BOILER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q. What is (HGI) Hard Grove Index of coal?

Ans. It is the measuring unit through which the hardness of coal can
be determined. Higher value of HGI means coal can be easily
grinded. The HGI of lignite coal is up to 120 where as the HGI of
bituminous coal is 45 to 60 so lignite coal can be easily grinded than
bituminous coal. The HGI is inversely proportional to grinding
power.
Q. What are the factors affecting for a coal mill performance?
Ans. This depend on the no of factors such as,
a) Grindability index of coal.
b) Fineness of coal
c) Moisture content of the coal
d) Size of raw coal.
e) Mill component wear.
Q. What are the advantages of (PF) pulverized coal fired boiler
than the other boiler?
Ans. Here is the advantage of using pulverized coal fired boiler as,
a) Pulverized coal burners act like gas so the fire can be easily
controlled.
b) Cheaper low grade coal can be burnt easily.
c) High combustion efficiency.
d) Load can be varied quickly.
e) Quick and smooth light up of boiler.
f) Flexibility in firing to meet fluctuating load.
Q.What is soot blowers and their types?
Ans. The soot blower is a equipment through which the deposition
of soot in boiler is removed. There are two types of soot blower is
generally used,
a) Steam inject soot blower:- Here the steam is used as the cleaning
medium. The steam flow through a pipe and nozzle, strikes at the
surface of tube and removes the soot. Here three soot blowers are
generally used as i) long retractable soot blower ii) Wall soot blower
iii) Rotary soot blower.
b) Sonic soot blower: - This type of soot blower is used to remove
soot by using low energy and high frequency sounds. They produce
non-destructive sound waves which hit at the surface of tube wall
and remove the deposited soot. By using this type of soot blower
erosion and corrosion of tube can be avoided. Steam loss can also be
avoided. The frequency of sound in this type of soot blower is
ranging from 60 HZ to 350 HZ.

Q. What is foaming of boiler?

Ans. It is the generation of foam In boiler due to high concentration
of solids, organic matter, bubbles are build up on the surface of
boiler water and passed out with the steam. This is generally caused
due to high concentration of solids in boiler.
Q. What is priming of boiler ?
Ans. It Is the carrying amount of droplet water in the steam, witch
leads to carryover of Salt crystals on the super heater and turbines.
priming may be caused due to sudden change of load and
maintaining of high level of water.
Prevention of priming and foaming :-
The best remedy for foaming and priming
carryover is the proper blow down of TDS. The
continuous blow down should be regulated to
maintain the TDS at 3,000 to 4,000 ppm. More blow down
means less TDS but more blow down is the more loss of the boiler
so the blow down should be within control level .
Q. what is the effect of soot deposits in a boiler?
Ans.
a) The deposited soot act as a poor conductor of heat which reduce
the heat transfer rate and increase flue gas temperature.
b) The deposits block the flue gas path which increase the drought
loss.
c) The deposit may lead to corrosion.
d) Due to falling of large size of soot it damage the tube in dry ash
conveying system.

Q. What are the methods are used for steam temperature

control in boiler.
A. We can control steam temperature by,
a) Using gas recirculation method-Hot flue gas is circulated for
maintain steam temperature.
b) By providing excess air- By providing excess air it reduce the
furnace temperature for some timing hence control temperature.
c) Burner tilting method- Here the tilting of burner are provided by a
pneumatic cylinder. The burner can be tilted 30 up and down for
control temperature.
d) Attemporation control-This is the best method for temperature
control in boiler. Here the attemporator are provided to spray water
in steam in steam pipe line. Ceramic thermal sleeves are provided
to avoid thermal shock due to temperature difference of steam and
spray water.
e) Elevation of fuel firing The temperature is controlled by
choosing upper or lower elevation of fuel burner.

What is the cold startup procedure of boiler?

Pre check up for cold start up of boiler :-

1) Check all maintenance work are completed and all permit are returned.
2) Check all foreign materials has been removed vfrom the pressure parts
3) Check all access doors are closed.
4) Check all equipments are trial run successfully.
5) Check all interlock test and prior test to startup are completed.
6) Check no jamming in rotary equipment , lubrication oil , cooling water system is normal.
7) Check all the oil level meter are in operation.
8) Check all the position of valve is normal.
9) Check HFO & LDO pump are running in re circulation.
10) Fill the deaeretor with initial filling line.
Conform the position of the following valves:-
1) All blow down and drain valves on boiler and water wall should be closed condition.
2) All boiler and super heater filling valves are closed condition.
3) Soot blower master steam valve should be closed condition.
4) Main steam line stop valve should be closed condition.
5) De-super heater spray valve should be closed condition.
6) Drum vents should be open condition.
7) Super heater header drains should be open condition.
8) Fill the boiler with initial filling line and observe the water coming from the vent of economizer,
drum vents, and super heater vents sequentially.
9) CBD and IBD drains should be closed condition.

Start Boiler light up:-
1) Start the (ACW) industrial cooling water system.
2) Start the instrument air compressor.
3) Start the APH motor it that is rotary APH.
4) Put the auxiliary steam system (PRDS) in operation for oil heating.
5) Start the ID and FD fan.
6) Start the scanner air fan.
7) Start the HFO/LDO pump with recirculation.
8) Adjust the fan speed and opening of dampers , increase the air flow up to 30% of total air flow.
9) Maintain the furnace draft of approximately -4 mm.
10) Start boiler feed water pump and keep drum level as per purge permissive.
11) Make sure all purge permissive are satisfying and start purge for 5 minutes.
12) Start the oil burners by maintaining furnace draft.
13) Visually check the flame of the oil burner is that healthy or not.
14) When prepare for heavy fuel firing, be sure that atomizing steam is in service and oil temperature
reach to permissive value.
15) Change the position of oil guns on each elevation for uniform heating of furnace.
16) Increase the furnace temperature by 5 deg c per minute.
17) The firing should be continued nearly 08 hours.
18)Start the HP dosing pump with minimum stroke.
19) Observe the drum upper and lower metal temperature increase uniformly.
20) Close the drum vents when drum pressure reaches to 2 kg/cm2.
21) Observe the expansion reading of boiler within limit.
22) Close the main steam line vent when the pressure reaches to 5 kg/cm2.
23) Charge the auxiliary steam line and connect to common header if available.
24) Check all drains of the boiler should be closed condition.
25) Slowly open the main steam line bypass valve.
26) Observe all condensate removed from line and open slowly main steam valve to turbine and
observe hammering of steam line.
27)Charge the sample cooler line and ask D.M plant operator to check all the parameter of water and
steam.

BOILER HYDRO TEST PROCEDURE

The main purpose of hydro test is to ensure all the welding

joints,pipe bents and all headers are water leak proof. The
hydro test is generally done at a pressure of 1.5 times of
design pressure, For example if a boiler is designed with
maximum working pressure of 135 kg/cm2 then the hydraulic
test pressure will be 202.5 kg/cm2.The hydraulic test is done
and certified with the presence of factory/boiler inspector.
Once hydraulic test is certified then you can go for further
refractory and skin casing work.
Pressure parts involved in hydraulic test is:-
This operating pressure parts are involved during hydro test as
steam drum, down comers, supply pipes, furnace wall , cage
wall , riser , saturated pipe , super heater, economizer, internal
and external piping like boiler drains and vents.

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HYDRO TEST PUMP

Pre-check list for boiler hydro test :-
1) All erection work should be completed.
2) Confirm that no foreign material or loose material left in the
boiler.
3) Confirm the drum manhole is closed with proper gasket.
4) Confirm all the drain system ready for operation.
5) All safety valve should be Gagged.
 6) The range of the pressure gauge should be two times of the
maximum test. pressure but not less than test pressure.
7) The pressure gauge should be pre calibrated before test.
8) The test pump pressure should have capacity of more than
test pressure.
9) The test pump should have pressure gauge, check valve ,
drain valve
10) Torches or 24 volt lamps should only be used for internal
inspection of the boiler.
11) Minimum quantity of DM water should be available
equivalent to the boiler capacity.
12) Ensure Condensate & FW chemistry parameters to
strictly adhere to the required standard:
13) The PH value should be in the range of 8 to 9.
14) The water temperature shall be not less than 21.1 deg c.
15) Ensure all vent valve of economizer, drum, super heater
and water wall should be open condition.
16) Isolate all pressure and temperature gauges except some
pressure gauges for hydraulic pressure measurement.

Start the hydro test :-

1) Start the boiler filling with the filling pump through the drain
header or filling line at the rate of 40~50 tph.
2) Close the all vents sequentially after water coming from the
vents.
3) Start the hydro test pump (ensure all vents closed) and rise
pressure gradually with 2-5 ksc/minute up to the design
pressure and then the pressure to be raised @ 2 kg/cm2 up
to test pressure.(For example if the design pressure is 135
kg/cm2 then the test pressure should be 202.5 kg/cm2 1.5
times of design pressure)
4) During pressure rising closely monitor the the after drain of
boiler main stop valve and turbine side drain , if there is any
passing then stop hydro test and de-pressurising the boiler
until passing of msv arrest .
5) During pressure rising, closely monitor the turbine inlet
temperatures. If any drop is observed due to passing in
BMSSVs, immediately stop pressure raising , bring down the
pressure. After hand tightening the BMSSVs, continue the
pressure raising.
6) Hold the pressure raising at 50 kg/cm2 & 100 kg/cm2, to
check any valve passing & inspect leakage in pressure parts.
7) Once the pressure reached to test pressure stop
pressurizing and observe pressure drop if the pressure drop is
very less then the test is success.
8) If any defect is found , same to be noticed and taking
account the type of defect and solved later.
9) If the pressure is holding better then de pressurize
pressure@ 10 kg/cm2 by opening top vents.
10) After de pressurize allow check team for physical
inspection of inside boiler.
11) After satisfy test , documents to be prepared and signed
with the concerne

What is Burner Management System (BMS) and

its function?

