11-174 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specificatio'"

At center, away from holes

PL (0.900)(8.0)
M = - = = 1.80 kip-ft = 21.6 kip-in.
4 4
At edge of hole closest to center
M = V[L/2 -(12.0 - 2.25)J = (0.450)[96.0/2 -9.75] = 17.2 kip-in.

LRFD Required Strength

P, = 1.2Po + 1.6PL = (1.2)(0.150)+ (1.6)(0.750) = 1.38kips
V, = Pu/2 = 1.38/2 = 0.690 kips
At center, away from holes
P L (1.38)(8.0)
M, = _u_ = = 2.76 kip-ft = 33.1 kip-in,
4 4
At edge of hole closest to center
M, = Vu [L/2 - (12.0 - 2.25)J = (0.690)[ (96.0/2) -9.75 J = 26.4kip-in.
b) Flexural Strength without Holes
The member is not subject to lateral-torsional buckling, so compute strength using Section
C3.1.1 with effective section modulus, Se,at f = Fy.
It can be shown that, in the area without holes, the section is eligible for strength increase
using the cold work of forming provisions of Section A7.2.
F, = Fya= 56.6 ksi (calculations not shown)
Se = 0.670 in.' (calculations not shown)
Mn = SeFy (Eq. C3.1.1-:
= (0.670)(56.6) = 37.9 kip-in.

c) Nominal Flexural Strength with Holes

The member is not subject to lateral-torsional buckling, so compute strength using Section
C3.1.1 with effective section modulus, Se,at f = Fy.
Check web using Section B2.4 - "C-Section Webs with Holes under Stress Gradient".
dh = 1.5 in.
Lh = 4.5 in.
h = 4.00 - 2(0.1070 + 0.0713) = 3.643 in.
Check limi ts
dh/h = 1.5/3.643 = 0.412 < 0.7 OK
hit = 3.643/0.0713 = 51.1 < 200 OK
Holes are centered at mid-depth of web OK
Clear distance between holes = 24.0 - 4.5 = 19.5 in. > 18.0 in. OK
Comer radii = 0.25 in. > (2)(0.0713) = 0.143 in. OK
dh < 2.5 in. OK
Li, = 4.5 in. OK
-- Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-175

dh> 9/16 in. OK

Since dh/h > 0.38, treat compression porton of web as a uniformly compressed unstiffened
element as follows:
w = (h-dh)/2 =(3.643-1.50)/2 = 1.072 in.
k = 0.43
:aIculate first estmate of fl at the top of the flat width using similar triangles with gross
:operties.

f = fl = 50(4.00/2 -0.0713 - 0.1070J = 45.5ksi

4.00/2

F" = k 12(:2~ ~2) (:

2
r (Eq. B2.1-S)

= 0.43 11:(29500) (0.0713)2 =50.7ksi

12 (1- 0.32) 1.072

A = J~r (Eq. B2.1-4)

= ~45.5 = 0.947> 0.673 :. web is subject to local buckling

50.7
p = (1-0.22/A)/A (Eq. B2.1-3)

= (1- 0.22/0.947)/0.947 = 0.811

b =pw (Eq. B2.1-2)
= (0.811)(1.072) =0.869 in.

Since the web is not fully effective, the cross section is not eligible for design using the cold
work of forming provision in this area.
Check Flange and Lip
It can be shown that the flange and lip are fully effectve at this stress level (calculations not
shown).
Recompute Section Properties
Calculate the effective section modulus, Se, deducting both the 1.50 inch hole and the inef-
fective portion of the compression area of the web. Using the methods illustrated in the ex-
amples in Part 1, the effective flexural properties can be computed as:
ye = 2.03 in. (from top fiber)
Ixe = 1.32 in.s
Sxe = 0.648 in.>
Further Iterations
The shift in the centroid causes a very slight change to the stress distribution and conse-
quently a very small change in the value of h at the top of the flat width of the web, but not
enough to change the values calculated above.
11-176 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifica .~-

Nominal Flexural Strength

Mn -s,r, (Eq. C3....:
= (0.648)(50) = 32.4 kip-in.
Alternatively, M can be taken from Table 11-2. For a 400S162-68 with Fy = 50 ksi,
M = 32.4 kip-in.
d) Available Strength
ASD Allowable Strength
Qb =1.67

At center, away from holes

Mn = 37.9 = 22.7 kip-in. > 21.6 kip-in. OK
n, 1.67

At holes nearest center

Mn = 32.4 = 19.4 kip-in. > 17.2 kip-in. OK
o, 1.67

LRFD Design Strength

Q>b =0.95
At center, away from holes
Q>bMn = (0.95)(37.9) = 36.0 kip-in. > 33.1 kip-in. OK

At holes nearest center

Q>bMn = (0.95)(32.4) = 30.8 kip-in. > 26.4 kip-in. OK

2. ShearStrength

a) Required Strength
ASD Required Strength
V = 0.450 kips (from above)
LRFD Required Strength
Vu = 0.690 kips (from above)
b) Shear Strength without Holes - Section C3.2.1
hit = 51.1 (computed above)
~Ekv/Fy = ~(29500)(5.34)/50 = 56.1

Since hit < ~Ekv/Fy ,

P, = 0.60Fy (Eq. C3.2.1-
= (0.60)(50) = 30 ksi
(Eq. C3.2.1-1
= (3.643)(0.0713)(30) = 7.79 kips

e) Shear Strength with Holes - Section C3.2.2

Limits same as those checked above OK
 Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-177

e = h/2-dh/2 (Eq. C3.2.2-3)

= 3.643/2 -1.50/2 = 1.07 in.
e/ t = 1.07/0.0713 = 15.0
- ee 5 < e/ t < 54,
qs = ej(54t) (Eq. C3.2.2-1)

= 1.07/[(54)(0.0713)J = 0.278

v: = qsVn =(0.278)(7.79) = 2.17kips

_ ternatively, V, ean be taken from Table U-2. For a 4005162-68 with F, = 50 ksi,
Vn = 2.17 kips
Available 5trength
__Allowable 5trength
=1.60

~ = 2.17 = 1.36 kips > 0.450 kips. OK

1.60
Design 5trength
=0.95
- = (0.95)(2.17) = 2.06 kips > 0.690 kips. OK

mbined Bending and Shear Strength

_-ear the eenter of the beam (no holes)

