DIN 4024 Part 1 ' Page 3
or, when allowing for stiffness:
b) . viscous damping,where the damping force Is given by:
FD.pdV-i! (5)
or, when allowing for stiffness:
The quantities used to characterize the damping are:
a) damping factor (Lehr damping factor),'D 7)
dv
Dm-
2fi - change in the magnetic forces in the air gap of an electrlc
"-5.E 2
b) logarithmic decrement
where, in equations (3) to (11).
P , Is the excitation frequency.
dB,dvl),ke 1) and kv are dampmg characteristics tquan-
, tities with different units),
c is.the elastic (spring) constant (of a
single-degree-of-freedom system),
rn is the mass (of a single-degree-of-
freedom system).
is the.vbration velocity.
2A Action-effects
For the purposes of thls standard, actlon-effects are forces.
moments and quantlties of displacement that occur as a
. resuk of static or dynamic loading.
) 25 Model
For the purposes of thls standard, a model is a represen-
tation of the actual mechanical system, used forthe calcu-
latlon of essential system characteristics. Each possible
independent displacement of a material point or a model
element. within a spatial configuration, Is defined ,as a
degree of freedom. Where vibration in any one coordinate
influences vibration in other coordinates. the system may
be represented by several, mutually independent models
('decoupling').
2.6 Machinery
2.6.1 Service frequency (rotational speed)
The service frequencyis the rotatlondl speed under service
conditions, expressed in s-' (or in mln-').
26.2 Servlce frequency range .
The setvice frequency range is the range of rotational
speeds under service conditions.
2.6.3 Excltatlon frequency
Excltation frequency is the frequency at which dynamic
loads act on the systern.It is often the same dr the service
frequency.
2.6.4 Balanced quality
The balanced quallty of a system IS^ measure,Q,of the rotor
unbalanca,expressed as Q = e -Q,wheree is the eccentrlc-
ity of the rotor (cf.VDI 2060).
2.6.5 Driving moment
The driving moment is the torque at the input of a driven
machine (e-g. a turbine).
235.6 .Output moment
The output moment is the torque at the output of a driving
machine (e-g. a generator).
2.6.7 Vacuum force
Vacuum forces are statlc laads that result when vacuum in
the condensor of a steam turbine is produced.
28.8 Terminal short circuit and loss of syncfironisatlon
Terminal short drcuit and loss of s~nchronisatlonare
transient malfunctions that occur as a result of a rapid
rnachlne.
2.7 Types of foundation
2.7,1 Mathine support
A machlne'support is a flexlble structure in the form of -
a slab or a configuration of beams on which the machine
systems rests and is anchored.
272 Table foundation
A table foundation consists of a slab placed on props that
are usually arranged In pairs. The props usually rest on a
reinforced concrete base, the latter resting on the ground.
2.7.3 SpTlrtg foundation
A sprfng foundation is made up of spring elements, usually
consisting of eeveral prefabricated springs having defined
sprlng constants, and the supporting structure. which is
defined as the structure beneath the spring elements.
including the ground.
27.4 Slab foundatien
A slab foundatlon is made from reinforced concrete'and
rests directly on the ground.
2.7.5 Platform foundation
A platform foundation Is a constiuction that Is made of
slabs or bearns,on which thd machine system directly rests,
and that is integral with a multi-storey structure.
3 Materials and ground
3.1 Reinforced concrete
Concrete of at least strength class 825 as specified in
DIN 1045 shall be used.
For the dynamic analysis, the staticmoduli of elasticity as
given in DIN 1045 may be assumed-Where precise Informa- '
tion about the damping charactcrlstics is not known. the
damping factor, D, of the entire system (machine plus
foundation) may be assunied to be 0,02.Where stiffness-
related viscous damping Is a factor, k v should be selected
so that D is less than or equal to 0,02at the highest calcu-
lated natural frequency, f, (see subclause 5.3). For load .
cases that Involve significantly higher loading than Lhat
during normal service, a higher damping factor may be ..
assumed.
I) In the relevant literature, the syrnbo10 is used forD,korb
for dv, and v for he. . . .. .
..
 Page 4 DIN 4024 Part 1
Reinforcing steel, suitable for loads that are not predomi-
nantly 6tati~.Shai!be used for members subject to dynamic
loads:. the reinforcement of such members shall not be
made from smooth reinforcing steel.
3.2 Steel
Steel of at least grade St 37-2 aspectfiedin DIN 17100shall
be used.
For the dynamle analysls, the statlc moduli of elasticity as
given in DIN 18 800 Part 1may be assumed. Where precise
information about the damping characteristics is not avail-
able, stiffness-related material damping may be essumed.
as well as a damplng characteristic, kB, equal to 0.02
For load cases that involve loading significantlyhigherthan
that during normal 5ervice.a higher damping tzctor may be
assumed.
' 3.3 Ground
For ths dynamlc analysis, the resiliencyof the ground need
onty be considered ,in speciaf cases (cf, subclause 5 5 ) .
except for slab foundations. where the resiliency must be
considered. It may. however, be advantageous to consider
the damping of the ground.
'
The dynamic characteristics of the ground (e.g. shear
modulus and Poisson's ratio) can only be determined by
'field or laboratory measurements. Slnce measured values
tend t o be wldely dispersed, calculation ot the dynamic
loading.should be based on limit values forthese quantities.
whlch can be found in the relevant'llterature,[l] to 131.
4 bads
4.7 Machinery
4.1.1 General
The machine manufacturer shall provide the following infor-
mztion:
a) erectlon loads; .
b) loads during normal service; '
c) loads during malfunction;
'd) service frequency and service frequency range;
e) 'any thermal effects of the machine or the ancillary
equipment on the foundation.
The static and dynarntc loads in each of the above cases
shall be glven separately.
If the machine manufacturer requires the foundation to be
of a partlcularstitfness, the above load information shafl be
stated In the form of displacement values which are not to
be exceeded.
If vibration is to be restricted (to prevent damage to the
machine and its ancillary equipment), even in the case of
malfunction, the manufacturer shall provide relevant limit
values. . set out in DIN 1045,and no allowance shall be made for
4-12 Statlc ioads
The following are static loads during normal service:
a) the mass of the rotors and the machine casing;
b) the mass ofthe condensers,depending on how t i e y are
erected and the amount of water they contain;
c) the vacuum force in a turbine whose .condensers are
Connected to the turbine casing via compensators
(both vertical and horizontal);
d) the machine's driving and output moments that act on
the foundation via the caslng (vertlcal pairs of forces):
e) friction'loads on the bearing faces (predominantly hori-
zontal), caused by the thermal expansion of the casing:
1) loads due to the mass of the aneilhry equipment end
the effective forces and moments (that act both VeRI- -
cally and horizontally). e.g. thermal expansion, flow
forces and vapour pressure;
g) thermal effects from the machine and Its ancillary
equipment.
In the case of turbines. a difference in temperature of
20K across the foundalion cross section may be
assumed, unless otherwise specified by the .machine
manufacturer.
Erection laads are generally transient mass loads that do
not occur during normal servive, and include the loads
resuttlng from erection equipment and llfting gear.
4.1.3 Dynamic loads
The following are dynamic loads during normal service:
a) bearing forces (both vertlcal and horizontal), resulting
from rotor unbalance, depending on the rotational ,
speed;
b) periodic operating loads, resulting from the particular
machine performance, that act on the foundation via
the casing o r the bearings,e.g. forces at twice or several
times the rotational frequency'of single-phase a-C.
machines or blowers,forces from the casing at twice the
mains frequency of a three-phase machine, or slip-
frequency magnetic forces from an induction machine;
c) forces and moments that result from turning the
machine on or off. or other translent situatlons (e.g.
those associated with the operation of shock convert-
ers or occurring during synchronization)..
The major dynamic loads that result fmm malfunction are:
a) an increase in the periodic bearing loads In the case of
exceptionally hlgh rotorunbalance caused,forexarnple,
by blade breakage or rotor distortion;
b) terminal short circuit or loss of synchrontration in the
geneiator or motor:
c) shock to pipes or fittings upon emergency shut-down.
4.2 Foundation
41.1 Permanent loads
The designvalues of the self-weight ofthe structureshall be
determined in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 1.
- 4.2.2 Imposed loads _-
Imposed loads need not be considered fqrthestructure as
a whole, but the indvidual members shall be designed l o
carry particular imposed loads, these being the subject
of agreement among the machine manufacturer, the foun-
dation designer and the client. Unless otherwise specified..
an imposed load of 5 k ~ l r shall
n ~ be assumed.
4.23 Creep and shrinkage of reinforced concrete
Shrinkage of reinforced concrete shall be considered, as
crsep (ct. subclause 7.1). v,
45.4 ~ e c of h .temperature,wind and earthquakes
Where the effects of temperature, wind and earthquakes
need to be considered, refer to the relevant standads (e.g.
DIN 1045. DIN 1055 Part 4 and DIN 4149 Part I).
5 Design ..
5.1 General
5.1.1 objectives
Machine foundations arei intended to accommodate the
statlc and dynamic loads from the rnachine.They should be
designed on the basis otrnachine mov'ementduring norm&

