.318 550
Platinum Pt 0.818 1,413
Steel (mild) 0.2816 490
Steel (stainless) 0.277 484
Tin Sn 0.265 459
Titanium Ti 0.1278 221
Zinc Zn 0.258 446
COLORS AND APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE

FOR CARBON STEEL
Black Red ........................................................................... 990F

Dark Blood Red .............................................................. 1,050F
Dark Cherry Red ............................................................. 1,175F
Medium Cherry Red ....................................................... 1,250F
Full Cherry Red ............................................................... 1,375F
Light Cherry, Scalding ...................................................... 1,550
Salmon, Free Scalding .................................................... 1,650F
Light Salmon .................................................................. 1,725F
Yellow ............................................................................. 1,825F
Light Yellow .................................................................... 1,975F
White .............................................................................. 2,220F
157
MELTING POINT OF METALS
Melting Points of Metals

and Alloys Degree (F) Degree (C)
of Practical Importance 3,000
Chromium 2,900 1,600
Color
Wrought Iron Scale
Pure Iron 2,800
Mild Steel 1,500
2,700
Nickel Alloys Nickel
Cobalt 2,600
Chromium, Silicon
Nickel, Hard Steel 1,400
Chromium-Nickel 2,500
Stls. and Iron Monel
2,400 1,300
Haynes Stellite
Alloys 2,300 White
Manganese
2,200 1,200
Cast Iron 2,100 Light Yellow
Chromium-Nickel Copper 2,000 1,100
Cast Iron Gold
1,900 Lemon
1,000
1,800
Silver Orange
Brass 1,700 Salmon
900
1,600 Bright Red
Bronze 1,500
800 Cherry, or
Dull Red
1,400
1,300 Medium Cherry
Aluminum, 700
Magnesium,
Antimony 1,200 Dark Cherry
1,100 600 Blood Red

Aluminum
Alloys
1,000 Faint Red
500
900
Black Heat
Magnesium
Alloys 800
400
700
Tin Alloys Lead 600

300
Babbitt 500
Tin
Lead Alloys 400 200
300
200 100
100
0
0
158
SPCIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES
Dry Air (1 cu. Ft. at 60F. and 29.92" Hg. Weighs .07638 pound) ......... 1.000
Acetylene ....................................... C2H2 ......................................................... 0.91
Ethane ............................................ C2H4 ......................................................... 1.05
Methane ......................................... CH4 ........................................................ 0.554
Ammonia ........................................ NH3 ........................................................ 0.596
Carbon-dioxide .............................. CO2 ........................................................... 1.53
Carbon_monoxide ......................... CO ......................................... 0.967
Butane ............................................ C4H10 .................................................... 2.067
Butene ............................................ C4H8 ......................................................... 1.93
Chlorine .......................................... Cl2 ........................................................... 2.486
Helium ............................................ He ......................................... 0.138
Hydrogen ....................................... H2 ......................................................... 0.0696
Nitrogen ......................................... N2 ......................................................... 0.9718
Oxygen ........................................... O2 .................................................. 1.1053
SPCIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS

LIQUID TEMP F SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Water (1 cu.-ft. weights 62.41 lb.) 50 1.00
Brine (Sodium Chloride 25%) 32 1.20
Pennsylvania Crude Oil 80 0.85
Fuel Oil No. 1 and 2 85 0.95
Gasoline 80 0.74
Kerosene 85 0.82
Lubricating Oil SAE 10-20-30 115 0.94
TYPCIAL BTU VALUES OF FUELS

ASTM RANK SOLIDS BTU VALUES PER POUND
Anthracite Class I 11,230
Bitiminous Class II Group 1 14,100
Bitiminous Class II Group 3 13,080
Sub-Bituminous Class III Group 1 10,810
Sub-Bituminous Class III Group 2 9,670
LIQUIDS BTU VALUES PER GALLON
Fuel Oil No. 1 136,000
GASES BTU VALUES PER CU. FT.
Natural Gas 935 to 1132
Producers Gas 163
Illuminating Gas 534
Mixed (Coke oven and water gas) 545
159
USEFUL DEFINITIONS
ALLOY STEEL: A Steel which owes its distinctive properties to elements
other than carbon.
AREA OF A CIRCLE: The measurement of the surface within a circle. To

find the area of a circle, multiply the product of the radius times the radius
by Pi (3.142). Commonly written A = r2.
BRAZE WELD OR BRAZING: A process of joining metals using a
nonferrous filler metal or alloy, the melting point of which is higher than
800F but lower than that of the metals to be joined.
BUTT WELD: A circumferential weld in pipe fusing the abutting pipe walls
completely from inside wall to outside wall.
CARBON STEEL: A steel which owes its distinctive properties chiefly to

the various percentages of carbon (as distinguished from the other
elements) which it contains.
CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE: The measurement around the perimeter
of a circle. To find the circumference, multiply Pi (3.142) by the diameter.
(Commonly written as d).
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION: A number indicating the degree of

expansion or contraction of a substance.
The coefficient of expansion is not constant and varies with changes in
temperature. For linear expansion it is expressed as the change in length
of one unit of length of a substance having one degree rise in
temperature.
CORROSION: The gradual destruction or alteration of a metal or alloy

caused by direct chemical attack or by electrochemical reaction.
CREEP: The plastic flow of pipe within a system; the permanent set in
metal caused by stresses at high temperatures. Generally associated with
a time rate of deformation.
DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE: A straight line drawn through the center of a
circle from one extreme edge to the other. Equal to twice the radius.
DUCTILITY: The property of elongation, above the elastic limit, but under
the tensile strength.
A measure of ductility is the percentage of elongation of the fractured
piece over its original length.
ELASTIC LIMIT: The greatest stress which a material can withstand

without a permanent deformation after release of the stress.
160
USEFUL DEFINITIONS
EROSION: The gradual destruction of metal or other material by the
abrasive action of liquids, gases, solids or mixtures thereof.
RADIUS OF A CIRCLE: A straight line drawn from the center to the