QbM)2+(nv
V)2 ::;;1.0 (Eq. C3.3.1-1)
- lnxo Vn

1.67)(21.6))2 +((1.60)(0.450))2 = 0.956 < 1.0 OK

37.9 . 7.79

_-_edge of the hole closest to the eenter

1.67)(17.2))2 + ((1.60)(0.450))2 = 0.947 < 1.0 OK (Eq. C3.3.1-1)

32.4 2.17

- tematively, this ease ean be eheeked with Table Il-Tl a. For a 4005162-68 with Fy = 50 ksi,
. g a required allowable moment, M, of 17.2 kip-in., eonservatively interpolate the maxi-
cmm permitted shear, V.
or M = 16.8 kip-in., V::;;0.678 kips
or M = 18.7 kip-in., V::;;0.351 kips
or M = 17.2 kip-in., interpolating,

V::;; 0.351+(18.7-17.2)(0.678_0.351) =0.609kips>0.450kips OK

18.7 -16.8
11-178 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Speciflcati

LRFD
Near the center of the beam (no holes)

-M J2 + ( -- -V J2 <10 (Eq. 0--

( ~bMnxo ~v Vn _.

M =Mu
V =V,

33.1 2 + ( 0.690 J2 = O924 < 1 O OK (Eq. C3-

( (0.95)(37.9) J (0.95)(7.79) . .

At edge of hole closest to the center

26.4
( (0.95)(32.4) 2 + ( 0.690 J2 = 0.921 < 1.0 OK (Eq. O:
J (0.95)(2.17)
Alternatively, this case can be checked with Table Il-llb. For a 400S162-68with Fy = 50
using a required moment, Me. of 26.4 kip-in., conservatively interpolate the maximum pe:-
mitted factored shear, Vu.
for M, = 21.8 kip-in., Vu:S;1.46 kips
for M, = 26.7 kip-in., Vu:S;1.03 kips
for M, = 26.4 kip-in., interpolating,

Vu:S;1.03+(26.7-26.4)(1.46_1.03) = 1.06kips > 0.690kips OK

26.7 -21.8

4. Web CripplingStrength

a) Required Strength
ASD Required Strength
End Condition
P = V = 0.450 kips
Interior Condition
P = PD + PL= 0.150 + 0.750 = 0.900 kips
LRFD Required Strength
End Condition
P, = Vu = 0.690 kips
Interior Condition
Pu = t.zr, +1.6PL =(1.2)(0.150)+(1.6)(0.750)=1.38kips
b) Web Crippling Strength without Holes - Section C3.4.1
e = 90 degrees
R = 0.1070 in.
t = 0.0713 in.
- Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-179

h = 3.643 in.
End Condition
N = 3.0 in.
From Table C3.4.1-2
Check limits
hjt = 51.1 < 200 OK (computed above)
Njt = 3.0/0.0713 = 42.1 < 210 OK
Njh = 3.0/3.643 = 0.823 < 2.0 OK

For conditions of Fastened to SupportjStiffened or Partially Stiffened FlangesjOne Flange

LoadingjEnd Condition:
C =4
CR = 0.14
CN = 0.35
Ch = 0.02
Ow = 1.75
~w = 0.85
R/t = 0.1070/0.0713 = 1.50 < 9 OK

Po = Ct2FySme(1-CR~)(l+CN~)( l-Ch~) (Eq. C3.4.1-1)

3.643 )
= (4)(0.0713)2 (50)sin(90)[1-
0.0713 ~o.om
0.14 0.1070 )[1 + 0.35 /3.0)[1-0.02
0.0713
=2.36 kips
Alternatively, Pn can be conservatively interpolated from Table Il-14. For a 400S162-68 with
Fy = 50 ksi, fastened to support, case A:
for N = 2 in., Pn = 2.06 kips
for N = 4 in., P, = 2.61 kips
for N = 3 in., interpolating, Pn = 0.5(2.06 + 2.61) = 2.34 kips
Interior Condition
N = 5.0 in.
From Table C3.4.1-2
Check limits (other limits checked above)
N j t = 5.0/0.0713 = 70.1 < 210 OK
Njh = 5.0/3.643 = 1.37 < 2.0 OK

For conditions of Fastened to SupportjStiffened or Partially Stiffened FlangesjOne Flange

LoadingjInterior Condition
C =13
CR = 0.23
 11-180 Beam Designfor Usewith the 2007 North American Cold-FormedSteel Sp~-~-

CN = 0.14
Ch = 0.01
!1w = 1.65
~w = 0.90
R/t = 1.50 <5.0 OK

Po ~ Ct2FySll+-CR~J(1+CN~J(l-C JfJ h
(Eq. c:-

= (13)(0.0713)2 (50)Sin(90)(1-0.23 0.1070 J(l +0.14 /5.OJ(1-0.01 3.643 J

0.0713 ~.07i3 0.0713
=4.79 kips
Alternatively, Pn can be conservatively interpolated from Table II-14. For a 4005162-68 -,
F, = 50 ksi, fastened to support, case B:
for N = 4 in., P, = 4.51 kips
for N = 6 in., Pn = 5.03 kips
for N = 5 in., interpolating, P, = 0.5( 4.51 + 5.03) = 4.77 kips

e) Web Crippling 5trength with Holes - Section C3.4.2

Limits same as those checked above OK
End Condition
x = 12.0 - 4.50/2 - 3.0/2 = 8.25 in. (distance between web hole and edge of bearing)
Re = 1.01-0.325dh/h + 0.083x/h ~ 1.0 (Eq. C3.4. .:

= 1.01- (0.325)(1.50)/3.643 + (0.083)(8.25)/3.643 = 1.06 > 1 Use 1.0

Pn = RcPn = (1.0)(2.36) = 2.36 kips
Alternatively, Re can be extrapolated from Table II-16b. For stud depth = 4 in., x 5 in.,
Re = 1.00
Interior Condition
x = 12.0 - 4.50/2 - 5.0/2 = 7.25 in. (distance between web hole and edge of bearing)
Re = 0.90 - 0.047dh/h + 0.053x/h S; 1.0 (Eq. C3.4.2-:
= 0.90 - (0.047)(1.50)/3.643 + (0.053)(7.25)/3.643 = 0.986 < 1.0 OK
P, = RcPn = (0.986)( 4.79) = 4.72 kips
Alternatively, Re can be conservatively interpolated from Table II-16a. For depth = 4 in.,
for x = 4 in., Re = 0.94
for x = 8 in., Re = 0.99

for x = 7.25 in., interpolating, Re = 0.94+(7.25-4)(0.99_0.94) = 0.98

8-4
~=am Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-181

- Available Strength
- 3D Allowable Strength
End Condition
0w = 1.75

Pn = 2.36 = 1.35 kips > 0.450 kips OK

0w 1.75
Interior Condition
0w = 1.65

Pn = 4.72 = 2.86 kips > 0.900 kips OK

0w 1.65
:..RFD Design Strength
End Condition
<I>w =0.85
<pwPn= (0.85)(2.36)=2.01kips> 0.690kips OK
Interior Condition
<pw =0.90
<l>wP=
n (0.90)(4.72) = 4.25kips > 1.38 kips OK