servlce (i.e. the minimum performance requirements to be
satisfied), and l o prevent unacceptable vibration from
being transmitted to t'he environment.This can be assessed
on the basis of thevibration amplitudes of rolors,especially
at the bearings.and the associated vibration and forces.
Any effect that malfunction has on Ihe foundatlon shall not
impair subsequent machine performance under service
conditions.
To Verlry compliance with these general requirements, a
static and dynamic analysis shell be made,instead of calcu-
lations.
>%-.%9J33.
=-1.2 sB@p5~$.y~:i
The static analysis of machine foundations. i.e. analysls of
the action-effects of the system under static loading, shall
be based on specified load cases (cf.subdause 6.1) forthe
machinery (cf.subclause 4.21) and for the foundation
(cf. subclause 42). Since such an analysis Is the same as
that made for similar structures. it is not dealt with here.
Compliance with any limit displacement values specified by
the machine manufacture? under defined load conditions
.
(cf. subclause 4.1.1) shall be verified.
In the case of machine foundations made fmm reinforced
concrete, deformatlon due to creep may be limlted by
means of a suitable structural design (cf. subdeuse 11).
Where thermal effects are to be considered in thianalysis
of reinforced concrete foundations, the 2nd moment of
effective cross-sectional area may be assumed to be equal
t o 0.3 1.
The static analysis of steel machine foundatlons may
generally be limited to a determination o f the support
reaction. as the vibration load on such foundatlons is low.
5.1.3 ~B~$it9~~$
Dynamic analysis of machine foundations serves to assess
vibration behavtour and to determine the action-effects
of the system under dynamic IoadLng, It is to be based on
a model of the entire system that has largely linear charac-
teristics'and several degrees of freedom. The method
of assessment of the vibration behaviour (displacement)
andof determining dynamic forces will depend on whether
dynamic excitation forces are to be considered or not.
Where excitation forces are not considered, predicting the
vibration behavlour may be based on a comparison of
the calculated natural frequencies of the machine with its
excitation frequencies, and then assessing the excitation
l these natural modes. The action-effects can
~ o t e n t i aof
then be determined by assumlng analogous maximum dis-
placement values based on the natural modes established.
Where excitation forces declared by the machine rnanufac-
turer are used in the calculation. or where such are
assumed, predicting the vibration behaviour and determin-
ing the actlon-effects may be based on an analysis of
forced vibration, in which case naturaIvibration is also to be
determined.
Dynamic analysis and consideration of the dynamic com-
ponent i n subsequent calculations may generally be
dispensed wlth ifthe mass of the rotating elements Is less
than one one-hundredth of the mass of the entire system
(machine plus foundation). (Note that for platform founda-
tions, the foundatlon is understood to comprise only those
members which are dlrectly loaded.) Otherwise.in the case
of systems whose elements run at different rotational
speeds. their excitation unbalance at any one speed may be
neglected i f the sum of the masses of the individual ele-
ments is less than one one-hundredth of (he mass of the
entire system,
DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 5
5.2 Model study
5.2.1 Principles
A model is intended t o facilitate analysis of the vibration
behaviour of the entire system (machine plus foundatlon).
?Ystgl?& !e,q.@$$.n:${ RyE%jie,i??:$!$$t:iLm ode!.having
d,~J$.t!-ute-qp.!:cpnceotm-;dt~~mas~eson si?r.jngsuppprjs.~~e.-,,
excitation source,as well as system characteristics such as
mass, stiffness and danrpicgl are Po, b e included so as t o
$errnit a sufficiently zccurate assessmeni':
5.22 Requirements
The model usually consists of beam elements In which
shear and torsion deformation have been accounted for.
Rotation inertla may be neg1ected.h the case of reinforced
concrete, the 2nd moments of area of the cross-sectional
areas may be determined for the cross section exhibiting
no cracks (state I). The distribution of mass may either
be represented reallstlcaliy, or the mass assumed to b e
distributed at different points. It should he noted, however,
that if calculation is based on distributed masses. the
required accuracy can be achieved with substantially fewer .
degrees of freedom than with concentrated masses. In
the case of reinforced concrete foundations, the machine .
shaft and casing may usually be seen as. slatic; for steel . .
and steeltconcrete composite foundations.a more precise
-analysis should be made. -
Each model polnt (node) has up to six degrees of freedom.
i.e. three translational and three rotational.The number of
degrees of.freedom that need to be considered in a parlic-
ular case cannot be specified here.
Thenumberofnodes required and the num berof degrees of
freedom to be assigned to them depends on several
tactors. including:
a) t h e geometry of the entire system;
b) the type of vibration to be investigated (vertical, hori-
zontal or torsional):
C) the relevant frequency range;
d) the calcutalion method selected.
if the system is symmetrlcal with respect to the vertical
centre plane in the longitudinal direction, it will have sym-
metric and antimetric natural modes of vibration that can
be calculated using models that represent each half of
the systern.The relevant frequency range, i.e. the range of
natural frequencies that approaches the service frequency,
will affect the minimum number of translational degrees of
freedom that need not be considered.This number should
be greater than twice the'order of the highest nalural fre-
quency in the relevant frequency range. I
Damping may be neglected when calculating natural vibra-
tion, but should be considered when calculating forced
vibration.
where it is necessary to consider the resiliency of the
ground (cf. subclause 3.3). the continuous resiliency may
be represent.ed by a number of springs.
55.3 Simplified representation
.The foundatlon usually does not need to be represented in a
spatial configuration. Rather, it may be represenled by
models of the individual components. one each for trans-
lation and rotation in the two vertical planes and in the hori-
zontal plane. The rotational component may often be
dispensed with.
For consideration of horizontal vibralion, the foundation ..
may generally be assumed to be decoupled from the sup-.
port and to be laterally retained by springs.
For table foundations, the natural flexural yibratlon of the
props may becalculaled separately from the entire systenl.
 Page 6 DIN 4024 Part l