The main function of Burner Management System (BMS) is

to protect boiler from explosion as it ensures a safe, orderly
operating sequence in the start-up and shutdown of fuel firing
equipment and to reduce possible errors by following the
sequential and safe operating procedure.It is a digital logic
system, which provides status information and monitoring of
the firing equipment ensuring a safe orderly
operating sequence during the start-up, continuous operation
and shutdown of the fuel firing equipment, and prevents any
errors of commission or omission as a result of the various
permissive and safety interlocks of satisfied operation.The
system also protects against malfunction of fuel firing
equipment and associated systems .BMS provides permissive
interlocks only to ensure safe startup of equipment. Once
the equipment is in service, the operator must follow
acceptable safe operating practices.The BMS supervises,
controls and monitors the preparation, distribution and
admission of fuel and air into the furnace.The primary function
of the BMS components is to prevent the formation of
an explosive mixture of fuel and air from accumulating within
any portion of the boiler.Major furnace explosions can result
from the ignition of un-burned fuel accumulated within the
furnace in only one to two seconds. Operator reaction time
is inadequate to respond quickly enough to prevent dangerous
situations from occurring. The safety systems incorporate
many permissive and interlocks which allow the operation of
equipment only after certain conditions have been satisfied.
Much of the logic has been derived from established
operating procedures which have been proven safe over the
years in fossil fuel fired plants.
The Burner Management system is a constant monitor of many
points of operation and reacts almost instantly to malfunctions
of equipment or potential problems. It provides the operator
with a certain degree of security and alerts the operator to
problems by sounding an alarm in time for the operator to
check the problem and, in most cases, correct it before
damage to the unit or a trip occurs.
What is furnace purge and its necessary?
Necessary of furnace purge-
The furnace purge is one of the parts of Furnace safe guard
and supervisory system (FSSS) and is provided to remove
incombustible gasses and un-burnt particles from boiler before
boiler light up. During boiler sudden trip there is accumulation
of un-burnt gasses in furnace , At the time of starting of
boiler this gasses may cause of explosion to avoid that furnace
purge is provided.
30-40 %ge of air flow is provided in boiler by starting ID,FD
fan and purging continue for five minutes.

Cndition of furnace purge-

1) Boiler shall be in trip condition
2) Drum level within operating range (not high, not low)
3) Either of the ID and FD Fans are in service
4) Purge airflow should be 30-40% of the full load
airflow.
5) LDO Header trip Valve closed.
6) HFO Header Trip Valve Closed
7) All Pulverizer OFF.
8) ALL PA Fans OFF.
9) All Pulverizer fuel oil valves Closed.
10) All Coal Flame Scanner sense no flame.
11)All Oil scanner senses no flame.

Procedure of boiler purge:-

When the above purge permissive conditions are satisfied
a "PURGE READY",
Indication will appear in DCS. By pressing the "PURGE
START" button, furnace purge will start which will be indicated
by "PURGE IN PROGRESS. The furnace purging will
continue for 300 Seconds, after that "PURGE COMPLETE"
indication shows that purge has completed. Press
"MFRRESET" Button which will reset master fuel trip relay
giving indication MFR RESET".
After MFT reset condition boiler is ready for light up.

BMS logic configuration.

CAUSES FOR FURNACE EXPLOSIONS:-

Here are the main causes of furnace explosion:-
a) Ignition of an accumulation of combustible gas in a boiler
out of service.
b) Operating for a long period of time with a deficiency of
air and then
suddenly bringing about proper air fuel ratio.
c) Improper sequence of operation of firing system
components
d) Insufficient ignition energy supplied relative to actual
requirements
e) Firing with improper air fuel ratio and insufficient furnace
temperature.
Function of BMS :-
a) Prevent firing unless a satisfactory furnace purge has first
been completed.
b)Prohibit start-up of the equipment unless certain permissive
interlocks have first been completed.
c) Monitor and control the correct component sequencing
during start-up and shutdown of the equipment.
d) Conditionally allow the continued operation of the
equipment only while certain safety interlocks remaining
satisfied.
e) Provide component condition feedback to the operator and
to the plant control systems and/or data loggers.
f) Provide automatic supervision when the equipment is in
service and provide means to make a Master Fuel Trip (MFT)
should certain unacceptable firing conditions occur.
g) Execute a MFT upon certain adverse unit operating
conditions

Major Equipments Included in the BMS system:-

a) Pulverizes and Coal Feeders.
b) Induced Draft Fans (ID Fans )
c) Forced Draft Fans (FD Fans)
d) Fuel Oil Trip Valves.
e) Oil Burners system.
f) Scanner Cooling Air Fans.
g) Primary Air Fans (PA Fans )
h) Seal Air Fans (SA fans)

What is sonic soot blower and it's working

principle?
Now a days sonic soot blower gaining popularity for its
numerous advantage. Sonic soot blower cleaning
technologies can be applied in super heaters, Economiser,
Air-preheater, bag house. It maintain opacity of chimney
within limit due to regular and efficient cleaning. It
prevent erosion and ash deposition of tubes due to
frequent cleaning.

This is the most preferred BOE Preparation Book.

POWER PLANT INTERVIEW

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Image of sonic soot blower

Working of sonic soot blower-

Here compressed air is passed through the horn and by passing
this compressed air sound is produced which make vibrations within
the horn.there is a solenoid shutoff valve to control air supply and
Due to flow of air the sound waves are generated by a special bell
shaped horn powered by air . The kinetic energy imparted to the dust
particles cause them to vibrate, break their bonds with other particles
and the surface to which they stick. These Fluidized particles are
dropped gravity or carried by gas stream pressure. The operation of
sonic soot blower can be compared as a music woofer which
produce high frequency sound waves and then this waves strikes on
surface of heating element remove ash deposition. It operates on
compressed air of 5bar - 8bar and with a time cycle of 2-5 minutes.
The operating frequency is generally 30-50 HZ.The cycle time are
regulated by a control unit, which also measures the sound pressure
generated.
Advantage of sonic soot blower-
Elimination / reduction of steam consumption than the steam
soot blower.
No erosion or corrosion on surface of tube.
Increased boiler efficiency and availability.
Lower pressure drop and flame disturb.
Reduced fan power.
Lower maintenance and operating cost than steam soot blowers.
Reaches any cleaning surfaces that steam soot blowers cannot.

Q. What is boiler?

Ans. According to Indian Boiler Act 1923, a boiler is a closed

pressure vessel / steam generating unit with minimum capacity
of 22.70 liters, including all mountings and accessories or we can
say that the boiler is a steam generator which convert chemical
energy of fuel into heat energy which is utilized for steam
generation .The steam can be generated as per desired pressure
and temperature.


Q What are the boiler mountings?

Ans. The boiler mountings are used for safe and efficient operation
of boiler, these are placed in out side of the boiler.

1. Safety valve.

2.pressure gauge.

3.Water level gauge glass.. Pressure gauge.

4. Start-up vent.

5.Air vent.

5.Manhole.

Q. What are boiler accessories?

Ans. These are the integral part of boiler which help to run the
boiler most efficiently These are,
1. Super heater.

2. Economizer.

3.Air pre- heater.

4.ID and FD fans.

5. Ash handling system.

6.Dosing system.

7. Soot blower.

8.De super heating system.

Q. What is turn down ratio of boiler?

Ans. It is the operating range of boiler from maximum capacity

to minimum capacity in which the boiler can run efficiently without
any external fuel support . The higher turn down ratio greater the
efficiency of boiler. For example if the boiler is designed 80mw and
can operate up to 20mw without any external fuel support and any
variations of parameter then the turn down ratio is 80/20=4.

Q. What is boiler efficiency?

Ans. It is the ratio of heat output to heat input of the boiler.

Boiler efficiency= Heat output / heat input *100.

=steam flow (enthalpy of steam -enthalpy of feed water) / coal

flow * gcv.

For example if there is a 80mw boiler with 540 dig centigrade

of main steam temperature, feed water temperature of 300 dig
centigrade , coal flow 56 ton, gcv 4000 kcal/kg then the boiler
efficiency will be =307(826.28-242.58)/56*4000=80%.

Q. What is foaming of boiler?

Ans. It is the generation of foam In boiler due to high concentration

of solids, organic matter, bubbles are build up on the surface of
boiler water and passed out with the steam. This is generally caused
due to high concentration of solids in boiler.

Q. What is priming of boiler ?

Ans. It Is the carrying amount of droplet water in the steam, witch

leads to carryover of Salt crystals on the super heater and turbines.
priming may be caused due to sudden change of load and
maintaining of high level of water.

Prevention of priming and foaming :-

The best remedy for foaming and priming

carryover is the proper blow down of TDS. The
continuous blow down should be regulated to
maintain the TDS at 3,000 to 4,000 ppm. More blow down
means less TDS but more blow down is the more loss of the boiler
so the blow down should be within control level .

Q. What are boiler losses?

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A. Generally the boiler efficiency is considered as

85%,here are the boiler losses considered as,
1. Heat loss in dry flue gas loss-10.7%.
2. Heat loss due to moisture in fuel - 2.2 %.
3. Heat loss due moisture in air - 0.38 %.
4. Heat loss due to formations of water from H2
in fuel - 4.4%
5. Heat loss due to conversion of C to CO- 0.53%
Q. what is critical point of steam?
Ans. It is the point at which all water
vapor converts to steam .The critical point occurs
at a temperature of 374 deg & 224.6 kg/cm2 .The
point is called critical point and the pressure,
temperature at this corresponding
saturation temperature is known as critical
pressure and critical temperature.Here the density
of steam and water will remain same.

