iheConstitution

^ of ttieUnited States
of America ::::i:^
y^ Jll 1W ^

Consii
of
United State
Inscribed and Illustrated by

Sam Fink

With Benjamin Franklin s Address to the Delegates

Upon the Signing of the Constitution

welcome
BOOKS
NEW YORK 6 SAN FRANCISCO
In memory
ofmy beloved wife, Adelle,
who encouraged me to dream.

And for Darwin DicK Bahm

wfto helped maKe
this dream come true.
 ADDRESS TO THE DELEGATES
On September 77, ij8j, a from Benjamin Franklin was read by James Wilson of Pennsylvania,
letter

after which the Constitution was signed and offeredfor ratification by the states.

I confess that I do not entirely approve

of this Constitution at
present,
but Sir, I am not sure I shall

For having lived long, have experienced Instances of being oblig d,

never approve it: I
many by better
Information or fuller Consideration, to change Opinions even on important Subjects, which I once

thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I

grow the more apt
I am to

doubt my own Judgment and to pay more Respect to the Judgment of others. Most Men indeed as

well as most Sects in

Religion, think themselves in Possession of all Truth, and that wherever

others differ from them it is so far Error. Steele, a Protestant, in a Dedication tells the Pope, that

the
only Difference between our
two Churches in their opinions of the certainty of their Doctrine,

is, the Roman Church is infallible, and the Church of England is never in the wrong. But tho
many
private
Persons think almost as
highly
of their own Infallibility,
as of that of their Sect, few express

it so naturally as a certain French

lady,
who in a little
Dispute with her Sister, said, I don t know
how it
happens, Sister, but
I meet with no body but myself that s
always in the
right.
// n
y a que
moi qui a toujours raison.

In these Sentiments, Sir, I

agree to this Constitution, with all its Faults, if they are such: because I

think a General Government necessary for us, and there is no Form of Government but what may
be a
Blessing to the People if well administered: and I believe farther that this is to be well
likely

administered for a Course of Years, and can only end in

Despotism as other Forms have done
before it, when the
People shall become so corrupted as to need Despotic Government, being

incapable
of
any other.
I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to

make a better Constitution: For when you assemble a Number of Men to have the Advantage of

their
joint Wisdom, you inevitably
assemble with those Men, all their
Prejudices, their Passions,
their Errors of
Opinion, their local Interests, and their selfish Views. From such an
Assembly can a

perfect Production
be expected? It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this
System approaching so
near to Perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our Enemies, who are waiting with

Confidence to hear that our Councils are confounded, like those of the Builders of Babel, and that

our States are on the Point of Separation, only to meet hereafter for the Purpose of cutting one

another s Throats. Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution because I

expect no better, and because
I am not sure that it is not the best. The Opinions I have had of its Errors, I sacrifice to the Public

Good. I have never whisper d a

Syllable
of them abroad. Within these Walls
they were born,
6 here
they shall die. If every one of us in returning to our Constituents were to report the Objections he
has had to it, and endeavor to gain Partizans in support of them, we might prevent its
being

generally received,
and thereby lose all the
salutary
Effects 6 great Advantages resulting naturally in

our favor among foreign Nations, as well as

among ourselves, from our real or apparent
Unanimity.
Much of the Strength and Efficiency of any, Government in procuring 6 securing Happiness to the
People depends on Opinion, on the general Opinion of the Goodness of that Government as well
as of the Wisdom 6 Integrity
of its Governors. I
hope therefore that for our own Sakes, as a Part

of the People, and for the Sake of our

Posterity,
we shall act
heartily
6 unanimously in
recommending this Constitution, wherever our Influence may extend, and turn our future Thoughts

and Endeavors to the Means of having it well administred.

On the whole, Sir, I can not help expressing a Wish, that

every
Member of the Convention, who

may still have Objections to it, would with me on this Occasion doubt a little of his own

Infallibility,
and to make manifest our Unanimity, put his Name to this Instrument.
 IS is a BacKbone.
Man cannot stand erect without one. Neither can a country.
The bacKbone of the United States of America is her Constitutjon.
 are features in his face
orally different from what I ever
There
observed in that of any other
human being; the socKets of the eyes,
t)r instanc^ane larger and the upper
A gentleman of one qf the
irst fortunes on the conti-
nent sacrificing his ease,
and hazarding all in the cause
Of his country. JOHNJDAMS
part of lus nose broader. All his fea errs as other men do but
tures are indicative of the strongest I errs with dignity
passions,yet his judgement and great I_re
command make him appears
man of a different cast in the
eyes Of the World. SKBERTSIWHT
T i T^shington is the might-
l/V iest name on earth...
t T bn^ since mightiest /
in the cause of cjvjj liber

mightiest in
ty; stil]
moral reformation.
On that name an
eulogy is expected
lt none attempt
it. solemn \
In
awe, pronounce
the name, and in
its naKed deathless

splendor leave it on
shining. A&wtwwcotw
Washington
as a boy was ignor
George
ant of the common
est accomplishments
of youth fie could not
.

even lie.

has scarcely appeared a mind was great and powerful

eaiiy great man whose character
There
ias been more greatly admired in
his lifetime or less correctly under-
stood by his admirers... his talents
were adopted to lead without dazzling
mankind, and to draw jbrth and
employ the talents of others without
being misled by them.
without being of the very first
nisorder; his penetration strong,
though not so acute as that of Newton,
Bacon or LocKe, and as fir as lie saw
no judgement was ever sounder It
was slow in operation being little aided
by invention or imagination but sure
in conclusion.
powerneur Morris of
\JPennsylvanialtis said lie
wrote the preamble and that
he did itquicKiyAsayoung
man he drove around
Philadelphia in a four wheej
carriage drawn by a pair
of spirited horses. One
day as he climbed aboard
the horses Doited. The
coach overturned and
landed on Morris. His leg
was smashed beyond
repair and had to be
amputated . Rr the
rest of his life
he pegged around
on a wooden leg-
Tliis disability
never stowed him
down nor diminished
his zest for life.
The Preamble
 efliePeopie
.oltneoiited States,
in Order tpform a more
erfect ljniqn,estal>iisli Justice,
insure domestic Tnanquflit^
provide for tne common defence,
promote tne geneml)Velfari
and secure the Blessins Q
to ourselves and our
do ordain ana e;
this Constitution
for meunited States ofAmerica
Article r
Section i.
Section 2.
Section i All legislative
TDwers herein granted
shall be vested in a
Congress of the
United States,
which shall consist
and House of Representatives,

Section 2. The House of

Representatives sjia]] be
composed of Members
chosen every second ^ar by theT^opJe
of the several States, and the Electors in
each State shall have the Qualifications ,,

requisite for Electors of the most numerous

Branch of the State DegisJat tire.

.
JMo Person shall be a Representative who shaJl not have
attained to
the/^e of twenty-five ^ears and been seven lears
?

a Citizen of the United States, and who shajj not, wheji

elected, be
an Inhabitant of that State in which he shaJJ be chosen.
Article i
Section 2.
(continued)
 ... and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
leoresentatives
among the several States which may be included within this Union,
xcordinto their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by
adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including
those bound to
Service fora Term of ^ars, and excluding Indians
not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.
The actual Enumeration shall be made
within three^ars after the first
Meeting of the Congress of the
United States, and within every
subsequent Term of ten ^tars, in
such Manner as they shall hy Law
direct. The Number of Repre
sentatives shall not exceed
one for eveiy thirty
Thousand, but each state
Shall Iwe at Least
one Representative;
and until such
enumeration
shall be made, / vacancies
the State of happen in the
New Hampshire Representatior
shall be entitled from any State,
to chuse three; the Executive
Massachusetts eight; Authority
Rhode Island and thereof
Providence shall
Plantations one; issue
Connecticut five;
Newark six;
New Jersey four *

Pennsylvania eight; of Election

Delaware one; to fill such
Maryland six; Vacancies.
Virginia ten;
North Carolina five; The House
South Carolina five; and of Represent
Georgia three. atives shall
F chuse their
.
Speaker and
other Officers;
and shall have the
soieR>wer of
Impeachment.
Article i
Sections.
 lection 3. The Senate of the
United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, chosen
ty the Legislature thereof for
sixl&ars; and each Senator
Shall have one Vote.
be assembled in Consequence of
the
divided as equally as may be into
jnmediatejy after they shall
be
first Election, they shall
three CJasses. The Seats of the
Senators of the first Class
shall be vacated at the
Expiration of the second
Tfiar,of the second Gass
at the Expiration of the
fourth ^fean and of the
|
third Class at the Expir
ation of the sixth Year,
so that one third may
be chosen every
second ^?ar; and
if \Scancies happen by
Resignation, or otherwise,
during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State,
the Executive thereof
may make temporary
Appointments until the
next Meeting of the
Legislature, which shall
then such Vacancies.
fill

No Person shall be
a Senator who shall not
have attained to the Age of
thirty Years, and been nine
Yedrs a Citizen of the United
States, and who shall not
when elected, be an Inhabitant
of that State for which
he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the
United States shall be the President
of the Senate, but shall have
no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
Article!
Section 3.
(continued)
Section 4.
_ senate shall chuse their other OffJeers and aJso a
ie

Resident pro tempore,in the absence of the Mce President,

or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the
United States-
The Senate shall have the soJe Power to try
aljImpeachments. When sitting for that purpose,
they shall be on Oath or Mir/nation.