The following simplHlcatlons are permitted tor the calcula-

tlonaf vertlcal vfbraticn.
a) Where the flexural strength of the spring-supported
system Is high relative to the stiffness of the spring sup- Model
ports, Le. where mu

is less than or equal to 50 (see flgure 41, then

- i t maybe assumed that the flexuralsystem Is rlgld for
calculation of the naturglfrequenciesgenerated by
the sprlng supports. or
-
the spring supports may be neglectedforcaleulatlon
of higher natural frequencies.
b) In the case of spring foundations,where the stiffness.cu,
of the supporting slabs, beams or other supports Is at
least ten tlmes the stiffness,+, of the sprlng elements,
1.e. where is not less than 10, then the foundetion
may be assumed to be separate from the support and to
consist of a confiiuration of beams resting on gpring
elements.
For calculation purposes,this means thai the resiliency,
m.of the foundatlon, as well as the effect of Its mas,
can be neglected.
c) The effect of the ground and that of the mass of the
foundatlon may usually be neglected, provided one of
fe -
the three tollowing condltlons is met (see figure 5).
cl: The lowest nature1 frequency.fl, of the foundatlon 6 . 3 Natural vibration
plus machine (mass .ma)on the spring supporl. 53.1 Natural frequencies and modes &f vibration
where the foundation (mass m,J is assumed to be The natural frequencies f, to f,, and the modes associated
rigid.'$ at least 20% lower than the lowest service with them shdl be calculated in ascending order.
frequency, fm. The number of ndturai frequencies and modes to be
cp:The lowest natural frequency. fl, of the entire sys- kestabiished shall be selected so that the highest natural
tem.assurned to be a rtgld body vibrating on flexible frequency calculated is at least 10% higherthan the service
ground.is at least 20%lowerthanthe lowestservlce frequency.Thls requirement may be dispensed with in the
frequency, f,,,. case of foundations for machineswith high service frequen-
CJ: The lowest natural frequmcy,f1. ofthe foundation as cies (ie. where f, 2 75Hz); however, depending on the
such. assumed to be riaidis at least 25 1lower than analysls model. the number of natural frequencies to be
the ~bwestnatural fr&uency. f B , of the foundatlon calculated. n. shall comply with the following:
a as such, assumed to be rigid and on flexible ground. e ) n = 10 fortwo-dimensional models in which onlyvertical
displacements are considered and.in which symmetric
and antimetrfc vibration are not decoupled:
b) n = ifortwo-dimensionel,symmetricalmodels Inwhich
F. I I Model onlyvertlcal displacementsare coisrdered and in which
Symmetric and antlmetric vibration are decoupled.

5-32 Assessment af vibratlon behaviour

on the basis of natural vibmflon
An assessment of the vibration behaviour of a machine
--------------- fl
When calculating fr and
foundatlon. in respect of the objecttves glven in sub-
. clause 5.1.1, may, as a simplification, be based on the rela-
tionship of the naturd frequencies. f,, to the, service
-. E . I shall be assumed
- --- .59.
to approach infinity.
frequencles. f,.
--h

-- --4--. 4
If both condltionsl and2 below are met for each decoupled
model, subsequent analysis may be dispensed with.
1. Rrst order natural frequency

fl 2 125.fm (13)
\-
.
z ' or
\
"" +---A
'
,/. f3
' When calculating f,, with fr s O.a-f, . (1 41
larger than 2, c, shall be 2 Higher order nat;ral frequencies
assumed to be zero. a) Higher order natural frequencies that approa& the
service frequency:

'.--/'
flgure 4. Simplification a)
- jn 5 4 9 . f m
and
j" + 1 2 1.1 .f", . . ...
(15)

I
b) If condition 2a Is not met,it shallsuffice thatf,, is less
O --C-
'
than f,,, where n Is equal to 10 or 6 (cf. sub-
clause 5.3.7). . .
Where conditions 7 and 2 are not met. a more Drecise
aisessment of vibration behavlour can' "ooetheiesi be
attained by analyzing the excitation potentialof the natural
modes of vibration. For this purpose, the highest natural
modes, assuming they lie wlthin the frequency range
defined by conditions 1 and 2 above, may be analyzed for
the magnitude of the relative displacement, z ,i at the
bearings.i.of the machine shaft Each natural mode ofvlbra-
tron shall be checked separately for each bearing. i, for ful-
filment of the following condftlon:
If this condition is not met. then forced vibration shall be
analyzed In accordance with subclause 5.4.
Note that analysls as specified h subclause 5.4 Is recom-
mended for steellwncrete composite foundations for
machines whose service frequency,f,,,,is less than 75 Hz or
where f , is greater than f,(where n is equal to 10 or 6 as
given In subclause 5.3.1).
5.4.1 General
If the vibration behaviour cannot be adequately assessed
uslng the methods given in subclause 5.3, an analysis
of forced displacement as set out in subclause 5.42 is
required on the basb of the excbation forces declared by
the machine manufacturer. In the absence of such informa-
tion. the forces as determined in accordance with sub-
clause 5.4.2 may be Introduced In the calculation.The dis-
placement values thus obtained may then be compared
with the data given by the manufacturer, If any, or with the
values obtained in accordance with subclause 5,4.3, taking
the operative state and, if necessary, the malfunctioning
state, into account.
The forces due t o unbalance.in both the operative and mat-
functlonlng stales, may be determined in accordance with
subclause 5.4.2, 5.4.3 or 5.4.4.
1
5.4.2 Forced vibration
I f information on forces due to unbalance (in the operative
and malfunctioning slates) has been provided by the
machine manufacturer, they may be used to establish
displacements and forces uslng themodel formed to deter-
mine natural frequencies, following the principles set out
below.
In the ~ b s e n c eof such information, the forces may be cal-
culated in accordance with VDI 2060, on the basis of
balanced quallty, as follows.
a) Operatlve state
The balanced quality shall be assumed to be one grade
lower than that for the relevant machine group as speci-
fied in VDI 2060.
b) Malfunctloning state
The tqrces due to unbalance shall be assumed to be SIX
times the value established for the operative state.
The excitation forces shall be analyzed for each bearing.
taking into account the baianced quality selected, the
service frequency as the excitation frequency. and the
rotary mass component.As a simplificatlon,since Ihe phase
pattern of the excitation forces is unknown, the forces at
the bearlngs may first be assumed to be unidirectional,
. .
..*' -
and then to act in opposlte directions. H the natural
frequencies lie within the range of 0.95 to 1,05f.,, the exci- 9
tation frequency may be assumed to be shifted to either of
:
I -
DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 7
the two adjacent natural frequencies;provlded that they li
within the specified range and that the magnitude of th
excitation force Is kept constant.
5.4.3 Natural modes of vibration
!f -
If calculating tho dlsplacernent can be dispensed wlth,the
farces may be determined on the basis of the natural
modes of vibration adjacent to the service frequency, thls
being Intended to sirnplffy the analysis that would be re-
quired for forced vibration. On the basis of the n i h r a l
modes end the associated action-effects,foreach member
that incorporates a bearing, maximum amplitudes and
forces for the operative and malfunctioning states shall be
assumed, and the forces obtalned by conversion. For
members that do not incorporate bearings, the action-
effects shall be determined by superimposing load dk-
placement curves.
The following amplitudes, effective at the bearings,may be
assumed for the particular machine group.in accordance
with VDI 2056.
a ) Operatlve state
The value associated with the operating frequency for ,
the assessment criterion given in VDI 2056which Is one
1 grade higher than that guaranteed bythe manufacturer
/ shall be taken as the amplitude under service condi-
tions at the particular bearing.
b) Malfunctioning state -
The amplitude in the case of maHunctloning shall be
assumed to be s k tlmes that values used forthe opera-
tive state.
6.4.4 Equivalent-bad method
in the case of slab- or beam-type foundations of simple
geometry. the dynamic analysis may be simplified by
wsuming equivalent static loads. based on the unbalance
during the,m,alfunction!ng.,$ate,,so thal results err on the
safe side for the operative state.
staking with a balanced quality,e. O,equal to 2,5 mmls for
the relevant machine group (seeVDl2060) in the operative
state, a balanced quality equaf to 38mmfs Is assumed.
which is six times that of the next highest grade.The un-
balance force. K,is then a function of the rotorweight force,
L.and the operating frequency, f,s' o that
*-
ratio, --
The static equivalent load.F, is a iunction 07 the frequency
.- - -.
In
where!,, is the nearest natural frequency in the plane being
considered, so that
;.I .
with F a maximum of 15 K. !, ,1
,
F shall then be assumed to act at the bearings according t o 1
the rotary mass component To determine the action-effects,i ,
an equivalent system should be used that has fixed bearings/ \
at the nodes of the natural modes of vibration belng investi-j '
gated.The signs (+or-) of the equivalent-load component
of the bearings should be selected to produce the maxi-
mum posslble amount of deformation within the system.
5.5 Analysis of transient vibration
Transient vibration that can affect the balanced quality of
the system may occurwhen the machine is turned on or off,
or during certain other transient operative states. It may be
 Page 6 DIN 4024 Part 1