Q. What is evaporation ratio of Boiler?

Ans. It the ratio of quantity of steam generation in kg/hr to
quantity of fuel consumed in kg/hr.

Evaporation ratio = quantity of steam generation/quantity of

fuel consumed.For example quantity of steam Is 310 ton/hr
and fuel is 55 ton/hr then the evaporation ratio is 5.63.
Evaporation ratio is also known as steam fuel ratio.A drop
in evaporation ratio indicates drop in boiler efficiency.Boiler
evaporation ratio depends on fuel quality. Higher calorific value
of fuel having higher evaporation ratio.
Value of evaporation ratio for different types of boiler is listed
as-
a) Coal fired boiler- 4.0-6.0.
b) Oil fired boiler- 13.0-14.5 .
c) Gas fired boiler- 11.0-13.
Q. what is acid due point in boiler ?
Ans.The temperature at which the formation of sulfuric
acid in the boiler is known as acid due point,It is
generally in between 130-140 deg celsius. As fuel
contain sulfur dioxide (SO2) & H2O at certain
temperature both are condense together and sulfuric
acid(H2SO2) is formed.
It will corrode the boiler tubes.To avoid acid due point
we can use,
1>FD fan re circulation system.
2> By using steam coil air pre-heater (SCAPH).
3> FD air bypass system.
Q. What is slagging or fouling in boiler ?
A.Slagging is the formation of molten or partially fused
deposits on the furnace surface or radiation zone .
Fouling is the deposition of fused particle on convection
zone such as super heater & re- heater.
Q. What is proximate analysis of coal ?
Ans.it is the analysis of coal in which we can find
moisture,volatile matter,fixed carbon & ash.we can found
above parameter as,
moisture-Take 1gm of coal sample heat in a woven
at 105 deg for 01 hr.
Moisture + volatile matter- Take 1gm of coal sample
heat in a woven at 950 deg for 07 minute.
Ash- Take 1gm of coal sample heat in a woven at
720 deg until the coal is completely burnt.
Q. What is the ultimate analysis of coal ?
A. This is the most accurate method of coal analysis.In
this analysis we can found the components of the mass
of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,moisture,ash.
so (c+h+o+n+s+m+a)= 100% mass.

Q. What is gross calorific value and net calorific

value of coal?
Ans.
1.calorific value:- It is the amount of heat liberated with
a unit mass of coal for 1g Kcal.
2.Gross calorific value:-It is the amount of heat liberated
by the complete combustion of unit weight of fuel with
subsequent cooling of product(moisture/water
vapor) . G.C.V is more than N.C.V.
3. Net calorific value :- It is the heat produced in
complete combustion when the product of combustion
are allowed to escaped.

N.C.V = G.C.V - Latent heat of water vapor.

N.C.V = (G.C.V-0.09x587)cal/gm.

TURBINE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q. what are the Turbine losses?

A. Here are the turbine losses are defined as,
a) Tip leakage loss: - This loss is happen due to small amount of
steam passing in between the clearance of fixed blade and moving
blade. The labyrinths are provided for sealing of fixed and moving
blades. Some steam passes through this labyrinth
clearance without any work done.
b) Disc windage loss:- This is the friction loss due to the surface
friction created on the disc.
c)Secondary loss:- This loss is due to friction on the casing wall and
tip of the blade.
d) Wetness loss:- The turbine is designed for 12 % of exhaust steam.
If the wetness of steam increase id absorb the energy due to water
droplets and second thing is it make erosion at the last stage of the
blade.
E) Loss due to lancing wire:- As the lancing wire is provided at the
last stage of turbine blade to provide mechanical strength , the
production of losses in blade efficiency because of passage area they
block.

Q. What is the function of a condenser in turbine?

Ans.
:-It save the DM water as the steam is converted to water and reuse.
:- It provide high vacuum so that heat rejection takes place from
steam to water.
:- It give space for storage of condensate.
Q. What is dummy / balancing piston in steam turbine?
A. It is one part of the turbine used to neutralizing the axial thrust of
turbine rotor.As the pressure drop at each stage of turbine blade it
produce axial thrust at the same direction of steam flow. So it is
necessary to balance the shaft. It is placed before the first stage of
turbine. This is fixed with the turbine shaft. The steam enter in
between the balance piston and first stage of turbine and give a
reaction force to the balancing piston opposite to the axial thrust
hence it counter balance the turbine shaft.The diameter of the
balancing disc is designed in a such manner is that it can oppose the
force acting on turbine shaft.
Q. What are the types thrust bearing are used in rotating
machine
A. There are generally four types of thrust bearings are used as,
a) Tapered bearing.
b) Babbitt faced bearing.
c) Tilting pad bearing.
d) Roller bearing.

Q. What is the function of ejector in condenser and its working

principle ?
Ans. Function of ejector:- The main function of the ejector is to
extract air and no condensate gasses from a closed system . It
removes air from the condenser and provide vacuum. The amount of
air extracted at the time of starting is more as compared to running
unit.
Parts of ejector:- It generally consists of converging nozzle ,
diverging nozzle , diffuser throat , inlet and outlet pipes, Rota meter
for measurement of air flow , cells with tube for regeneration heat
transfer , Steam traps for drip control .

Working principle of
ejector :- When a high pressure motive fluid( steam/liquid) enters
the steam nozzle , this result in a decreasing pressure and increasing
velocity of the fluid again the fluid enters in the diffuser which result
in a increasing pressure and decreasing velocity of the fluid so due to
pressure difference vacuum is created in between the nozzle and
diffuser we can say venture throat . So due to pressure difference or
vacuum it sucks no condensable air and fluid from the system. The
mixture then enters to an inter condenser where the steam is
condensate. The inter condenser are designed with a special inter
condenser baffles of tubes where heat transfer takes place . The
second stage ejector handles the non condensate gasses of first stage
ejector and through a vent opening to the atmosphere. The air flow
can be measured by the rota-meter. The condensate water of steam
send back to re use through steam traps.
Types of ejector :-
There are generally two types of ejector generally used as ,
i > Hogger ejector :- This ejector is known as the starting ejector
which is used to pull the gasses at the time of starting of system. It
has high capacity of air extraction. This ejector operates with parallel
with the running ejector till the vacuum reaches 500-600 mm of HG
column , then the hogger ejector is switched off and main ejector
will remain in service. The main disadvantages of this ejector is the
steam escaped to atmosphere and can't reuse.

Image of a main ejector

ii> Main ejector :- This is also known as the running ejector which
evacuate the air continuously at the system running condition. This
is a multi stage type ejector . The high velocity air -water mixture
enters to the shell and cooled in the first stage of the shell by
condensate. Steam is thus condensate and the steam air mixture
volume reduced and allowed to second stage of the nozzle . In the
second stage the mixture is completely condensate and the air is
vented to the atmosphere. The drains are provided with loops or
siphoned to prevent ingress of air from the atmosphere.Here the
condensate seam is again recovered in condenser and reuse

What is Vacuum pump or liquid ring air pump used in

condenser and it's working principle ?
As the steam ejector use steam for air evacuation this is a
loss for the plant as the pressure and temperature of the steam
is reduced to the rated parameter of the ejector , so now a
days in modern power plants rotary air pumps are used for air
extraction purpoes.The rotary air pump is more flexible as it
doesnt depend steam and water circuit for air extraction.
Construction: - Its construction is same like a centrifugal pump
with multiple impellers. It consists of impeller, suction pipe ,
discharge pipe. Diffuser, divergent cone, fixed guide nozzle .
The impeller with a blade is attached to a center hub located in
a cylindrical body. The pump require liquid to create vacuum. A
tapping is provided at the top of the pump for air line
connection.

T INTERVIEW QUESTIONS &

 What is Vacuum pump or liquid ring air
pump used in condenser and it's working principle ?
As the steam ejector use steam for air evacuation this is a
loss for the plant as the pressure and temperature of the steam
is reduced to the rated parameter of the ejector , so now a
days in modern power plants rotary air pumps are used for air
extraction purpoes.The rotary air pump is more flexible as it
doesnt depend steam and water circuit for air extraction.
Construction: - Its construction is same like a centrifugal pump
with multiple impellers. It consists of impeller, suction pipe ,
discharge pipe. Diffuser, divergent cone, fixed guide nozzle .
The impeller with a blade is attached to a center hub located in
a cylindrical body. The pump require liquid to create vacuum. A
tapping i
 Image of rotary liquid ring air pump

Working principle:- The liquid if fed to the pump through

suction pipe , due to rotary motion of the pump impeller a
centrifugal force is created in the impeller of the pump. It
consists of a multi-bladed, rotating element (impeller),
eccentricity positioned within a cylindrical casing. The
compression of the gas occurs in one or two impeller stages
depending on the ultimate vacuum required, although for this
service two/multi stage pumps are generally required. Water or
some other in-compressible fluid, called service liquid,
is introduced to the LRVP. As the impeller rotates, a ring of
liquid is formed inside the pump casing from centrifugal force.
This action draws the gaseous stream into the pump through
the inlet port. The gas is compressed by the liquid ring, exiting
the first stage through a smaller area discharge port and into
the second stage of the pump. The second stage is
volumetrically smaller doing the final compression of the gas.
The gas then exits the pump usually at atmospheric pressure,
along with the service liquid.Only small amount of water
makeup required due to water leakage or evaporation.

uses of liquid ring pump:-

1) Power generation equipment (produce vacuum).