extreme edge of a circle.
SOCKET FITTING: A fitting used to join pipe in which the pipe is inserted
into the fitting. A fillet weld is then made around the edge of the fitting and
the outside wall of the pipe.
SOLDERING: A method of joining metals using fusible alloys, usually tin
and lead, having melting points under 700F
STRAIN: Change of shape or size of a body produced by the action of a
stress.
STRESS: The intensity of the internal, distributed forces which resist a
change in the form of a body. When external forces act on a body they are
resisted by reactions within the body which are termed stresses.
TENSILE STRESS: One that resists a force tending to pull a body apart.
COMPRESSIVE STRESS: One that resists a force tending to crush a body.
SHEARING STRESS: One that resists a force tending to make one layer of
a body slide across another layer.
TORSIONAL STRESS: One that resists forces tending to twist a body.
TENSILE STRENGTH: The maximum tensile stress which a material will

develop. The tensile strength is usually considered to be the load in
pounds per square inch at which a test specimen ruptures.
TURBULENCE: Any deviation from parallel flow in a pipe due to rough
inner walls, obstructions or directional changes.
VELOCITY: Time rate of motion in a given direction and sense, usually
expressed in feet per second.
VOLUME OF A PIPE: The measurement of the space within the walls of
the pipe. To find the volume of a pipe, multiply the length (or height) of
the pipe by the product of the inside radius times the inside radius by Pi
(3.142). Commonly written as V = hr2.
WELDING: A process of joining metals by heating until they are fused
together, or by heating and applying pressure until there is a plastic
joining action. Filler metal may or may not be used.
YIELD STRENGTH: The stress at which a material exhibits a specified

limiting permanent set.
161
UNIT CONVERSIONS
FLOW
1 gpm = 0.134 cu. ft. per min
= 500 lb.per hr. x sp. gr.
500 lb. Per hr. = 1 gpm / sp. gr.
1 cu. Ft. per min. (cfm) = 448.8 gal. per hr. (gph)
POWER
I Btu per hr. = 0.293 watt
= 12.96 ft. lb. per min.
= 0.00039 hp
1 ton refrigeration (U.S.) = 288,000 Btu per 24 hr.
= 12,000 Btu per hr.
= 200 Btu per min.
= 83.33 lb. ice melted per
24 hr. from and at 32F.
= 2,000 lb. ice melted per
24 hr. from and at 32F
1 hp = 550 ft. lb. per sec.
= 746 watt
= 2,545 Btu per hr.
1 boiler hp = 33,480 Btu per hr.
= 34.5 lb. water evap. per
hr. from and at 212F
= 9.8 kw.
1 kw. = 3,413 Btu per hr.
MASS
1 lb. (avoir.) = 16 oz. (avoir.)
= 7,000 grain
1 ton (short) = 2,000 lb.
1 ton (long) = 2,240 lb.
PRESSURE
1 lb. Per sq. in. = 3.13 ft. water at 60F
= 2.04 in. hg at 60F
1 ft. water at 60F = .433 lb. per sq. in.
= .884 in. hg at 60F
I in. Hg at 60F = .49 lb. per sq. in.
= 1.13 ft. water at 60F
I lb. Per sq. in. = lb. per sq. in gauge (psig)
Absolute (psia) = 14.7
162
UNIT CONVERSIONS
TEMPERATURE
C = (F-32) x 5/9
VOLUME
I gal. (U.S.) = 128 fl. oz. (U.S.)
= 231 cu. in.
= .833 gal. (Brit.)
1 cu. ft. = 7.48 gal. (U.S.)
WEIGHT OF WATER
1 cu. ft. at 50F. = 62.41 lb.
I gal. at 50F. = 8.34 lb.
1 cu. ft. of ice = 57.2 lb.
1 cu. ft. at 39.2F. = 62.43 lb.
Note: Water is at its greatest density
at 39.2F
WEIGHT OF LIQUID
1 gal. (U.S.) = 8.34 lb. x sp. gr.
I cu. ft. = 62.4 lb. x sp. gr.
1 lb. = .12 U.S. gal. / sp. gr.
= .016 cu. ft. / sp. gr.
WORK
1 Btu (mean) = 778 ft. lb.
= .293 watt hr.
= 1/180 of heat required to change
temp of 1 lb. water from 32F to
212F
1 hp-hr = 2545 Btu (mean)
= .746 kwhr
1 Kwhr = 3413 Btu (mean)
= 1.34 hp-hr
163
GEOMETRY FORMULAS
A = Area A1 = Surface area of solids V = Volume
C = Circumference = Pi (3.14159)
CIRCLE
A=RR C=D C
R=D/2 D=2R
D
R
ELLIPSE
A=AB C
A2 + B 2 A
C=2 B
2
PARALLELOGRAM
A=HL L
RECTANGLE
A=WL L
H
SECTOR OF CIRCLE
A = ( R2 ) / 360 L
L = ( R ) / 180
R
= (L 180) / ( R)
R = (L 180) / ( )
TRAPEZOID
A = H (L1 + L2) / 2 L1
L2
TRIANGLE
A = (W H) / 2
H
W
164
GEOMETRY FORMULAS
A = Area A1 = Surface area of solids V = Volume
C = Circumference = Pi (3.14159)
CONE
A1 = ( R S) + ( R2)
V = ( R2 H) / 3
S
H
CYLINDER
A1 = (2 R2) + (2 R H) R
V = R2 H
ELLIPTICAL TANKS
A2 + B2 A
A1 = 2 H = (2 A B) B
2
H
V=ABH
RECTANGULAR SOLID
A1 = 2 [ (W L) + (L H) + (H W)] L
W
V=WLH
H
SPHERE
A1 = 6 R2
V = (4 R3) / 3
R
CAPACITY IN GALLONS
For the above contains, capacity in gallons (G) is:
G = (V / 231 ); when V is in cubic inches
G = (V 7.48); when V is in cubic feet
165
SPRINKLER SYSTEM FORMULAS
SIMPLE FLOW RATE