5. Combined Bending and Web Crippling

Concentrated load at center of beam controls

ASD

0.91(~) + (~):s:: 1.33 (Eq. C3.5.1-1)

Pn Mnxo
0.91(0.900)+(21.6):s:: 1.33
4.72 37.9 1.70
0.743 < 0.782 OK
LRFD

0.91(P]+( M ]:S::1.33<P (Eq. C3.5.2-1)

Pn Mnxo
-
P =P,
M =M,

0.91(1.38) + (33.1):s:: 1.33(0.90)

4.72 37.9
1.14 < 1.20 OK
11-182 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifica --

Example 11-10: C-Section with Combined Bending and Torsional Loading

w

C' = 0.773 inTI . tt ..

R = 0.1875 In. ,
I,
I+H_X"'-D-+I

X_---
s.c. A' = 9.000 in.

B' = 2.500 in.

. 1

Given:
1. Steel: Fy = 55 ksi
2. Section: 9CS2.5x059
3. Gross Section Properties (from Example 1-1or Table 1-1)
t, = 10.3 in." s, = 2.29 n.' J = 0.00102in.4 Cw = 11.9 in.6

xo = -1.66 in. m = 1.05 in. x = 0.641in.

4. Effective Section Properties (from Example 1-8or Table II-1)
Ixe= 9.18 in." Sxe= 1.89 in.' y = 4.859 in.
5. The member is a simply supported beam spanning 25 feet supporting a uniformly distrir-
uted loado
6. The load is applied vertically in the plane of the web.
7. The beam has torsional braces at both ends of the member and at the brace points specfe;
below.
Required:
Determine the nominal flexural strength, based on initiation of yielding of the effecti
M11!

section considering the effects of torsion. Consider aIternate conditions of:

1. A single brace at mid-span
2. Two braces, each at the one-third points of the span
Assump tions:
1. Rotation is completely restrained at the member ends and at the braces.
2. The member is free to warp at both ends.
~m Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-183

- uiion:
A torsional reduction factor, R, is calculated using Section C3.6 and applied to the nominal
strength calculated using Section C3.1.1(a). Note that this reduction factor is not applied to
other limit states, such as lateral-torsional buckling or distortional buckling.
This solution is based on the method described in the AISC Steel Design Cuide Series 9:
"Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members"7 (DC 9). The actualloading is modeled
by superimposing the three conditions as shown in the figure below.

w t,

d along Load through Distributed Brace at Brace at

veb shear center torque mid-span 1/3 points
Simple DG 9 Case 4 DG 9 Case 3 DG 9 Case 3
bending tr=wxo a. = 0.5 a. = 0.33 and 0.67
Ti T2 = T2

Loading = #1 #2 #3 #3A

Torsional warping stresses are calculated using the second derivative of the angle of rota-
tion, S, with respect to the position, z, along the length of the member.
The sign convention for use with all torsion ~... +!
expressions are shown in the figure to the
\~
right. Note that calculated values for 8 and ,
,
,
,
Compression
~1',
, ,
S" may be either positive or negative. The '; i

proper sign for these calculated values must

be used for torsional stress calculations. Cal- ,-r' Z-direction
culated positive values are in the directions
Point A \

shown. \
\
\
\
\
\
_?.), Compression

Positive rotation and warping stresses

burg, P_Aand Carter, C], "TorsionalAnalysisof Structural SteelMembers- SteelDesign Guide Se-
- 9", AmericanInstitute of SteelConstruction,Chicago,IL,1997
11-184 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifica . -

For the sngly-symmetric channel, only the compression side need be checked for combined
bending and warping.
Normal Stresses Due to Warping
~s = EWns8" (AISe Design Guide 9, Eq. 4.3a
where Wns are normalized warping functions (section properties) of the cross-section at
each point of consideration given by:
Point A, at tip of flange stiffener

WA = a:(~-b) -c(m+b)

Point B, at junction of the flange and stiffener

a:(m-b)
WB = ---'----'-
2
Point e, at junction of the flange and web
arn
v.=:
2
where,
a: = centerline web height = 8.941 in.
b = centerline flange width = 2.441 in.
e = centerline lip length = 0.744 in.
m = distance from shear center to web centerline = 1.05 in.
The torsional warping properties for this section are:
(8.941)(1.05-2.441) .
WA = (0.744)(1.05+2.441) =-8.82 m.2
2
(8.941)(1.05 - 2.441)
WB = = -6.22 in.?
2
(8.941)(1.05)
Wc = =4.69 in.?
2
Formulas for rotation due to a number of torsionalloadings are given in Appendix C.4 of DG 9.
Summarized below are those used in subsequent calculations.
For Loading #2 above, use DG 9 Case 4 - Uniforrnly distributed torque on member with pinned
ends.
2
8t =--tra [r:(z
-- --- Z2J +cosh (z)
GJ 2a2 L L2
- -tanh (L).
a
- sinh (z)
2a
- -1.0
a
1
where

a=JE~Jw

Differentiating twice with respect to z yields

= '=' Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-185

-= _ Loadings #3 and #3A above, use DG 9 Case 3 - Concentrated torque at aL.

for O::O;z::O;aL

and

8~ =~[[Sjnh( ~) -COSh(aL)lSinh(~)l
aGJ tanh(~) a a

ote that the reduction factor, R, defined in Eq. C3.6-1, is a ratio of calculated stresses.
These calculated stresses are directly proportional to the value of the applied uniform loado
Thus a load of any magnitude can be used to calculate R. In this example, a load of w = 10
pounds/ foot is used.
Mid-Span Bracing .

rnid-span bracing, the stresses are maximum at mid-span. Combine Loadings #1, #2 and

ding #1 - Simple bending through the shear center

e _My
lb -
I

_ wL2 _ 10(25)2 (12) = ki _.