assumed that the action-effects determined for the mal- I: Static loads durlng erection.
functioning state In accordance with subclause 5.4 also 2: Static loads durlng normal operation.
account for the loads that occur durlng transient vibratlon.
3: Dynamic loads during normal operation.
i.e. these need not be analyzed separately.
4: Loads resulting from malfunction or short-clrcuit.
In the Case of electric machines, however,there are certaln
rare ma(function states (e.0, terminal short-circuit. mains Load cases M. 9 end S below shall be establlshed, from
short-circuit followed by shut-down. or loss of synchronlsa- which the loads relevant to design can be derived:
tion) that can result in very large antimetric loads on the M: load condltlon 1;
system which are transmitted to the foundation vla the 8: load condltions 2 and 3:
'
machine casing. A two-pole termlnal short-circuit In an
S: load condltions 2 and 4.
electrfc machine running at a high speed of rotation is to be
.considered representative for such loads. Analysis of the Note that the action-effects from dynamlc loads in vertlcd
resulting action-effects is described in subclause 5.52. and horizontal directions need not be taken as acting
simultaneously.
The resonance of those members forwhich, in the analysis.
The short-circuit moment affects the foundation via the no
. ..
dvnamic loads could be established because of an in-
generator or motor casing in the form of opposite pairs of adequate model, shall be accounted for by assuming an
vertical forces. the moment vector being parallel to the equivalent vertical load equal to 100% of the permanent
shaft axis. The resulting diplecements and loads can be load for load case S.
calculated as atunction of the excitationltime relationship
.
or by using theequivalent-load method.
'6.2 Reinforced concrete foundations
Where the machine manufacturer has not specified the
short-circuit moment, lWk, as a function of time, analysls The design of reinforced concrete foundations shall be in
I accordance wfth~ 3
4
-
1
may be based on the following equation for three-phase \J
machines: Load cases M end S
1
Mk(t) OM^ (e-11a.4 sin nN.t ---e+'OA. 5h 2QN.t~ Loads shall be assumed to be predominantly static,a yield
- Mo (1 - e'uO.'S)
2
(20) -'
strength of up to 4 2 0 ~ ~ l of
being used in the calculation.
r nthe~ reinforced concrete
where
Load case B
M o is the resulting nominal torque fmm the actual power The specifications relating to loads that are not pre-
generated:
dominantly static shall be talten into account. R shall be
ON is the mains frequency (not always the same as the verified that the amplitude of concrete cornpresslve
operating mains frequency); stresses due to coexistent flexure and longitudinal forces
1 i s time, in s. does not exceed 0,33OR and that the shear stresses do not
For determining forced vibration, the natural frequencies lie In shear range 3.
shall be taken to be at least 12 times the mains frequency. If. however. the dynamic loads during normal operatlon
Where the natural frequencies of antimetric natural modes (loading condition 3) are multiplied by a weffldent allow-
of vibration lie wlthin the range of 0.95 to 1.05 QN. the exci- ing for fatigue of 3 or rnore,analysis may be based on loads
tation frequency (1.e. mains frequency) shall be shifted to whlch are predomlnantiy statlc. in whlch case the restric-
these natural frequencies for calculation purposes. tions stated above foramplitude and shearstresses may be
Loads from short-circuit may also be determined In a slmpli- ignored.
.lied manner by the equivalent-loadmethod,forwhlch a value Load case S
that is 1.7 times the maximum short-cimll moment is
Where the loads due to unbalance as a result of malfunc-
assumed. If the machine manufacturer has not specified the

' ti0.n are multiplied by a factor of at least six times those
latter, the maximum value of J Umay
~ be assumed to be 72 Mo.
5.6 Loads o n the foundation and ground
The effects of dynamic loads during normal operation and
due to malfunction shall be considered when designing the
foundation and for the analysis of earth pressure.
If the equivalent-load method is used foranalyring the sup-
port reaction, i t may be assumed that counteracting mass
forces contribute to rnaintalning equilibrium.
If the foundation has been assumed to be decoupled from
the ground in one ormore planes for the purpose of dynam-
ic analysis' (cf. subclause 5.2). then the maximum design
d u e s otthe dynamicsupport reaction in the relevant plane
may be taken as the equivalent loads.For analysis of earth
pressure, the loads due to malfunction may be neglected.
In the case of,spring foundations. the isolating function of
the epring elements, is usually so great that the dynamic
loads on the foundation during both normal operatlon and
malfunction can be neglected.
. .
-
during normal operation. analysis of load case 8 may be
dispensed with. b m c f i BI.~~L.$
~ q , , T ~ .-
i-AB c&i s + '6
6.3 Steel foundatlons
Verifying the strength of steel foundations may usually be
dispensed with.
In exceptlonal cases, a general stress analysis as specified
In DIN 18 800 Part 1 as well as a stability analysis as speci- .
fied in DIN4114 Parts 1and 2 shall be made for load cases M,
B and S.Such is required in any case forprops.ln this regard,
the permissible loads specified for load case H shall be
takemfor cases M and B.and those specified fori'od case
HZ. for case S. Furthermore, analysis of load case 0 shall
include a service strength analysis using load group 86 as
specifled in subclause 4.4 of DiN 4132, February 1987
edition.
Where the loads due to unbalance as a result of malfunc-
tion are multiplied by a factor of at least six times those
during normal operation, analysis of load case B may.be '

