1977
Recommended Citation
Chen, Chin, "Modeling a thermal power plant drum-type boiler for control: a parameter identification approach " (1977). Retrospective
Theses and Dissertations. Paper 7599.
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the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document
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photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing
page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages.
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pages to insure you complete continuity.
2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it
is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have
moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a
good 'mage of the page in the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being
photographed the photographer followed a definite method in
"sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper
left hsnd corner cf 3 large sheet and to continue photoing from left to
right in equal sections with a small overlap, if necessary, sectioning is
continued again beginning below the first row and continuing on until
complete.
4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value,
however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from
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by
Chin Chen
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved:
In Charge of Major^Jork
1977
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
A. General Statement 1
1. Physical approach 2
2. Black-box approach 10
3. The modeling approach in this research 12
BOILER PROCESSES 14
G. Superheater Equations 37
ocxijiLXN. 4x
A. Model Equations 43
DATA MEASUREMENT 66
CONCLUSIONS 71
LITERATURE CITED 73
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 76
iii
I. INTRODUCTION
A. General Statement
diversified areas. The smooth flow of energy to all parts of a power sys
desirable that the power generation units he properly controlled so that the
times.
units are thermal power plants. Although these plants are subject to fre
power plants has not always been adequate (4); the control of the power
the corresponding control device starts to act. This will cause error to
other variables, and the other related control devices start to act. The
control devices will adjust to each other until the disturbances subside.
heat transfer processes. The fluid flow path of the boiler in connection
with the turbine is shown in Fig. 1. The field equations describing these
tence of heat capacitances which cause thermal delays, the physical phenom
the field equations for boiler system dynamics and to obtain solutions or
1. Physical approach
tion coefficients are then determined from the physical data of the boiler.
design control systems for nonlinear systems, these equations are usually
Fig. 1. Fluid-flow path for a typical drum-type boiler and single reheat turbine.
4
model constants are generally computed from boiler design data and experi
Chien, Ergin, Ling, and Lee (5) studied the dynamics of a boiler and
boiler with this approach. This paper is the first publication which gives
drum-type, oil fired naval unit with natural circulation. The boiler was
1) superheater.
2) downcomer-riser loop,
3) drum, and
4) gas path.
ature.
5
neglected,
tion),
The boiler model given in this paper was considered too simple and not
accurate (19). However, the analysis and modeling approach has been
ments of model accuracy, variations exist in the following areas for the
cients.
boiler may not always operate under the conditions where the model
to measure for the same reason mentioned in (d). The error on the
Some other linear boiler models have been given by Daniels, Enns and
Daniels was the same one considered by Thompson at a later time. It was a
drum-type, coal-fired unit with forced circulation. The use of the average
for each heat transfer section in this model can cause erroneous transient
Kwan and Anderson was a drum-type coal-fired unit with natural circulation.
The dynamics of the downcomer and economizer were included in the model.
and metal heat balance equation were given for each transfer section. The
model equations used by Kwan, Daniels, and Chien are similar, but the
definitions of the variables are different. Chien defined the variables for
each heat transfer section to be the average values of the sections, and
Kwan defined them to be the values at the outlet of the sections. None of
these models was treated correctly in view of the inaccurate factors men
tioned before.
model accuracy, it has been suggested to divide each heat transfer section
water-steam mixture are then obtained for all the boundary points of ele
nearby boundary points is small, the model equation coefficients an<^ the
more accurately. The details of using this kind of technique have been
model for a drum-type utility boiler, and Shang developed linear models for
sections into which a heat transfer section is divided. However, when more
boiler model too large in size, Shang (27) also suggested combining some
elemental sections to form lumps along the heat transfer path. Fewer lumps
can be used for heat transfer sections with less important storage behavior,
such as the economizer, and more lumps should be used in the sections with
of the boiler with responses of the model, where each heat transfer section
was divided into five elemental sections, showed that the model responses
were more accurate than those given by Daniels, but the accuracy was still
model responses. However, the limited comparison data available were not
enough to justify the model accuracy. In both cases, the models do not
McDonald and Kwatny (19), and McDonald et al. (20), have studied nonlinear
cover a wider range of boiler loads. The boiler was the same one con
sidered by Daniel et al. (7) and Thompson (30). Since a nonlinear model is
complex itself, care was taken to keep the model in its simplest possible
form. The model given by Kwatny, McDonald, and Spare (15) was actually the
same model given by McDonald and Kwatny (19). Some process equations used
those representing the transfer of heat through the waterwall tubes and
into the drum. There is a major heat transfer delay in the transfer of
heat through the tube walls and into the drum system, and the effect of
McDonald (18) proposed a nonlinear boiler model at a later time where the
effect of tube wall metal on heat transfer was considered, but the model
linear model to be valid for wider boiler operation ranges. The obvious
a) The empirical heat transfer equations may not be valid for a wide
2, Black-box approach
output response with respect to several input signals. Then the possible
model transfer functions which match the input-output relations are inves
system. The feature of modeling with this approach is that only the overall
system behavior is required for the model, and it usually leads to simple
mathematical form.
Since the model is developed based on the dynamic response of the sys
tem, it can describe the system dynamics very well if the model is correct.