Q = K P 0.5 , where
Q = flow rate (GPM)
K = discharge coefficient of pipe
P = pressure (PSI)
GENERAL VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
Q = flow rate (GPM)
D = outlet diameter (Inches)
Cd = discharge coefficient based on outlet geometry
P = pressure (PSI)
Q = 29.8 D 2 Cd P 0.5 , where
PRESSURE TANK SIZING (TANK ABOVE SPRINKLERS)
P = (30/A) - 15, where
P = air pressure in tank (PSI)
A = proportion of air in the tank
PRESSURE TANK SIZING (TANK BELOW SPRINKLERS)
P = [ (30/A) - 15] + (0.43 H/A), where
P = air pressure carried in tank (PSI)
H = height of highest sprinkler above tank bottom (Ft)
PRESSURE TANK SIZING (HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED)
Pi = [(Pf = 15)/A] - 15, where
Pi = tank air pressure to use (PSI)
Pf = system pressure req'd per hydraulic calc. (PSI)
DARCY-WEISBACH FORMULA FOR FRICTION LOSS:
HL = f v 2 /2 g D, where
HL = friction loss (Ft)
Re = Reynolds number
f = friction factor (f=64/Re)
v = water velocity (Ft/Sec)
g = gravitational constant (Ft/Sec^2)
D = pipe diameter (Ft)
166
SPRINKLER SYSTEM FORMULAS
HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA FOR PRESSURE LOSS

P = 4.52 Q 1.85 /C 1.85 D 4.87 , where:]
P = pressure loss (PSI) per lineal ft.
Q = flow rate (GPM)
C = friction factor of pipe (constant)
D = internal diameter of pipe (Inches)
Typical C values:
Unlined cast or ductile iron .................... 100
Black steel (dry sys.incl.preaction) ........ 100
Black steel (wet sys.incl.deluge) ............ 120
Galvanized (all) ...................................... 120
Plastic (listed) all ................................. 150
Cement lined cast or ductile iron ........... 140
Copper tube or stainless steel ............... 150
HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA FOR PRESSURE LOSS (IN SI UNITS):
P = 10 5 (6.05) Q 1.85 /C 1.85 D 4.87 , where

P = pressure loss (Bars) per lineal ft
Q = flow rate (Litre/Min)
C = friction factor of pipe (constant)
D = internal diameter of pipe (mm)
PRESSURE VELOCITY:
Pv = 0.001123 Q 2 /D 4 , where
Pv = pressure velocity (PSI)
Q = upstream flow rate (GPM)
D = internal dia. of pipe (Inches)
ESTIMATE DRY PIPE TRIP TIME:
t = 0.0352 (Vt/An TO 0.5 ) In(pao/pa), where
t = time (seconds)
Vt = dry volume of sprinkler system(Cu. Ft)
An = flow area of open sprinklers (Sq. Ft)
TO = air temperature (Degrees Rankine)
pao = initial air pressure (absolute)
pa = trip pressure (absolute)
167
STANDARD CONVERSIONS
TO CHANGE TO MULTIPLY BY
Inches ....................................... Feet ......................................... 0.0833
Inches ....................................... Millimeters .................................. 25.4
Feet ........................................... Inches ............................................ 12
Feet ........................................... Yards ....................................... 0.3333
Yards ......................................... Feet .................................................. 3
Square Inches ........................... Square feet ........................... 0.00694
Square feet ................................ Square inches .............................. 144
Square feet ................................ Square yards ........................ 0.11111
Square yards ............................. Square feet ...................................... 9
Cubic Inches ............................. Cubic feet .............................. 0.00058
Cubic feet .................................. Cubic inches .............................. 1728
Cubic feet .................................. Cubic yards ........................... 0.03703
Cubic yards ............................... Cubic feet ....................................... 27
Cubic Inches ............................. Gallons .................................. 0.00433
Cubic feet .................................. Gallons ........................................ 7.48
Gallons ...................................... Cubic inches ................................ 231
Gallons ...................................... Cubic feet ................................ 0.1337
Gallons ...................................... Pounds of water ......................... 8.33
Pounds of water ........................ Gallons .................................. 0.12004
Ounces ...................................... Pounds ................................... 0.0625
Pounds ...................................... Ounces ........................................... 16
Inches of water ......................... Pounds per square inch ......... 0.0361
Inches of water ......................... Inches of mercury .................. 0.0735
Inches of water ......................... Ounces per square inch ............ 0.578
Inches of water ......................... Pounds per square foot ................ 5.2
Inches of mercury ..................... Inches of water ........................... 13.6
Inches of mercury ..................... Feet of water ........................... 1.1333
Inches of mercury ..................... Pounds per square inch ......... 0.4914
Ounces per square inch ............ Inches of mercury .................... 0.127
Ounces per square inch ............ Inches of water ......................... 1.733
Pounds per square inch ............ Inches of water ......................... 27.72
Pounds per square inch ............ Feet of water ............................... 2.31
Pounds per square inch ............ Inches of mercury ...................... 2.04
Pounds per square inch ............ Atmospheres .......................... 0.0681
Feet of water ............................. Pounds per square inch ........... 0.434
Feet of water ............................. Pounds per square foot .............. 62.5
Feet of water ............................. Inches of mercury .................. 0.8824
Atmospheres ............................. Pounds per square inch ......... 14.696
Atmospheres ............................. Inches of mercury .................... 29.92
Atmospheres ............................. Feet of water .................................. 34
Long tons .................................. Pounds ...................................... 2240
Short tons ................................. Pounds ...................................... 2000
Short tons ................................. Long tons ............................. 0.89285
168
HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS
(1) Brinell Indentation Diameter, MM. (5) Rockwell Hardness Number
(2) Standard or Tungsten Carbide Ball C-Scale 150-KG. Load
Brinell Hardness No. Brale Penetrator
10MM. Ball 3000KG. Load Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number
(3) Diamond Pyramid Hardness Number. Superficial Brale Penetrator:
50-KG. Load (6) 15-N Scale 15-KG. Load
(4) Rockwell Hardness Number (7) 30-N Scale 30-KG. Load
B-Scale 100-KG. Load; (8) 45-N Scale 45-KG. Load
116" Diameter Ball (9) Shore Scleroscope Hardness Number
(10) Tensile Strength (Approx.) 1000 PSI.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2.95 429 455 45.7 83.4 64.6 49.9 61 217
3.00 415 440 44.5 82.8 63.5 48.4 59 210
3.05 401 425 43.1 82.0 62.3 46.9 58 202
3.10 388 410 41.8 81.4 61.1 45.3 56 195
3.15 375 396 40.4 80.6 59.9 43.6 54 188
3.20 363 383 39.1 80.0 58.7 42.0 52 182
3.25 352 372 (110.0) 37.9 79.3 57.6 40.5 51 176
3.30 341 360 (109.0) 36.9 78.6 56.4 39.1 50 170
3.35 331 350 (108.5) 35.5 78.0 55.4 37.8 48 166
3.40 321 339 (108.0) 34.3 77.3 54.3 36.4 47 160
3.45 311 328 (107.5) 33.1 76.7 53.3 34.4 46 155
3.50 302 319 (107.0) 32.1 76.1 52.2 33.8 45 150
3.55 293 309 (106.0) 30.9 75.5 51.2 32.4 43 145
3.60 285 301 (105.5) 29.9 75.0 50.3 31.2 141
3.65 277 292 (104.5) 28.8 74.4 49.3 29.9 41 137
3.70 269 284 (104.0) 27.6 73.7 48.3 28.5 40 133
3.75 262 276 (103.0) 26.6 73.1 47.3 27.3 39 129
3.80 255 269 (102.0) 25.4 72.5 46.2 26.0 38 126
3.85 248 261 (101.0) 24.2 71.7 45.1 24.5 37 122
3.90 241 253 100.0 22.8 70.9 43.9 22.8 36 118
3.95 235 247 99.0 21.7 70.3 42.9 21.5 35 115
4.00 229 241 98.2 20.5 69.7 41.9 20.1 34 111
4.05 223 234 97.3 (18.8) -
4.10 217 228 96.4 (17.5) 33 105
4.15 212 222 95.5 (16.0) 102
4.20 207 218 94.6 (15.2) 32 100
4.25 201 212 93.8 (13.8) 31 98
4.30 197 207 92.8 (12.7) 30 95
4.35 192 202 91.9 (11.5) 29 93
4.40 187 196 90.7 (10.0) 90
4.45 183 192 90.0 (9.0) 28 89
4.50 179 188 89.0 (8.0) 27 87
4.55 174 182 87.8 (6.4) 85
4.60 170 178 86.8 (5.4) 26 83
4.65 167 175 86.0 (4.4) 81
4.70 163 171 85.0 (3.3) 25 79
4.80 156 163 82.9 (0.9) 76
4.90 149 156 80.8 23 73
5.00 143 150 78.7 22 71
5.10 137 143 76.4 21 67
5.20 131 137 74.0 65
5.30 126 132 72.0 20 63
5.40 121 127 69.8 19 60
5.50 116 122 67.6 18 58
5.60 111 117 65.7 15 56
Note: Values in () are beyond normal range; given for information only.
169
COATED ARC WELDING ELECTRODES - TYPES & STYLES
A. W. S.
Classification
E6010 Direct Current, Reverse polarity, All Positions.