When the President of the United States is tried,

the Chief Justice shalj preside-. And no Person shall be
convicted without the Concurrence of two thinfc
of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall
not extend further than to removal from Office, and
disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office qf ftonor,

Trust or Profit under the United States:

but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be
liable and subject to Indictment /Ifial, Judgment
and Punjshment, according to Law.

(Section 4-. The Times,Places and Manner of hoJdini

Elections for senators and Representatives, shall be
prescribed in each State b7 the Legislature thereof;
but the Congress may at any time by Law make or
alter such Regulations,occept as to the Places of
Senators.
Article i
Section 4.
(continued)
Section 5.
 e Congress shall -assemble at least once in every , ^^
and such Meeting shall be the first Monday in December, unless
they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Sections. Each House shall be the. Judge of

the Elections,Returns and Qualifications
of its own Members, and a
Majority of each shall con
stitute a Quorum to do
Business;but a smaller
Number may ad*
journ from day

and nw
be auth
orized to
compel the
Attendance
of absent Members,
in such Manner,
and under such Pen
alties as each .#*

House may
provide.
Each
House nw de
termine the
Rules of its Pro
ceedings, punish its
Members for
disorderly
Behavior, and,
with the Concur
rence of two thirds,
expel a Member.
Each House
Shall Keep a Jour
nal cS its Proceed
ings, and from time _
to time publish
thefsame, excepting ^^ ^ ^ ao
1 1

in their Judgment I
require Secrecy; and the leas and |Nays
of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire
of one fifth of those Present, he entered on the Journal.

says in Gather] ne Dri nker Bowen s book,

It

atPhiladelpia ; there were sufficient

"Mirade
numbers of doves of peace in the room where
the Delegates met so each one had a dove perched
on his shoulder as they wrote the Constitution .
Article i
Section 6-
Section z
 Hi 7 All BOfe for raising Revenue
shall originate in the House of
Represent
may propose to
atives; but the Senate
concur with Amendments as on
other Bills.
Every Bill which shalj have passed
theflouse of Representatives and
Section 6. -The Senators the Senate shall, before it become a
and Representatives shail Law, be presented to the President cf
r
receive a compensation tor the United States; If he approve he shalj
their Services, to be ascertained Sign /t, hut if not he shall return it,
byLaw,and paid out of the Treas with his Directions to that House
ury of the United Sates. They in which it shall have
originated, who
sha]] in Cases, except Treason,
all Shall enter the ejections at large on
Felony and Breach of the Peace, De their Journal, and proceed to reconsid
privileged from Arrest during er it. [f after such Reconsideration
their attendance at the two thirds cf that House shaj]
Session of their respective 3gree to pass the BJJJ, it shall be
Houses, and in going to sent, together with the Objections,
and returninglromthe to the other House,
same; and for any
Speech or Debate in
either House, they
-
Shall not ques t>e

tioned in any other

Place.
>fc>
Senator or
Representative shall,
during the Tinne for
which he was elected,
be appointed to any
civil Office under
the Authority of
the United States
which shall have
been created, or the
Emoluments
whereof shall have
been encreased
during such time; and
no Person holding any
Office under the United
States, shall be a Member
of either House during his
Continuance in Office.
Article
Section 7.
(continued)
 which it shall JiKewise
be reconsidered, and if approved
by two thirds or
that House, it
become a
shall
Law But in all
such Cases the
Votes of both
Houses shall be
determined
by Yeas and Nays,
and the Names
of the Persons eryOrdenResojution,
voting for and m or Vote to which Concur
against the Bill .

m
".niw
ence of the Senate and
shall be entered on : :
House of Representatives
the Journal of each may be necessary (except
House respectively on a Question of Adjourn
ff any Bill shall not be ment) shaJJ be presented
returned by the President to the President of the
within ten Days (Sundays United states; and
CKcepted) after it shall have before the Same shall
been presented to him, take Effect, shall be approved
the Same shall be a Law, by him,or being disapproved by
in liKe Manner as if he had him shall be repassed by two
signed it, unless the Congress
bv their Adjournment
w thirds cf the Senate and
House of Representatives accord
prevent its Return, in which ing to the Rules and Limitations
Case it shall not be a Law. prescribed in the Case of a BilJ.
Article i
Section 8.
Power To lay and collect Taxes,Duties,
Imposts and excises, to pay the Debts and
provide for the common Defence
and general Welfare cf die
United States; but aJJ
Imposts and Excises
shall be uniform
throughout the o provide Punishment
for the
United States? of counterfeiting the
TD borrow money Securities and current
on the credit of the Coin of the United States;
United States; Tb establish Post offices
To regulate and post Roads
Commerce
f J * with
V L * ID promote theprogress of
foreign .Science and useful Arts, by secur
Nations ing for limited Times to Authors
and Inventors the exclusive Right
to their respective Writings and
Discoveries;

the several
States,and J

with the
Indian
Tribes;

an uniform Rule of
estabish
^turalizatjoaand uniform
Laws on tie subject of Bankrupt-
cies throughout the United states,*
TD coin Mone^ regulate the
Value thereof, and of foreign coin,
and fix the Standard cf Weights
and Measures;
constitute Tribunals inferior
to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies
and Felonies committed on the
high Seas, and Offences against the
Law of Nations;
To declare M&r, grant Jetters
of Marque and^Reprisal, and maKe
Rules concerning Captures on
Land and Water;
Article i
Sections,
(continued)
 and support
raise
Armies, but no
To\pproprjation
/

cf Money to mat Legislature of the state

Use shall be in which the Same
shalJbe,for the Erection
of firts, Magazines,
for a longer Arsenals, dock-Yards,
Term than and other needful
two Year^:
To provide and
maintain a Navy
To maKe Rules for To maKe all Laws
the Government and which shall be
Regulation of the land necessary
and naval Forces; and
To provide for callinj
forth the Militia to
execute the Laws of
carrying
the Union, suppress
Insurrections and
repe] Invasions;
To provide for organ-
:J

izing,arming, and dis into

ciplining the Militia, Execution the
and for governing such"
foregoing Powers,
Part of them as may and all other
be employed in the Powers vested by
Service of the this Constitution
United in the
reserving Government
to the
of the
States respectively the A United
.Appointment
over such
4 States,
or in any
District Department
(not exceed or Officer
ing ten Miles thereof.
of the square) as may,
Officers, and the by cession of par
Authority of training ticular States, and the
the Militia according Acceptance of Congress,
to the discipline pre become the Seat of the
scribed by Congress; Government of the
United States, and to
exercise exclusive exercise liKe Authority
Legislation in all overall Places purchased
cases whatsoever, by the Consent of the
Article i
Section 9.
 bction 9. The Migration or Importation of 5ucn Ttrsons as
Jany of the States now existing shall thinK proper to admit,
Shallnot be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or dutymay be imposed on
such importation, not exceeding ten doJJars for eacji Person.

Ihe privilege of the

Writ of Habeas Corpus
shall not be suspended,
unless when in Cases
of Rebellion or invasion
the public Safety may
recpreit.
No HI] of Attainder
or ex post facto Law
Shall be passed.
No captations
other direct,Tax shall
be laid, unless in Pro
portion to the Census
or Enumeration here
in before directed to
be taKen.
No Tax or Duty
shall be laid on Articfo
exported from any
State.
No Preference shall
be given by any Regula-i
tionof Commerce or
Revenue to the Ports
of one State over tho:
of another: nor shall
Vessels bound to, or
from, one State, be
obliged to enter,
clear, or pay Duties
in another.

JNo money shall

be drawn from the
Treasury, butincon-
sequence of Appro
priations made by
Law* and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and
Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
time to time.
Article I
Section 9.
(continued)
Section 10.
 o Title of Nobility shall be
granted by the United States--
And no Person holding any Office No State shall,without the
of Profit or Trust under them, Consent of the Congress, lay any
shallwjthout the Consent of the imposts orDuties oh imports
Congress, accept of any present or Exports,except what
Emolument, Office, or Title, may be absolutely nec
ofanykinr essary for executing its
whatever, inspect! on Laws-- and
from any j|tne net produce cf all
King,
Prince or
m Duties and Imposts,
laid by any State on
foreign Imports or Exports,
State. CveJ\v,
-,

mate am
emc
W shall be lor the Use
ev
of the Treasury of
the United States;
and such Laws
all

shall be subject to
Section 10. the Revision and Controul
No Slate shall of the congress.
enter into any
Treaty Alliance,
confederation; grant b State
shaJJ,wjthout
letters of Marque and .
the Consent of the Congress,
Reprisal; coin Money? 1 Jay any duty of joo
emit Bills of Credit; 4 na^e, Keep Troops,
make any Tiding but orShipscfwann
gold and silver Coin a time of Peace,
Tender in Payment of Debts $ enter into any
pass any Bill of Attainder, ex Agreement or
post facto Law or Law impairin Compact with
the Obligation of Contracts, another State,or
or grant any Title of Nobility. with a foreign
Power, or engage
in War, unless
actually invaded, or in such
imminent Danger as will not
admit of delay.