M- - ( ) 9.38 P m.
8 8 1000

Stresses at top flange points A, B and C are all compression stresses.

_ 9.38(4.859-0.773)_ k.
fbA - - - -4.18 SI
9.18
9.38( 4.859) .
fbB = fbe = - = -4.97ksl
9.18
ding #2 - Uniformly distributed torque - use DG 9 Case 4.
2
8 =_r_
t GJ 2a L L2
e
t a [ - 2 (z--- z2) +cosh (z)
- -tanh ( -L ) sinh (z)
a 2a
- -1.0
a
1
where
10(1.05) . . .
t = ( ) = 0.000875 kip-in.Zin.
r 12 1000

a= 29500(11.9) = 175 in.

11300(0.00102)
 11-186 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Spf>ri=_~:T

L= 25(12) = 300 in. L/a = 300/175= 1.71

z = 150 in. z/L = 150/300 = 0.500 z/a = 150/175 = 0.857

(1.71)2( 2) )
= 0.000875(175)2 2 0.500-(0.500) + cosh(0.857
. St --,--''----'-:-1
11300(0.00102) -tanhC~l )sinh(0.857) -1.0

= 0.199radians

Sil = 0.000875 [-1.0 + cosh(0.857) -tanh(1.71)Sinh(0.857)]

t 11300(0.00102) 2
= 21.2 X 10-6
Loading #3 - Brace at Mid-Span - use De 9 Case 3 with a = 0.5.
for O~z~aL

ST =-
TL
(1.0-0,)-+-
SI
z a 'nhaLa
-
-cosh-
aL.]
sinh-
z 1
eJ L L [ tanh L a a
r a
and

S~ =~r[Sinh~ +cosh aL]Sinh~l

aeJ tanh L a a
a
Set T = 1.0 to find the rotation per kip-in.

- 1.0(300) [ 1 (Sinh(0.5(l.71)) J . -
eT - ( ) (1-0.5)0.5+- () -cosh(0.5(l.71)) sinh(0.85/
11300 0.00102 1.71 tanh 1.71

= 1.21 radians

S" = 1.0 [(Sinh(0.5(l.71)) - h(O 5(1 71))J inh(O 857)]

T 175(11300)(0.00102) tanh(l.71) cos .. s .

= -172 X 10-6
Calculate the required value of torque provided by mid-span brace to prevent rotaton at mid-
span.
S = et+TIeT=0.199+TI(1.21)=0
TI = -0.164 kip-in.

Using this brace force, combine the calculated values for en from each loading to obtain e" for
the mid-span braced condition.
Sil = e; + TI e; = -21.2x10-6 -0.164( -172 X 10-6 ) = 7.01 X 10-6

The torsional warping stresses are:

f.v = EWne"= 29500Wn(7.01xl0-6) = 0.207Wn
 -- Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-187

f.vA=0.207(-8.82)=-1.83ksi

f.vB= 0.207 (-6.22) = -1.29 ksi

f.vc = 0.207( 4.69) = 0.971 ksi

::EIIDine the location o the maximum combined flexural and warping stress.
fA = fbA + f.vA= -4.18 -1.83 = -6.01 ksi
fB = fbB+ f.vB= -4.97 -1.29 = -6.26 ksi CONTROLS
fe = fbC + f.vc = -4.97 + 0.971 = -4.00 ksi

- enlate the reduction factor.

fbending
R (Eq. C3.6-1)
fbending+ ftorsion

-4.97 = 0.794
-4.97 -1.29
~-ote that this value occurs at the intersection of the flange and stiffener; therefore, no in-
crease is permitted.
- - zulate the nominal yielding strength.
Mn = RSeFy

= (0.794)(1.89)(55) = 82.5 kip-in,

applicable limit states should al so be evaluated (not shown) .

. d-Point Bracing
_ this condition, stresses are calculated at both the third-points and at mid-span, since it is not
ious by inspection which location will govem. Superimpose the stresses from Loadings #1,
: - d #3A. Use DG 9 Case 3 to calculate e and e" at these points due to the torsional restraint
ri ded by the braces. The value of the torque at the brace points is calculated by requiring
e
=- fue value of be zero at these two points. Note by symmetry, the torques at the braces are

~ . g #1 - Simple bending through the shear center

Flexural stresses mid-span are the same as previously calculated. Those at the third-points
are:
wL2 10(25)212 ..
M = -9-= 9(1000) =8.33 kip-in.

fbA = - 8.33 (4.859 - 0.773) = -3.71 ksi

9.18

fbB = fbC = - 8.33 (4.859) = -4.41 ksi

9.18
ading #2 - Uniformly Distributed Torque - Use DG 9 Case 4
alues at md-span are aspreviously calculated. Those at third-points are:
z = Lj3 = 100 in. zjL = 0.333 z/a = 0.571
11-188 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifica '_

(1.71)2( 2)
= 0.000875(175)2 2 0.333-(0.333) +cosh(0.571)
11300(0.00102) -tanh (1.71).
- x sinh ( 0.571) -1.0
2

= 0.173rads
By symmetry, rotation at the 2/3 point is equal to the rotation at the 1/3 point: 8tl/3= 8e:

0875
8;1/3 = 0'7 )[-1.0+COSh(0.571)-tanh(1.71)Sinh(0.571)]
11300 0.00102 2
= -19.0 X 10-6
By syrnmetry, 8" at the 2/3 point is equal to 8"at the 1/3 point: 8;2/3 = 8;1/3

Loading #3A - Braces at third-points - Use DG 9 Case 3 with a = 0.667

Apply the brace torque at 2/3 point and calculate 8T and 8~ at z = L/3, z = L/2 and z =
2L/3.
For z = L/3 = 100 and a = 0.667

8Tl/3 = 1.0/300) )l(1-0.667)0.333+_1_[SW;~~;;~~1)) ]SiOO(0.571)]

11300 0.00102 1.71 ( )
-cosh 0.667(1.71)

= 0.826radians

8" - 1.0
Tl/3 - 175(11300)(0.00102)
[(SiOO(0.667(1.71))
taOO(1.71)
(
cosh 0.667(1.71) sinh(0.571)
)J 1
= -67.1 x 10-6
For z = L/2 = 150