6 Further design criteria dispensed

. .
with.
6.1 Design actlon-effects
By superimposing the peakvafuss obtained from static and 6.4 Ground
dynamic analysis, the following loadlng conditions shall be ~ e t e ~ i n a t i oofn the permissible loading of the ground
considered. shall be in accordance with' DIN 1054.
 Page 10 DIN 4024 Part 1

The points at which forces amlntroduced,particularlythose 7.2.1.3 Base

at the Prop connections and the bearing faces, shall be
carefully designed. When prestreraad bolts are used for
machine attachment. it shall be ensured that they can
accommodate the loads resulting from prestressinp.
In general. the cross sections used need only be resonance-
free at the machine bearings or plpewark conneetions.It Is,
however.recornmended that the cross section of upperbox
girders be hlghly tuned, this being a requirement for
machines having an operating frequency of less than 75 H z
7.2.1.2 Props
Props shall not be joined to the rest of the building In which
the foundation is to be erected.except for lightweight ele-
ments, which may be fastened directly to the props by
means Of flexible intermediate layers to prevent vibratory
effects. Heavy Intermediate platforms shall be erected on
the base With their own props.
Since the vibmtlon behaviour of props varies according to
the type of connection orjoint used,this shallbe allowed for
in the design
Subclause 7.1.1.3shall apply for the base of steel founds-
' tionsm
7 ~ 2 .SfJr'ng
~ fOUndatlons
, ~ubclause.L2.1.1 shall apply for the machine support of
spring foundations, subciauses 7.1.2.2 and ?-1.2.3 applying
for the spring elements and the supporting structure.
7.2.3 Platform foundatfons
Subclause 7.1.4 shall apply for steel platform foundatjons,
7.2.4 Cormsion protection
For steel foundations installed in closed.well-heated bulld-
ings. it Is generally not required to provide internal corro-
sion protection (ea. for hollow cross sections).
Where corrosion protection is necessary,the speclfi~ications
given In the DIN 55928 series shall apply.

I Standards and other documents referred'to

. DIN.'7045 Structural use df concrete; design and construction
DIN 1054 Permissible loading of subsoil
DIN 1055 Part 1 Design loads for structures; materials to be stocked, constructlon materials and structural member<
self-weight and angle of friction ,

DIN 1055 Part 4 , Design loads tor structures; imposed loads; wind loads on structures not susceptible to vibration
DIN 41 14 Pan 1 Structural steelwaA; safety against buckling. overturning and bulging: design principles
DIN 41 14 Part 2 Structural steelwork; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging; constructlon .
DIN 4132 Structural steelwork; design and constmction of craneways
DIN 4149 Part 1 Buildings In German earthquake zones;design loads: design and construction of conventional buildings
DIN 17100 Steels for general stntctural purposes: quality standard
DIN 18800 Part 1 Steel htructures; design and c0~StrW~tion
DIN 55928 series Corrosion protection of steal structures by organic and metallic Coatings
VD-6 Evaluatinq the mechanical vibration of machines*)
VDI 2080 Evaluating the balanced condition of rotating Figld bodies2)
(11 Grundbautaschenbucb(Foundation Engineering Handbook).3rd ed,Part 1,sectIon 1.14:LorenzlKlain: Bodendynamlk und
Erdbeben (Soil dynamics and earthquakes).Berlin: Emsl & Sohn. 1980.
[2] f4aupt.W. Bodsndynamllc (Soil dynamics), Eraunschweig, Wiesbaden: Vieweg. 1986.
[a Studer. J.: Zlegler, A. Bodendynamik (Sail dynamics), Berlin: Springer, 1986. -
Previous edition
DIN 4024: 01.55.

Amendments
In comparison with the January 1955 edition of DIN 4024, the following amendments have been made. .
a) Title and DIN nurnbe:have been changed.
' b) The standard has. been completely revised to bring it Into line with the state of the a r t

International Patent Classification .

E 02.0 27/44
E02 D 31/08
F ISM If00
16 M 5/00
Fl6MQlOQ .
F 16 M 13/00
F 1 6 f 15/66

2, Issued by the Venin Deutscher Ingenieore (Society of German Engineers), 0-4000 Dusseldorf 1;
obtainable from Beuth Ver/a,g GmbH, Burggrafenstraee 6.0-1000 Berlin 30. . . ..
-
 UPC 62-218.2 :62-13 :OM.4 DEUTSCHE NORM
- - Apm 1991
?&j
Machine foundations . - .:-

3 Rigid foundations f o r machinery subject to periodic vibration 4024 .

Part 2

Maschinenfundamente: stejfe (starre) Stiitzkonstruktionen fijr Maschlnen mit periodlscher Erregung

Inkeeplng with cumntprectlce In standards publishedby the lnternatlonaf Organiz~tlonforStandard/.zatlon(ISO),a comma

has been used throughout asthe decimal marker.

Contents

ha. Page
.................. 1 . 5 Design and analysts ........................... 2
1 Scope and fidd of application
5.1 Objectives ................................... 2
2 Cancepts ............................. . ...... 1 5 2 Design requirements ......................... 3
21 Foundation block ............................. 1 5.3 Static analysis ..................... . ........ 3
2 2 Foundation box .............................. 1 5.4 Dynamic analysis ............................. 3
2 3 Supporting ground ............................ 1 5.4.1 General .................................... 3
5.43 Preliminary analysis ......................... 3
3 Foundation matetlalsand ground ............... 2 6.4.3 Natural frequencies and modes of vibration
3.1 Reinforced concrete ........................... 2 (model study) .......................... .... 3
3 2 Steel ................................. .;..... 2 54.4 Assessment of vibration behaviour ........... 4
3.3 Ground ...................................... 2 L4.5 Calculation of action-effects ................. 4
3.4 Spring elements .............................. 2 5.4.6 Analysis of transient vibration ................ 4
6 Further deslgn crlterla .......................... 4
4 . Dwign loads ........
4.1 Machinery ......... 7 Detailing ..................... ............ 4
4.1.1 General .......... 7.1 General ...................................... 4
4.1 2 Static loads ...... 7.2 Reinforced concrete foundafions .............. 4
! 4.1.3 . Dynamlc loads .., . 7.3 Steel foundations ............................. 4
i 4.2 Foundation. ........ Standards and otkr documents referred to .........5