My friend, CharlQ Feld man,

remember5 what people say
He remembers exactly. Yeans
ago he listened to. a
tDevj.sjon interview with
HugoLaFiAuette BiacK,
Associate J 5tice of tfie
Supreme court for J\ years
When BlacK was asKed a
question on the Constitution,
he wrapped out a dog-eared
little Dock from his pocKet,a
copy of the Co
all in m
is jitTJe booK. I carry it
with me an tnetime, he sajd.
;
Article n
Section i.
 Senator or Represent Number of Votes for
ative, or Person hold each;which list they
ing an Office of Trust shall sign and certify,
Section 1- The execu or Profit under the and transmit sealed to
tive Power shall be united States, Shall the Seat of the Govern
vested in a President be appointed ment of the united
cf the United States an Elector States, directed
of America.He shall The the pres
hold his Office during Electors ident of
the Term of four shall the
Years, and,
together
with
the

Vice
Resi
dent,
chosen
Tor the
Washington is
sameTenri, e mightiest name
on earth -Tone since
be elected as \
mightiest in the cause
of cjvoberty; .still mightiest
follows in moral reformation. On that
name an eulogy is expected.
Each State Let none attempt it.
Shall appoint, insuch meet m their respect jn solemn awe,pronounce the
name, and in its naKed dbathfes5
splendor leave it on shining.
Manner as the Leg- ive states, and vote Abraham Lincoln.
is ature thereof may by Ballot Tor two
djrecta Number of persons,of whom one Senate. The president
Electors, equal to the at least shall not be of the Senate shalljn
wholeNumberof an Inhabitant of the the presence of the
Senators and same State with Senate and House of
Representatives to themselves. /\nd Representatives open
which the state may they shall maKe a all the certificates,
be entitled in the List of all Persons and the Votes shai)
Congress.- but no voted lor, and of the then be counted.
ArticJen
Section!,
(continued)
 liKe Manner
use the Pres
ident. But in chus~
ing the President
r
thevotes shalJ be
taKenbyStates,the
r
from
"Representation
ea(h State having one
Vote,- A quorum for
this Purpose shaJJ con
sist of a Member or
Members from two
thirds of tfie states,
and a Majority of
all the States shaJJ
be necessary to a
ie Person having Choice, jn every
tne greatest Num [

Qse, after the Choice

ber cf votes shall cf the President, the
be the President, Person haying the
ifsuch Number greatest Number of
DC a Majority of Votes of the Electors
tJiewhoieNumberi shall be the v/ce Presi
of Elector^ ap dent. But if there
pointed; and if shoujd remain two or
there be more more who have equal
than one who votes the Senate shall-
nave such Majority *chM5P from them Dy
and have an equa] L Ba)Jot the wee President.
Numberof votes, The Congress may determine
then the House of the Time of chusing the Electors,
Representatives and the Day on which they shall
shall immediately give their Votes; which DaysnaJl
chuse by Ballot one of he the same throughout the
them for president; and united states.
if no Person have a Major

then from the During the first weeM of July 1787, frustration
[
ity and disappointment crept Into the Convention.
1

Tne weather in Philadelphia was punishing.

five highest on the / Several pulled out and went home.
Mner Martin, Jersey Delegate, a States
List the said
"S >Jew

I rights advocate, wrote.-"We wereon the verge of

dissolution... scarce held together the
House shall in I
I
strength ot an hair...."
t>y

In opposition to the National Government,

\ Luther Martin never did sign the Constitution.
Articleir
Section i.

(continued)
 , or a Citizen of the
mcf.this Constitute
shalfDe^eii^arlnaturaJ RHhe^cjdent.neJmcr shajj any
roson beciiJeto^ T1 jsstialj not have attained
^^rf^
._ to tne Age^ao ^ice $? been fourteen years a
Resident within

, In case of theRemovaj of the President from Office, or

of his Death,Resignation, or inaDi ity to discharge tJ le Powers and
1

Duties of the saio Office, the same snail devolve on the vice
President, antf tne congress may by Law provide for the case of
Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability Doth of the President
and vice President, declaring what Officer shaj] then act as
President,and such Officer shajj act accordingly until the Disability
be removed, or a President shall be ejected.

ihe President shall, at stated Times, receive for nis Services, a

Cojijpeosatioawhicn shail neither be encreased nor diminished
during the Period for which he shall nave been elected, and he
Shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the
united states, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution cf his Office, he shall take

the following oath or Affirmation^"! do solemnly swear (or affirm)
that I will faitnfully execute the Office of president of the united
States, and I will to the best of my Ability preserve, protect and
defend the constitution of the United States."
Article IT
Section z.
 Section 2. me president shall be Commander in Chief of the Amy
and Navy of the Unto states,and of theMilitJa of the severe] States,
when called into the actual service of theunited states;he may
require the opinion,^ writing, of the principal Officer in each of the
executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of
their respective Offices, and he sjia) have power to grant Reprieves
J

and Pardons Tor Offenses against the united states, except in cases
of Impeachment.
lie shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, to maKe Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;
and he shall nomjnate,and by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors,other public Ministers and consuls,
Judges of the supreme Courtand all other Officers of the United States,
whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which
shall be established byLaw; but Die Congress may by Law vest
the Appointment of such inferior Officers,as they thinK proper, in the
President alone, in the Courts of Lawj or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Rower to fill up all Vacancies that may
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions
which shall expire at end of their next session.
Articlen
Sections.
Sections.
 Prodigious note-taker. Had jt not been/or his alertness and constant attendance
there, would not be so compJete a record of discussions, debates, compromises
Physically small, scholarly bright, ne was described as"no bigger than a bar of
soap"

Section 3.He shall from time to

time give to the Congress Information of the state of the Union, and
recommend to their consideration sucn Measures as he shall Judge
necessary and expedient; he maj/; on extraordinary Occasions,
convene both Hquses,or either of them,and in case of Disagreement
between thenwith Respect to the Time of Adjournment he may ad-
journ them to such Time as he shaj] thinK piDpen he shall receive Ambassa
dors and other puaic Ministers; he shall taKe care that Layvs beTaitlifujfy
executed,and shall CDmmisston alj the officers of the United States.
Section^. The President, Vice president and all civjj Officers
of the united states, shall be removed from Office op impeachment
for,and Conviction of, TreasoaBriheiy or other high crimes and
Misdemeanors.
Articjem
Section i.

Section 2.
raenjamm flranklm was in his eighty
Usecond year. Despite failinghealtn he
attended ses5ion after 5ession and brought
wisdom and caJm to beared debates.
He said.- "we are sent here to consult,
potto contend with each other.. ..

"Fbsitiveness andvrarmtnonone
side natural/7 beget their line on the
other,- and
tend, to create and augment
discord and division in a great concern,
wnerein harmony and union are
extremely necessary to give weight
to our councils, anq rencfer them
effectual in promoting and securing
tne common ood."

At a later session when progress

was bejng made he remembered how
delegates to the Continental Congress
prayed for Gods guidance for the revolution,
ftwas in the room.He said. ..... I have .

lived a long time,and the longer I live,

tne more convincing proofs I see or
this truth-
ttiat God governs in the affairs of men,

Section i. Tlie judicial Power of the United

States shall be vested in one supreme Courtand in sucft
inferior Courts as the Congress from time to time oniain may
and establish. The Judges, hoth of the supreme and inferior
Courts; shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall,
at stated Tlmes,receive for. their Services a Compensation which
Shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section 2. The judicial Fewer snail extend
to all cases jn Law
and Equity arising under this Constitution,
the Laws of the united states,and Treaties made, or which shall
be made,under their Authority ;~
Article in
Section 2.
(continued)
Section 3.
 all Cases affecting r
Cases affecting Ambassadors,
.n all
Ambassadpr5,other or other pubjicMinisters and Consuls,
public Ministers and and those in which a State shall be Party
ConsulsHo all cases, the supreme Court shall have original
of admiralty and Jurisdiction. In all other cases before
maritime Juris- mentioned, the supreme court shall
djctionrto con have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to
troversies to Law and F&ct,w/th such Exceptions,
which the and under such Regulations as the
United States Congress shall make.
shall be a Hie trial of all Crimes, except in
Cases of Impeachment shajj be by
?

