Jennifer Joseph

Period.4
Due: 11/10/16

Key Issue 1
Where are, ethnicities distributed?
Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States
Ethnic clustering: Regional Scale
Hispanic or Latinos- Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and California
African Americans- Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South
Carolina, and Mississippi
Asian Americans- Hawaii and California
Ethnic clustering: Urban Scale
African American and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas

Key Issue 2
Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Forced migration form Africa
During the 1800s British forced migration from Africa to the American
colonies in the eighteenth century
The first African slaves arrived at Jamestown, Virginia on a Dutch ship in
1619. b.
The British shipped about 400,000 slaves to the thirteenth colonies
In 1808, America banned the bringing of new slaves.
Forced migration started when Africans on the West and East coast captured
members living further inland and sold them.
Nearly all Africans ended up in the Southeast colonies.

Key Issue 3
Why do conflicts arise in ethnicities?

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.

Five nationalities:
 Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrens, Serbs, and Slovenians.

Four languages:

Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Slevene.

Three religions: a.

Roman Catholic in the North. (Croats and Slovenes) b.

Orthodox in the East. (Serbs and Macedonians) c.

Islam in the South. (Bosnians and Montenegrens)

Two alphebets: a.

Croatian and Slovene were written in the Roman alphabet. b.

Macedonian and Serbian were written in Cyrillic. c.

Serbian and Croation are the same languages, but with different alphabets.

One dinar: a.

One type of currency kept them united. 2.

Destruction of Multiethnic Yugoslavia a.

Rivalries resurfaced in the 1980s when Tito died and the country went bankrupt.
b.

When Yugoslavia was one country, the six republics were fine. But when the
country split into five separate countries, wthnicities fought to redefine the
boundaries. -

Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia a.

The population of Bosnia & Herzegovnia was 48% Bosnian Muslim, 37% Serb, ad
14% Croat. b.

Bosnian Muslim was considered an ethnicity instead of a nationality. Rather than

live in a country dominated by Muslims, the Serbs and Croats fought for portions
for their own countries.

Seth Adler 15
c.
Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims. This allowed
them to connect with Serbia and Croatia. d.

Bosnia & Herzegovnia was split into three sections, each dominated by Croats,
Muslims, and Serbs. The Bosnian Croat and Muslim regions formed a federation,
but the Serb region becam independent in everything but its name. -

Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo a.

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained a multiethnic country. b.

Serbia was given control of Kosovo when Yugoslavia was created in the early 12
th
century. c.

When Yugoslovia broke up, Serbia took control of Kosovo and used ethnic
cleansing to get rid of the Albanian majority. d.

The US and Western European countries were outrage so they formed the Noth
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and launched an air attack over Serbia. It
ended when Serbia agreed to withdraw all of its soldiers from Kosovo. Kosovo
became independent in 2008, but only 60 countries recognize its independence.
Russia does not. -

Balkanization a.

Balkanized

A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or
more states because it was inhabited by more than one ethnicities with
antagonisms between them b.

Balkanization

The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnicities
B.

Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa a.

Ethnic cleansing is widespread in Africa because the boundaries do not math the
boundaries of ethnic groups. During the late 19
th
century, European countries divided the land with little regard for distribution of
ethnicities. b.

The most important unit of African society was the tribe rather than the state.
There are several thousand ethnicities (tribes) with a common language and
religion.
 Seth Adler 16
c.

When the European colonies in Africa became independent states in the 1950s,
the boundaries typically matched those of the Europeans which split tribes up. d.

A major conflict exists between the Hutus and Tutsis. The Hutus were famers in
present-day Rwanda and Burundi. The Tutsis were herders who migrated there
400 years ago. The Tutsis tok control of Rwanda and made the Hutus their surfs.
e.

When Rwanda gained independence in 1962, they were ably to vote and since
they were the majority, they won. Once in power, they killed many Tutsis. This is
ethnic cleansing. The Tutsis who survived launched a conter attack and took
control of Rwanda. Recently, they have been calm. f.

The Democating Republic of Congo has also been in a war. It is thought to have
been the deadliest war since WWII. g.

Tutsis were able to overthrow Congos longtime president, Joseph Mobutu

in 1997. He was wealth from minerals while impoverishing the rest of the
country. After succeeding him, Laurent Kabila relied of the Tutsis and allowed
them to kill some of the Hutus. When Kabila split with the Tutsis, they supported
the rebels and assassinated him in 2001. His son tried to negotiate a peace with
the rebels, but fighting still continues, especially in the east