1 Scope and field of application d This standard establishes criteria for determiningvibration
behaviour. deals with design action-effects, ancl covers
This standard speclffes rigid machine .foundation blocks. principles of constmctbn basedon experlence to date with
and boxes made from steel or reinforced concrete that are machine foundations. .,
intended to support end to provide anchorage for machin-
ery subject to periodic vlbration Owing to thelr flexural and
torsional stlffnees,such foundations may be assumed to be 2 Concepts
/
rigid Such machinery includes: . See subclauses 2.1 to 2.6 of DIN 4024 Part 1 for concepts.
a) that with rotating masses(e.g.generators,compressors.
fans, transformers, pumps, rotary printing machines, 21 Foundation block
centrifuges, machine tools and their drlves, electric A foundation block Is a ma&ine fuundation in?he form of a
motors, and gas and steam turbines); solld block, with high degrees of flexural and torsional stiff-
b) that with oscillating masses ( e . ~piston
. displacement ness.
compressors, diesel engines): Note. The mass of the foundation is usually greater than
c) crushers and mills. that of the machine It'supparts. 6 .
Note. In the case of crushers and mills.transient vibrations -.
a 2-2 ,

0
may predominate over perlodic vibration, which
z requires,speclal cohsideratlon. A foundation box Is a machine foundallon in the form of a
hi^ standard to foundationsfotmechlnerythat hotlow boqwith high degrees of flexural and torsional stiff-
issensitiveto vibration from externalsources (e.g.grlnders.
lathes, other rnachlne tools).
2.3 Supporting ground .
It does not apply to flexible structures as covered in
DIN 4024 Part 1,foundationsfor drop hammer8or machines The supporting gmund is the material or structure beneath
subjecEtosuddenlyapplled loads,ortoframestructuresfor b e rm*lne foundation. I t may consist of:.-

Continued on pages 2 to 5

I 1
Beufh Vsrlap GmbH, Barlln, hw lhb r x e l u s k ~r(gh1 d s a l e far Qarrnan Bfondsrds(ON-Normen). D M 4024 Part 2 Engf, Price QmUp5
04.83 . Sues Na MOS
 Page 2 DIN 4024 Part 2
The elasticity (or stiffness) of the supporting ground shall
be faken into consid.eratlon for deslgn purposes.
SC:
3 Foundation materials and ground
3.1 Reinforced concrete
Concrete of at least strength class 625 as specifled in
DIN 1045,and reinforcing steal designed to accommodate
loading that Is not predominantly statlc,shall be usedPlaln
reinforcing steel bats shall not be uaed as loadbearlng
reloforcement. Use of plain concrete is normally not per-
misslble.
InJhe dynamicanalysis,the modulus of
3 2 Steel
Steel as specifled In DIN 18 806 Part 1 shall be used. In the
dynamic analysis. the modulus of elasticity as given in that
standard may be used. '
3.3 Gmund
An investigation of the ground and groundwater beneath
the foundation shall be made in accordance with DIN 1054.
The surrounding environment should also be investigated.
so that an estimate can be made of anv ~ossibletransmls-
sion of vibration to ItSoil.espectally loose and moderately
dense sand,tends to compact when exposed to dynamlc
loading. It should be noted that groundwater in mnes sub-
ject to seismlc action is highly conducive to the transmis-
sion of vibration. . occur during normal service, and include the loads from
The elasticlty and damping ofthe ground can only be deter-
mined by field or laboratory tests, Since the results
obtained tend to be subject to a large scatter,calculation of
dynamic loading shwid be based on Iimit values for the
above quantities, which can be found in the relevant litera-
ture (cf. It] to [31). . point or area at which they act
The damping of the ground may be estlrnated using the
damping characterlstlc, dv, as follows:
1 .
where
A ia the area of the'foundatjon;
E ~dun
. is the modulus of dynarnlc stlffness;
Q is the denslty of the ground.
The quantity oflen used to characterize damping is the
damplng factor; D,which shall not exceed 25%: v'
where
dv has been calculated using equation (1);
c. Is the elastic (spring) constant:
m Is the mass.
3.4 'Spring dements
Where spring elements or other elastic elements are used
as the machine foundation. the manufacturer shall state the
following particrrlars:
a) bearing capacity, wlth upper and lower Ilmlts;
b) spring constants lor vertical and horkontal directions or
spring characteristlcs (both statlc and dynamic);
c) damplng characteristics; '
d) any relevant factors of influence (e.g. time, tempera-
ture).
4 Deslgn loads
4.1 Machinery
4.1,1 General
Static end dynamlc loads shall be glven separately by the
machine manufacturer in terms of rnagnitude,dlrectlon and
position Where relevant, limit values for deformation or
displacement of the foundation shall be stated. c '-
Where vibratlon at the bearings Is to be limlted durlng nor-
mal operation. the limit values spiclfled in VDI 2056 or
VDI 2063 should be complied with, unless the machine
operator or manufacturer has specified otherwise. 9'
In the case of finishing machines, the manufacturer shall PI' +--i''-
also state the limit values of external forces likely to affect j .-*,
machine performance.
&:'
4.1.2 Statlc toads .( :-.. !?.k.
The followlng ara statlc loads during normal service: - 4<
a) the mass of machine component~lncfudlngthe base T,T-~,'-'
frame and its sealing material (often a functlon of the
load case):
b) the machine's driving and output moments that act on
the foundation via the casing (vertical pairs of forces);
c) friction forces actlng on the bearing faces (predom-
Inantly horizontal). caused by the thermal expansion of
the casing;
Q thermal effects from the machine and its ancfllary'
equipment.
Erection loads are generally transient. loads that do not
erection equlpment and lifting gear.
41.3 Dynarnlc loads
,Dynamic loads shall be glven in terms of magnitude and
' direction. and 8s a function of freq~ency~duration, and the
The following are dynamic loads durlng normal service:
a) Gearing forces (both vertical and horizontal), resulting
from rotor unbalande:
b) in the case of reciprocating engines. mass forces and
moments of the flrst order or higher:
C) in the case of reciprocating engines, repetltlve explo-
sive forces of higher order;
d) forces and moments that result from turning the
machlns on or off. or ather transient-situatlons.
'
The malor dynamic loads that result frorn.malfunction are:
a) an increase In the periodic bearlng loads in the case of
exoeptianally high rotor unbalance caused.for example.
by blade breakage: .
b) loads imm short-circuit torque or faulty-synchronizing
torque:
c) pressure surges in pipes or flttings upon emergency
shut-down;
d) in the case of plston engines'. cylinder failure.
The fomes'and moments that act on thetoundatlon shall be
given without dynamic load factors.
In the case of transient vibratlon, the expected duration or
frequency should dso be given.
4.2 Foundation
The specifications of subclause 4.2 of the April 1988editlon
ot DIN 4024 Part 1 shall be complied with,
5 Design and analysis
Machine foundations'are Intended to accommodate the
statlc and dynamic loads from the machii8,They should be
 deslgned on the basis of machineinwernent durlng normal
servlce (i.athe mlnlmurn performance requirements to be
satisfied), and to prevent unacceptable vibration being
transmitted to the environmentVlbratlon originating In the
envlronment shall also be accounted tor. This can be
assessed on the basis of the amplitude of vibration at the
most significant areas of the foundation. 'Relevant' in this case means the. hlghest excltatlon
Any effect that malfunction has on the foundation shall not />%&
frequencies of the dynamic forces during machlne opera-
impair subsequent machine performance under S ~ M C ~ tion that are to be taken l n t account
~ wlthln the sca~ieof
oonditlons. subclause 5.4.1, and that can cause the machine to vibrate
To verify compliance with these general requlrementa a at the lowest natural frequency for both modes of vibration,
statlc and dynamic analysis shall be made. The-natural. frequencies of translational and r~tationd
5.2' Design raqulrements vibration. f s and fT,may be calculated using equatlons (3)
and (4), respectively, disregarding foundatlon elasticity.
When selecting the material, ske, shape and elasticity of
rotatlonal inertia,and deformation ot the foundatimdueh
machine foundations, due consideration shail be given to
shear.
factors such as their loeatlon and vlbration behaviour. the
properties ofthe ground, the type and size ofthe machfnery,
and the magnitude of vibration to which the environment
will be exposed.
Where cod~ictingconditions exist, the objectives outlined
In subclause 5.1 shall be referredto for the purposeof prior-
itlzing certain mquirements. where
5.3 Static analysis E is the modulus of elastlcfty:
me static analysis of machlne foundations, i.e. analysts of G Is the shear modulus;
the action-effects of the system under static loading. shall I is the second order moment of area:
be based on specifiedload cases fortbe machinery and for IT is the torsion constant;
the foundation. Where required. the maximum values of M IS the mass of the machinelfoundaUon system;
certaln dynamic loading situations that do not affect the I is the length of the foundation; ,
whole machlne shall also be considered (e.g balanced sup- is the second order moment of the mass.
port reactfonforces of the rna&ine).Since such an analysis
J
is the same as that made forsimilarstructures,lt Is not dealt 5.4.3 ~ a t ~ i rfmquencles
al end modes of vibratbn-
with here. (madeiludy) . I .