Controversies jury,- and such Trial shall be held in the

between two State where the said crimes shall have
or more States; been committed; but when not com
between a mitted within any state, the Trial shall
-
State and be at such PJace or Places as the con
Citizens of gress may by Law have directed.
another State, Sections. Treason against the
between Citizens United States, shall consist only in
of different states^ levying War against them, or in
between Citizens adhering to thejr Enemies, giving
of the same them Aid and Comfort. No
State Person shall be convicted of"

claiming Treason unless on the

Lands Testimony of two
under witnesses to the
Grants of same overt Act, or on confession
different in open Court.
States, and The Congress shall have power
between to declare (he punishment of
a State, or Treason, but no Attainder of
the Citizens Treason shall worK Corruption of
thereof, and foreign Blood, or Forfeiture except
State&citjzens during the Life of the
or Subjects. Percon attained.
Article IF
Section i.

Section ^.
Sectioni-Fuii
Faith and credit shall be
given in each State to the
public Acts,Records, and
judicial Proceedings of every
other State. And the Congress
w
may general laws pre~
scribe the Manner in which
such Acts, Records and
Proceedings shall be proved
and the Effect thereof.
Section^ The Citizens of
each State shall De entitled
to all Pnyjje&s and
immunities of Citizens in
the several States.
A Person charged in any
State with Treason, Felony
or other Crime, who shall flee
from Justice,and be found in
another State, shall on demand
of the executive Authority of
the State from which he fled,
be delivered up, to be removed
to the State having jurisdiction
of the Crime.
No Person held to Service
or labour in one State, under
the Laws thereof, escaping into
another, shall Jn consequence
of any Law or Regulation therein,
De discharged from such
Service or Labour; but shall
be delivered up on claim
of the Party to whom
such ^rvjce or Labour
may be due.
Article ]y
Section 3.
Section -fc
 EHOOD

Section 3. New .states may

be admitted by the Congress
into this Union; but no new
State dial] be formed or erected
within the Jurisdiction of any
other State; nor any state be
formed by the Junction of
two or more States, or parts
of States, without the Consent
of the LegisJatures of the
States concerned as wejj as
of the Congress.
The Congress sha)J have power
to dispose of and mate aJ] need-
fuJ Rules and Regulations re
specting the Territory or other
Property belonging to the
United States;and nothing in
this Constitution shall be so con
strued as to Prejudice any Claims
of the united States or or any
particular State.
Section 4-. The United
States shall guarantee to every
State in this Union a Republican
Form of Government, and
Shall protect each of them
against Invasioa-and on Appli
cation of the Legislature, or of
the Executive (when the Legis
lature cannot (x convened;
against domestic Violence.
Article v
 t
The Congress, whenever two
. one or
thirds of Doth nouses shall deem it
necessary propose Amend
shall
ments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the igisjatures
of two thirds of the sev
eral states, shall call a &
Convention for pro
posing Amendments,
whichJnejtherC9se,shall
be valid to all Intents and
Purposes, as part of this Consti-
tutipn,when ratified b^the
legislatures of three fourths of
of the several States,orby
conventions in three fourths
thereof, as the
the other Mode of Rat
ification may be pro-
posed by the Congress;
!
am, / Provided that no
f
1
Amendment which
maybe made prior to
the Year one thousand
eight hundred and eight
shall jn any Manner
affect the first and
fourth Clauses in the
Ninth Section of the first Article;
and that no State, without its
Consent shall be deprived of its
equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article vr
 ~\ 7T AIJ Debts contracted and Engage-
Vf 3 entered into, before (he
JL Adoption of this Constitution,
shall be as valid against the united states under this Constitu
tion, as under the confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of
the United States which shati De made in pursuance thereof;
and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Auth
ority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the
Land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby
any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the
Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives
before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legis-
latyre&and ail executive and judicial Officers, bom of the
United states and of the several States, shall be bound by oath
or Affirm at ion, to support this constitution; but no religious
Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or
public Trust under the united States
Articlew
 the Conventions of nine
..le Ratification of
States snail be sufficient forme EStabfisDrnent of tnis
constitution between the state? so ratifying the 5ame.
Signatures
of Signers
 _ Convention by the Unani mous in
consent of the States present the seventeenin Day of septem-
Denn me Year of our LORD one thousand seven hundred
and EigJity seven and of the Independence of the United
States of America the Twelfth IN WITNESS whereof We
nave hereunto subscribed our Names.
Attest WilliamJacKson.Secretary: QoWashir^ton-R-esjdt. and deputy from Virginia; New Hampshire J*nLanddon,NichoJas GjJman.
Massachusetts; Nathaniel Gorham, Fufus King, Connecticut: U Tn-Saml- Jbhnson- TewYprK= Alexander Hamilton New Jersey: WiJ:
A .
Ljvin^stDn
,

David Brearley, Wn.Paterson, Jona--Dayton- PfennsyJvanig: B FranKJin, ThomasMiffiin, Bobt Morris, oeo aymer, Tnos fitzSimons,
jared Ingersol It James "WiJ.sorn OoovMcmiSi Delaware: Oeo:Bead^ Gunran^ Bedford jun, John Djckinson, BichanJ Bassett, Jaco.- Broom.
Maryland; JamesMcHenry, pan of St Thos Jenifer, Panl Carroj]. Virginia-- J*n Blair, James Madjson Jr-, North Carolina; Whi Blount,Richd Dc*bs Spaight,
Iiu Williamson- South Carolina: J.Butiedge, charJes CoteswortnpincKney, Charles RncKney, Pierce Butler. Oeorg/a: William Few, Abr Baldwin.
In Convention Monday, September ]7th, 1787
Tresent The states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New lorK, New Jersey, ftnnsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.
Resolved :
 mat the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled,
and tnatitis the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted
to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recom
mendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention
assenting to, and ratifying the same, should give Notice thereof to the United states
in conress assembled.

That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as

the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United
States in Congress assemDJed should fix a Day on which Electors should be appoint
ed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the
Electors should assemble to vote for the President; and the Time and Place for
commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors
should be appointed, ana the Senators and Representatives elected- That the Electors
should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the president, and shou/d transmit
their votes certified signed, sealed and directed, as the constitution requires, to the
Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Repre
sentatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators
should, appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and
counting the Votes for president; and, that after he shall he chosen, the Congress,
together with the president, should, without Delay proceed to execute this Constituoon.
By the Unanimous Order of the Convention.

secretary
Bill of Rights
Article i
 - are Articles in Addition to, and Amendment
of, the Constitu don of the United States ofAmerica proposed
by congress and Ratified by the severaJ States, pursuant to the
fjfth Article of the original constitution. The first ten Amend-
nentSiTtieBiJJqfftgntSi were added within two years to
uarantee individual liberties which were felt to be missing
rom the Constitution.

Congress shall make no law respect

Article i ing an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech,or of the press or the right of the peopJe
peaceably to assembJe,and to petition the Government
for a redress of grievances.
Bill of
Rights
Article it
 A well regulated being necessary to the security
Militia,
of a
free State, theright of the people to Keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed.
 of Rights
Bill
Article nr
 . pSoJdjer sha]J,m time of peacebe quartered in
any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time
of war, but in a manner ro De prescribed t^jaw:
Bill of Rights
ArticJeiv
 I

right of the people to DC secure in their persons, houses,

papersand effects, agajnst unreasonaMe searches and seizures,
shall not be viojated,and no Warrants shaJ] issue, but upon
pnobabJe cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particular
ly describing the pJace to be searched, and the person or
things to be seized.
Bill of Rights
Article v
Article
J^ NO person
v
shaJJbe held to answer for a capj taJ or other
,

wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a.

Grand Jury except In cases arising in me land or naval forces, or in
,

me Milltia,when in actual service jn time of war or public danger,-

nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twjce
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself nor be deprived of
,

life liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private
,

property be taKenfor public use, without just compensation.