All purpose. Moderately smooth finish. Good penetration.
This is the electrode used for most carbon steel pipe
welding.
E6011 Alternating Current, All Positions.
All purpose. Moderately smooth finish. Good penetration.
E6012 Direct Current, Straight Polarity, All Positions.
High bead. Smooth. Fast. Cold rod.
E6013 Alternating Current, All Positions.
High bead. Smooth. Fast. Cold rod.
E6015 Direct Current, Reverse polarity, All Positions.
Low hydrogen electrode.
E6016 Direct Current or Alternating Current, All Positions
Low hydrogen electrode.
E6018 Direct Current, All Positions
Low hydrogen iron powder electrodes
E6020 Direct Current, Straight Polarity, Flat Position Only.
Flat bead. Smooth. Fast. Deep penetration. Can be used
with A.C. also. Hot rod.
E6024 Direct Current, Straight Polarity or

and Alternating and Current, Flat Position Only.
E6027 Flat bead. Smooth. Fast. Deep penetration.
Iron powder electrodes.
NOTE: This information also applies to E70, E80, E90, and E100 Series.
The last two numbers (in bold type) designate the types or styles
and the first two numbers the minimum specified tensile strength
in 1,000 psi of the weld deposit as welded.
170
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF E60 & E70 SERIES ELECTRODES
TYPICAL VALUES
AWS ASTM TENSILE YIELD RED. IN AREA
ELECTRODE STRENGTH STRENGTH ELONGATION MIN. %
E6010 62,00070,000 52,00058,000 22 to 28% 35
E6011 62,00073,000 52,00061,000
E6012 68,00078,000 55,00065,000 17 to 22% 25
MINIMUM VALUES
AWS ASTM TENSILE YIELD
ELECTRODE STRENGTH STRENGTH ELONGATION
E7010 70,000 57,000 22
E7011 70,000 57,000 22
E7015 70,000 57,000 22
E7016 70,000 57,000 22
E7020 70,000 52,000 25
WELDING AND BRAZING TEMPERATURES