Since the founddons c m r e d here are assumed to be rigid

the support reactions may be w m e d to be equivalent to
Determination of the SIX natural frequencies shall take into ( ,
account the arrangement and mass ofthemachine compa-
-
('
.
those for a rigid body. Compliance with any limit values of nents as fiied to the foundation. Assuming the foundation
displacement and deformation specified by the manufac- to be symmetrical in pian,the different modes of vlbration
turer under given load conditions shall be verified, account (tranJatlonal and rotational about the vertlcal axis, rocking
also being taken.where requlrebof the foundation elasticity. about vertical and horizontal iles) shell be considered
Where th_ermaf.effectsare to be considered in the analysis separately.
of reinforced concrete foundatlons,'the 2nd moment of Since the vibration amplitudes of the foundatlonare usually
effective cross-sectional area may be assumedto be equal lowerthan the spn'ng deflectlon._aconstant sprin~rate may-
to aa I. J r - be used Ihth&calculation. c!
,
5.4 Dynamic analysis Models representing machinery supported on springsshan
5.4.1 General
%
. 6\ --be given particular consideration.
Where the oundatlon is supported on two Interconnected
It shall first be establishedwhetherthe machine found ~ &ofr spJng elements, and where mass mr is negligible
In question is considered to be wtthin the scope compared to mass rnl (ct.tlgure I), the following simplifica-
standard. If SO, the six natural frequencies of the lio?szshall
_ *_be-..permhteg;
\_
7-..
- .
.<."A+> - . -
machinetfoundation system shall be determined.
C >-I1-"

a) ,,,here the stiffnessof the lowerspring is at

excftatlon forces have been specifled by the machlne least ten times the stiffness of the upper spring eie-
manufacturer, the vibration amplitudes may be determined
rnents, cl.then q may be disregarded;
and Compared wlth any limit values provlded.
Dynamic analysis is usue[ly not requtrerJ in the case of b) where q !8 at least ten times c2, then ci may be disre-
machines which garded.
a) i r e subject to vibration due to unbalance only, where
the mass of the rotatlng efementa ia leas than one-
hundredth of the mass of the entire machinelfounda-
tion system:
b) have a defined excitation force that& its highest-isless
than one-thousandth ot the mass of the machindfoun-
datlon system;
C) have a defined excltatlon moment and where the figura I-
highest support reaction force ts less than one-
thousandth of the mass of the machinelfoundation
system.
Far machinerywith morethan one excltation frequency,lhe
values of rotating mass. excitatlon force and support
reaction may be disregarded, If the highest of these values
satisfy the condltlons given in items a) to c) above. Flgure 2
 Page 4 D1N 4024 Part 2

If the foundation is embedded in the ground (cf. flgure 21, 5-4-8 Anaksla of transient vlbratfon

/ the,lateral support pmvided by earth pressure may also be

taken into accounf where such S ~ P PisOefflclent
~ and per-
manent This may be allowed for by lntroducln~a 3peciflc
factor for the spring constants [4].
5.4.4 Aaseasmsnt of vlbratlon behavlour
To assess the vibratlon behavlour. the natural frsquencles.
f n , determined In accordance wlth subclause 5.4.3, shall be
com~ared with the servlce (excitatlon) [requencies,f,.the
relevant service frequencles for thls purpose are those
which can cause the machine t o vibrate at its natural
frequencles and whlch must not be disregarded (cf. sub-
clause 5.4.1).
Where transient vlbration is to be accounted for in the ana-
lysls of vibration beheviour, the vibrationltima behavlour or
-
performance spectrum shall be considered. Where such is
not avallabls, the maximum amplitude of typical occur-
rences of transient vibratlon (8.g. single shocks applied
suddenly) shall be estimated, and a simplified analysls of
th, vib/mion behaviour of the foundation made.
' \ .
[
6 $"-%her design criteria
Furtherdesign criteria are specified in clause 6of DIN4024
Part 1.

ing equatlons:

and 7.1 General

Where the machlne orthe environmtnt is part!cularlysensi-
tie to bra ti oh It m y be necessary to 8pecffYfierent
1 relstionshlps.
! I I f the requirementsspecified by equation (5) or (6) are not
i satisfied, either the foundation design shall be suitably
j modifled, or it shall be verified that vlbration as a result of
excitation forces Is within agreed limits. In the latter case, it
I is recommended that the damping 07 the ground be.taken
f
8
mashhe foundatlon shall be separated from the
surmundlng structure by a Jolnt that Is wide enough to
accommodate the expected movement of the machine/
foundatlon system. To minimize interaction between the
toundatlon and the environment, any pipework or other
connections shall be of the flexible type.
, In the case of spring foundations, the spring elements shall
-
be accessible at all tlmes (cf. subciause 7.12 of DIN 4024
pad 1 for further specifications).
m e centroids of allpermanent loads originating inthe

/
into account.
5.4.5 Calculatfon of actlaweffects '6
<6\$ machine and foundation shall coincide with that of the base
area or the spring elements.
For the purpose of ,fou,ngati?n.desig$..the,=$oI?:effects
resulting from .dydynqlc,,loading.,.phallbe analysed. Such 7.2 Reinforced concrete foundations
actlon-effects are the excltati~forces,sptlngforces.mass
forces and damping forces which act simultaneouslyon the In the case of concrete foundations. all surfaces and struc-
foundatlon, their relevant parameters being amplitude and tural membersshall be reinforced throughout even ifthis is
j distribution. not required by the design-The masa-of reinforcement per
,For s i m ~ l i f i ~ t i b ~g,flf*iLrit
~,kn static load acting- an Iha "nit yoturne should be at leasl-equalto30 kglm3,and part of 0
the reinforcement shall be arranged in a spatial configura-
j !o~datton.and .,eg~a.l, , ; ~ ~ ~ h e - ~ ~ p p ~ ~ ' ~ i e a $ i o ~ otion.
r~~~piing