Dill of Rights
Article vr
 In criminal prosecutions, the accused
all
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial
jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously ascertain
ed by Jaw, and to be jnformed of. the nature and cause of the
accusation; to he confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have compulsory process Tor obtaining witnesses in his
Tavon and to have the Assistance of counsej for his defence.
Bill of Rights
/yrticlevn
 In suits at common Jaw where con
the value in
troversy snail exceed twenty dollars, the nght of triaj by
jury shall De preserved,and no fact tried byjury; shall be
otherwise reexamineo in any court of the united States,
than according to the rules of common Jaw
Bill of Rights
ArticJeYnr
Article VIII
Dai] snajj not be
Excessive
required,norexcessive fines
imposed, nor cruejand unusual
punishments inflicted.
Bill of Rights
Article ix
 Tfte enumeration in the Constitution, of certain
rights,shal] not be construed
to deny or disparage otliers
retained by the peopJe.
Bill of Rights
/aticlex
Aticlex
The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitutioanor prohibited by it to the States,are reserved
to the states respective^ or to the peopje.
Amendment xr
 XI
The power of the United States
judicial
Shall not be construed to extend to any suit in Jaw
or equity, commenced or prosecuted adainstone of
the united States by citizens of another State, or by
Citizens or Subjects of any foreign State.
Amendment xrr
 V sr

rn the race for the Presidency ^

I in 1800, the Federalist Party ,
each there was nowavtotell wliich
nominated John Adams and tied at 73 each, ge.- Each \votes were for PresidentwhicJi for Vice-
CharlesCPincKney the Republic- Mams was next ^ elector had two \President.Afcer 36 ballots in to
an5(not the same as the party k
with 65, then Pind^ |votes,onesuppo: Jiouse of Representatives, Jefferson
todayjnominated IhomasJeffer-J jneywith64and Iiv for President,-,.. \
ftnaj/y wn
10 of tjie ]6 states,
son and Aaron Burr. I John Jay with one; lothertorVice-presida whicn made him President and
wnen the votes in the |
This was the line rotes, however, ^Burr, Vice President In 1803 the
electoral college were count manner of voting ^were not specified \ J2th Amendment was passed to i

m the electoral
i

ed Jefferson and Burr were TVith73wte5 1 settle this problem forever.

J804

electors stialJ meet in tjiejr respective states, and vote

DaJlot Tor president and Vice-PresicJent,one ofwfiom,at Jeast,
Ttie
shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves;
(hey shall name in their bai Jots the person voted ror as President,
and in distinct ballots theperson voted tor as Vice-President and
they shall maKe distinct Jists of alJ persons voted for as President,
and or all persons voted for as VJce-presioent, and of the number
of votes tor each, which lists tnevsnail 5jgn and certify and trans
mit sealed to tne seat of the government of the united states,
directed to the president of tne senate;
The President of the senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates
and the votes shall men be counted?
The person haying the greatest number of votes for Presi
dential! be president Jf such number be a majority of the
wbole number of Electors appointee^ and if no person ftave
such majority; then from the persons Having the highest
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted
Amendment xn
(continued)
AMENDMENT xii (continued)

for as President, the House of

Representatives snail choose
immediately, by balJottfie
president. But in choo
the president, the votes
shall De taken by
states, the repre
sentation from
each state bavin
one vote^ a quorum
for this purpose
shall consist of a
member or mem
bens from two-thirds of*
the states, and
a majority~

of all the States sha]] be

necessary to a choice
And if tne House of
Representatives shall
not choose a Presi
dent whenever tjie
right of choice shall
devolve upon them,
before the fourth day
of March next follow-/
ing,then theVice-Presi
dent shall act as President
as in the case of the deatn
or other constitutional
disability of the presi
dent.
-The person
fwjng the great
est number of
votes as Vice-
president, shall
bethevice~pres~
idenu f such number be thirds of X
a majority of the whole
number of Electors appoint
the whole number (ts,
anc/ a majority of the wnoJe num
ed, and if no person have a ber shal be necessary to a
1

majority then from the two choice. But no person constitu

highest numbers on the list, tionally ineligible to the office of
the Senate shall choose tire President shall be eligible to
Vice-President; a quorum for that of Vice-President of
the purpose shall consist of two- the United States.
Amendment xni
 Amendment xm 3865

Section! Neither slaveiy nor involuntary servitude,

except as punishment for crime whereof the party shaij nave
peen duJy convicted, shall exist within the united states,
or anyplace subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropr ate legisJati on
i .
Amendment XIV
 amend ment n. A change for the
i.
better. 2. A correction. 3. A revision
or change. 4-Atormal statement of
sucft a chani
Section i.AH persons born
or naturalized in the united
States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the united States
and of the state wherei
they neside. No State
shaj) make or enforce
any law which shall a
bridge the privileges or Jm
munities cf citizens of the
United states; nor shall any
State deprive any person cf
life, liberty or property without
due process of Jaw? nor deny
to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal pro
tection of the laws.
Section 2.^/Represent-
atives shall
be appor
tioned amom
the severa;
jtates ac~
r cording to tnsr resbec-
tive numbers, counting the
whole number of persons
in each State excluding
Indians not taxed. But
J
^
when the right to vote at
^i ^ - *
/ . \ i
r any ejection for the choice
i of electors for President
^ and vice-President of the
United States, Represent-
4 atives in congress.the
and
Executive
judicial officers
of a State, or the members
of the Legislature thereof, is
denied to any. of the male
inhabitants of such State,
being twenty-one yeans of age,
and citizens of the United
States, or in any way abridged,
except for participation
in rebel lion, or other crime,
the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in
the proportion which the
number of such male
citizens shai] bear to
the whole number or
male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.
Anendmentxiv
(continued)
The fifth flag of the Nation. Jt wears 34 stars,yet there were 37 states n the Nation, me next fJa,adopted in 1896
j

showed 45 stars. These are the States of the Nation in I8b8 and the dates of joining: NewJersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware.. 1787; New Hamps hiVe,Massachusetts,ConnectJcut,NewYorK, Maryland, Vjrginia,South Carolina.
Georgia.. .]788; North Carolina i?89; Rhode Island 1790; Vermont 1791; Kentucky 1792; Tennessee 179^ Ohio 1803;
Ix)uisianai8i2; Indiana 18J6; Mississippi 1817; Illinois isig; Alabama 1819; Maine J820; Missouri i8Zi;ArKansasi836;Michi^an
1837.- Texas, Florida 18**5; Iowa 18%; Wisconsin 1848; California 1850; Minnesota 1858; Oregon 1859 ; Kansas 1861 ;

West Virginia 1853 ; Nevada i86t; NebrasKa 1867.

FourteenthAmendn lent (00/2 United)

Section 3. No person shall Section 4- The validity of

be a senatoror Representa the public debt of the Unit
tive in congress, or ejector of ed .states, autbori zed bylaw
president and Vlce^pjesi- including debts incurred for
dent, or hold anyoffice,ciyi) payment of pensioi is and
or military, under the unit bounties for .services in sup
ed States, or under any pressing insurrection or
State, whQiwe previously rebellion, shall not be ques
taKen an oath, as a member tioned. But neither tne unit
of congress, or as an officer ed states nor any state shall
of the United States, or as a assume or pay any debt or
member of any State legis obligation incurred in aid of
lature, or as an executive or insurrection or rebellion
judicial officer of any State, against the United States, or
to support the constitu any claim for the loss or
tion or tne United States, emancipation of any
shall have engaged in slave; but all such debts,
insurrection or rebel obligations and claims
lion against the same,or shall be held illegal and
given aid or comfort to void.
the enemies thereof. Section 5. Tne Congress
But Cbngress may by a shall have power to en
vote of two^thirds of force, by approprl ate
each House,remove p legislation, the provi
such disability sions of this article.
ULYSSES S. GRANT
Eighteenth President, 1869-1877
Amendment XV
 ^Amendment
JL 1870

Section i. me right of citizens of the United States to

vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or by any State on account of race,cojor, or previous
condition of servitude-
Section 2. me congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XVT
ment J9J3

he Congress shall
nave power to
lay and collect
taxes on incomes,
from wnatever source
derived, without
apportionment among
the several stares,
and without regard
to any census or
enumeration.
Amendment xvn
 1913

rphe senate of The United States shall be composed of

two Senators from each State, ejected by the peopJe
JL thereof, for six years; and eacn senator siialJ have one
vote. The ejectors in each state shall have the qualifications
requisite for ejectors of the most numerous branch of
State legislatures.
wnen vacancies happen in the representation of any
State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State
snail issue writs of election to till such vacancies:
Piwidea, mat the legislature of any state may empower
the executive thereof to maKe temporary appointments
until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to
affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it
becomes valid as part of the constitution.
Amendment xvm
 nent xvnr
Section i. After
one year from the
ratification of this
article the manu-
Tacture,sale, or trans
portation of intox
icating liquors within, the im
portation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof fnom the
united States and all terri
tory subject to the jurisdic
tion thereof for beverage pur
poses is here by prohibited
Section 2. The congress
and me several States shall
J9J9
have concurrent
1 power to enforce this
article by appropriate
legislation.
Section 3. mis
article shall be
inoperative unjessItshalJ
hav been ratified as an
amendment to the Consti
tution by the legislatures
of the several states, as .
provided in the constitutor
within seven years from the
date of submission hereof to
the states by the congress.
Amendment XIX
Amendment xix
1920

lie right of citizens

of the united .States
to vote shall not be
denied or abridged
by the United states
or by any State on
account of sex.
Congress snail
have power to
enforce this article
by appropriate
legislation.
Amendment XX
5ection j.