Carbon Steel Welding 27002790F
Stainless Steel Welding 24902730F
Cast Iron Welding 19202500F
Copper Welding and Brazing 1980F
Brazing Copper-Silicon with Phosphor-Bronze 18501900F
Brazing Naval Bronze with Manganese Bronze 16001700F
Silver Solder 11751600F
Low Temperature Brazing 11751530F
Soft Solder 200730F
Wrought Iron 27002750F
171
TROUBLE SHOOTING ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT
Problem: Welder will not start (Starter not operating)
Cause: Power circuit dead.
Remedy: Check voltage.
Cause: Broken power lead.
Remedy: Repair.
Cause: Wrong supply voltage.
Remedy: Check nameplate against supply.
Cause: Open power switches
Remedy: Close.
Cause: Blown fuses.
Remedy: Replace.
Cause: Overload relay tripped.
Remedy: Let set cool. Remove cause of overloading.
Cause: Open circuit to starter button.
Remedy: Repair.
Cause: Defective operating coil.
Remedy: Replace.
Cause: Mechanical obstruction in contactor.
Remedy: Remove.
Problem: Welder will not start (Starter operating)
Cause: Wrong motor connections.
Remedy: Check connection diagram.
Cause: Wrong supply voltage.
Remedy: Check nameplate against supply.
Cause: Rotor stuck.
Remedy: Try turning by hand.
Cause: Power circuit single-phased.
Remedy: Replace fuse; repair open line.
Cause: Starter single-phased.
Remedy: Check contact of starter tips.
Cause: Poor motor connection.
Remedy: Tighten.
Cause: Open circuit in windings.
Remedy: Repair.
Problem: Starter operates and blows fuse
Cause: Fuse too small.
Remedy: Should be two to three times rated motor
current.
Cause: Short circuit in motor connections.
Remedy: Check starter and motor leads for insulation
from around and from each other.
172
Problem: Welder runs but soon stops
Cause: Wrong relay heaters
Remedy: Renewal part recommendations
Cause: Welder overloaded
Remedy: Considerable overlaod can be carried only for
a short time
Cause: Duty cycle too high
Remedy: Do not operate continually at overload currents
Cause: Leads too long or too narrow in cross section
Remedy: Should be large enough to carry welding current
without excessive voltage drop
Cause: Power circuit single-phased
Remedy: Check for one dead fuse or line
Cause: Ambient temperature too high
Remedy: Operate at reduced loads where temperature
exceeds 100 F
Cause: Ventilation blocked
Remedy: Check air inlet and exhaust openings
Problem: Welding arc is loud and spatters excessively
Cause: Current setting too high
Remedy: Check setting and output with ammeter
Cause: Polarity wrong
Remedy: Check polarity, try reversing, or an electrode of
opposite polarity
Problem: Welding arc sluggish
Cause: Current too low
Remedy: Check output, and current recommended for
electrode being used
Cause: Poor connections
Remedy: Check all electrode-holder, cable and ground-
cable connections. Strap iron is poor
ground return
Cause: Cable long or too small
Remedy: Check cable voltage drop and change cable
Problem: Touching set gives shock
Cause: Frame not grounded
Remedy: Ground solidly
Problem: Generator control fails to vary current
Cause: Any part of field circuit may be short circuited
or open circuited
Remedy: Find faulty contact and repair
173
Problem: Welder starts but will not deliver welding current
Cause: Wrong direction of rotation
Remedy: See INITIAL STARTING
Cause: Brushes worn or missing
Remedy: Check that all brushes bear on commutator with
sufficient tension
Cause: Brush connections loose
Remedy: Tighten
Cause: Open field circuit
Remedy: Check connection to rheostat, resistor, and
auxiliary brush studs
Cause: Series field and armature circuit open
Remedy: Check with test lamp or bell ringer
Cause: Wrong driving speed
Remedy: Check name plate against speed of motor or
belt drive
Cause: Dirt, grounding field coils
Remedy: Clean and reinsulate
Cause: Welding terminal shorted
Remedy: Electrode holder or cable grounded
Problem: Welder generating but current falls off when welding
Cause: Electrode or ground connection loose
Remedy: Clean and tighten all connections
Cause: Poor ground
Remedy: Check ground-return circuit
Cause: Brushes worn worn off
Remedy: Replace with recommended grade. Sand to fit.
Blow out carbon dust.
Cause: Weak brush spring pressure.
Remedy: Replace or readjust brush springs
Cause: Brush not properly fitted
Remedy: Sand brushes to fit
Cause: Brushes in backwards
Remedy: Reverse
Cause: Wrong brushes used
Remedy: Renewal part recommendations
Cause: Brush pigtails damaged
Remedy: Replace brushes
Cause: Rough or dirty commutator
Remedy: Turn down or clean commutator
Cause: Motor connection single-phased
Remedy: Check all connections
174
BASIC ARC AND GAS WELDING SYMBOLS
Type of Weld
Groove Bead Groove Fillet Groove Square Groove V
Groove Bevel Groove U Groove J Plug & Slot
Field Weld Weld All Around Flush
1. In plan or elevation, near, Location of Welding

far, and both sides, Arrow (or Near) Side of Joint
locations refer to nearest
Field Weld
member parallel to plane See Notes
of drawing and not to Size
others farther behind. A-1
7/8 1/4 1/8
2. In section or end views Flush Root Opening

only, when weld is not Other (or Far) Side of Joint
drawn, the side to which
30 Included Angle 40
arrow points is Size
considered near side. 3/4
1/16
3/4
B-2
3. Welds on both sides are Size
of same size unless Root Opening See Note 5
otherwise shown. Both Sides of Joint

Increment Length
Size Size
4. Symbols govern to break
1/2 2-5 3/4
in continuity of structure
or to extent of hatching or Weld All
Offset if Pitch of
dimension lines. Staggered Increments Around
5. Tail of arrow used for specification reference.

6. All welds are continuous and of user's standard propertions and all
except V-grooved and bevel-grooved welds are closed unless otherwise
shown.
7. When welds are drawn in section or end views, obvious information is

not given by symbol.
8. In joints in which one member only is to be grooved, arrows point to

