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Baseband frequency hopping vs

synthesized frequency hopping GSM


This page mentions gsm frequency hopping types. It compares Baseband
frequency hopping vs synthesized frequency hopping and mentions difference
between Baseband frequency hopping and synthesized frequency hopping.

The aim of frequency hopping is to provide secured communication between


GSM Mobile Station and Base Station. Following are the two main types of
frequency hopping employed in GSM for the same.

Fig:1 GSM TDMA Frame

In GSM, frequency band having 25 MHz bandwidth (from 890MHz to 915MHz in


the uplink and from 935MHz to 960MHz in the downlink) is divided into 124
carriers having 200 KHz bandwidth each. Each of these carriers will have eight
time slots to carry the bursts.
Eight time slots comprised of 1 burst having duration of 4.615ms. One burst in
GSM carry 156.25 bits.

What is frequency hopping: The change of RF carrier frequency during the


transmission of information is known as frequency hopping. In GSM RF carrier is
changed every 4.615ms. This gives 217 hopes per second. This means in GSM,
RF carrier frequency is changed in each of the bursts transmission. Hence all the
bits of each bursts are transmitted on same frequency.

The frequency hopping helps to improve interference diversity and frequency


diversity. There are two types of frequency hopping based on use of RF carrier
frequencies for the RF transceivers for burst transmission in GSM. They
are synthesized frequency hopping and baseband frequency hopping.

GSM baseband frequency hopping

Fig:2 Baseband hopping


In baseband frequency hopping, each transceiver is assigned one dedicated RF
carrier frequency. Here number of hopping frequencies are equal to number of
transceivers used in a single GSM cell.
The bursts from transceiver controllers are routed to different transmitters by
bus interface as shown in figure-2.
Narrow band filter combiner is used here which can connect upto 16 RF
transceivers. It can incur no more than 3 dB of loss.
It is not possible to hop on frequencies more than the number of transceivers
deployed.

Handover of baseband signal is done in baseband frequency hopping type. As


one RF transceiver is being used during the entire duration of call for all the burst
transmissions, if the transceiver fails, it will affect all the consecutive calls as well
as current call.

GSM synthesized frequency hopping

Fig:3 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) Transmitter


Number of hopping frequencies do not depend on number of RF transceivers.
Due to this, more than one frequencies are used for each of the transceivers for
consecutive transmission of bursts using them. For each burst there will be new
RF carrier for transmission through single RF transceiver. As there are multiple
bursts to be transmitted depending upon information (data/voice call) size. Hence
multiple RF carriers are needed. Here number of hopping frequencies are greater
than number of transceivers in a cell.

Here frequency of RF synthesizer is changed as per hopping sequence and


hence it is known as synthesized frequency hopping. The figure-3 depicts FHSS
transmitter. Based on PN sequence randomly channel table is being prepared
which is used to change the synthesizer output frequency. The different
synthesizer output frequencies are used to generate different RF carrier
frequencies using RF mixer as shown.

Fig:4 GSM synthesizer hopping

As shown in the figure-4. RF transmitters change the frequency for each and
every burst. It is possible to hop on multiple frequencies even greater than
number of transceivers available in the system. As hybrid combiners are used for
connecting transmitters, loss will be higher compare to baseband hopping type.

Fig:5 GSM burst wise frequency hopping

For each burst new set of synthesizer frequency is used to generate new RF
carrier frequency. The PN sequence is known to both the transmitter and receiver
and hence easy to recover the data transmitted using frequency hopping
sequence.

Each burst is transmitted on different unique frequencies in gsm synthesized FH


type. This is shown in the figure-5. Both baseband frequency hopping and
synthesized frequency hopping falls under slow frequency hopping>> type.
GSM frequency hopping parameters

Fig:6 Use of HSN in GSM

Following are the frequency hopping (FH) parameters used in GSM.


MA: It stands for Mobile Allocation. MA list are the RF frequencies which are
given to one GSM sector. These channels are used for CS call and PS call in
GSM. There are total 63 frequencies in MA list.
HSN: It stands for hopping sequence number. This is the number which specifies
FH algorithm used in GSM. It varies from 0 to 63. Hence there are total 64
hopping algorithms. When HSN is equal to 0, no hopping and sequence is cyclic.
When HSN is between 1 and 63, hopping is applied and frequencies are
choosen randomly from the list for transmission.
MAIO: It stands for Mobile Allocation Index Offset. It sets initial frequencies in the
MA list. It ranges from 0 to (N-1), where N is number of total frequencies in MA
list. MAIO value of 0 for the RF transceiver refers to first RF carrier (i.e. f1) to be
used by it.
Mobile Originated-MO call flow in GSM
Introduction
This article covers MO MT call flow in GSM. This page covers mobile originated
(MO) call flow between Mobile(UE) and network. It covers messages exchanged
between Layer 3 entities(RR,MM,CC) at both side. It include
channels(RACH,AGCH,SDCCH,FACCH,TCH) used at layer 1 to carry these
messages over the air. This article assumes that initial frequency and time
synchronization is done between UE and Network as described in GSM tutorial in
tutorial section.
As described in the figure above, before RACH is sent by mobile(UE) mobile is
synchronized with network(BTS) both time and frequency wise.

It means it has tuned frequency as per FCCH and time as per SCH burst.
Information here in this FCCH is all zeros which produces continuous sine wave
of about 67.7 KHz above the RF carrier centre frequency, This helps mobile(UE)
synchronize with the GSM Base station, READ MORE.

SCH carry frame number and BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) which helps
Mobile synchronize with GSM frame structure as well as helps in identification of
the Base station in the GSM network, READ MORE.

It has received and decoded SIs(System Information) from the received


BCCH, READ MORE. From the decoded system information of BCCH,mobile
station comes to know where it has to transmit CCCH(RACH) and where it has to
listen for CCCH(carrying PCH,AGCH).

RACH is used in mobile originated call while PCH is used in mobile terminated
call at the start.

Useful Links
SDCCH Channel SACCH Channel

As described in GSM protocol stack, messages flow between both mobile and
network at various layers(layer 3,layer 2,layer 1(physical layer). The message
flow is self explanatory to establish the circuit switched mobile originated(MO)
call in GSM.
Mobile Originated Call Release

The figure above mentions messages exchanged between mobile and network
for call release.

Mobile Terminated-MT call flow in GSM


Introduction
This article covers MO MT call flow in GSM. This page describes mobile
terminated call flow between Mobile(UE) and network. It covers messages
exchanged between Layer 3 entities(RR,MM,CC) at both side. It include
channels(PCH,RACH,AGCH,SDCCH,FACCH,TCH) used at layer 1 to carry
these messages over the air. This article assumes that initial frequency and time
synchronization is done between UE and Network as described in GSM tutorial in
tutorial section.
As described in the figure, PCH will be sent by network to alert mobile with ring
tone if someone dials. This is called mobile terminated call. After PCH is
received, mobile will transmit RACH and obtain SDCCH and other resources for
further process.

As described in GSM protocol stack, messages flow between both mobile and
network at various layers(layer 3,layer 2,layer 1(physical layer). The message
flow is self explanatory to establish the circuit switched mobile terminated(MT)
call in GSM.
Mobile Terminated Call (MT call) Release

The figure above mentions messages exchanged between mobile and network
for call release.

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