Section 2.
 nne terms of the
President and Vice Pres
Section
ident shall end at noon
on the 2otn day of January
and the terms of senators
and Representatives at noon
on the 3 d day of January of
the years in which such terns
would have ended if this
article had not been ratified;
and the terms of theirsuc-
cessors shall then begin.
(ection 2. Tne Congress
shall assemble at
least once in every
year, and such meeting
shall begin at noon on
the 3d day of January
unless theysliaiJ by Jaw
appoint a different day.
Amendment XX
Section 3.
Section 4.
Section 5.
((Amendment XX, continued^)
3. if at
Time fixed for
Section
the beginning
of the term of the
President, the pres
ident elect shalJ nave/died,
the vice President elect
shall become President.
If a President shall not nave
been chosen before the
time fixed for the beginning
of his term, or if the pres
ident elect shall have failed
to quality, then the Vice
President elect shall act
as president until a Res
ident shall have
and the Congress may by
law provide for the case
wherein neither a pres
ident elect nor a vice
President elect shall
have qualified, declaring
who shall then act ss
President, or the manner
in which one
to act shall be selected,
and such person
act accordingly
a President or
Vice president shall
have qualified.
the
4. The Congress
may DV Jaw provide for
Section
the case of the death of
any persons from whom the
House of Representatives
may choose a president
whenever the right of choice
shall have devolved upon them,
and for the case of the death
of any of the persons from
whom the senate may choose
qualified; a Vice president whenever the
right of choice shall have
devolved upon them.
i \ N section 5- Sections]
and2snaiitaKeef~
r_ tect on the 5th day
of October following
the ratification of this
article.
who is Action 6. mis ar~
tficie shall Deinpp-
shall erative unless it
until shall have been ratified
as an amendment
to the Constitution by
the legislatures of
three-fourths of the
several States within
seven years from the
date of its submission.
Amendment XXI
 Amendment 193?

XXI
Section i- me eighteenth article of
amendment tome Constitution
of the united States is hereby
repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or
importation into any State,
Territory or possession of the
united states for delivery or use
therein of intoxicating liquors,
in violation of the jaws thereof,
is hereby prohibited.
Section.3.This article shall be
inoperative unless it snail nave
been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by conven
tions in the several states, as
provided in trie Constitution,
within seven years from the
date of submission
hereof to the States
by Congress.
Amendment xxii
Section i.

Section 2.
 icndment xxu

lection i. NO person shall be the office cf President,oracting as

ejecred to the office of the Pmsident.during the term within
. President more than twice, which this Article becomes opera
and no person who has field the tive from holding the office cf
office of presidents acted as president or acting as President
President,for more than two during the remainder of such term.
years of a term to which some & Sections. This article
other person was ejected snail he inoperative un
President snail be elected to less it snail nave Deen
the office of the President ratified as an amend
more than once. Butthis ment To the Constitu
Article shall not apply to tion by the legislatures
any person holding the office of tnree-fourtns of tne
of President when this several states within
Article was proposed by seven years from tne
the Congress, and dates of Jts sub-
Shal]not pre mission to
vent any per tne states
son who may Djme
beholding congress.

Tie was Known as FDR ,

32 na president, originator cf the

fire-^itfe chat" and the phrase
nave nothing to fear but fear itself."
"we

Franklin Delano Roosevelt,

the one and only four term President,
served from 1933 to 195.
Tie died shortly after fie began
Amendment xxjff
Section L
Section 2.
 endment
1961

[Section! The 1
they shall be in add. j-
paDistrict constitut- lion to those appoint
ing the seat of the ed by the States, but
Government of the they shall be consid
united states snail ered, Tor the purposes
appoint In such man of the election of presi
ner as the congress dent and Vice presi-
may direct: dcnt,fo be electors
A number of appointed bya state;
ejectors of President and they shall meet
and vice President in the District and
equal to the whole perform such duties
number of Senators as provided by the
and Representatives twelfth article of
in congress to which amendment.
the District would be Section 2. Tne
entitled if it were a Congress shall have,
State, hut in no event power to enforce this
more than the least article ty appro
populous State? priate legislation.
Amendment XXIV
 The right of citizens of the united Slates
i.
Section
to vote in any primary or other election for
president or Vice president, for electors Tor president
or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative
in congress snail not be denied orat>nded by the
United States or any state by reason of failure to pay
any POJJ tax or other tax.
Section
2. me Congress shall nave power to enforce
this article Dy appropriate legislation.
Amendment xxv
Section i.
Section ^.
Section 3.
Section *
 residents James GarfielcJ, Wxtfrow Wilson ,Dwight Eisenhower all had periods
of time when they were unable tohandJe the (Mies of office. GarfJdd was shot
and cnticallFWounded. Wilson suffered a stroke-recovered. Eisenhower had
a heart attack from which he too recovered.

J967

.Amendment
i In case of the er of the House of Represent
removal of trie president atives his written declara
Section
from office or of nis tion that he is unable to
death or resignation, tne discharge the powers and
Vicepresldent Shall become duties cf his office, and until
president. he transmits to them a
2. "Whenever written declaration to the
there is a vacancy in contrary such powers and
Section
the office of the vice duties shall be discharged
President, the president by the vice President as
shall nominate a vice Acting president
president who shall take 4. Whenever
office upon confirmation the Vice President and
by a majority vote of Doth Section
a majority of other the
Houses of Congress. the ex
principal officers of
a Whenever the ecutive departments or
president transmits to of such other body as
Section
the President pro tempore congress may by jaw
of the Senate and the SpeaK- provide, transmit to the
Amendment XXV
Section 4.
(continued)
 Amendmentj%y continued

president pro tempore of the Senate and

the SpeaKer of the House of Representatives
their written declaration that the president
is unable to discharge the powers and du
ties of his offjce,the vice president shaj] im
mediately assume the. powers and duties of
the office as Acting president.

hereafter, when the President transmits

to the President pro tempore of the senate
and the SpeaKer of the House of Representatives
his written declaration that no jnahiJity exists,
he shall resume the powers and duties of hJS
office unless the Vice president and a majority
OF either the principal officers of the executive
Knee bone department or of such other boc^as congress
may bylaw provide, transmit within four days to
the President pro tempore cf the senate and the
SpeaKer of the House of Representatives their
written declaration that the president is unable
to discharge the powers and duties of his office.
Thereupon congress shalj decide the issue,assembjj nj
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not
shin bone
in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days
after receipt of the latter written declaration, or
if congress is not in session, within

twenty-one days after Congress is re

quired to assemble, determines by two-
thirds vote of both Houses that the
President is unabje to discharge the
powers and duties of his office,
the vicepresident shall continue
to discharge the same as Act
ing President; otherwise, the
president shall resume,
the powers and
duties of
office.

tlm
SPine foot bone is connected to the an We bone; the anRlebone is connected
to the shin bone; the shin bone is connected to knee bone,- the Knee bone is connected to the thigb
bone; and the thigh bone is connected to the hip bone... Now hearthe word of the LORD...."
Amendment XXVI
nrtie ri^bt
1 of citizens
of the
United States,
wiio are
18 years,
or older,
to vote
snail not
De denied
or abridged
by the
united States
or by any state
on account
of age.
Tfte Congress
shall nave
the power
ID enforce
tliis article
by appro
priate .

l^lsiation.
Amendment xxvn
 xx 1992
iw varying the compensation for the
?

services or the Senators and Representatives

Shall take effecfeuntil an ejection of
Representatives Shall have intervened.

Didnt
Stop us?
from r On
our salaries. Capital Hill
Cost of living we call them
adjustments
paved
the way.
 CHRONOLOGY
May 3
James Madison arrives early in
Philadelphia to work on
his thoughts and to plan for the convention.

May 13

George Washington arrives in Philadelphia.

MayH
The Constitutional Convention is
postponed due to a
failure to reach voting quorum. The Virginia delegation
gathers to discuss an overall blueprint for the

Confederation, later referred to as the Virginia Plan.

Madison s ideas are the basis for this plan, in which the
states become a republic with a strong national

government that is
essentially run by the people.