that member.
175
SYMBOLS FOR PIPE FITTINGS
Bell And
Flanged Screwed Spigot Welded Soldered
Bushing 6 4
Cap
2 2 2 2 2
Cross 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
(Reducing) 4 4 4 4 4
Cross
(Straight)
Crossover
Elbow - 45
Elbow - 90
Elbow -
Turned Down
Elbow -
Turned Up
Elbow - Base
Elbow -
Double Branch
Elbow -
LR
LR
Long Radius
176
Bell And
Flanged Screwed Welded Soldered
Spigot
Elbow - 2 2 2 2
Reducing 4 4 4 4
Elbow -
Side Outlet
(Outlet Down)
Elbow -
Side Outlet
(OutletUp)
Elbow - Street
Joint -
Conn. Pipe
Joint -
Expansion
Lateral
Orifice Plate
Reducing Flange
Plug - Bull
Plug - Pipe
Reducer -
Concentric
177
Bell And
Flanged Screwed Welded Soldered
Spigot
Reducer -
Eccentric
Valve - Gate
Angle Gate
(Plan)
Valve - Globe
Angle Globe
(Elevation)
Valve - Globe
(Plan)
Valve (Auto)-
B-Pass
Valve (Auto)-
Governor Oper.
Valve -
Reducing
Valve -
Check
(Straight Way)
Valve -
Cock
Valve -
Diaphragm
Valve -
Float
Valve -
Gate*
*Also used for General Stop Valve when amplified by specification.
178
Bell And
Valve -
Gate
Motor Operated
Valve -
Globe
Valve -
Globe
Motor Operated
Valve -
Angle
Hose Angle
Valve -
Hose Gate
Valve -
Hose Globe
Valve -
Lockshield
Valve -
Quick Opening
Valve -
Saftey
Sleeve
179
Bell And
Tee -
Straight
Tee -
Outlet Up
Tee -
Outlet Down
Tee -
Double Sweep
Tee - 2 2 2 2 2
Reducing
6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4
Tee -
Single Sweep
Tee -
Side Outlet
(Outlet Down)
Tee -
Side Outlet
(Outlet Up)
Union
Angle Valve
Check
Angle Valve
Gate
180
WIRE ROPE
OVERVIEW
Strength of wire ropes vary, depending on the material from which the
individual strands are made and the method used in forming the cable,
ranging between 30 and 100 tons per square inch. Primarily there are 3
classes of wire rope:
(1) Iron Iron wire is soft with low tensile strength of 30 to 40 tons
per square inch. Commonly used for drum type elevator cables
and to some extent for derrick guys; being replaced by low-
carbon steel wire in these uses.
(2) Cast Steel May have a tensile strength up to 90 tons per
square inch and because of its greater strength is generally used
for hoisting purposes. To check quickly whether a piece of wire
is iron or cast steel, bend it. Iron will bend easily and take a long
time to regain its original shape, while cast steel will be harder
to bend and will snap back to its original shape very quickly.
(3) Plow Steel - Plow steel wire rope is made from high grade, open
hearth furnace steel and has an average tensile strength of 110
tons per square inch. This is the best and safest wire rope for
cranes, derricks, dredges and slings or straps for heavy loads.
LUBRICATION WIRE ROPE Wire rope is usually larger
All wire rope, whether used indoors or than the nominal diameter
out, should be considered as a group of and may exceed the nominal
moving wires constantly rubbing against diameter by the amounts
one another. The resulting friction causes
shown in the U.S. Federal
incessant wear on the moving parts of the
wire rope or cable and will shorten its life Specification for Wire Rope.
very rapidly unless lubricants are used to 0 1 2 3
overcome the friction. Lubrication also
prevents rusting.
Right
Lubricating intervals will depend on the
types and amount of work encountered.
Under average conditions, if worked 0 1 2 3
steadily on equipment, wire rope or cable

will require lubrication once every 3 Wrong
weeks. Where heavy abrasive dusts exist,
more frequent lubrication is in order.
Rusty ropes may break without warning.
SHEAVES
The life of wire rope or cable is directly affected by the condition and size
of the sheaves over which it is used. Sheaves should be at least 16 x the
diameter of the rope or cable that is used over them. In passing over a
sheave, the inside portion of the cable, which is against the sheave, is
shortened and compression is developed in that section of the cable. The
outside portion (away from the sheave) is lengthened or stretched,
causing tension in that section. These compressive and tensional stresses
181
WIRE ROPE
combine to create bending stresses which increase rapidly as the
diameter of the sheaves decrease. As these bending stresses cause much
undue wear and directly shorten the safe working life of the rope or cable,
the ratio mention between sheaves and rope should be maintained.
New wire rope may be damaged and not work properly in sheaves that
have become worn or in which the grooves have become irregular in
shape. When sheaves are worn or damaged, it is more economical to
renew the sheaves rather than to allow excessive wear on the cable.
One cause of very severe wear in wire rope or cables is reverse bending,
which will shorten the life of the rope by approximately 12. Reverse
bending refers to the bending of a cable or rope over sheaves, first in one
direction then in another.
Another cause of severe rope wear is twisting of the fall rope. When the
fall rope is twisted and a hoist is made, the wear produced is equal to
more than that resulting from weeks of normal use. The person in charge
of lifting operations should guard against twisting of the fall rope and
should not allow a lift to be made if the fall rope is twisted.
HANDLING CABLE OR WIRE ROPE
Cable or wire rope must not be coiled or uncoiled like manila rope. Cable
or wire rope must be taken off the reel in a straight line, avoiding kinking.
The reel may be mounted on a heavy pipe or roller to facilitate unwinding.
If space is limited, the cable as it comes off the reel may be layed out in a
figure 8, after which it can be reeved into the line for which it is intended.
CLAMP FASTENINGS
When it is necessary to make a short bend. as in attaching wire rope or
when it is to be looped. thimbles should always be used.
In clamping a strap or an eye, the loose or dead end is clamped against
the main part of the rope with the damps spaced apart a distance equal to
6 x diameter of the rope. Clamp fastenings seldom develop more than 45
of rope strength at best.
The point of greatest fatigue and/or NO. OF CROSBY OR SAFETY CLIPS AND
wear in a rope usually develops at DIST. BETWEEN CLIPS NEEDED FOR SAFETY
or near the end where it is clamped ROPE DIA. NO. OF DIST. BETWEEN
around the boom or where attached INCHES CLIPS CLIPS, INCHES
to the becket on the block. Clamps 1 3
4 8 3 2 14
should be inspected at least once 716 58 3 3 34
weekly and tightened if they show 34 118 4 6 34
signs of loosening. All clamped or 114 112 5 9
spliced fastenings, especially those 158 134 6 1012
on cranes or derricks, should be 2 and over 7 6 x diam.
shifted and changed at least once of cable
every six months.
U BOLTS OF ALL CLAMPS MUST BE ON THE DEAD END OF THE ROPE
182
WIRE ROPE
CORRECT - U-Bolts on short end of rope.
(No distortion on live end of rope.)
INCORRECT - U-Bolts on live end of rope.