However, since the transfer function which can fit one set of input-output
Some black-box models for thermal power plant boilers have been pro
posed, e.g. by Profos (23), de Mello and Imad(8), Laubli and Fenton (17)
and de Mello, Mills and B'rells (9). They have been included and dis
One common problem with a black-box model is how to find the model
analog computer and to find the model constants by tuning the potentio
meters on the analog computer and comparing the response of the model with
11
the response of the physical system for step inputs or ramp inputs. This
data measured from the physical system with inputs perturbed are required
digital computer. The input-output data should be measured from the test
approach.
parameters for some thermal and nuclear power plant models have been
Gustavsson (10) identified thermal power plant boiler models. The identi
and that by Park was based on multiple input experiments. The boiler model
identified by Park was very close to that proposed by Laubli and Fenton (17).
The model inputs are fuel flow rate and control valve position, and the
dynamic response data from a utility fossil power plant boiler were used to
compute the model parameter constants. The results showed that the outputs
of a model with constants computed with a set of dynamic data agree very
well with the measured outputs for a period of about twenty to thirty
12
minutes. However, the model with parameters computed with one set of data
could not produce comparable output responses for a different set of physi
is too complex for control studies and a model developed with black-box
method may not represent the boiler for a longer period, a boiler model
developed here will utilize the advantages available from these two
box model.
longer necessary to divide the heat transfer section into elemental sections.
simplest physical model. Since the model constants can be computed with the
d^mamic response data of the boiler, the model will be able to describe the
the system processes which have significant effects to the overall system
behavior will be included. Unlike all the black-box models given before in
which the temperature features of a boiler are not included, the model
The model variables, such as temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate
Although this will result in a model which is accurate only around these
operation points, the model can be accurate for a wide load range of the
boiler when the temperatures across the heat transfer sections and the drum
pressure are maintained to have minimum deviation from the desired operation
perature gradient and medium mass flow rate. When the temperature gradient
is fixed, the rate of heat transfer becomes a function of mass flow rate.
The heat transfer equations then become closer to linear and valid for a
Care should be taken in measuring the dynamic physical data for iden
operation conditions for a period before the inputs are perturbed and the
superheater tubes, reheater tubes, economizer, and air heater are located
in a gas passage and absorb heat from the hot gas. The fraction of heat
which is not absorbed is lost to the air through the stack. Figure 2 shows
of both. The saturated water at drum pressure enters the downcomer at the
through the waterwall tubes, the water absorbs heat and is converted
partially into steam. The mixture of steam and water discharges into the
drum at the waterwall outlets located at the upper portion of the drum,
where the water and the steam are separated. When part of the water in the
drum system is converted into steam, the water level in the drum decreases
at the same time. A feedwater control is used to feed water out of the
economizer into the drum so that the water level in the drum can be main
tained. The steam in the drum leaves the drum and passes through super
heaters before going through the throttle valves. The steam gains addi
valve. The steam with high heat energy potential is then discharged through
the throttle valve into the turbine in which part of the heat energy is con
verted into mechanical energy that drives the turbine. The steam and water
AIR
PRIMARY SUPERH'T'R REHEATER
GAS
UPPER ECONOMIZER
'.LOWER ECONOMIZER
TO
HOT PRI. AI: PULVERIZER HOT PRI. AI:
VI u
FAN I.D
FAN
F.D. FAN
TO TO
STACK STACK
WATER COIL
ATMOSPHERE
TO REHEATER
INLET
FROM TURBINE
FINISHING
SUPERHEATER REHEATER
UPPER SPRAYS
OUTLET
DIVISION
WALLS SUP'HTR
;I LOWER SPRAYSl t
SPRAY
SPRAY PRIMARY WATER
WATER SUPERHEATER
SATURATED STEAM,,
DRUM
ECONOMIZER
WATERWALI
PUMP
variables are used to describe the processes they represent. Thus the
are negligible for the overall boiler dynamic performance, the economizer
steam-water side (6) that the dynamics of the flue gas can be ignored.
(2-AI)
W = W, + W - W (2A2)
f a ash
hot gas is
where
and
"sr = Wgr
"ge - "^g'Vse
wnere
Defining
''sh = 4. + Sg + Sf
q = q + q
re ^gr ^ge
19
and let be the rate of heat flowing out of the furnace. The heat input
^ ^ - V
^re ^sh'
Aq = Aq - Aq and (2-A6)
n ^ gw
Aq = Aq - Aq , . (2-A7)
^re ^n ^sh
Aq AW AT
^ ^ and (2-A8)
q W T
gro go gro
Aq AW AT
geo go geo
produced from fuel is determined by the chemical property of the fuel. The
average ratio of ash production rate and flow rate is a constant. Let
W = (1 - (2-AlO)
Aq = KAW^ + C T aw (2-A13)
f a a a
wnere
K + C^T^^ - ^ash'^ash\f *
^f " C~V
g g
T T
AT^ = Aq - AW . (2-A14)
^o "go ^
only about six to seven percent of the total heat transfer to the waterwall
tubes (28), the average heat transfer may be described by a radiation proc
ess only.