8Tl/2 = 113~~0(~~~l02)l(1-0.667)0.500+ 1.~1[SW;~7~;;~~1)) )]Sinh(0.857)]

-cosh 0.667(1.71)

= 1.03 radians

"-
8Tl/2 - (
1.0
)(
175 11300 0.00102
)
[(SiOO(0.667(1.71))
()
tanh 1.71
-cosh(0.667(1.71))
1
J sIOO(0.857)
.
= -108 X 10-6
For z = 2L/3 = 200

8T2/3= 113~~0(~~~l02)l(1-0.667)0.667 + 1.~1[SW;~~;;~~1)) ]Sinh(1.14)]

-cosh( 0.667(1.71))

= 0.982radians
 _ gn for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-189

-
8T2/3 - (
1.0
)(
175 11300 0.00102
)
[(Sinh(0.667(1.71))
()
tanh 1.71
-cosh(0.667(1.71))
J sinh(1.14)
. 1
= -156 X 10-6
"te the value of the torques at third-points required to prevent rotation at those brace

81/3 = Stl/3 + T2STl/3+ T2ST2/3= 0.173 + 0.826T2 + 0.982T2 = O

T2 = -0.0957 kip-in.
ate torsional warping stresses at the 1/3 and 2/3 points.

==L/3
8"1/3 -- 8"tl/3 + T2S"Tl/3 + T28"T2/3

= -19.0xl0-6 + (-0.0957)( -67.1xl0-6) + (-0.0957)( -156xl0-6)

=2.35xl0-6

~ = 29500Wn (2.35xl0-6) = 0.0693Wn

~A = 0.0693( -8.82) = -0.611 ksi

~B = 0.0693( -6.22) = -0.431 ksi
~c = 0.0693( 4.69) = 0.325 ksi

_':ermine the location of the maximum combined flexural and warping stress.
fA=fbA +~A =-3.71-0.611=-4.32ksi
fB= fbB+ ~B = -4.41- 0.431 = -4.84 ksi CONTROLS
fe = fbC+ ~c = -4.41 + 0.325 = -4.09 ksi

culate the reduction factor at the 1/3 and 2/3 points.

R= -4.41 = 0.911 (Eq. C3.6-1)

-4.41- 0.431
ate the nominal yielding strength at the 1/3 and 2/3 points.
Mn = RSeFy
= (0.911)(1.89)(55) = 94.7kip-in.

-""xulate torsional warping stress es at mid-span.

- z = L/2
Si/2 = 8;1/2+ 2T2Si1/2 = -21.2xl0-6 + 2( -0.0957)( -108xl0-6)
= -0.529 X 10-6
~ = 29500Wn (-0.529x10-6) = -0.0156Wn

~A = -0.0156( -8.82) = 0.138 ksi

~B = -0.0156(-6.22) = 0.0970ksi
11-190 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifica :

~c = -0.0156( 4.69) = -0.0732ksi

Determine the location of the maximum combined flexural and warping stress.
fA = fbA+ fwA= -4.18 + 0.138 = -4.04 ksi
fB= fbB+ ~B = -4.97 + 0.0970 = -4.87 ksi
fe = fbC+ ~c = -4.97 - 0.0732 = -5.04 ksi CONTROLS
Calculate the reduction factor at mid-span.

R = (1.15) -4.97 = 1.13 > 1.0 (Eq. C3.6-_

-4.97 - 0.0732
Since R exceeds 1.0, take R as 1.0 at midspan. The 15% increase is permitted since the maxim
combined stress occurs at the junction of the flange and web.
Calculate the nominal yielding strength at mid-span.
Mn = RSeFy
= (1.0)(1.89)(55) = 104 kip-in.
3eam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-191

ample 11-11: Web Crippling

3.0 in.
O--+lf-l-

3.0 in.
O--+lf-j- 12.0 in.
3.0 in.
O--+lf-l-

3.0 in.

V/////
l. 4.0 in. I
- ~en:

Flexural member: SSMA Stud 1200S200-68(50 ksi)

Bearing stiffener: SSMA Stud 362S162-33(33 ksi)
- uired:
Calculate the available bearing strength of the joist section with the C-section bearing stiff-
ener using both ASD and LRFD
:: tution:
~culate the available ASD and LRFD strength using Section C3.7.
~-e Section C3.7.1if the w I t, limits for the stiffener are not exceeded.

Check Applicability Limits for Section C3. 7.1

eck web of stiffener:

D -2(R +ts)
w/ts =

3.625-2(0.0765+0.0346) =98.3
0.0346
Limit= 1.28M
= 1.28~29500/33 = 38.3< 98.3 NG; therefore, try Section C3.7.2

2. Check Applicability Limits for Section C3. 7.2

1) The stiffener has full bearing; therefore, use 100% of the calculated capacity. OK
_) The stiffener is a C-section with a web depth of 3.625 in. > 3.5 in. minimum. The stiffener
has a thickness of 0.0346in. > 0.0329in. minimum. OK
3) The stiffener is attached to the flexural member with three screws. OK
~) The distance from the flexural member flanges to the first fastener is d/4 > d/8 minimum.
OK
5) The length of the stiffener is equal to the depth of the flexural member. OK
6) The bearing width is greater than 1112in. OK
11-192 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specifican

2. Calculate nominal strength, Pn, using Section C3.7.2

Calculate the nominal bearing strength.

Pn = 0.7(Pwc+AeFy)2Pwc (Eq. C3.7_-:

From Table II-14 for a 1200S200-68 (50 ksi), Fastened to the support, Case e N = 4 in.
Pwc= 1.26 kips (flexural member)
From Table I1I-2for a 362S162-33 (33 ksi)
Pn = 5.72 kips (stiffener) = AeFy
Nominal Strength
Pn = 0.7(1.26+5.72) 21.26kips (Eq. C3.7_-_

= 4.89 kips > 1.26 kips; therefore, use 4.89 kips

3. Available Strength

ASD - Allowable strength

Pn = 4.89 = 2.88 kips (Eq. A4.1.1-:
n 1.70
LRFD - Design strength
<!>Pn
=0.90(4.89)=4.40kips (Eq. A5.1.:-:
3eam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-193

ample 11-1.2: Web-Stiffened C-Section by the Direct Strength Method - Flexure

IO.875 in.

2.25 in. W
0.500 in.