(Causes mashed spots on live end of rope.)
INCORRECT - Staggered clips. (Causes a

mashed spot in live end of rope due to
incorrect position of center clip.)
CORRECT
INCORRECT - Thimble should be

used to increase strength of eye
and reduce wear on rope.
INCORRECT - Wire rope knot with

clip efficiency 50% or less
SAFE LOAD (IN POUNDS) ON IMPROVED PLOW STEEL WIRE ROPE

(6 STRANDS, 19 OR 37 WIRES PER STRAND, HEMPCORE)
BREAKING
SINGLE STRENGTH
DIA. CIRCUM. VERTICLE TWO PART SLING WT./FT. TONS
INCHES INCHES WIREROPE 60 45 30 LBS. (2000 LBS)
14 34 1,100 1,900 1,550 1,100 0.10 2.74
38 1 18 2,500 4,230 3,460 2,450 0.23 6.1
12 1 12 4,300 7,450 6,080 4,300 0.40 10.7
58 2 6,600 11,600 9,430 6,670 0.63 16.7
34 2 14 9,400 16,500 13,450 9,520 0.90 23.8
78 2 34 12,800 22,300 18,200 12,800 1.23 32.2
1 3 16,000 29,000 23,690 16,790 1.60 41.8
118 3 12 21,000 36,450 29,780 21,040 2.03 52.6
114 4 26,000 44,700 36,570 25,870 2.50 64.6
138 4 14 31,000 53,800 43,900 31,050 3.03 77.7
112 4 34 37,000 63,700 52,000 36,800 3.60 92.0
158 5 43,000 74,400 60,700 42,900 4.23 107.0
134 5 12 49,600 86,000 70,260 49,700 4.90 124.0
2 6 14 64,000 110,700 90,400 64,000 6.40 160.0
218 6 58 63,000 125,200 102,200 72,200 7.22 181.0
214 7 18 81,000 140,300 114,600 79,000 8.10 202.0
212 7 78 98,000 170,000 139,100 98,400 10.00 246.0
234 8 58 117,600 203,500 166,700 117,700 12.10 294.0
183
ANVIL DESIGN SERVICES
Anvil offers both Basic and Extended Services Contact your Anvil
representative for more information.
BASIC SERVICES
Anvil Design Services produces fabrication drawings and Bill of Ma-
terials of mechanical room piping 212" and larger including chillers,
heat exchangers, boilers, and pumps from contractor supplied flow
diagrams, mechanical drawings, and approved submittals and
specifications.
Initially, Anvil personnel meet with you to determine your piping
preferences. The project scope and fee is agreed upon in a Design
Services contract.
The plans and specifications are then interpreted in terms of
economy, accuracy, and compliance. We may suggest modifica-
tions in arrangement, construction, equipment location, or product
to attain the desired results. Piping layouts are carefully analyzed
to determine whether further economies can be attained in the pip-
ing system.
Piping drawings are then prepared to determine the most efficient
pipe routing, taking equipment location and any interferences into
consideration. Preliminary prints are sent to you for revision or ap-
proval.
Upon approval, (4) sets of drawings with tags and Bills of Materials
of the included system components are sent to you.
VALVES
Qty TAG# SIZE PART# DESCRIPTION #1
4 2.5 GRUVLOK,SER.7000 BUTTERFLY VALVE, GRVD
25 2.5 GRUVLOK,FIG.758 STRAINER, GROOVED
27 2.5 GRUVLOK,SER.7800 CHECK VALVE, GRVD
34 6 GRUVLOK,Fig.7260 STRAINER, GROOVED
55 10 GRUVLOK,SER.7000 BUTTERFLY VALVE, GRVD
12 58 6 GRUVLOK,SER.7000 BUTTERFLY VALVE, GRVD
61 10 GRUVLOK,SER.7000 BUTTERFLY VALVE, GRVD
81 6 GRUVLOK,FIG.722G 3DTY VALVE, GROOVED
85 6x5 GRUVLOK,Fig.7250 SUCTION DIFF, GROOVED
89 6 GRUVLOK,Fig.7250 SUCTION DIFF, GROOVED
FITTINGS
Qty TAG# SIZE PART# DESCRIPTION #1 DESCRIPTION #2
10 2 2.5 GRUVLOK,Fig.7050 90 ELBOW, GRVD 290390014249
27 5 2.5 GRUVLOK,Fig.7000 COUPLING, FLEX GRVD.
32 7 2.5 GRUVLOK,Fig.7400 COUPLING, RIGIDLOK GRVD. 290390013522
6 8 2.5 GRUVLOK,Fig.7060 TEE, GROOVED 290390016822
4 10 2.5 GRUVLOK,Fig.7051 45 ELBOW, GRVD 290390014801
4 11 4 GRUVLOK Fig 7400 COUPLING RIGIDLOK GRVD 290390013548
With Basic Services, you can plan the mechanical room. The pre-
liminary drawings can be taken to coordination meetings with other
trades to reserve space by getting in first. Also, your field su-
pervisor can spend more time supervising and not calculating pipe
184
ANVIL DESIGN SERVICES
lengths and pipe routing. The components can be grouped from
the finished drawings for better workflow planning.
We usually reduce fitting counts by 10%-15% by moving equip-
ment whenever possible, usually less than a foot. The more move-
ment that is allowed, the more savings can be realized.
EXTENDED SERVICES
Extended Services include any scope beyond Basic Services. There
are many different types of services offered as extended:
BOM by component (pump, chiller) or by system
Unique Tagging adding unique tags to components
Air Handling Units with associated ductwork
Single Line Routing non-dimensional
Distribution Piping
Dimensioned Floor Penetrations
AWWA Piping - Total Scope
Commercial Piping
Oil Field Piping
Retrofit Projects - Field Survey
Hybrid Systems
Anything Else
51 7
16 5
2
5
7 7 17
18 5
51 2 15
10 5
7 5
7 7 4 5 8
10 8 7
7 5
1 7 3 3
4 2
5 10
6 7
7 26 26 7
2 4
8 5 21 2 5
22 5
7 7 9 7
5 4 7
22 23 5 10 26 2
21 21 6 7
22 7 26 21
26 8 5
5 22
4 7 9
13 5 7 5
25
21 22 23
5 22 21
24 26
5
12 4
28 13 5
14 25
12
11 20 28 5
7 IN 24 24
8 5
7 12
2 27 28
7 11 5 14 12
7 4 7 29 2 11 20 28
D HOT WATER ISO 5 7 IN 24
8 5
M-1 7
NO SCALE 2 27
7 11 5
7 4 7 29 2
5
185
Corporate Offices
110 Corporate Drive, Suite 10
P.O. Box 3180
Portsmouth, NH 03802-3180
Tel: 603-422-8000 Fax: 603-422-8033
E-mail: Webmaster@anvilintl.com
www.anvilintl.com
ENGINEERED PIPE SUPPORTS WESTERN REGION