The radiant heat is absorbed by the tube wall in accordance with the
Stefan-Boltzman Law:
where
T^ = flame temperature
condition
21
-9 2 o 4
0 = Stefan-Boltzman constant, 1.73 x 10 Btu/ft Hr R
iq 41^
A?! (2-B2)
gwo
^o -
q - q.
T = gw
(2-Cl)
n C w
6 g
convection.
r: n 4- n ^0
sr "SC
(2-C3)
- ts'
q = K-W" (T - T ) (2-C4)
^sc 1 g n ms
where
The temperature of the flue gas leaving the secondary superheater is given
by
T - Cll- (2-C5)
g g
Ifc (2-C8)
The temperature of the flue gas leaving the finishing superheater is given
by
T_ = - F-Tir- (2-C9)
"g"g"g
section
23
The temperature of the gas flowing into the economizer section is given by
T = T -
p Wg
The temperature of the flue gas flowing into the reheater section is
T = T
gr p
and the fraction of gas which flows into the reheater section is
W = (1 - K )W
re g g
The total heat flowing into the reheater section and the economizer section
is
q =q +q =KWT +(1-K)WT
re ^gr ^ge g g gP g g ge
where the variables have already been defined in Section A for Eqs. (2-A4)
and (2-A5).
- ! - / > Q 1 -hlio t* T r T l iQ a T A
AT , AW
Aq Aq (2-Cla)
q - q ' q - q "gw W
no o gwo o gwo go
Aq = Aq + Aq (2-C2a)
s sr so
Aq 4T^ 4T^
sr _ no mso
%vo t"^ - T T^ - t"^
no mso no mso
^ =I - T - T -I + if- %
SCO no mso no mso go
24
At = at - Aq + -S2_ AW (2-C5a)
s * 4so s "go 8
Aq 4T^ 4T^^
so mro so mfo
^ - \o ^^
no mso
o
/ 4q T q \ no
I sro mso . ^sco \ ^ . "sec
VL - C V
Aq. =1
/ 4a.
+,
q.
5% \ at.
/4a- T^_ q, \
Vto - tlo
T T T - T T
AT = 22 Aq Aq - 2 Aq - AW
= - 4go 9o - Sgwo Sw s IW,, g
(2-C13)
T T T - T
AT = S2 Aq 22 Aq - ^ Aq
P % - Sm 9o -9gwo Qs* s
where
T /4q T^ q
^ _ no I sro no ^ see
^ "o'"gwo V t'' - l'" ^no - \so,
^ ^ no mso '
4q T q
_ sro mso sco
2 4 4 T - T
T - T no mso
no mso
T /4q T^ a \ nq
no : sro no , sco \ SCO
K, = 7f^\ 7 +
i 4 4 i T I W
go \ T - T no mso / go
^ \ no mso /
/T T - T \/ \
22 K, !2 !!i= - i= !
s
^c-Vo ' J\' '^7
T - T /T T - T
+ AT -(^+K--22 I AW (2-C16)
2 == \\o ^ %o I ^
W L* W O L.^^^^^ # \^ Vv Vy .W
where
4q. q. \/ T
K =1 FRO so FCO \I no
^ I ^so ~ \fo)\% ~ ^gwo
SO mfo '^ ^
4q^ T"^ q. \/ T - T
V - V I fro so fco \} no so
- W\
^ _ ^^fro^mfo "^fco
^ '^so ~ \fo
so mfo
4q. q. \/ T T -T \ na.
TT _I fro so , fco \/ so , no so \ "tco
/ T T - T T - T \
T - T T - T \ /T - T \
+ fK, -S 52 _ K _so E AT +KJ^ 22 AT ,
2 Sgo 5 y ms q^^ / mf
/T T - T T - T \
_ _E _ K -S go -
_ K _^ ^2\1 AW^ (2-C18)
I TJ r, *^7
\ /I S
where
/ T T - T T - T \
_ /
DO no no so so po \
^3 Tp - T \ q - q ' "l q "4 q. /
fo mpo \ o gwo ^so ^fo /
q / T - T T- T \
S = - S )
po mpo y so fo /
K,a /T - T \
V- =
P PO ( SO PO
^ i n T _ T I ^ I
'p 'mpo \ "To /
27
K,, =
11 T - T
po rapo
q /t T - T T-t\
+ Sf + q.
(2-C21)
where
*14 = Kl + *4 + Kg
Kl5 = =2 - *3 - Kg
rs._ , fv. ^
XD D U
%17 - %3 + K? + %12
Assume that the temperature on both the inner and outer surfaces of a
mtal tube are uniform. Then the transfer of heat through the tube can be
approximated by the radial heat conduction. Shang (27) used thin layer
gw
delay through the tube wall. Suppose that the metal tube wall is composed
= rate of heat flow out from ith layer and into (i + l)th layer.
tions
dTi
q - q, = D,c,V, -rr-
gx i i J. ac
V 5
^1 ^2 ^2^2 2 dt
^2 ^3 ^3^3*3 dt
29
dT
%-l ~ ^Dx ~ "dT (2-DI)
,1 = - T^)
^2 *^^2(^2 ~ ^3)
%-l \-l\-l^^N-l ~
where
2JIL
in /"i + 1'
r.
