QUESTION 1.................................................................................................................................. 3
Deriving the formula: .................................................................................................................. 3
Graphs: ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Tau tends to 0 .............................................................................................................................. 6
QUESTION 2.................................................................................................................................. 8
Matlab: ........................................................................................................................................ 8
OrCAD: ..................................................................................................................................... 19
RC ......................................................................................................................................... 19
RL ......................................................................................................................................... 20
RLC ....................................................................................................................................... 20
0 0
<<
() = { 2 2
0 0
0 < < 0
2 2
The mathematical expressions have been derived in the attached Annexure AMathematical
Derivations.
0 = Ad
= 0.5 = = 0.05 =
2 20
2
= sin()
= 0
() = 0 + cos(0 ) + sin(0 )
=1
2
() = + sin() cos(0 )
=1
The Exponential Fourier series can be derived from the Trigonometric Fourier Series.
0 = 0 = Ad , is the DC component which is equal to zero for a duty-cycle (d=0) and
non-zero for a duty-cycle (d>0).
In taking the general expression for the exponential Fourier coefficients (Dn) for a square
wave with any duty-cycle (d),
= = sin() 0
2
() = 0
=
The exponential Fourier series for a pulse train with duty cycle (d) is given by:
() = + sin() 0 , 0
=
The amplitude of the pulse train (A) has been taken as 1V. The Graph is for the two-sided
amplitude spectrum. The Fourier coefficient (bn) was found to be zero for all n and therefore the
Phase Spectrum is also zero.
Graphs:
Tau tends to 0
As Tau -> 0 the graph flattens out and becomes more like a dcwave, and it expands over the
frequency domain towards +/- .
QUESTION 2
Matlab:
Phase
C - Value
R_RLC Re(Lambda_1) Imag(Lambda_1) Re(Lambda_2) Imag(Lambda_2) angle
(1/Cos(theta))
(radians)
0 -2.00E+03 5.50E+04 -2.00E+03 -5.50E+04 -3.63E-02 1.00E+00
22 -3.10E+03 5.50E+04 -3.10E+03 -5.50E+04 -5.63E-02 1.00E+00
680 -3.60E+04 4.16E+04 -3.60E+04 -4.16E+04 -7.13E-01 1.32E+00
10000 -3.03E+03 -1.00E+06
C1 9.97E+05
C2 -9.97E+05
P-Spice:
RC
10000
Time: = 10000
1
Frequency: = 1+10000
RLC
Time: 3.039 23 cos(1.15 0.182)
Figure 8: RLC 0 ohm Resistor - Time Domain
0 0
<<
() = { 2 2
0 0
0 < < 0
2 2
1 0
0 = ()
0 0
0
1 0 2
= ()
0 0
2
0
1 2
= ()
0 0
2
0
1 2
=
0 0
2
0
= | 20
0 2
0 0
= [ + ]
0 2 2
0
=
0
= Ad
= 0.5 = = 0.05 =
2 20
0
2 2
= cos(0 )
0 0
2
0
2 2
= cos(0 )
0 0
2
2 (0 ) 0
= ( | 20
0 0
2
2 0 0
= [sin (0 ) + sin (0 )]
0 0 2 2
2
= sin()
0
2 2
= sin(0 )
0 0
2
=0
() = 0 + cos(0 ) + sin(0 )
=1
2
() = + sin() cos(0 )
=1
The Exponential Fourier series can be derived from the Trigonometric Fourier Series.
0 = 0 = Ad , is the DC component which is equal to zero for a duty-cycle (d=0) and
non-zero for a duty-cycle (d>0).
In taking the general expression for the exponential Fourier coefficients (Dn) for a square
wave with any duty-cycle (d),
= = sin() 0
2
() = 0
=
The exponential Fourier series for a pulse train with duty cycle (d) is given by:
() = + sin() 0 , 0
=
The amplitude of the pulse train (A) has been taken as 1V. The Graph is for the two-sided
amplitude spectrum. The Fourier coefficient (bn) was found to be zero for all n and therefore the
Phase Spectrum is also zero.
RC Circuit
= 1
(0 ) = 1
(0+ ) = 1
() = ()
() + () + () = 0
() + () + () = 0
1 ()
( + ) () =
Characteristic polynomial:
1
+
Characteristic Equation:
1
+ =0
1
1 =
Characteristic mode
0 () = 1
() = [() ()]()
1
=( ) ()
1
=
1 + ()2
1
() =
1
+
1
=
1 +
1 + ()2
|()| =
1 + ()2
1
() =
1 + (2)2
RL Circuit
() + + + = 0
( + )() = ()
()
( + ) () =
( + ) () = ( + )()
Characteristic Polynomial
+
Characteristic Equation
+ =0
1 =
Characteristic mode
0 () = 1
() = [() ()]()
= [( + ) ]()
+
2
=( + ) ()
+
2
= ( + ) () + ()
+
= ( )
+ +
+
() = =( )
+ +
+
() = ( )
+ +
+
=
+
( + )( )
=
2 + ()2
+ ()2 + ( )
=
2 + ()2