2) Petrochemical.
3) Seawater deae-ration.
4) Pharmaceutical.
5) Ground water remediation/vapor extraction.
6) Food production.

Advantages of liquid ring pump:-

 These pumps can easily take care of condensable vapors
and can even handle fluids of various kinds without affecting
the performance of the pump. Based on liquid ring technology,
pumps have only one rotating or prime functioning part and
therefore are economical and much easier to maintain than the
other pumps. The repairing or rebuilding of these pumps is
very easy in comparison to other complicatedly designed
pumping units. Liquid ring vacuum pumps can efficiently be
employed as vacuum jobs and also for the compression tasks
as well which usually is not possible with ordinary pump
sets.Quick starting also an

What is the function of condenser in steam

turbine & its type?

The main function of condenser is to convert gaseous form

of exhaust steam into liquid form at a pressure of below
atmosphere or we can say that It is a heat sink in the thermal
cycle in which rejection of heat energy takes place on
condensation of exhaust steam of turbine. Cooling mediums
are used such as water/air to convert steam into water. By
converting steam into water the back pressure of the turbine
exhaust can be reduced and due to pressure difference
between inlet and outlet of turbine , there is more enthalpy
drop and more work done in the turbine. Back pressure of
turbine is defined as pressure at the exhaust nozzle of the
turbine.
The main function of condenser:-
i)saving on steam require per unit of electricity
ii) To convert exhaust steam to water for reuse thus saving
on deed water
requirement.
iii) Deaeration of make-up water introduced in the condenser.
iv) To form a convenient point for introducing make up water.

Image of surface condenser

Type of condenser:-
There are generally two types of condenser as
a) Direct contact (jet) condenser- Here cooling water and
exhaust steam are mixed together. The requirement of cooling
water is very much less than surface condenser. This is the
best effective condenser but it has the disadvantage that
cooling water quality should be maintain properly.
b) Surface Condenser-This type of condenser is used in
most modern steam turbines. Cooling water flows through
inside of tube and Condensation of exhaust steam takes place
on the outer surface of the tubes. The condenser essentially
consists of a shell which encloses the steam space. Tubes
carrying cooling water pass through the steam space. The
tubes are supplied cooling water from inlet water box on one
side and discharged, after taking away heat from the steam,
to the outlet water box on the other side. Instead of one
inlet and one outlet water boxes, there may be two or more
pair of separate inlet-outlet water boxes, each supplying
cooling water to a separate bundle of tubes. This enables
cleaning and maintenance of part of the tubes while turbine
can be kept running on a reduced load. Manholes have been
provided for routine maintenance and visual inspection along
with venting and draining arrangement for individual water
boxes. The tubes have been so arranged that there is equal
distribution of steam on the tube nest with minimum resistance
to steam flow. In order to allow expansion along he height,
the condenser is supported on springs specially designed to
take up load ,Springs are provided at the bottom of condenser.


Working of condenser:-
The exhaust steam flows from turbine exhaust through
cooling tube. Steam condensate to water and pumped through
condensate extraction pump (CEP).The cooling water return
to cooling tower after heat exchange for cooling. An ejector
system is provided at the top of condenser to remove non
condensate gases. Scrubber mesh is provided near air
extraction point of condenser to prevent carryover of steam
through no condensable gasses.
Materials for Condenser Tubes-
Generally condenser tube material is designed in the view
of cost and cooling water quality. Copper alloys are Brasses,
Cupro-nickel,titanium grade-2 and Bronzes are generally
used in most condenser. Stainless steel tubes has also been
used and has good corrosion resistance though heat transfer
co-efficient is quite lower than the copper alloys. Because
of high cost, stainless steel is used only where water is highly
corrosive. Some sea side power plants are also using Titanium
despite high cost, because of highly corrosive environment.

Image of plate type deaerator

b) Spray type deaerator- The spray-type deaerators do not use trays for
dispersion of the water. In this case, spring loaded nozzles located in the top
of the unit spray water into a steam atmosphere which is heated to within a
few degrees of the saturation temperature of the steam. Most of the
non-condensable gases are released to the steam, and the heated water falls
to a water seal and drains to the lowest section of the steam scrubber. The
water is scrubbed by large quantities of steam and heated to the saturation
temperature prevailing at this point. The intimate steam to water contact
achieved in the scrubber efficiently strips the water of dissolved gases. As
the steam-water mixture rises in the scrubber, a slight pressure loss causes
the deaerated water temperature to remain a few degrees below the inlet
steam saturation temperature. The deaerated water overflows from the steam
scrubber to the storage section below. The steam, after flowing through the
scrubber, passes up into the spray heater section to heat the incoming water.
Most of the steam condenses in the spray section to become part of the
deaerated water. A small portion of the steam, vented to atmosphere,
removes non-condensable gases from the system.
PREV PAGE

c) Vacuum type of deaerator- Here The oxygen-containing make-up

water, preheated to 40-90 C, is led to the upper section of the deaeration
tank. In order to optimize the removal of oxygen, the deaeration tank is
equipped with fillers for division of the water into fine particles. The
vacuum pump creates the necessary vacuum so that the make-up water boils.
When the water boils, the oxygen is liberated and removed by means of the
vacuum pump. The deaerated water is separated into two streams, which are
pumped partly into the district heating network, partly recycled over the
deaeration tank.
Chemical reaction in deaerator during Hydrazine doosing-
N2H4 + O2 = N2 + 2H2O
Gas +Water
3N2H4 = 4NH3 + N2
Additional ammonia reacts with
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O = (NH4)2CO3
(acidic) Ammonium Carbonate (Neutral)

What is voith/Hydraulic coupling and its

working principle?

The main function of Hydraulic coupling is of controlling

variable speed of equipment by keeping the drive speed
constant. Here the drive/motor speed is kept constant and
pump speed is varied as per requirement of discharge
pressure and flow. This reduces the power consumption
particularly at part load/full load operation. The speed of pump
is varied by varying position of scoop.
 IMAGE OF FLUID COUPLING

The essential parts to a fluid coupling:-

1) Pump impeller.
2) Aux. Lube oil pump.
3) Main lube oil pump.
4) Lube oil cooler.
5) Duplex filter.
6) Oil reservoir.
7) Scoop chamber.
8) Turbine wheel.
9) Working oil pump.
10) Scoop tube (adjustable).
11) Scoop tube control.
12) Working oil cooler. You tube
video of voith coupling
13) Oil circulation control valve.
Types of fluid coupling:-
a) Fixed speed- constant fill and Delay fill
b) Variable speed- Scoop controlled.

Working principle of voith coupling:-
The rotating coupled with the motor and operating fluid. The
resultant centrifugal force causes the fluid to flow outwards
due to centrifugal force, where by the velocity of fluid is
increased. The flow of fluid into the runner takes place at
the outer diameter, where the energy is transmitted from the
fluid to the runner. The fluid in the runner blade chamber
then flow inwards to the center & back into the impeller blade
chamber. This circuit is maintained by the centrifugal force
difference resulting from the speed difference between the
runner & impeller. The time required to reach the full speed
is dependent on the inertia of the driven load, resistive torque,
and the torque transmitted by the coupling. The speed of
the coupling is varied by varying the position of scoop. Here
the scoop is a cylindrical pipe with no of holes and act for
draining oil from scoop chamber. The scoop chamber is
charged by a continuously running pump which delivers oil
from the integral sump below the coupling to the working
compartment. The working compartment is the chamber
between the primary (impeller) & secondary (runner) wheels.
The oil level inside the working compartment determines the
speed of the output side of the coupling & depends upon
the radial position of the scoop tube located in the scoop
chamber.
The output torque is equal to the input torque,defined as-
SLIP (%) = let n1=input speed
n2=output speed
n1
n2
 slip(%)= --------------
-- X 100
n1
All fluid couplings are normally designed to have a slip
of 2% to 4%.
Advantage of voith coupling:-
1) The main advantage of fluid coupling is motor starts with
minimum load.
2) No need of mechanical connection between the input and
output elements.
3) Steeples speed variation in wide range obtained in scoop
type fluid couplings.
4) Simple control of minimum to maximum load.
5) Effective for shocks, load fluctuations and
torsional vibrations.
6) Economy for machine and drive design.

What is governing system of turbine and its

working?
The main function of governor is to maintain constant speed
of turbine during fluctuations of load by varying steam input
to the turbine. It has following function-
i) The run up of the turbine from rest t rated speed and
synchronizing with the grid.
ii) Meeting the system load variations in a predetermined
manner, when running in parallel with other machines.
iii) Protecting the machine by reducing the load or shutting
off completely in abnormal and emergency situations. The
governing system also includes other devices to protect the
turbine from abnormal conditions that may arise during
operation.
iv) To assist in matching the power generated to that
demanded by responding to the network frequency changes.
Types of governing system:-
a) Throttle Governing- Here the supply of steam is controlled
by single valves or two or more valves operating in
parallel .The flow of steam is controlled by throttling position
of valve. For increase of load the valve opening is increased
and vice versa. Most of governing system used now a days
is throttle governing due to its reliable operation.
b) Nozzle Governing In this type of governing the first
stage is divided in no of groups. The steam supply to each
group of nozzles is controlled by a valve and the number
of valves opened is varied according to the load on the turbine.
The no of nozzles opened as per increase demand of load.
c) By-pass Governing- Here a bypass valve is provided
in main stream line when demand of load is less than original
steam flow steam flow.