"i
(i + l)th layer
5 "l"! T. + T + 1
dt 91=1^1 1 --gx
Ah (A_h + A_h_) Ah
5
dt
03^3^3 ^ 93^3^3
+ ^-iVl T
^N-l^N-l^N-l ^
._ S?-l\-l 4^-l^N-l 1
dAT^ Ah A^h
- "2
Vl-N-1 (2-D4)
^N-l^N-l^N-l ^
31
dAT.
N \-l^-l \-l\-l 1
nn? ~ THTir"
For fluid flowing inside the tubes, the convective heat transfer rate
may be described by
Nu = a(Re)(Pr)^ (2-E2)
where
area
y = absolute viscosity
Let
A A ^ = const
n
_ -m = (j),
alq;
then
and
The development above follows that given by Shang (27). The incremental
where (p and Pr are functions of pressure and temperature and may be repre
Do o \ D u J uo
(Pr).
+ /-L-3. + _!!_ _ VT
^No-^Do]
33
A^Dsh =
where
^Do ^Dsho ^ ^ ,
= = for respective superheater
Do vo
Tr
K = ^Do = "^Dsho J.
for .
respective ,
superheater
14 i i_ i i ,
No Do mo sho
_ / 1 34) n BPr \
15 - 3Dj, (Pr)^ 3Dj,)'do
/ 1 3(j) , n 9Pr \ ^ ^ ^
'( R anT + TPT M" )'sho respective superheater
\o D o u /
V =f i n 5rr 1_ 541 \
" " W o - ^ D o " (fr). ' *0 aOlJ
[
I I
1 _
n
.
9Pr
- __
1 3$\I /7 ^
4-RW "~O OT>CA<^ 4- -1 TTO
^
^^D ^Do^fgo
The rate of heat transfer to the steas-water fixture in the tubs zizj be
written as
34
where
^8- w
^DWo
K
19 ^No -
'20 " hfgo \,TNo - ^Do " (?r)o 9^0 " *o ^D,
a) water in the drum, downcomer, and riser are saturated water at drum
pressure, and
b) steam in the drum and in the riser tube is saturated steam at drum
Let
= drum pressure ,
where
riser.
35
where
d r
AWfw - AWy = E [(Pfo - Pgo)AVwd + VwdoAPf + VgdoAPgj
Since p^. and p^ are functions of drum pressure, Eq. (2-F2) may be written
(2-F3)
h AW^ =h AW -W Ah + A D W
e fw go V vo g q
+ h p AV + h V Ap + V p Ah ] (2-F5)
go go gd go gdo g gdo go g
36
Since h^, h , p^, and p are functions of pressure in the drum, Eq. (2-F5)
^ 8 ^
can be written as
3h
h - h AW + Aq^ - W AD
e fw go V Dw vo oD^ D
3P, 3h
h V + V , p fD (2-F6)
go gdo gdo go dt
where
dV . . dV ,
_Si = __ (V - V ) = - ^
dt dt ^ wd-^ dt
Let
*1 = Pfo - Pgo
3APj 3Ap
a. = V g
+ V
2 wdo 3D^ gdo 3DJJ
au = h_ o_ - h 0
< to to ?o t?o
3h
^5 ^^vo 3D.
dAV , dAD_
'i-dr^^2Tr = n-v (2-F7)
dAV dAD
*3 --dl^ + *4 + asADo = heAWfw " hgoA*v + ' (2-?*)
dAD^
(*1*4 - + 'l5% "
or
^ ^
a.1
AW, ^-22 1 W + i (2-F9)
31*4 - 32*3 ^ *1*4 - *2*3
G. Superheater Equations
Then the steam pressure in the drum may be represented by the drum pressure.
dp.
W - W, = V (2-Gl)
a b at
where
V = superheater volume
dAp
AW - AW^ = V -T-S (2-G3)
a b dt
Aq + W Ah + h AW - W, Ah, - h, AW,
St ao a ao a bo D DO b
dAh^ dAp,
= V p. + h. (2-G4)
bo dt bo dt
= V
(
p.
\ (2-G5)
yho ~dt~ ^\o ~ \o^ dt J
Since h^, and p^ are functions of pressure and temperature, Eq. (2-G5)
can be written as
, 3h 3h^\ 9h 9h,
Aq
St "(\o 9# - -So 3D~ )^D "ao 3T^ "\o ST "S
\ D D/ a b
Let
9Pb
= -V
^bo 3D^ ~ 3D^
dK 9h
^4 - "bo 3D- - \o 9D^
9h
^5 ^ao 3T
b, = h - h
6 bo ao
dAT dAD
b. + t2ATb = b, - b.AD, + b;ATa b,AW^ + Aq ^ (2-G7)
1 dt b b St
The equation for estimating the rate of steam flow through the throttle
W = CT^^ (2-HI)
where
D = throttle pressure
1/2
r = 2gnm f 2/m^(m+l)/m'\
"T m-1 V ' J
m =
n - n(n - 1)
n = valve efficiency
40
y = pressure ratio
n = adiabatic index
Vt '
or
RT
'I =^
AW AA AD AT
Another equation which predicts the steam flow rate is Napier's experimental
equation
W_ = CA_D_ (2-H5)
AW AA_ AD^
41
ship among the boiler variables. The boiler models developed with the
black-box approach are usually presented in this form. The model developed
The boiler variables which are important for control studies have been
included in the model. The model has five inputs and four outputs. The
inputs are
2) drum pressure,
The heat flow into the reheater and the economizer sections is the
heat lost from the system considered for the model. This output may not be
controlled, but the physical data for this heat loss are required for param
eter identification computation. The steam flow rate is the main variable
42
into the turbine. Drum pressure and throttle steam temperature are the
variables:
temperature values below the safety margins of the respective boiler com
in which the superheater sections are. treated as one superheater are pre
sented. The metal wall of the boiler is treated as one single layer. How
tube wall divided into more layers; it only takes more time for mathematical
manipulation. The transfer functions with the tube walls divided into
43
three layers are given in Appendix A and B. It is not clear what is the
transfer through the tube walls. This can be determined with the results
may be treated as one single layer. If the heat transfer delay is not
properly represented, the error between the model outputs and corresponding
physical data will be large. Then the number of layers should be increased.