0.625 in.
-I----""

8.00 in.
2.25 in. 0.0451 in.

l 2.50 in.
~I

roen:
Steel: Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi
Sigma section (C-section with web stiffener) as shown above

J. The member is a simply supported flexural member fully braced against lateral-torsional
buckling.
equired:
Calculate the ASD and LRFD available flexural strengths using the Direct Strength procedure
~ om Specification Appendix 1
~olution:
Although the Direct Strength method may be used for any cross-section, it is particularly well
suited to this example, since the cross-section is somewhat complex and the Specification has no
rovisions for the complex edge stiffeners on the flanges.

Perform a finite strip analysis

A finite strip analysis of the cross-section is performed using a program such as CUFSM8. A
ure flexural stress distribution is assumed with the extreme fibers at Fy. Results from the
analysis include the bending moment under the assumed stress distribution, My, and a graph of
the section buckling strength versus unbraced length, shown below.
From the analysis:
ield moment
M, = 86.4 kip-in,

< Schafer, B.W., dny, S. "Buckling analysis of cold-formed steel members using CUFSM: conventional
and constrained finite strip methods." Eighteenth International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures, Orlando, FL. October 2006. Available at www.ce.jhu.edujbschaferjcufsm
11-194 Beam Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specicet -

Critical elastic local buckling moment

Mere =0.96My =(0.96)(86.4) =82.9 kip-in.

Critical elastic distortional buckling moment

Merd =1.16My =(1.16)(86.4)=100 kip-in.
-'-"'--'--''''''--'--'---"-''
~,
---,--,--"--"--------
-

, --
..

,,- ",,,,
...
t:=::J '
r"t:lt:.Io..,_ .... _... _... __ ..... ~..... _. ..... _.~'.~

tFSMI~C1~.jiQl'I

---0;;;;;_-----1;;.... . ,1
d

2. Calculate the nominal flexural strength

Per section 1.2.2 of Appendix 1, take M, as the lowest of the nominal strengths for lateral-
torsional buckling, Mne,local buckling, Mne and distortional buckling, Mnd.
1) Lateral-torsional buckling: In this case, since the member is fully braced against lateral-
torsional buckling,
Mne = M, = 86.4 kip-in. (Eq. 1.2.2-3
2) Local buckling:
Al = ~Mne/Mcre (Eq.1.2.2-
= ~86.4/82.9 = 1.02
Since x, >0.776,

Mnt = [1-015(~: rJ(~:r Mne (Eq.1.2.2-6)

= (1_0.15(82.9)OAJ(82.9)OA 86.4 = 72.4 kip-in.

86.4 86.4

3) Distortional buckling:
Ad ~My/Merd (Eq.1.2.2-10

~86.4/100 = 0.93
 Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 11-195

x, >0.673,

rl~7rM,
inee

~M = [1-022[~d (Eq. 1.2.2-8)

[
1- 0.22( 100 )0.5)( 100 )0.5 86.4 = 71.0 kip-in,
86.4 86.4

The nominal flexural strength is therefore 71.0 kip-in, governed by distortional buekling.

Calculate the available strengths

the limitations for prequalified beams in Table 1.1.1-2 to determine the appropriate
gth reduetion faetors. Sinee there is no prequalified eategory for C-sections with web stiff-
-and eomplex lips, use the strength reduetion faetors from Seetion Al.2(b)
-- - Allowable strength
M, _71.0 -355. ki p-m.
----- . (Eq. A4.1.1-1)
n 2.00
-ill - Design strength
~Mn = 0.80(71.0) = 56.8 kip-in. (Eq. A5.1.1-1)
- mn Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 111-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 11I
COLUMN DESIGN

For Use With the

2007 Edition of the
North American Specification for the Design
of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members

CTION 1- CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS 3

.1 Notes On The Tables 3
1.2 Nominal Axial Strength Tables - Braced Columns 3
Table 11I-1 Braced Column Properties - C-Sections With Lips 4
Table 11I-2 Braced Column Properties - SSMA Studs - C-Sections With Lips 6
Table 11I-3 Braced Column Praperties - SSMA Tracks - C-Sections Without Lips 8
.3 Distortional Buckling Axial Strength Tables 10
Table 11I-4 Distortional Buckling Properties - Axial Strength - C-Sections With Lips 11
Table 11I-5 Distortional Buckling Properties - SSMA Studs - Axial Strength
- C-Sections With Lips 13
Table 11I-6 Distortional Buckling Praperties - Axial Strength - Z-Sections With Lips 16
.4 Nominal Axial Strength Tables - Unbraced Columns 18
Table 11I-7 Nominal Axial Strength, Pntkips - C-Sections With Lips 18
Table 11I-8 Nominal Axial Strength, Pntkips - SSMA Studs C-Sections With Lips 24
Table 11I-9 Nominal Axial Strength, Pn, kips - SSMA Tracks C-Sections Without Lips ..35
CTION 2 - EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 45
Example 11I-1 Braced C-Section With Lips - Bending And Compression 46
Example 11I-2 C-Section With Lips With Holes - Compression 50
Example 11I-3 C-Section Subject to Distortional Buckling - Compression 55
Example 11I-4 Unbraced Equal Leg Angle With Lips - Compression 63
Example 11I-5 Tubular Section - Round - Bending and Compression 67
Example 11I-6 Stiffened Z-Section With One Flange Through-Fastened To Deck Or
Sheathing - Compression 71
Example 11I-7 Stiffened Z-Section With One Flange Fastened To a Standing Seam
Roof - Compression 74
Example 11I-8 Hat Sec.tion- Bending and Compression 76
Example 11I-9 1Section - Built-Up fram Channels 80
Example 11I-10 Square HSS Section - Bending and Compression 86
Example 11I-11 Frame Design by Second Order Analysis : 92
Example 11I-12 Web-Stiffened C- Section by the Direct Strength Method-
Compression 97
111-2 Column Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Speci -

PART 11I- COLUMN DESIGN

The design of cold-forrned steel columns requires the consideration of the limit states of:
L Combined overall member buckling and local buckling, and
2. Distortional buckling
Specification Section C4 includes provisions for the evaluation of these limit states. For col
that are parts of certain structural systems, Section D6 includes provisions that supersede
of the general provisions of Section C4 .