Types of governors:-
Here are the types of governor mentioned as-
Electro-hydraulic governor,Hydraulic, Mechanical governor,
Electrical governor. Here we discuss about electro-hydraulic
governor,

Electro hydraulic governor- As it name indicate it has

electrical sensing and hydraulic controlling. In electro hydraulic
governing all transducers are electrical/electronic components.
The acquired signals (of control valve lift, speed ,load & initial
pressure etc..) are processed electronically and processed
signal is introduced at a suitable point in the hydraulic circuit
through a electro-hydraulic converter which is used as a
connecting link between the electronic modules and valve
actuators. Hydraulic signal before application to control valves
servomotors is suitably amplified. EHG consists of three
control loops for speed, load and pressure. EHG optimizes
the turbine life by conservative operation with the aid of TSE.
Actual speed of the turbine is measured by using hall probes.
Speed regulation (Droop) can be changed from 2.5% to 8%
in a step of 0.5% even when the machine runs on load. The
usual setting of droop in EHG is 5%.Speed regulation (Droop)
can be changed from 2.5% to 8% in a step of 0.5% even
when the machine runs on load. The usual setting of droop
in EHG is 5%.


Image of electro-hydraulic governor

Components of electro-hydraulic governing:-

a) electro-hydraulic controller-The parameter is to be
controlled i.e load, speed, pressure are measured and
converted into electrical signal by means of transducer. The
signal are then fed to electro-hydraulic converter where it
is converted into hydraulic signal for actuating the hydraulic
operated control element/control valves. The control loops
are generally speed, loop and boiler pressure.
b) speed controller-The speed controller is used to starting
the turbine up to synchronization and full loading. It can also
operate over the full load range during emergency such as
turbine tripping from full load to house load operation. The
speed controller is always kept in readiness for operation.
c) Speed control loop-The turbine speed is sensed by digital
speed pick-up probes mounted on the turbine shaft in the
front bearing pedestal and fed to the speed controller as the
actual speed signal(N act).The speed reference value is
indicated on two instruments, one with rating 0-3000 &
2700-3300 rpm for finer adjustment. The incoming speed
reference signal is fed into high gain DC voltage amplifier.
The signal is then passes to an integrator which generates
the LIMITED SPEED reference.NR limit is transmitted to the
controller module where it is compared to the actual speed
N act and generate final output signal of the speed controller.
d) Load controller- The load controller is used for controlling
turbine output during load operation. For selecting load
controller a push button on/off load controller switch is
provided. The load controller must be switched ON if it has
come to action. It takes several signal like load limiter set
point, load reference etc. Load controller is provided on the
turbine control panel which glows and gives signal that load
controller is in service.
e) Turbine stress evaluator (TSE) - The main function of
stress evaluator is to safe run of turbine by evaluating turbine
calculated metal temperature and safe load gradient(load
increase/decrease).This evaluate turbine stress by using
parameters like turbine cylinder metal temperature, steam
temperature, speed and load. It provides operation margin
within which turbine can be operated safely under the
particular set of parameter.
f) Coordinated master control(CMC)- CMC works in
coordination with the turbine generator and boiler. It also takes
care of TSE influence and run back system.
e) Pressure controller- While operating under the limit
pressure mode depend load reference value pressure drop
is proportional action to the pressure coordinator. It compares
the set pressure and actual pressure of the turbine.

What are the Condenser tube cleaning

methods used in power plant

It is necessary to removes scale formation of the condenser

tubes for proper heat rejection.Most of tube cleaning is
offline/mechanical method. Great care must be taken to avoid
damaging any tube sheet or tube coatings which may be
present; otherwise the successful removal of fouling deposits
may become associated with new
tube leak or increase tube sheet corrosion.There are generally
two types of tube cleaning done as online and offline tube
cleaning.
Online Tube Cleaning System (OLTCS):-
This type system is used large size of condenser
now a days. Here the cleaning is done online or without isolate
condenser. Over sized balls are continuously pressed through
the tubes to keep them clean. Balls are pass on one end
of tube and collected at the other end.
A system consists of a ball vessel into which the balls are
introduced. Ball recalculating pumps inject these balls into
the inlet water pipe of condenser. These balls are carried
by the circulating water to the condenser tubes. Since we
are using oversized balls, the balls are pressed through the
tubes and thus wiping and carrying the deposits . After
passing through the first pass of the condenser, the balls
are accumulated in the Reverse Chamber. Then the balls
pass through the second pass of the condenser tubes and
reach the outlet water pipe and collected through screens
for re-circulation. In online ball cleaning system following
factors are taken care as
a)Top up balls periodically
b)Cleaning the ball collector screen.
c)Ball circulation pump overhauls

Off load cleaning of condenser:-
Jet cleaning:- This is the one of the most effective offline
cleaning method, here the condenser is isolated for cleaning
purpose. A high pressure water jet with discharge pr of 600
to 1000 bar through flexible or rigid hoses with nozzle
(Lancers) is used. The lancers with water jet will be inserted
through out the entire length of the tube so that the scales
are completely removed.
 Before
cleaning After
cleaning

Acid cleaning:- This method is restricted to condensers

suffering from scaling problem like calcium carbonate and
phosphate. Variety of acids, including Hydrochloric, uric acetic
and EDTA are used. Inhibiters like Rhodine-213 are added
to the acid to prevent the acid from attacking the metal of
the tubes .After the acid cleaning the acid traces in the
condenser is neutralized with circulating the alkali caustic
soda , Lime ie NAOH .Then scales dislodged were removed
by water and air jet.

Grit cleaning: An alternate to bulleting, this method is known

as sinusoidal grit blasting, it involves blasting graded silica
free mineral grit through the consenser tubes.
 Water washing:- Tube can be cleaned with a jet of high
pressure (around 70 bar). However before adapting this
method, trial must be carried out for successful result.
Thermal method: -This is used to control mussel growth in
sea water stations, CW culverts, and to clean the condenser
tubes by drying internal deposits prior to flushing with water.
Heating is achieved by introducing auxiliary steam through
the CW tubes and by reversing the cooling water flow through
tube

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 NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLING
TOWERS
Introduction:
The efficient operation of a steam turbine depends on the
vacuum in the condenser and the effective functioning of the
circulating water system. The absorption of latent heat of the
turbine exhaust steam result in effective condensation and
maintaining optimum vacuum in the condenser warrant that
the performance of cooling towers should be kept high.
If a natural supply of water is available from a river, a mine
or from the sea, it is best to employ this natural source rather
than cool the cooling water by exposing it to an air
stream. However, circumstances often arise where the water
is unsuitable, or the supply very limited, in which case the
cooling water must be cooled by spraying it down a tower,
through which air circulates, or by spraying it directly into
the atmosphere over the surface of a spray pond.
 Image of natural draught cooling tower

construction:-
A natural draught cooling tower is s semi-enclosed heat
exchanger consisting of an empty reinforced concrete shell
forming a chimney, which has the principal function of forming
a draught. The shape of the tower is circular in plan and
hyperbolic in profile. At the lower portion of the tower, there
is fill packing or distribution network through which the hot
water from the condenser sprayed and drops in a
pre-determined manner so as to give up a portion of its heat
to the air stream flowing past.
The hyperbolic profile is chosen for the construction of the
tower as it directs the air that enters to have a smooth flow
towards the center. Moreover upper rim aids to produce a
strong upward draught.

Principle of operation:-
In natural draught cooling tower the draught is created mainly
by the heated and mixing of air with the steam, steam being
lighter than air. The draught is due to the difference in densities
between the air leaving the tower and that entering the tower
and also due to the aerodynamic lift of the wind passing over
the top of tower. The shell of the tower is supported on legs
so as to allow free ingress of air at the base. The hot water
from the condenser is distributed at the level just above the
fill packings by nozzle and sprayer and the resulting spray
makes a considerable contribution to increase the exposed
surface of the hot water by subdividing into fine droplets.
Exchange of heat takes place between the ascending air and
the falling water. The purpose of fill packing is to increase
the period (retention time) and area of contact.
The advantages of natural draught tower over a mechanical
draught tower are:-
1. Ground space required is very less as a single natural
cooling tower is equal to no of mechanical draught cooling
tower.
2. As the fans are eliminated, the operating costs,
maintenance costs and down time are reduced and reliability
in operation .
3. Hyperbolic shaped towers have superior strength, since
a thinner shell thickness can be used in comparison with other
designs, the quantitative need for materials of construction
is reduced.
4. Due to higher elevation of natural draught cooling towers.
Drift losses are minimized.

Procedure of condenser tube leak

detection ?
If condenser tube leakage occurs, its early detection is essential to
take necessary action to limit impurities in feed water. Normal
method of detecting condenser tube leakage to monitor conductivity
of the condensate. Increase in the conductivity indicates condenser
tube leakage. But the increase may be due to chemical dosing
(ammonia/Hydrazine etc.). For this reason conductivity is measured
after cation column which removes ammonia/hydrazine. Further the
salts are converted to acid, conductivity is also amplified which
helps to confirm the increase. For a small leakage as the raw water
coming into the hot well are mixed with very high quantity of
condensate effect is very much diluted which makes it difficult to
confirm. However in boiler this effect is concentrated. TDS,
conductivity SiO2 etc. all increases but phosphate decease pH may
increase or decrease depending upon the CW.

Methods of tube leakage detection-

Here are several method of condenser tube leak detection.