A. Model Equations
The boiler process equations have been developed in Chapter II. The
a) Gas Path
Aq = KAW^ + C T AW (2-A13)
^ f a a a
Aq^ = Aq - Aq^^ (2-A6)
Aq = Aq - Aq , (2-A7)
^re ^n ^sh
Aq ^ = Aq + Aq_ + Aq (2-C2G)
^sh ^s ^f ^p
Aw = (1 - R, ^)AW^ 4- AW (2-All)
g ht r a
T^ T
AT^ = r AW (2-A14)
f ' Wgo S
.3 ._3
. S"? AT. - 8"? AT. C2-B2)
V - t' ' r t - t' "
o T ro lo
lo
Aq = K,(Aq - Aq ) - K_AT - K.Aw (2-C15)
s 1 gw z ms 3 g
dATi J
-dT'FTir V
w w w
c) The rate of heat transfer to the fluid inside the waterwall tube is
^+ 'I's AD AW
dt - a^aj D a^a^ - a^a^ fw a^a^ - a^a, V
a.Aq
+ L_SH (2-F9)
*1*4 - *2*3
Eq. (2-D4). For single layer representation of the tube wall, the
dAT
- "%s> ->
ms ms ms
given by
dAT ^ ,
-df- - (ASf - '"-Df'
mf mf mf
given by
45
dAT
mp mp mp
given by Eq. (2-E5). The equations describe the rate of heat flow
+ ^13%'
terms. With the assumption that pressure drops through the super
may be approximated by
AW = AW = AW. = AW_
p s r i
dAT_. dADr
- - h An + K AT - h AI. .
"ll^ + tl2&Tpt ">13^ - "14% + "15% - "16% P +%Dp
(3-A9)
dAT dAD
"21 --df- + tz-AT;^ = b,, _ b^^AD, + bzsATp^ _ bz^AW, + Aq_^
(3-AlO)
46
dAT dAD
Si "=34^0 + Ss^st - "se^f + A^Df
(3-All)
dAT dAD
"21 - dT + = "23 + ''25%t - "26=
+ + ^13% -
dAT dAD
^21 dt ^^22 ^U^'^^st " ^23 dt (*13 ^24^^S
dAT
+ (boo + a_,)AT,
31 dt "32 2 4 ' ft
dAD_
" ^33 dt (*23 ~ ^34^^D ~ ^^36 ~ *21^'^^f *22^^mf
+ bg^ATgt (3-13)
dAT dAD
b,, 1- (b, + a.,)AT . - b,^ H (a.- - b. ,)AD_
GC pC CC <4 LJ
h) Equation (2-K4) will be used in the model for throttle steam flow
race:
47
AT^ ATjj.
frequency domain. Then, the boiler model will be established with the
be performed here because they are of the same form as in time domain,
Eq. (3-Al)
dAT
^ (Aq_, - Aq^) (3-Al)
dt p\Jc VJJ ^gw Dw
w w w
b) Drum pressure dynamics
A AT*
^= - P.ADj, + P^A;^ - PjAM^ + PyAq^^ <2-P9)
where
48
P . "l'a - ^3
5 W - "2^3
. - ^3
6
P.=
7 aj_a^ - a^aj
and a^, a^, a^, a^, and a^ have been defined in Section F of
D S +
tubes of the superheater sections are the same. For the primary
superheater
dAT 1
-df 'p c V (ASp - %p) <3-A5)
mp mp mp
dAT
= ?oAq_ - F AD^ 4- F, ^AT^^ - F, AW - F, AT
dt 8 ^p 9 D 10 pt 11 p 12 mp
where
=
8 p c V
mp mp mp
P_ = *33
9 p c=PV-p
49
P - ^34
10 P C V
mp mp mp
a^,
P -
11 p c V
mp mp mp
P -
12 p c V
mp mp mp
X ., ,333,
s+P,, ^ '
For the same reason, the equations for the secondary superheater
where
P = 1
13 P c V
ms ms ms
P =
14 p c V
ms ms ms
15 p c V
ms ms ms
16 p c V
ms ms ms
50
P.
17 p c V
ms ms ms
^23
. = '24
. = '21
2^
p.. = *22
22 ^mf^mf\f
respectively.