Overall and Local Buckling: The strength of all columns is limited by the combined limit state
global and local buckling, which is evaluated using Section C4.1. Although the specifics v~
somewhat for different cross-section shapes, the general procedure involves 1) determination
the elastic column buckling stress, 2) transformation of the elastic buckling stress to a critical
buckling stress, taking into account the effects of inelasticity and 3) determination of the effec-
tive area with the section at the critical buckling stress. See Manual Section 3.6 and Examples -
and 1-10 through 1-13 for further information on the calculation of effective area of compre __
members.
The elastic buckling stress is taken as the lowest of the applicable buckling stresses for flexura
(Euler) buckling, torsional buckling and flexural-torsional buckling. All cross-sections are sur-
ject to flexural buckling about their principal axes, per Section C4.1.1.
All doubly-symmetric sections and most singly-symmetric sections, such as C-shapes, are su -
ject to flexural-torsional buckling per Section C4.1.2. Unlipped singly-symmetric angles havi _
fully effective areas, Ae, at a stress of Fy are exempt from the flexural-torsional provisions an
designed based on flexural buckling about the principal axis. Point-symmetric sections, such zs
Z-shapes, are subject torsional and flexural buckling per Section C4.1.3.
Section D6 of the Specification provides specialized provisions for the flexural-torsional bucklir ;
of compression members that are elements of metal roof and wall systems, including through-
fastened purlins and girts and standing seam roofs.
Distortonal Buckling: The distortional buckling limit state involves the cross-sectional deforma-
tions of two or more elements acting as a group, e.g., the rotation of the flange and lip of a C-
shape about the web-to-flange junction. The Specification provides three levels of provisions f _
this limit state in Section C4.2. Section C4.2(a) requires a simple calculation using basic cros -
section dimensions and produces a conservative, and sometimes very conservative, result. 1: -
approach can sometimes be used to quickly establish that distortional buckling is not a control-
ling limit state. For those cases where the extra work is justified, Section C4.2(b) can be used,
which requires considerably more complex calculations, but produces accurate results. Secti
C4.2(c) provides a framework for the use of computerized numerical methods to evaluate dis-
tortional buckling. This approach requires fewer calculations than Section C4.2(b) and is espe-
cially useful for cross-sections that do not meet the limits of applicability of the other two ap-
proaches. For all three approaches, the general procedure involves 1) determination of the elas-
tic distortional buckling stress, 2) determination of the corresponding elastic buckling force us-
ing the gross area of the cross-section and 3) transformation of the elastic buckling force to a
nominal axial strength, taking into account the effects of inelasticity and post-buckling streng
For members whose required strengths are determined by first-order analysis, combined flex-
ure and axial force must be checked using Section CS. Altematively, Appendix 2 permits the
use of second-order analysis for the determination of required strengths. In this case, Section
CS is still used to evaluate members subject to combined flexure and axial force, but the mo-
ment modifiers and effective length factors used in Section CS are set to unity.
_ n Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 111-3

ON 1 - CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

1..1 Notes On The Tables

a) With the exception of the SSMA studs and tracks, the sections listed in these tables are
not necessarily stock sections. They are included primarily as a guide in the design of
cold-formed steel structural members.
b) The section designations listed in these tables correspond to those for which dimen-
sions and properties are given in Tables 1-1,1-2and 1-3.
e) Tabulated properties and capacities are shown to three significant figures.
d) Where they apply, the algebraic formulae presented in Section 3 of Part 1 formed the
basis of the calculations for these tables.
e) The strengths listed in Tables III-1 to III-9 inclusive were computed using the yield
stress listed in the tables. Cold work of forming increases were not included.
f) Tables III-1, III-2 and III-3 give the nominal axial strength, Pn, for fu11ybraced C-
sections at the yield stress listed in the respective tables. Distortional buckling is not
considered.
a) The values labeIed Pweb,Pflange and Plipin Tables III-1, III-2 and I11-3are the highest
nominal forces at which the web, flange and lip (if applicable) respectiveIy are fu11yef-
fective. These values are only meaningful where they do not exceed Pnofor the section
and yield stress in question. A vaIue of 0.00 for Pwebin Table III-2 indicates that a re-
duction in web area is required at any stress level when standard punchouts are used.
) Tables III-4, III-5 and III-6 give tabuIated criticaI buckling lengths, stiffness coeffi-
cients, elastic buckling stresses and nominal axiaI strengths for the limit state of distor-
tional buckling for use with Section C4.2(b). Rotational restraint from sheathing or
discrete bracing is not considered in the values given for the stiffness coefficients, elas-
tic buckling stresses and nominal flexural strengths. To incorporate the strength in-
creases resulting from significant continuous rotational bracing or discrete distortional
bracing spaced at Iess than Ler,use the provisions of Section C4.2(b) or C4.2(c).
;) Tables III-7, III-8 and III-9 give the nominal axial strength, Pn, for C-sections with vary-
ing x- and y-axis unbraced Iengths. In a11cases, the torsional unbraced length is as-
sumed to equal the y-axis unbraced Iength and K, = K, = 1.0. Lengths are arbitrarily
cut off at a KL/rx ratio of approximately 100.
-) The calculated values in Tables III-1 through III-9 are nominal strengths. These values
must be modified by a safety factor, Qc, for ASO or a resistance factor <Pc, for LRFD.
See the appropriate Specification section for more information.
,} The effects of standard factory punchouts in SSMA studs have been included in Tables
III-2 and III-8. These punchouts are considered in SSMA studs with flange widths of
1.625in. or less. Standard punchout sizes are 1.5 in. by 4.5 in. for sections with depths
of 3.5 inches or more and 0.75 in. by 4.5 in. for sections with shallower depths.
Dashes in the place of data vaIues in the P, columns of Tables III-2, III-3 and III-5 indi-
cate that the section is not available in the listed grade of steel. Blank data values in
TabIes III-7, III-8 and III-9 indicate that the section is not avaiIable in the listed grade
of steel or that KL/ry exceeds 200.
Nominal Axial Strength Tables - Braced Columns
111-4 Column Design for Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specica;

e
Table 11I-1
Braced Column Properties 3 nc = 1.80
C-Sections With Lips ~c = 0.85