1) The Simple Manometer:- This is one of the offline tube leak
detection method. Here a simple manometer, which can be used for
detection of tube leak. One end of the condenser tube is plugged and
the manometer is inserted into the other end. The leaking tube will
suck the liquid out of glass because of the vacuum in the condenser.
This method is very effective, but can be
time consuming.
2) The Blanket Effect:- In this method the tube plate is covered by
thin plastic sheeting or by foam. The leaking tube will tend to pull
the foam or sheet into it. Later foam can be traced in cooling water.
3) Sonic Detection:- As air is drawn into the leaking tube it creates a
supersonic whistle. This whistle is detected by a microphone placed
in the entrance to the tube, and the resulting signal is amplified.
4) Bubbler Leak Detector :-This method can be used for on-load
detection and its method of operation is similar to the simple
manometer. If one end of the tube is blocked with a bung, the
vacuum of the condenser pulls air through the bubbler when it is
inserted in the other end of the tube. A more advanced type of
bubbler called MEL bubbler can be used both for on load and
off-load detection and is very suitable for use with pannier and
integral condensers. , The tube to be tested is plugged, connected to
a reference vessel and vacuum pump, and there the system is
evacuated. The pump is then isolated from the system and, after a
short time, to ensure that the pressure in the tube being tested and the
reference vessel have equalized, the balance valve is closed. From
then on any air leaking into the tube under test will be indicated by a
stream of bubbles issuing from the end of the tube in the jar or water.
5) Flood test of condenser:- Here the condenser is filled with water
up to 70 %ge through hot well makeup line . Both side manhole
are kept open. If there is any leakage water will be come out
through leakage tube can be traced near manhole door.

What is air cooled condenser (ACC) and its

advantages?
Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) has main advantage that it
does not need water to condense the process fluid and it
take a major role for water conservation of environment. In
this system, exhaust steam from the turbine flows through
the tube bundles of an ACC and is condensed in parallel
flow tube bundles using air flow induced by properly designed
axial fans.
the turbine exhaust enters a steam distribution
manifold/header located on top of the ACC structure
Working of air cooled condenser
Generally acc has a of a shaped structure. Heat of steam
is exchanged through finned tubes. Steam discharged from.
The steam is then distributed into the fin tube heat exchangers
arranged in a roof structure with an A-shape configuration.
The A-shape structure may be single row or multi row. Cooling
fans are provided at the bottom of a-frame. Steam Flowing
down inside the tubes From common duct and steam
condenses due to the cooling effect of ambient air drawn
over the external finned surface of the tubes by the fans.
Condensate collected at the bottom header of a-frame and
then drains to a condensate storage tank (CST). The
condensate are then pumped from CST tank to boiler feed
water circuit. Rupture disc are provided at the top header
of a-frame to protect condenser from positive pressure.
Partition walls provided between fan cells to isolate operating
cells from non operating ones.
Acc operates under vacuum same like surface condenser.
Air removing equipment/ejectors are provided to remove
noncondensable gasses from condenser.Fin cleaning system
are provided for cleaning of tube fins to avoid dust
accumulation on tubes or for provision for proper heat transfer.
 Image of
acc

Equioments of ACC-
1. Air-cooled steam condenser tower.
2. Air-flow control equipment.
3. Wind and/or cell-partition walls.
4. Acc fans ,motor, gearbox.
5. Air removal equipment(Ejector).
6. Condensate storage tank.
7. Condensate pumps.
8. Steam ducts and expansion joints..

Youtube video of ACC .

Advantage of acc-
Lower Pressure Drops Steam side/Airside
Higher Thermal Efficiency
Dead Zones Do Not Exist
Lower Fan Power Consumption
Lower Sound Power Level
Lower Weight Per Face Area
Higher Corrosion Resistance.

Design of Air-cooled condenser depends on-

Exhaust steam flowrate.
Exhaust steam enthalpy.
Design exhaust pressure.
Design ambient-air temperature.
Maximum ambient-air temperature.
Minimum ambient-air temperature.
Lowest optimum turbine-exhaust pressure.
Highest permissible turbine-exhaust pressure.
Economic optimization of fan power usage.

What is
furnace safe guard supervisory system ( FS
SS) ?

Why FSSS is necessary:-

 Generally, furnace oil or any kind of fuel is susceptible to
explosion hazards. It has been established that the majority of
explosions occur during start-up, shut-down and low load
operations. The multiplicity of operating steps required for
admitting a fuel to a furnace safely and properly. Adequacy of
ignition energy is an important factor, which should not be left
to operator interpretation. For high capacity boilers where the
fuel input rate is also high, major furnace explosions can result
from the ignition of unburnt fuel accumulated in the first 1 to 2
seconds. So it is most necessary to start boiler safely and
FSSS is designed to ensure a safe, orderly start-up and
shutdown sequence of the fuel firing equipments to prevent
errors of omission and commission during execution of these
operating sequences. This system provides safety interlocks to
protect against potential emergency situations in the event of
malfunctions of fuel firing equipments and associated air
systems.

FUNCTIONS OF FSSS:-
1) Prevent any fuel firing unless a satisfactory furnace purge
sequence has first been completed.

2) Prevent start-up of individual fuel firing equipment unless

certain permissive, interlocks have been satisfied.

3) Monitor and control proper component sequencing during

start-up and shut-down of fuel firing equipment.

4) Subject continued operation of fuel firing equipment to

certain safety interlocks remaining satisfied.

5) Provide component status feedback to the operator and, in

some cases, to the unit control system or to the data logger.

6) Provide flame supervision when fuel firing equipment is in

service and effect an Elevation Fuel Trip or Master Fuel Trip
upon certain condition of unacceptable firing / load
combination.

7) Initiate a fuel trip when certain abnormal operating

conditions exist.
INTERLOCKS COVERED UNDER FSSS:-

PURGE PERMISSIVES.
HOTV OPEN/CLOSE INTERLOCKS.
HORV OPEN/CLOSE INTERLOCKS.
OIL GUNS START/STOP CYCLE.
BOILER PROTECTION LOGICS.
PA FAN INTERLOCKS COVERED UNDER FSSS.
COAL MILL START/STOP INTERLOCKS.
COAL FEEDER START/STOP INTERLOCKS.
SCANNER AIR FANS.
SEAL AIR FANS.
DAMPER INTERLOCKS.

Procedure of turbine cold startup?

The startup condition of the turbine is considered as per inner

casing temperature of the turbine such as,
a) Cold start up If the casing temperature is < 200C.
b) Warm start up - If the casing temperature in between
200-300C.
c) Hot start up- If the casing temperature is > 450C.
Pre checklist for cold start up:-
1) Check all work completed and all permit is returned.
2) Confirm all interlock test of turbine is completed.
3) Check all level gauges and pressure gauges in operation.
4) Check cooling tower sump level should be normal level.
5) Check the oil level of MOT tank and control oil tank should
be normal.
6) Check the generator cooling water and lube oil cooling
system is normalized.
7) Check the compressor is system in running .
8) Check the ACW pump in running.
9) Check the circulating water pump(CW) in running.
10)Check the turbine lube oil pump is running and turbine is in
barring gear.
11) Check the generator air cooling system is in operation.

Procedure for turbine rolling:-

1) Start the CEP with minimum re circulation.
2) Start the gland steam system with auxiliary PRDS.
3) Start the gland steam blower and normalize Gland steam
drain system.
4) Maintain the gland steam temperature in between 121 to
177 deg c.
5) Start the vacuum pump or ejector for vacuum pulling.
6) Ensure the boiler develop rated pressure above 15
kg/cm2 & temperature >360deg c
7) Put the HP and LP bypass system in operation for line
warm-up.
8) Ensure all turbine drains are open condition.
9) Check the turbine lube oil temperature is in-between 38-42
deg c.
10) Check the differential expansion and eccentricity is
normal.
11) Reset the turbine from governor panel.
12) Press the latching or start bottom to open the ESV.
13) Give command for rolling of turbine.
14) Check the turning gear and JOP automatically stopped
when speed reaches >300 rpm.
15) Press the hold button of turbine and hold the speed in
500rpm to check the eccentricity < 0.076 mm, axial shift +- 1
mm and differential expansion +- 6mm of turbine.
16) Continue the speed of the turbine with 40 rpm/min and
speedup the turbine speed during critical speed of 1850,2000
and 2200 respectively (as per designer).
17) Check the main oil pump comes in service and AOP is
stopped condition.
18) After turbine reached to full speed hold for some time and
ensure upper and lower casing temperature difference is within
limit.
19) Ask the electrical people for synchronization.
20) Close all turbine drains after synchronization.
21) Increase load by follow of turbine cold startup load curve.
22) When the load is increase to 20% of full load charge the
Extraction line gradually.
23) Finally check all parameter of turbine is ok and increase
turbine load to full.

Q. What is the critical speed of turbine.

A. It is the speed at which the natural frequency of turbine shaft is
close/near to the operating frequency of the shaft. The turbine shaft
material has its own natural frequency, when we rotate the turbine
rotor at some speed the both frequency are near equal so it produce a
high vibration and noise at this particular frequency. To avoid
critical speed we have to accelerate the turbine speed if the turbine
speed hold at this frequency then a high vibration occurs in the shaft.
The value of critical speed is defined by the designer of turbine. For
example we can say that critical speed of a 150 MW , 3000 rpm
steam turbine may be 1800 rpm , 2200 rpm and 2500 rpm.
Q. What are the couplings used in steam turbine.
A. There are three types of coupling are generally used as,
a) Flexible coupling:- This couplings are used where there is small
misalignment and axial movement of shaft .This coupling require
lubrication.
b) Semi flexible coupling:- These couplings are generally used in
between turbine and generator. No lubrication require for this
coupling.
c) Rigid coupling:- This couplings are provided in between the
cylinders such as in between HP- LP and between LP- IP cylinders.