Structural Fabrication Regional Service Center: Servicing
Field Services Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,
Non-destructive Testing Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon,
Contact: North Kingstown, RI Plant Utah, Washington, Wyoming
401-886-3001 1600 E. Orangethorpe Avenue
Fullerton, CA 92831
ANVIL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Tel: 714-773-1166 Fax: 714-879-2319
20 Thurber Blvd.
Smithfield, RI 02917 CANADA MUELLER-FLOW CONTROL
Tel: 401-349-3020 Alberta
Fax: 401-349-3021 Calgary
NORTH EAST REGION Tel: 403-246-0033 Fax: 403-246-0051
Regional Service Center: Servicing Edmonton
Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Tel: 780-452-9841 Fax: 780-452-9873
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New British Columbia
Jersey, New York, East Pennsylvania, Rhode Delta
Island, Vermont Tel: 604-940-1449 Fax: 604-940-9878
2530 Pearl Buck Road Nanaimo
Bristol, PA 19007 Tel: 250-758-1551 Fax: 250-758-1160
Tel: 215-672-3444 Fax: 215-672-4406 Prince George
Tel: 250-561-1219 Fax: 250-561-7358
SOUTH EAST REGION
Vancouver City
Regional Service Center: Servicing Tel: 604-875-6990 Fax: 604-875-6962
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Manitoba
Tennessee, Virginia Winnipeg
6344 Cash Court Tel: 204-774-3461 Fax: 204-786-5044
Norcross, GA 30071 Ontario
Tel: 770-662-8177 Fax: 770-662-0284 Stoney Creek
MID WEST REGION Tel: 905-664-9230 Fax: 906-664-9556
Regional Service Center: Servicing Toronto
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Tel: 416-251-4171 Fax: 416-251-7087
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Sarnia
North Dakota, Ohio, West Pennsylvania, Tel: 519-336-7690 Fax: 519-336-1621
South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin Sudbury
750 Central Avenue Tel: 705-671-9600 Fax: 705-671-8082
University Park, IL 60466 Quebec
Tel: 708-534-1414 Fax: 708-534-5441 Montreal
Toll Free: 1-800-301-2701 Tel: 514-342-2100 Fax: 514-342-2177
Ste-Foy
SOUTH WEST REGION
Tel: 418-650-5766 Fax: 418-266-0252
Regional Service Center: Servicing
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Saskatchewan
Oklahoma, Texas Regina
1313 Avenue R Tel: 306-543-5536 Fax: 306-545-0390
Grand Prairie, TX 75050 Saskatoon
Tel: 972-343-9206 Fax: 972-641-8946 Tel: 306-242-6788 Fax: 306-242-5089
186

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Pipe Fitter Handbook

Another Anvil Advantage

MINI CATALOG ............................................... 3 - 103

TECHNICAL INFORMATION (CONTINUED) ...................... 126 - 187

abs ............................................................................................. Absolute

hex ........................................................................................... Hexagonal

Barlows Formula is a safe, easy method for finding the relationship

NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS FOR

NOM. 90 ELBOWS 180 RETURNS 45

114 178 1 14 23 4 2116 1

*Dimensions apply to STD and XS only.

*Dimensions apply to STD and XS only.

H: Concentric and Eccentric Reducers C, M: Reducing Outlet Tees

(1) The 116 raised face is included in length thru Hub, Y.

* Not available in Threaded type

(1) The 116 raised face is included in length thru Hub, Y.

(1) The 116 raised face is included in Thickness, Q.

125/150 LB. FLANGE 250/300 LB. FLANGE

8 1134 34 8 4 312 13 78 12 514 434

*116" Raised Face

400 LB. STEEL FLANGES 600 LB. STEEL FLANGES

EXTRA HEAVY CAST IRON COMPANION FLANGES AND BOLTS

As above, except use Grade A for close (1) B 60,000

As above A 139 B 60,000

FORGED PIPE, FLANGES

30,000 28 17.5+ 56t 35 (2) (3) -

35,000 22 15+ 48t 30 (2) (3) -

30,000 17.5+ 56t 35 .050 .060

.35 (5) .90 .05 .05

.35 (5) .90 .05 .05

NOM OUTSIDE ARC

Step1 Step2 Step1

JIG FOR SMALL DIAMETER PIPING

1. Cut out 90 notches about 9" from end.

TAP AND DRILL SIZES (AMERICAN STANDARD COARSE)

WEIGHT/FOOT - SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE

NOMINAL REGULAR EXTRA STRONG

FEET HEAD TO WATER PRESSURE

VACUUM, IN PRESSURE BOILING

The accompanying chart provides fast answers to many problems that

Standard gives the internal diameter of standard pipe

Exact gives the exact diameter.

I.D. of exactly 1 in.

To apply the chart to the problem locate 1 in. in column A using

D shows the cubic feet/minute flowing through the pipe.

F gives the weight of the water in pounds/minute.

If a quantity in columns D, E and F is known then velocity may

The chart can be used as a.conversion chart to determine the

A little practice will prove this chart to be a real time-saver.

18" 0.4 0.01

TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPING MATERIAL

CHEMICAL WEIGHT IN POUNDS WEIGHT IN POUNDS

COLORS AND APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE

Black Red ........................................................................... 990F

Melting Points of Metals

1,100 600 Blood Red

Tin Alloys Lead 600

SPCIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS

TYPCIAL BTU VALUES OF FUELS

AREA OF A CIRCLE: The measurement of the surface within a circle. To

CARBON STEEL: A steel which owes its distinctive properties chiefly to

COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION: A number indicating the degree of

CORROSION: The gradual destruction or alteration of a metal or alloy