Pn at r-r, Pn at r-r,
kips 1 Maximum kips 1 Maximum
r, Effective Force, kips 2 Fy Effective Force, kip:-
Section 33 55 Section 33 55
Pweb Pflange Plip Pweb Pflange p-
ksi ksi ksi ksi
12CS4xl05 47.6 64A 8.99 45.8 33.8 8CS2xl05 36.2 54.9 13.2 108 103
12CS4x085 33.1 45.6 4.74 26.0 20.2 8CS2x085 27.0 41.2 6.91 62.1 59._
12CS4x070 24.3 33.3 2.63 15.6 12.9 8CS2x070 20.7 31.8 3.83 37.7 37.-
12CS3.5xl05 46.2 63.5 8.56 54.0 41.2 8CS2x065 18.7 28.8 3.06 30.9 31..':
12CS3.5x085 33.0 44:9 4.51 30.8 24.5 8CS2x059 16.5 25.1 2.28 23.3 25.=
12CS3.5x070 24.0 33.0 2.51 18.5 15.6 7CS4xl05 45.7 62.5 21.7 44.0 32.=
12CS2.5xl05 40.9 62.0 7.70 82.2 70.1 7CS4x085 32.2 44.6 l1A 25.1 19_
12CS2.5x085 30.5 44.8 4.06 47.0 41.2 7CS4x070 23.8 32.7 6.28 15.0 12.~
12CS2.5x070 23A 31.8 2.25 28.3 25.9 7CS4x065 21.2 29.1 5.02 12.4 ro.s
10CS4xl05 47.1 63.9 12.0 45.3 33.3 7CS4x059 18.2 24.9 3.74 9.63 8':-=
10CS4x085 32.9 45.3 6.29 25.8 20.0 7CS2.5xl05 39.1 60.1 17.6 80A 68-::
10CS4x070 24.2 33.1 3A9 15A 12.7 7CS2.5x085 29.5 43.9 9.22 46.0 40
10CS4x065 21.5 29A 2.79 12.7 10.8 7CS2.5x070 22.9 31.3 5.10 27.8 25.-
10CS3.5xl05 11.3 20.8 27.7 4.07 23.0 21....!.
45.7 63.0 53.5 40.7 7CS2.5x065
10CS3.5x085 32.7 44.7 5.96 30.5 24.2 7CS2.5x059 18.0 24.1 3.03 18.0 17_
10CS3.5x070 23.8 32.9 3.31 18A 15A 6CS4xl05 45.0 61.7 28.5 43.2 31..2
10CS3.5x065 21.3 29.3 2.64 15.2 13.0 6CS4x085 31.8 44.2 14.9 24.7 18.
10CS2.5xl05 40.4 61.5 10.1 81.7 69.6 6CS4x070 23.5 32.5 8.23 14.8 12.':
10CS2.5x085 30.2 44.6 5.29 46.7 40.9 6CS4x065 21.0 28.9 6.57 12.2 10.~
10CS2.5x070 23.3 31.7 2.94 28.2 25.8 6CS4x059 18.1 24.8 4.89 9.50 8.3..:
10CS2.5x065 21.1 28.0 2.35 23.3 21.7 6CS2.5xl05 38.3 59A 22.8 79.6 67.::
10CS2xl05 36.9 55.7 9A3 109 104 6CS2.5x085 29.1 43.5 11.9 45.6 39.
10CS2x085 27A 41.6 4.96 62.5 60.3 6CS2.5x070 22.6 31.1 6.58 27.6 25
10CS2x070 20.9 32.0 2.75 38.0 37.7 6CS2.5x065 20.6 27.6 5.25 22.8 21..2
10CS2x065 18.9 29.0 2.20 31.1 31.6 6CS2.5x059 17.8 24.0 3.91 17.8 17.'::
9CS2.5xl05 40.1 61.1 11.8 81.4 69.3 4CS4xl05 41.1 58.8 51.6 39.3 27.~
9CS2.5x085 30.0 44A 6.20 46.5 40.8 4CS4x085 30.2 42.7 27.8 22.7 16.-
9CS2.5x070 23.2 31.6 3A4 28.1 25.7 4CS4x070 22.7 31.6 15.8 13.8 11..
9CS2.5x065 21.0 28.0 2.75 23.2 21.7 4CS4x065 20.3 28.2 12.8 11A 9 -~
9CS2.5x059 18.2 24.3 2.05 18.1 17.4 4CS4x059 17.6 24.3 9.70 8.92 tss
8CS4xl05 46.3 63.1 17.2 44.6 32.5 4CS2.5xl05 34A 56.4 47.7 76.7 64.:::
8CS4x085 32.5 44.9 9.05 25A 19.5 4CS2.5x085 27.6 41.9 24.7 44.0 38.-::
8CS4x070 23.9 32.9 5.01 15.2 12.5 4CS2.5x070 21.8 30.2 13.6 26.7 24.~
8CS4x065 21.3 29.2 4.00 12.5 10.6 4CS2.5x065 19.9 26.9 10.8 22.1 20.
8CS4x059 18.3 25.0 2.98 9.73 8.56 4CS2.5x059 17.3 23.5 8.02 17.3 16.c
8CS3.5xl05 44.9 62.2 16.2 52.7 27.3 4CS2xl05 31.6 51.7 43.8 103 104
8CS3.5x085 32.3 44.3 8.51 30.1 16.7 4CS2x085 25.3 39.8 22.7 58A 59.=
8CS3.5x070 23.6 32.7 4.72 18.2 11.0 4CS2x070 19.9 31.3 12.5 33.8 35.
8CS3.5x065 21.1 29.1 3.77 15.0 9.38 4CS2x065 18.2 28A 9.92 27A 28.
8CS3.5x059 18.2 25.0 2.81 11.7 7.68 4CS2x059 16.1 24.5 7.37 20.7 21.8
8CS2.5xl05 39.6 60.7 14.2 80.9 64.5
8CS2.5x085 29.8 44.2 7A4 46.3 38.3
8CS2.5x070 23.0 31.4 4.13 28.0 24.3
8CS2.5x065 20.9 27.9 3.29 23.1 20.6
8CS2.5x059 18.1 24.2 2A6 18.1 16.6
 Oesign tor Use with the 2007 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specitication 111-5

_ "al strengths given are nominal strengths. To obtain the available strength, these
values must be modified by safety factors (ASD)or resistance factors (LRFD).
and Plip are the highest nominal axial compression forces at which the
reb, Pflange

-"eb, flange and lip, respectively, are fully effective.

The distortional buckling limit state is not considered in this table, Distortional
_ ckling strengths are provided in Table III-4.