1 farcesshall beassumed fo? each natural:frequency.derlved

'fmm the ercitatlon force. using P fait&.
1 J7
Anchorages and recesses shall be arranged so that the
reinforcement, in its mdn loading direction,ls not adversely
I Cp. affected.
p"- ' qo - <+ i p .p -
The anchorage type and design, particularlywith respect to
11 -p21
tJ wo9
-.,-
@( \ L horizontkl forces, shall be the subject of agreement be-
with
P-
fm g.pJ .! o d , (8)
tween machlne'manufacturer and foundation designer.
Where the fouidatlon is to be embedded In concrete,work-
fn prCf [ Ing joints In the foun,dation should be svbided. a horizontal
Note that in the above equationqp will be taken as 4t least Joint between foundatlon surface and any rlsing elements
equal to unity. I being permitted.
Where th* f,lf, ratio is within the limits defined
tions (5) and (6).the damping of the ground, ~ (stiall
4 equa-
p be
To minimlze the occurrence of shrinkage cracks, suitable
design measures shall be taken.
intraduced here as: If the base or other supporting structures are to be concret-
ed later,the specifications of subclzuse 7.1.1.1 of DIN 4024
Part 1 shall be complied with.

where D is the degree of damping. 7.3 Steel foundations

The peak values obtained from static and dynamic ariafysis Requirements for steel foundations are specifled in sub-
shall-be superimposed. -
clause 7.2 of DIN 4024 Pad I.
 DIN 4024 Part 2 Page 5

0 Standards and other documents referred to

DIN 1045 structural use of concrete; design and construction
DIN j054 Permlsslble loading of subsoil
DIN 4024 Part 1 Machine foundations; flexible structures whlch support machines with rotating elements
DIN 18 800 Part 1 Structural steelwork; deslgn and 'construction
M I 2056') Beur!eilungsmaBsrPbe tflr mechanlsche Schwlngungen van Maschhen (Evaluating the vibration of
. machinery)
VDI 20631) Messung und Beurteilung rnechanjscher Schwingungen von Hubkolbenmotoren und -kompmaren
(Measurement and evaluatian of the vlbratlon of reciprocating engines and compressors)
[I] Grundbau-Taschenbuch (Foundation Engineering Handbook), 3rd ed., Pan 1, section 1.14: Lorenz and Kleln Boden-
dynamlk uncl Erdbeben (Soil dynamics and earthquakes), Berlin: Emst 6 Sohn, 1980.
[2] Haupt, W. Bodendynarnik (Soil dynamics). ~raunschwelg.W%baden: Weweg, 1986.
[3] ~ t u d e rJ.,
, Ziegler, A. Bodendynarnik (Soil dynamics), Berlin: Spflnger, 1986.
'
..
[4] Gmndbau-Teschenbuch, 3rd ed, Part 2, chapters 216 and 2.1, Beriln: Ernst 6, Sohn.

1,nternational Patent Classlflcation

E 02 D 27144
F16M7100 ' . .
F 16 M BID0

1) Issued by the Verein Deutscher lngenieure (Society of German Engineers), D-4000Diisseldorf I:obtainable from Beuth -
Verfag GmbH, BurggrafenstraBe 6, D-1000 Berlln 30.
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UDC 621218.2 :62-13 :001.4 BEUTSCHE

Machine fo'undations
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Flexible structures that suppart

machines with rotating elements" 4024
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. . . . . --part 1

Mas&lnenfundarnente; elastische StGtzkonstruMionen for Maschhen mi! rotierenden MaSsen ~upersedesDIN 4024,
i January 1956 edition.

In keeping wirh currentpracii~in standardspubllshcd by the lnternatknd Orghlzatlon forStandardization (KO),a comma
baa been used tfrmughout as the declmal marker.

the DIN 4024 series of standards currently comprises the following Parts:
DIN 4024 Part 1 Machine foundations; flexible structures that support machines with rotating elements
DIN 4024 Part 2 (at present at the stage of draft) Machine.foundatlons;rigid structures that support machines,with
. periodic excitation

- In this standard, the term 'load'ls used for forces acting on a system from the 6utsIde; this applies equally to compound
terms that include the component 'load' [cf. DIN 1080 Part 1).
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L 5 Contents
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1 Scope and field of appleation ................... 2 ....................5 -
52.5 Simplified representation
2 .Conclpts ...................................... 2 53 Natural vibration .............. .;. ............ 6
- I

51 2.1 Vibration .......................................2 53.2 53.1 Natural frequencies and modes of vibration .. 6
82 2 2 Ty$3s of vibration ............................. 2 Assessment of vibration behaviour on the basis of
natural vibration ............................ 0
23 Damping ....................................... 2
2.4 Action-effects ................................. 3 5.4 Analysfs of vibration due to unbalance ,........ 7
5
2 6 Model ........................
. . . . .......... 3 5.425.4.1 General .................................... 7
Forced vibration. ............................ 7
; , 26 Machinery ..........................,. ........ 3 6.4.3 Natural modes of vibration .................. 7
2.7 Types of foundation .......................... 3
5.4.4 Equivalent-load method ..................... 7
3 Materials and ground: .................... . . .. 3 5.5 Analysis of transient vibration ...............,.. 7
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0= 5 3,1 .~einforcedconcrete ...........................3 6.51 General .................................... 7
3.2 Steel ...............................
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...... 4 5.5.2 Short-circuit ...................... .. ...... 8 .
(3mond ........................-.........--... .6 toads on the foundation and ground .......... 8
4 .5
4 b a d 8 ......................................,... 4 ' 6 ~ ~ ~ f d ~ [ g n ~ f i.........................
t e r l a 8
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5 2- 4.1 MachinBry ....................
' ...... ....... 4 6.1 Design action-effects ............. ......... 8 i..
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Zg 4.1.1 Genera! ....;. :. ............................ 4 6 2 Reinforced concrete foundations .............. 8
4.1;2 Static loads ...................... .... ..... 4 63 ,Steel foundations ............................ 8
gg . 4.1.3 Dynamic loads ...............................4 6.4 Ground ..................... -...., .
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;....... 8
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4 2 Foundation ................................... 4
4.2.1 . Permanent loads ............................ 4 ..... i.. ...... 99
.......................................
7 bttaj~ing
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$. f$ 4.22 lmpo~cdloads ................................4 7.1 Reinforced concrete foundatkm

..
4 9 3 creep and shrinkage &forced concrete ... 4 7.1.1 Table foundations. .......................... 9
5: 42.4 Effects of temperature, wind and earthquakes.. 4 7.12 Spring foundations ........................... 9
Slab foundations ... ........................ 9
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5 Deslgn ............................ ........ 4 7.13
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7.1.4 Platform fbundatlons ........................ 9
- . 5.1 General .................... .................. 4 7.2 Steel foundations ..... !...................... 9
5.1.1 Objectives ......................... ;........ 4 72.1 Tablefoundations ........................... 9
5.1.2 Static analysis ................................5 722 foundations ..........................
5.1.3 O~namicanal~sis....... . - . . . . - . . . . . . - - - - - - - . 5 7-23 ~l&~rn,f?undafians........................ 10
5 2 Model study ................................... 5 7 2 4 Corrosion protection ........................10
62.1 Principles ................................... 5
52.2 Requirements .................;............. 5 Standards and other documents referred to ........10.

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