Q. Why turbine kept in turning gear after shutdown?

A.To avoid hogging (bending downwards) or sagging (bending
upwards) effect of turbine turning gear is used after
shutdown . There is a temperature difference in lower casing
and upper casing of turbine after shutdown if we kept turbine
shaft stationary then it will bent turbine rotor, to avoid this
the turbine should be rotate in slow speed. There are generally
three type of turning gear used ,
a) Electrical turning gear Electrical motor is used in this
type of turning gear to rotate the turbine less than 30 rpm .
A reduction gear is used to reduce the speed.
b) Hydraulic turning gear- In this system a hydraulic turbine
wheel is mounted on the shaft of the turbine. High velocity
oil is supplied from jacking oil pump which rotate the blade
of hydraulic turning gear hence the turbine rotor. This system
will start after the starting of JOP. Most of advanced turbine
use this system.
c) Hand barring system If the electric or hydraulic system
fails then hand barring is done with slow speed through a
lever and handle.
Q. What is turbine stress evaluator (TSE)?
A. It is the instrument used to online monitor of turbine
mechanical stress. It calculate the temperature difference of
turbine upper and lower casing. It is the algorithm system
based on the comparison of actual calculated stress.
Q. Why gland steam system is provided in steam turbine?
A.The main function of gland sealing system is , it prevent
the escape/leakage of steam at the HP side of turbine and
prevent the ingress of air at the LP side of turbine. It is
provided at the turbine shaft. Labyrinth seals are generally
used for sealing purpose. It is generally made of aluminum,
bronze and mild steel. Radial and axial clearance is provided
in between the seal. Steam throttled in every stage and gain
kinetic energy at the expense its pressure energy. So pressure
dropped in every stage and it provide sealing of shaft. By
providing the labyrinth clearance very small the loss can be
minimized. Collecting pockets are provided at other end of
sealing in which the steam can be collected and can be used
in gland steam blower.
Q. What is the differential expansion of steam turbine?
A. It is the difference of expansion in between the turbine
shaft and turbine casing. The thermal emanation of rotor is
happen because of mass of casing is more than the mass
of rotor. This is happen due to sudden loading of turbine
or rate of steam inlet in turbine is very high. If the rotor
expansion is more than casing then it is known as positive
explanation and if the casing expansion is more than rotor
is known as negative expansion .The expansion value for
turbine tripping is generally provided as +- 6 mm. It is
measured by LVDT ( linear variable differential transducer).
The differential expansion = Change in shaft length into
change in turbine casing length.
Q. What is axial shift of turbine?
A. The axial shift of turbine can be defined as the physical
shifting of turbine rotor from the center point. This shifting
is happen due to thrust on blade of rotor. Thrust tapered
bearing is provided to prevent the axial shift of rotor. The
tripping value for turbine axial shift is generally provided with
+- 0.6 mm. The possible causes of axial shift is due to,
a)Sudden drop in vacuum
b) Sudden drop in steam temperature
c) Sudden change in load
d) Sudden closer of extraction NRV.
e) Lube oil failure in thrust bearing.
f) Scaling in turbine blades.
Q. What is TSE (turbine supervising panel)?
A.This is the integrated combine logic provided to observe
the safe operation of turbine. This supervisory panel observes,
a) Turbine casing explanation during roiling.
b) Turbine differential expansion.
c) Turbine rotor eccentricity.
d) Turbine vibration.
e) Rate of loading of turbine.

Q. What is over speed of turbine?
A. It is the increased speed of turbine due to grid failure
or islanding condition. Over speed happen due to sudden
unloading of turbine. The over speed of turbine tripping is
generally provided with speed > 110 % of rated speed. The
machine should not be allowed to cross that limit. The over
speed tripping can be provided by a over speed governor
or mechanical governor.
Q. What is turbine tripping condition?
A. A turbine may be tripped due to this reasons,
a) Boiler trip/generator trip
a) Due to over speed- >110 %
b) High axial shift - +- 0.6 mm.
c) High differential expansion - +- 6 mm.
d) Condenser vacuum very low - < 0.6 kg/ cm
e) Main steam temperature low - <485 deg c.
f) Main steam temperature high - > 565 deg c.
g) Press of emergency push button.
h) Main steam pressure and temperature low low and high
high.
i) Turbine bearing temperature high- >120 deg c.
g) Turbine vibration high - > 165 micron.
h) Turbine lube oil temperature high - >65 deg c.
i) Mot oil level low - < 30 %.
j) Malfunction of sensing device.

Q . What is steam trap and it's function?

Ans. function of steam trap- It is a device is used in steam pipe line
to discharge condensate and gasses, prevent to escape of steam
through the line. It ensures that steam is not wasted. This is a self
contained valve which automatically drains the condensate from a
steam containing device. This is generally provided in steam drains
or before steam drain valve.

You tube video of mechanical steam trap

Types of steam trap:-

1> Mechanical trap Works in the principle of difference in density
between steam and condensate. This type of trap operate according
the condensate level in the port if the condensate level increase the
float operates and allow to condensate pass through the pipe ,when
condensate level decrease is close the valve and doesnt allow the
condensate. Types of mechanical trap i) Float type, ii)Float with
lever type, iii)Inverted bucket type, iv)Open bucket type.
2> Thermodynamic type steam trap - Works in the principle of
difference in between thermodynamic property of steam and
condensate.This types of traps operate due to velocity change in flow
of compressible and non compressible fluids.As the steam starts
condensate there is a temperature difference which allow the trap to
operate. Types of Thermodynamic type steam trap i) Disc type ii)
orifice type.
3> Thermostatic type steam trap- This trap works in the principle
of difference of temperature in between steam and condensate.
Types of Thermostatic type steam trap i) Bimetallic type, ii)
Metallic expansion type.

Q. What is (NRV) Non Return Valve?

A. This is also known as one way valve which allow the fluid flow
in one direction only. As its name implies non return means there is
only one direction flow.All the assembly are provided with a valve
bonnet.This valves are generally used in pump discharges and steam
water pipe lines.This device ensures there is no back flow of fluid
from the source. It has two lines one is inlet line and other is outlet
line.There is a direction symbol provided on the valve which show
the direction of flow fluid.
Types of NRV:-
i> Tilting disc check valve-This is a disc type check valve.The disc
provided fixed with a hinge which swing up and down. As the fluid
flow in the line it lift by the fluid force and allow the fluid to flow in
the pipe . When there is no fluid flow in the circuit it closes due to
gravitational force.
ii> Ball check valve- Here a spherical ball is used to fervent the fluid
flow. The ball is spring loaded which close the valve when there is
no fluid flow in the line. The pressure of fluid lift the ball and let the
fluid to flow.
iii> Diaphragm type NRV This is consists of a rubber diaphragm
clapper ,Which works on the differential pressure When the
pressure in the upstream is more it open the diaphragm and allow the
fluid to flow and when the pressure is equalize is closes diaphragm
and prevent to fluid.
iv> Stop check valve- Its construction is same as the swing check
valve except that here is a external control mechanism of handle or
lever provided.
v> Lift check valve- Here a lift or disc is provided which operates on
the working pressure of the fluid.

Q. what is Pressure relief valve(PRV) ?

A.

Image of pressure relief valve.

The relief valve (PRV) is a type of valve used to control or limit the
pressure in a vessel or system during an overpressure of the system.
The primary purpose of a pressure Relief Valve is protection of life
and property by venting fluid from an over pressurized vessel. Many
electronic, pneumatic and hydraulic systems exist today to control
fluid system variables, such as pressure, temperature and flow. Each
of these systems requires a power source of some type, such as
electricity or compressed air in order to operate. A pressure Relief
Valve must be capable of operating at all times, especially during a
period of power failure when system controls are nonfunctional. The
PRV is provided on the on the main steam line to control the line
pressure. The PRV is generally operated through pneumatic
pressure.The PRV operated according to the set pressure of rhe
controller. The valve set down when the pressure reach to normal
value.

Q. What is the difference between safety valve and pressure

relief valve?
A. Difference between safety valve and relief valve
Relief Valve The relief valve is used on a filled vessel. For such a
valve the opening is proportional to increase in the vessel pressure.
Hence the opening of valve is not sudden, but gradual if the pressure
is increased gradually. A relief valve is meant to relieve pressure to
prevent an over pressure condition. A relief valve may have an
operator on it to assist in opening the valve in response to a control
signal. The capacity of PRV are generally small.
Safety Valve This device is used to relief on a compressible
filled vessel. For such a valve the opening is sudden. When the set
pressure of the valve is reached, the valve opens almost fully. A
safety valve is meant to relieve pressure without operator assistance
and a safety valve, or combination of safety valves, must be have a
capacity to relieve more than the energy input to the volume being
protected.

Q. What is steam turbine?

Ans.The turbine is a rotary machine which converts heat
energy of steam into mechanical energy. The steam
contain both pressure and temperature known as
enthalpy .
Working- When steam allowed in the turbine the kinetic
energy of steam at the expense of (enthalpy) is convert
to mechanical energy. As the steam moves over the
blades due to change of direction and centrifugal force
of isometric expansion causes to rotate the blade.