+
*31^\t - ?32A*f + fssATmf
ATjt(s) = (3-B7)
s + P34
where
b
^23 b"
P.. -
24 b23
^25 b
21
^6 ~ ^11
26
^21
12
27 b
21
^22"*" ^14
28
^21
33
29 b
31
^23 ^34
30
^33
35
31 b
31
^36 ^21
32
^31
22
^31
^32 + ^24
34
^31
35 b11
^33 ^14
"13
11
*37 b
11
52
P
38 bii
r. - "32
39
40 - bii
cated in Fig. 5 are defined below, where the constants on the right
Li = Kf + CfT^l - C^g^T^sh^hf
= CaT*
L3 = 1
= 1 - *hf
S' - ?!.)
h''^fo'%
h' ^fo/gc
S "L'Wfo - ^o>
S -
^12 ^17%o^^Do
h4 = - *2*3) = ^5
bn^/bnn = ^o,
Z.O Z. J_
= (b + a,)/b, = P^,
JJ JJ Z4 J) 0
^34 (^36
^36 ^To/^To
^37 ^4o^^To
^38 ^To^^'^To
=S
*2 = K3
= K,
B, = K,
B^ = K.
B, = K,
B_ = K,
B. K
o o
B = K 1 9
o = V
"10 "10
*11 = Kg
^12 ~ ^11
a_-/p c V
13 32 mp mp mp
1/p c V = P-
mp mp TTip O
^5 = a_/p c V
33 mo mo mc
56
= a_./p c V = P
16 34 mp mp mp 10
18 " ^17
19 " ^13
20 " ^14
*21 = Pl5
22 " ^16
23 " ^22
24 " ^18
25 " ^19
26 " ^20
\l " ^21
Kwatny et al. (16) and McDonald and Kwatny (19): drum-type, forced
circulation.
transfer to circulation fluid and the flow rare of steam out from
the drum.
to circulation fluid, the steam flow rate, and the feedwater flow
e) Superheater dynamics:
for the long periods required for control. They are useful in predicting
is to treat the three superheaters as one section; then the model is reduced
control loop such that the feedwater flow rate is equal to the steam flow
system, then
AT.T = AT.T
""fw T
fuel and air flow control is perfect such that fuel flow rate is proportional
AW, = RfjAWf
L^iCS + Lgg)
s + L20
S + LOQ
Ul
vO
S + B
+ Aq
sm
Aq = (K - C T R. )AW- (3-Cl)
2. d. xSi f
ASsh = "-C3)
where
R <1
gw
and
^h < 1
are constants.
With these relations applied, the boiler model can be reduced to that
shown in Fi. 7. where the two blocks involving L,^ and are also ccni-
jLy i-i.
bined. Also, the loops enclosed in the dashed box can be reduced as given
^3 ^21^22 ^17^19
AT,
"13 <)
+1+ ATm
Aq
gw
[^16"Li4
L18
Aw.o S + ^20
f o\
AA^
+ P3S +
L21S + F3
s + L20
he - ^14
+'' ATn
"23
(S+B]^3)(S+L2O)
ILL
s + L20
AWr S + Pi ADr
S + P, /r gZ+PgS + P^
S+F^ r i-o
Ll6-L]4 1
(S+B^^XS+Ljg) "37
+
~ir~ P ^20
F2L23 AT,
> 38
(S+B13)(S+L20)
16^23
(5+3^3)(S+L^Q)
B17L23 36
(S+B13)(S+L20) S+L20
AA
AT
i
->
-0-
I 1
^16^23
(S+B^3)(S+L2 N
(S 4- (S
"20^ 16^23|
64
11
y\
Aw.
AA^
^5 ^13 ^20
P. = B,L - B,
O J.J JLO
F- = ^21
the points corresponding to the inputs and outputs of the model. Since the
boiler model does not include transfer functions of control equipment and
significant and only control signals are available, the transfer functions
sponding terminals of the boiler model. The model including the transfer
functions of equipment should be used with the data for computing the
parameter constants. This may not increase the number of unknown model
boiler system is in steady-state before the inputs are perturbed and the
input and the output signals are recorded. It is desirable to obtain sets
effects on the system performances can be understood. The data set for
mation:
67
ASME Performance Test Code and ASME Power Test Code may be followed to obtain
Fuel flow rate, air flow rate, control valve area, feedwater flow rate,
throttle steam flow rate, and drum pressure generally can be measured with
the equipment normally installed in the plant. The rate of heat flow to the
3) mass floT.-: rate of the flus gas into the veV-eaLer sections, and
4) mass flow rate of the flue gas into the economizer section.
The rate of hear flow into the respective sections then can be computed.
with Eqs. (2-A8) and (2A9). The instrument for measuring these quantities
if the transfer function relating the circulation fluid flow rate and the
signal of the circulation pump driving motor input is obtained before the
test. In this case the transfer function can be connected to the boiler
model and the motor input becomes an input to the boiler, as shown in
AWfO -X AW^
1 + sT
AW^O.