May 25

September 11, 1786 Almost two weeks later than scheduled, the Constitutional
The Annapolis Convention assembles. At the urging Convention achieves quorum with seven states

of Virginian James Madison, a national conference is

delegations present (DE, NC, NJ, NY, PA, SC, and VA).
called to discuss the fledgling nation s problems with Between this time and July 23, all 13 states, except Rhode
commerce main concern being that the national
the Island, will achieve voting quorum, though not all states

government has no authority to regulate trade among will maintain their quorum throughout the entire
states. However, when Madison arrives in
Annapolis, he convention. General orders of business are attended to

discovers that only Delaware, New Jersey, New York, during the first days in Philadelphia, with the delegations

Pennsylvania, and Virginia have sent delegates, and only unanimously electing George Washington president of
the first three states arrived with
enough delegates to the convention and a committee of Alexander Hamilton,

achieve a quorum and enable them to speak for their Charles Pinckney (SC), and George Wythe (VA) to

respective states. prepare the rules of the convention. It is agreed among

other things that: the deliberations at the convention will

Without the ability to hold an official conference on be kept secret, each state will receive one vote, the issues

commerce, those in Annapolis [including Alexander at hand can be resolved by the states present but with the
Hamilton (NY) and George Reed (DE)] utilize the time provision that delegates can request a return to any of the
to discuss and debate the current state of the federal issues already voted on later in the convention.

government one that most were dissatisfied with. After

three days, a decision is made to request that Congress May 29

call for a
larger convention to be held the following Virginia s governor, Edmund Randolph, presents the
summer in Philadelphia, where all 13 states (Connecticut, Virginia Plan. Included in this plan are 15 resolutions

Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, New that propose creating a three-branch (executive, judiciary,

Hamsphire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, legislative) national government. Concerning the
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and legislative branch, the plan proposes a national legislature
Virginia) could participate in a broad discussion on with two houses or chambers in which the states

amending the Articles of Confederation. representation would be determined proportionately

according to their free population. The first house

February 2 1,1 787 (Congress) to be elected by the people, was subject to

Congress approves the Constitutional Convention and recall and rotation, and elects the representatives to the

sets a date for May 14, 1787, with "the sole and express second house (Senate). Both houses would be able to

purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." originate legislation. One of the plan s most controversial

128
proposed resolutions was that the national legislature individual state to maintain power over the federal

would have the power to veto any state legislation that government. Madison stands for a popular election,
was deemed unconstitutional. arguing that the more people that are involved in the

political system, the less opportunity there is for one

Under the Virginia Plan a national executive was to be group to rule and oppress others. After a vote, popular

chosen by the legislative branch and, sensitive to the fears election for Congress wins the
majority.
of another monarchy, the executive was to be ineligible
for reelection. The national judiciary branch would June 1 1

contain a supreme court that served for life and inferior After more debate about representation in
Congress, the
courts to serve the states. The judiciary branch would convention comes to a deadlock. Smaller states want
have the ability to impeach national officers and to deal equal representation whereas the larger states argue that
with questions involving national peace and security. The all
representation should be based on population. This
executive and judiciary branches would also be given the highlights the large divide between Federalists and Anti-

right to form councils in order to consider and veto any Federalists should the new government be focused on

bills passed by the legislative branch. the states needs or individuals needs?

After the Virginia Plan, Charles Pinckney presents his Roger Sherman (CT) proposes the Great Compromise
own plan (The Pinckney Plan), which does not receive in which representation in Congress is based on state

the support of the convention. population (giving the larger states more elected

representatives), while the Senate gives two votes for

Debate around the Virginia Plan begins, and the each state (allowing for each state, no matter the size, to

committee of the whole (all delegates present at the have an equal amount of elected representatives).

convention) resolves to establish a national government

with supreme executive, judiciary, and legislative branches. June 13
The committee of the whole presents an amended version

May 31 of the Virginia Plan, now with 19 resolutions. There is an

Representation in the national legislature is debated, adjournment for an alternate plan to be prepared.

but the Delaware delegates make it clear that they have

been instructed to leave the convention if the equality of

votes, as provided for in the Articles of the

Confederation, is
changed.

The decision to establish a bicameral legislature is

reached, and the debate begins over how the two houses
are to be elected. It is agreed that the people should elect
the first house, but many are wary about giving the
people, many of whom are uneducated, the power to

elect representatives to both houses.

June 1-4
The question of executive power is raised. Should it

be a single person or a group? Should the people or the

legislature elect the executive?

A single executive is
approved and given "executive

power"
that can only be overridden by a two-thirds

majority in the legislature.

June 6

Pinckney asks the delegates to reconsider the method

of election for Congress, saying representatives should
be elected by the states legislatures in order for each

129
 June 15
William Paterson proposes the New Jersey Plan. Those
who want to protect state sovereignty and who believe

the convention s sole purpose is to amend the Articles of

the Confederation support the plan. Its nine resolutions

provide that the existing Congress has the power to

control federal taxes, importation, and the right to

appoint an executive who, in turn, would have the ability

to compel the states to obey any federal laws passed by
Congress. A supreme judicial court would rule on foreign
affairs, treaties, and federal trade.

June 18
Alexander Hamilton proposes his own plan based on
the British Constitution. This plan proposes an elected

assembly serving three-year terms, and an executive who

would serve for life and have absolute veto. The Senate

would be the strongest component, serving life terms

with the power to declare war, elect judges to serve in

state courts, and elect state governors.

June 19
Madison asks the convention to return to the Virginia

Plan, fearing that anything other than an absolute

overhaul of the Articles of Confederation will result in 13

completely sovereign states, with the smaller and weaker JulyH

states being unable to protect themselves against their Sherman s Great Compromise as proposed on June n is

larger neighbors or that the nation s 13 states would divide amended and approved.
into two or more smaller confederacies. The committee of
the whole votes to return to the Virginia Plan. July
17-1 9

Debate returns to the manner of electing the executive.

A concern is raised that, if elected by the legislative

branch, the executive would simply serve the needs of the

legislature, but others argue that the size of the country

would make it
nearly impossible for the people to know
the merits of the candidates and to choose their

representation wisely. With the executive s

independence
being paramount to the balance of the government,
Oliver Ellsworth (CT) moves that special electors, chosen

by state legislatures, select the executive. The motion is

approved, though it is later revoked, and finally approved

again on September 4.

July
26

The committee of the whole submits 23 resolutions based

on the Virginia Plan to the committee of detail and

adjourns until August 6.

August 6
The committee of detail distributes copies of the draft

with a preamble and 23 resolutions to the convention.

Debate resumes on key issues.

130
 Connecticut: William Samuel Johnson,
August 16 Roger Sherman
The question of which branch, legislative or executive,
should have the power to declare war is debated, Delaware: George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr.,

eventually deciding to give the right to the president, as John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom
the convention feels he will only do so when he knows
the people will support it.
Georgia: William Few, Abraham Baldwin

August 2 1
Maryland: James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer,
Slavery is debated, with the southern and the northern Daniel Carroll

states unable to reach a compromise as to whether to

continue to allow it. The issue is sent into committee, Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King

which returns with the recommendation that Congress

be given the power to end the slave trade after 1800, and New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
adds a fugitive slave clause to the Constitution.
New Jersey: William Livingston, David Brearley,

August 31 William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton

After unanimously voting to prohibit religious tests for

holding political office, the committee of the whole votes New York: Alexander Hamilton
to make the ratification of nine of the thirteen states

sufficient to put the Constitution into effect.

J&
September 46
Debate continues on the powers of the president, with
the delegates deciding on an executive office with a four-

year term, eligible for reelection, and elected by specially

chosen electors, who are picked by the states legislatures.

September 10
The drafts are submitted to a committee of style to

prepare a finished text. The committee is made up of

William Samuel Johnson (CT), Gouverneur Morris

(PA), Madison, Hamilton, and Rufus King (MA).

September 12
The committee of style submits its draft, consisting of a

preamble and seven articles. There is a debate over

whether to include a Bill of Rights, with the winning

argument being that each state has a sufficient Bill of North Carolina: William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight,

Rights in place already, and it is

unanimously decided not Hugh Williamson

to include one.

Pennsylvania: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin,

September 15 Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas FitzSimons,

The final draft is printed. Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris

September 1 7 South Carolina: John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth

After a speech written by Benjamin Franklin and read by Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler

James Wilson (PA), all of the delegates present [except

for Eldridge Gerry (MA), Edmund Randolph (VA), and Virginia: John Blair, James Madison, Jr.

George Mason (VA)] sign the Constitution. Signers are:

Secretary: William Jackson

President: George Washington

After four months, the convention concludes.

131
 September 19 June 21
The Constitution is
published in the Pennsylvania Packet New Hampshire ratifies. With nine states now signing

newspaper. off, the Constitution is

officially ratified.

September 28 June 25

Congress approves the Constitution and sends it to the Virginia ratifies.

states to begin the process of ratification.

2
July

December 7 Congress is informed the Constitution has been ratified.

Delaware ratifies.

July
26

December 1 2 New York ratifies.

Pennsylvania ratifies.

August 13
December 18 Congress votes to begin a new government on the
New Jersey ratifies. following March 4.

January 9.
1788 March 4, 1789

Connecticut ratifies. The Constitution goes into effect.

September 25
The first ten amendments of the Constitution, known as

the Bill of Rights, are proposed as a group. They protect

individual liberties including: (I) freedom of speech, (II)

the right to bear arms, (III) the right not to house military

on your property, (IV) freedom from unreasonable

searches and seizures of personal property, (V VIII) the

right to a fair and public trial with counsel and jury, and

without excessive bail or fines inflicted, (IX) the right to

not be denied freedoms by the articles in the Constitution

and, (X) the rights not specified in the Constitution to be

given to the states and the people of the states.

November 2 1

North Carolina ratifies.