Type of steam turbine:- There are generally two types

of steam turbine.
1. Impulse turbine- Here the steam is expanding in
the fixed nozzle and the pressure drops at each stage.
The high velocity of steam entering in the nozzle does
work in the moving blades which causes shaft to rotate.
The main features of this turbine are maximum pressure
drops in the nozzle.
2. Reaction turbine- In this type of turbine the pressure
is dropped in both fixed and moving blades. The both
fixed and moving blades act like a nozzle. Work done
is obtained due to impulse effect (Reversal of direction
of high velocity steam) plus reaction effect of (Expansion
of steam) trough the moving blades. The velocity of
steam is proportional to the square root of heat drop
in the nozzle.
Q.What are Classifications of steam turbine:-

Ans. The steam turbine are classified as under,

1. According to number of cylinder-
a) Single cylinder.
b) Double cylinder.
c) Three cylinder.
2. According to steam flow :-
a) Axial flow turbine-Here the steam flows parallel to
the axis of turbine.
b) Radial flow turbine- Here the steam flows
perpendicular to the axis of the turbine.
3. According to the method of governing:-
a) Throttle governing-Steam enters trough the throttle
valves.
b)Nozzle governing- steam enters through two or more
nozzles.
c) Bypass governing- Here the steam is divided two
or more stages of turbine.
4. According to the principle of action:-
a) Impulse turbine.
b) Reaction turbine.
5. According to the heat balance arrangement:-
a) Condensing turbine-Here the steam is condensed
through a condenser .
b) Back pressure turbine- The exhaust steam is used
in the purpose of industrial or process heating purpose.
6. According to pressure used:-
a) Low pressure turbine.
b) Medium pressure turbine.
c) High pressure turbine.
7. According to shaft arrangement.
a) Tandem compound -Here the shaft are arranged in
single shaft.
b) Cross compound Here the shaft are arranged to
drive different generators.
8. According to casing:-
a) Single shell casing.
b) Double shell casing.

Q. What Is turbine heat rate?

Ans. It the ratio of heat input to MW generated in
kcal/kWh.
= steam flow(enthalpy of steam-enthalpy of feed water)
/ MW.

Q. What are the turbine losses?

A. The turbine losses are mention here as,
a)Tip Leakage loss- This loss is happen due to the
clearance in between the fixed and moving blades.
b) Friction loss- This loss is due to the fluid friction
in nozzle and rotor blades.
c) Leaving loss- This loss is considered due to the
leaving of steam in last stage of blade without doing
further useful work.

Q. why maximum steam turbine double shell casing

is provided?
Ans.The double shell is preferred because,
. a) For quick start up of turbine.
b) Less stress developed in the casing due to double
casing.

Q. What are the types of condenser used in steam

turbine?
Ans. There are two type of condenser is general used
in steam turbine as,
a) Jet condenser: - In this type of condenser exhaust
steam and cooling water is directly mixing together. Here
very high quality of cooling water is needed. The quantity
of cooling water required is very less as compared to
surface condenser.
b) Surface condenser:- Here the cooling water is
flowing through tube shells and the exhaust steam is
cooled through the contact of cooling water tubes.

Q. What is vacuum?
Ans. The vacuum can be defined as a state of very
low pressure or we can say that a space of no matter.
It is below the atmospheric pressure and measured in
(mmHg).
Q. What is the effect of high vacuum in Turbine?
Ans. We can't maintain very high vacuum in steam
turbine because,
a) Turbine last stage is designed with 12% wet
steam ,very high vacuum will lead to increase wetness
in last stage so it will reduce the mechanical strength
of turbine last blade as the volume of steam increase.
b) Due to high wetness corrosion of last blade will
increase.
c) The condensate water will goes to under cooling due
to low saturation pressure so more coal and sensible
heat required to rise the temperature of condensate.
d) Due to high vacuum condenser tube may be
compressed.

Q. What is the effect of low vacuum in a steam

turbine?
Ans. By maintaining vacuum in a turbine the work done
of turbine will be increase because vacuum will reduce
the back pressure of the turbine hence there is more
pressure difference in between the turbine and more
work done.Vacuum helps to convert of steam to water
by providing low saturation temperature.

Q. What is gauge pressure and absolute pressure?

Ans. Absolute pressure :- It is the pressure which is
zero-referenced against
vacuum.
The absolute pressure = gauge
pressure + atmospheric pressure.
Gauge pressure :- It is the pressure which is zero
reference to atmospheric
pressure.
Gauge pressure = absolute pressure
atmospheric pressure.
Q. What is Electro - Hydraulic governing control of
turbine?
Ans. Now a days most of the turbine speed is controlled
through this type of governing. It is the governing system
in which the turbine speed is controlled by electrical
sensing and hydraulic control. This type of governing
provides very faster speed response than the other
governing. The turbine speed is measured through a
electrical speed transducer mounted on the HP end of
the turbine rotor.
Q. What is eccentricity of steam turbine?
Ans. It is defined as the deviation between the center
axis of the shaft to outer diameter of the turbine
rotor .This happen due to uneven cooling of turbine after
shutdown condition. Due to this effect the shaft may
be got permanent damage and the fixed blade may touch
to moving blades. The eccentricity is measured when
the turbine speed is <240 rpm .
Q. What is the NAS value of oil ?
Ans. The NAS stands for National Aerospace Standard,
is used to find the contamination of oil. The NAS value
is maintained 6 for turbine oil servo-46.The water
concentration of oil should not exceed more than 300
ppm.
Methods of oil sampling:- The oil sample is always taken
from a upward pipe with continuous flow. The sample
taken between the pump and filter.
Q. What is diaphragm of a steam turbine?
Ans. The diaphragm is used in steam turbine to prevent
leakage steam passing through fixed and moving blades.
It is the partition in between the fixed blade and moving
blade of steam turbine. Generally labyrinth seals are
used for diaphragm. One half of diaphragm is fitted into
the top casing and another half is fitted into the bottom
casing. It works as a seal in between fixed and moving
blade. It increase the turbine efficiency.

Q. What are the heat transfer mediums

Ans. There are generally three medium as,
a) Conduction:- Here the heat is transferred through
molecules. The molecules move from one part to another
part of the substance. Liquid are the good conductor
where as vapor and gaseous are poor conductor of
conduction medium.
b) Convection: - Here the heat is transferred through
movement of heated medium. The heated medium
moves from one place to another place due to density
difference. This medium is used in boiler furnace.
b) Radiation: - Here the heat is transferred through
gasses or vacuum. The heat transfer depends on the
fourth power of bodys absolute temperature.
Q. What is boiling?
Ans. There are two boiling process used in medium
heating.
a) Nucleate boiling: - Here the heat added in such
a manner that the heat received from the inner wall
of the container and the droplets are individually
converted into steam bubbles. As the bubbles grow the
size they move to upward due to lighter density. Other
bubbles take their space and the process continues till
the container heated.
b) Film boiling: - This is called film boiling, because
a bubble film is created at the inner surface of the
container. If the heat flux added is greatly increase to
a certain value the bubbles are adjacent to each other
instead of detached and a film is formed at the inner
wall of the container. This bubble film act as a poor
conductor of heat. The bubbles get super heated and
finally increase the temperature of container and may
lead to failure of container / tube. The deviation of boiling
process from nucleate boiling to film boiling is known
as departure from nucleate boiling (DNB).
Q. What are the circulations are used in boiler?
Ans. There are three types of circulation is generally
used in boiler as,
a)Natural circulation:- This circulation happen due to
density difference of the two medium. In boiler the two
medium are water and steam, as steam is lighter than
the water it pushes to upwards flow of water steam
mixture, the steam is separated in drum and water
comeback through down comer to again water wall. This
circulation use thermo- siphon principle. This circulation
limited to operating pressure below 175 kg/cm.
b) Assist circulation:- In this circulation the medium
moves through a mechanical pump. The pump overcome
the frictional loses in the tube. This type of circulation
used pressure beyond 175 kg/cm .The pump is placed
in between the down comer and bottom ring header
of water wall.
c) Forced circulation / once through system:- This
system used in boiler above critical pressure. Here the
feed water is directly fed from the beginning of the circuit
to end of the circuit without circulation. No drum used
in this system. Super critical boilers are designed for
once through system.
Q. What is stoichiometric combustion?
Ans. It is defined as the theoretical combustion
in which fuel is burnt completely. It is used to determine
the actual theoretical air required for a proper
combustion.

Q. What are the types of boiler?

Ans. There are two types of boiler is generally used,
a) Water tube boiler:- Here water is flowing through
the tube. The hot gasses pass through tube and heat
transfer takes place. Now a days most of boiler are
water tube boiler.
b) Fire tube boiler:- Here hot gas passes through the
tube and tube is immersed with water. Heat transfer
takes place from the hot flue gasses and steam is
collected from top of cell. This boiler used in for small
steam demand. The solid combustible hot gas settle
inside the tube which reduce heat transfer.
Q. What are the types of economizer is used in boiler?
A. There are two type of economizer used in boiler as,
a) Steaming economizer:- Here some of the water is
converted to steam and the steam-water mixture flows
through the economizer. This type of economizer used
in high percentage of feed water to avoid scaling inside
the tube.
b) Non-steaming economizer:- In this type of
economizer only water flows through the circuit.
Q. What is the draft and types of draft used in boiler?
Ans. The draft is defined as pressure difference in
between a system. There are generally three types of
draft used in boiler,
a) Forced draft: - Here force draft (FD) fan is used
to maintain the draft in boiler. Here the draft inside the
boiler would be always positive draft.
b) Induced drought: - Here induced drought (ID) fan
is used to maintain the draft in boiler. The pressure
inside the boiler would be always negative.
c) Balance drought:- Here both FD and ID fan is used
to maintain the drought inside the boiler. The drought
at the tip of the burner will be zero. This type of drought
is used in maximum boiler.
Q. What is super critical boiler?
A. The boiler which works the pressure above the critical
pressure is known as super-critical boiler. This boiler
works in the principle of once through system. There
is no drum only separator is used for separating steam
from water during partial load