>0 AT,
AA^O-
-K)ADjj
AWf(P-
AMT AWj) Aq
O* G(s) $-o- re
common practice is that the first stage pressure is measured and corrected
to produce the data of steam flow rate. However, there is a time lag
between the steam flow through the throttle valve and the detected variation
of first stage pressure. The lag is mainly due to the existence of the
69
steam chest and the connecting pipe between the control valves and the
HIGH
STEAM STEAM _ PRESSURE
FLOW > TURBINE
CHEST
VALVE
CONTROL
Fig. 12. Time lag exists between control valve
steam flow and turbine first stage pressure.
This time lag appearing in the recorded data influences the results of
suggested that this lag can be represented by a first order delay (13). A
first order transfer function can be connected to the output AW^ to repre
sent this lag, as shown in Fig. 11, where AW^ is the actual steam flow rate
CLLIU
^ ^
LUC U1C:0.;3U.1. CU ouco-iu
^^
j-a-c-v.*
Power plants are generally equipped with automatic controls such that
the feedwater flow rate is controlled to equal the rate of steam flow out of
the drum, and the air flow rate is controlled proportional to the fuel flow
rate. If the controls are perfect, the information about feedwater flow
rate and air flow rate become unnecessary. However, it is more desirable
the boiler model, superheater spray should be kept off during the experi-
meiic.
during the test so that they can be digitized later for digital computer
kept on file for the test. However, a portion or all of the data recorded
d) the physical values which the base lines represent must be known,
f) the formal recording on all data must start at the same time, and
g) the location and length of each set of data on the tapes must be
known.
experiment.
71
V. CONCLUSIONS
A linear mathematical model for a thermal power plant drum type boiler
trols are considered as a portion of the boiler, the boiler model developed
here does not include controls. Some simplified boiler models are also
presented. For these models, some external controls are included in the
models so that assumptions can be made with the feedwater flow rate and the
air flow rate. The simplified model may not be suitable for boiler control
studies, but they may be used for an initial study of boiler dynamics.
domain, showing clearly the relationships among the boiler variables. Care
has been taken in che model development thac the boiler processes are
the important boiler properties but also provide good relationships between
the boiler components. Since the model is developed from physical prin
output response data measured from experimental tests on the boiler are
between the model parameters and the physical quantities of the boiler
have bssr. defined in the model development. The computed model parameter
values are the effective dynamic constants of the boiler processes which
The dynamic response data for the inputs and the outputs of the boiler
if data are available for the other boiler variables so that the parameter
of the transient pressure and the transient temperature, care must be taken
cation computation.
73
5. Chien, K. L.; Ergin, E. I.; Ling, C.; and Lee, A. "Dynamic Analysis
of a Boiler." ASME Trans. 80(1958): 1809-1819.
13. IEEE Committee Report. "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines
in Power System Studies." IEEE Trans, on Power Apparatus and Systems,
PAS-92 (1973): 1904-1915.
74
14. Kearton, W. J. Steam Turbine Theory and Practice, 7th ed. London:
Sir Issac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., 1961.
16. Kwatny, H. G.; McDonald, J. P.; and Spare, J. H. "A Nonlinear Model
for Reheat Boiler-turbine-generator Systems; Part IIDevelopment."
Proceedings of the 12th Joint Automatic Control Conference, St. Louis,
Mo., 1971.
17. Laubli, F.; and Fenton, F. H., Jr. "The Flexibility of the Super
critical Boiler as a Partner in Power System Design and Operation;
Part I Theoretical Relationships." IEEE Trans, on Power Apparatus
and Systems, PAS-90 (1971): 1719-1724.
19. McDonald, J. P.; and Kwatny, H. G. "A Mathematical Model for Reheat
Boiler-turbine-generator Systems." IEEE Paper No. 70 CP 221-PWR.
IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N.Y., 1970.
20. McDonald, J. P.; Kwatny, H. G.; and Spare, J. H. "A Nonlinear Model
for Reheat Boiler-turbine-generator Systems; Part IGeneral Descrip
tion and Evaluation." Proceedings of the 12th Joint Automatic Control
Conference, St. Louis, Mo., 1971.
26. Salisbury, J. K. Steam Turbines and Their Cycles. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.
VII. ACKNOmEDGMENTS
major professor. Dr. Charles J. Herget, for his help and guidance. The
discussion of the problems with Professor A. W. Joensen and Mr. Minh Luu
^'"2
AT^ AT,
Pl=lVj
d =
(A^h^ + ^^2} ^"^2
dt ATg AT,
02=2^2 P2^2^2
^2^2 -*3^3
AT^ AT,
03^3^3 ^3^3^3
p 1
Aq
gw
(A-1)
Aq
Dw
-1
P3C3V3
Equation (2-E6) is
-^1%! *2^2
AT, 0 AT,
P^CiVj^ -rri
^2"2
-(A,h3 + K^,)
AT,
3 L ^3^3 3 :3C3'3 _j
78
0 0 Aq
91=1*1 gw
0 0 0 AW^ (A-3)
00
So
0
93=3*3 ^3=3*3_
1
where Aq , AW , and AD are the inputs to this subsystem, and Eq. (A-2)
gw D U
is the output equation.
rA h
AT^(S) = ^ ^ AT^(S) +.1 _ Aq_ (s) (A-4)
91=1*1 : ^gw
s + Vi
^1^1 ^2^2
AT ( S ) + -4-^ AT,(S) (A-5)
A,h, + A^h. ^2=2*2 1 ^2=2*2 3
11 2 2
s +
^2=2*2
Ah K
AT(S) =
A_n_ -r rv_ _ r . ^ ^ AT.(s)
I _C,v_ z
- .