May 29, 1790

Rhode Island ratifies.

February 2

Georgia ratifies.
February 7, 1795

The Eleventh Amendment is ratified, stating that the

February 6 jurisdiction of the federal court cannot automatically

Massachusetts ratifies. hear cases brought against a state by the citizens of

another state.

March 24
A Rhode Island referendum rejects the Constitution. June 15. 1804
The Twelfth Amendment is ratified, further refining the

April 28 process of electing the president and the vice president

Maryland ratifies. through the electoral college.

May 23 December 6. 1865

South Carolina ratifies. The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery.

132
July 9.
1868

The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified, attempting to

ensure former slaves automatic United States citizenship,

with all the rights and privileges of any other citizen.

February 3.
1870

The Fifteenth Amendment is ratified, granting all men,

regardless of color, the right

to vote.

February 3.
1913

The Sixteenth Amendment is ratified, granting the

federal government an income tax which doesn t require a
portion of the tax to go to the states.

April 8
The Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring the

representatives in the Senate to be elected by the people,

and not by the state legislatures.

January 16,
1919

The Eighteenth Amendment is ratified, prohibiting the

manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

December 5

August 18, 1920 The Twenty-first Amendment is ratified, repealing the

The Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, giving women Eighteenth Amendment.

the right to vote.

February 2 1,1 951

January 23,
1933 The Twenty-second Amendment is ratified, setting a

The Twentieth Amendment is ratified, establishing a two-term limit for the office of the president.

shorter time between the election of a president and the

induction of a president. March 29, 1961

The Twenty-third Amendment is ratified,

giving the
residents of the District of Columbia electors, and

thereby enabling them to vote in presidential elections.

January 23,
1964

The Twenty-fourth Amendment is ratified, barring

poll taxes.

February 10, 1967

The Twenty-fifth Amendment is ratified, defining the
order of succession in the case of presidential disability

or death.

July 1,1971

The Twenty-sixth Amendment is ratified, setting the

legal voting age at 18.

May 7, 1992

The Twenty-seventh Amendment is ratified, barring

Congressional pay increases from taking place until

after

the next election year.

133
 GLOSSARY
Amendment Compulsion
A provision of a constitution adopted after its
original Coercion; forcible inducement to the commission
ratification. The U.S. Constitution has had only 27 of an act.

amendments in over 200 years.

Corruption of blood

Appellate Devolve to pass (on) to another, said of duty, rights,

Any court that can consider appeals and review the or authority.

decisions of lower courts.

Disparage

Apportionment To lower in esteem; discredit; belittle.

A determination of how many legislators should be sent

to a legislative body from a given jurisdiction. The U.S. Double jeopardy

Constitution provides that each state is entitled to two The Fifth Amendment requirement, enforceable against
senators and at least one representative. the state through the Fourteenth Amendment, that no

person "be
subject for the same offense to be twice put in

Bill of attainder
jeopardy of life or limb." This clause prevents retrials in

A legislative act declaring an individual guilty of a crime either state or federal court of those already tried once

without a trial and sentencing him or her to death; any and thus placed in "jeopardy"
once.

legislatively instrumented punishment without a trial.

E pluribus unum
Bill of credit A Latin phrase meaning "one out of many;" the motto

A bill or promissory note issued by the government, on the Great Seal of the United States.

upon its faith and credit, designed to circulate in the

community as money. Emolument

Gain from employment or position; salary or wage.
Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Enumerated powers

concerning basic individual liberties. Those rights and responsibilities of the U.S. government

specifically provided for and listed in the Constitution.

Cession

Giving up (of rights, property, etc) to another; Ex post facto

surrendering. Done or made after something, but having retroactive
effect.

Common law

The unwritten law of a country, based on custom, usage, Ex post facto law

and judicial decisions, as distinguished from statutory A law that makes something retroactively illegal makes
law. The common law tradition, based on precedent, is unlawful an act that was not a crime when committed.
still the foundation of the American legal system, though Laws are not considered ex post facto if they make
much of what was originally common law has been the punishment less severe than it was when the crime
converted into statutes over the years. was committed.

Compulsory Excise Tax

Compelled, required, involuntary. A tax imposed on performance of an act, engaging in

and occupation or enjoyment of a privilege; a tax on the

Compulsory process manufacture, sale, or consumption of various commodities

Forcing the attendance of witnesses who may not wish within a country, such as liquor or tobacco.

to testify in court.

134
 Redress
Impeachment

Bringing a public official before the proper tribunal on To make amends to; to remedy, as a fault; satisfaction

a charge of wrongdoing; the beginning of the process for an injury or damages.

by which the President, Vice President, federal judges,

and all civil officials of the U.S. may be removed Repeal

from office if convicted of the charges brought against The nullification of a law by the body that previously

them; a written accusation. enacted it.

Impost Reprisal

A tax, especially a duty on imported goods; generic term Injury done in return for injury received; retaliation,
for taxes. especially in war.

Infringe Republic
Encroach on (the rights of others).
A state or nation in which the supreme power rests in
all the citizens and is exercised by representatives elected

Jurisdiction by them.
A territory, subject matter, or person over which lawful
authority may be exercised; the power of a court to act Suffrage

on a case. The right to vote in political matters; franchise.

Letter of marque Tonnage

A document grantable, by the law of nations, whenever A duty or tax on ships, based on tons carried.
the subjects of one state are oppressed and injured

by those of another, and justice is denied by that sate to Transmit

which the oppressor belongs. To send or transfer from one person or place to another,

or to communicate.

Naturalize

To confer citizenship upon (an alien). Treason

Betrayal of one s
country to an enemy; the only crime
Poll tax defined by the Constitution.

A tax that is a prerequisite for voting, once widely used

by southern states to discourage blacks from voting. Vested

Fixed, settled, absolute.

Preamble

A clause at the beginning of a constitution or statute Welfare

explaining the reasons for its enactment and the Condition of health, happiness and prosperity, well-

objectives to be accomplished; the first paragraph of the being; public financial or in-kind assistance available to
"

U.S. Constitution, which begins "We the People citizens as a matter of right if they meet eligibility

requirements, as a means test of income or assets below

Pro tempore a preset minimum.
For the time being; temporary.
Writ

Quorum A formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some

The minimum number of members required to be action. Writs include arrest warrants, search warrants,

present at an assembly before it can validly proceed to subpoenas, and summonses.

transact business.

Writ of habeas corpus

Ratify
A document directing a person detaining a prisoner to
To approve; to give formal sanction to; to authorize. bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the

lawfulness of the imprisonment.

135
 Bertolt Brecht said, "Every
man needs help from every human born." So does every project, particularly big ambitious projects,
of which this is one. My thanks go first and foremost to amazing office, particularly to MAREN GREGERSON, whose work on
my
the chronology was so superb, GREGORY WAKABAYASHI, whose grace enhanced the design immeasurably at every turn, and
KATRINA FRIED, whose support was constant. To LINDA STORMES, the first "outside" who brought me to BOB WlETRAK and
fan,

SALLYE LEVENTHAL, whose instant response and good advice influenced many publishing decisions. To ALAN KAHN, whose

friendship has been unstinting, and whose appreciation led the way to LEN RlGGIO, whose passion for the Constitution broadened
my own. To SKIP DYE, who turned his enthusiasm into action immediately. To SYLVIA and EARL SHORRIS, who introduced me to
The Library of America and SONDRA and MOREY MYERS, who simply took on the project as if it were their own. Amongst many

gifts, Sondra brought me to JERRY and ROSEMARIE SHESTACK,

other whose intelligence, humanity, and commitment to things
that matter was yet another reassurance that we as a people can change anything for the good, if we put our hearts and minds to it.

And, is there a way for me to ever truly thank SAM FlNK who has become my lifetime friend,

who fertilizes the very ground upon which he walks wherever that may be.
Lena Tabori

A deluxe numbered edition limited to 1,500 copies of The Constitution of the United States ofAmerica

is also available as 15"

x 22" loose full-color folios in a cloth-covered clamshell portfolio with

a reproduction of "The Constitution with Eagle" individually signed by the artist.

Published in 2006 by Welcome Books*

An imprint of Welcome Enterprises, Inc.
6 West :8th Street, New York, NY, icon
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Publisher: Lena Tabori

Editor: Katrina Fried

Editorial Assistant: Maren Gregerson

Designer: Gregory Wakabayashi

Copyright 2006 by Welcome Enterprises, Inc.

Illustrations copyright 2006 by Sam Fink

"The Constitution with Eagle"

is
reproduced courtesy of The Collection of Joan and Darwin Bahm
Benjamin Franklin s signature is
reproduced with permission of The Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN 10 0-941807-99-1
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:

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[Constitution]
The Constitution of the United States of America : with Benjamin Franklin s address
to the delegates upon the signing of the Constitution / illustrated and inscribed by Sam Fink.

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ISBN 0-941807-99-1 (hardcover)
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