U_Cv _
AU_(s)
u
jJ xy J J J J J J
s +
^3=3*3
^2o_,_,i (A-6)
P3C3V3 ]
^2=2*2
AT,(s) =
s2 + / ^1^1
T ^l^l "* *2^2 \ s +
I :: V
^2=2*2 I ^1=1*1^2=2*2
1
79
^2^2 W
^2^2 PiC-V I A^h
2^2^2
W:)+^AV=)
Aj"! "2"2
s+
^2^2^2
(A-7)
T.(s) = 1
^5(8 +
s'' + P + PgS^ + PjS +
where
.2^2 .2.2
//at. -ri rr
^ A %. JL
A 1. \\
r\^ 11^
n., il-,
JL X
4--^ U
\ ^3"3^3 ^2^2^2 / ^'l^l^lP2^2^2 ^2'^2^2^3'^3^3
9 9
^ "l"l^"3"3 *19' / "l\ "1"1 "2"2\ ^
^ Ol^l^lP2^2^2^3^3^3 V ^l^l^l ^2*^2^2 /
80
A^h?
'2"2 f *1^1 ^2^2 _j_ ^1^1 \
'^2^2^2^3"3^3 Y 1^1^1^2"^2^2 /
P. = ^1^1"^2^2
5 PiCiV^p^c^V^p^CgV^
= ^1^1 ^2^2
^ P2^2^2
vvL^^ Vl
7 PoCoVr
2 2 2 91=1^1
/ A,h 44
1 1 ^1^1 "*" ^2^2V ^1^1 "*' *2^2 \
f-s /- T7 r\ TT
8
V
\ pyCiVi ^2^2*2 J\ ^2^2*2 / ^i"i'i^2-2':
A^h^CAjhi + A,.,)
"9 =
PiCjV.(OjC^Va)
^1
10 PlClV^PgCgVgPgCgVg
So^l^l^2^2
11 Pi=iVip2^2^2^3^3^3
81
s '
' M
1
1 0
r-A,h,
^2^2
H
0
PlCl?!
^1^1 ^2^2
d AT2 ATg
dt 2^2^2 ^2^-^2 P2f2^2
k^2 "^3^3
AT^ 0 AT
P3C3V3 ^3^3^3_ _
Aq,
gsh
0 0 (B-1)
Aq,
Dsh
-1
-"1"! "2"2
AT^ AT,
91=1^1 91=1^1
-(A^h^ + A^h,)
AT^ AT,
dt 02^2^2 ^2^2^2 ^2*^2^2
S^2 (A^hs +
AT 0 AT
3 3 93^3^3
82
0 0 0
Pl'^l^l
AW
V (B-3)
0 0 0 0
where Aq^^, AW^, AD^, AT^^ are the inputs and Eq. (B-2) is the output
equation.
is obtained,
1
AT^Cs) = 4 PCs + ?6)Aqgsh(5)
+P . + P_s^ +P s+P,
1 2 3 4
where
_ *3^3 ^ ^14 ^ *1^1 ^2^2 ^1^1
1 PoCoV, p.c^V^ P,c,V,
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
2'^2^23'^3^3 \2
83
P = '^1^1^2^2
^ P1^1^1P2^2^2P3^3^3
7 ^ PoCoVo
2 2 2
PnC.V,
1 1 1
A^h^(A^h^ + A^h,)
"9 =
P,^ = ^13"l"l"2"2
10 Pi'^i^iP2'^2'^2'^3'^3^3
v a -h A V,
15"1"1"2"2
11
^1^1^1^2^2^2'^3'^3^3
*16*1^1^2^2
"12
P1^1^1P2^2^2P3^3^3
84
AD,
10
15
'Dw
gw
AW.
AT,T
f J^
F
M
"9"10 i
i
ri r~v
^9^10 ^ ^9^10
[Aqgw(s) + AD^/s)] -i-lO p(s)
85
s 1'$^, - TTT^
^10= ADT
s + LgLiQ
Aq,
Dw
13 3 f+
AW'
I ATT f
1 <-^Wm
^^gw +/ J ^Dw T
13
J5: N
S +L
15
h2=
(s + Cs + LgL^g)
^12
i';,(s)+ 4K;(s) + L,J(s + IgL^g)
13
86
^12^13^ + (s + (s + LgL^g)
(s + 1^3)(s + LjLjg)
(s + L^^)(s + LgL^g)
"V^s)(s + (s + Lgl^q) + ^12^13^
^2
= Aq,
+ AW^(s) (g + LTc)(s + LL,J Dw
15' 9 10'
,, Li3(s-fLi5)(s-^LgL^o)
'S* ' (s + + ^12^13:
(s + L,.)(s+ L ^ L ^ N >
AW^(s)
(s + L,J(s + LL, + L, ,s ^13^'^Dw ~
15' 9 10' 12 13'
13 9 10 + S\a>
9 10 12 13
Let
S~10 " ^1
^1^13S^10 " ^2
^15^9^10 ""4