1. A pipe of length L = 25.

0m that is open at one end contains air at atmospheric

pressure. It is thrust vertically into a freshwater lake until the water rises
halfway up in the pipe, as shown in Fig. 1. What is the depth h of the lower
end of the pipe? Assume that the temperature is the same everywhere and does
not change.

Fig. 1

2. Container A in Fig. 2 holds an ideal gas at a pressure of 5.0 x 105 Pa and a

temperature of 300 K. It is connected by a thin tube to container B with four
times the volume of A. Container B holds the same ideal gas at a pressure of
1.0 x 105 Pa and a temperature of 500 K. The connecting valve is opened, and
equilibrium is achieved at a common pressure while the temperature of each
container is kept constant at its initial value. What is the final pressure in the
system?

Fig. 2

3. A sample of ideal gas expands from an initial pressure and volume of 32 atm
and 1.0 L to a final volume of 4.0 L. The initial temperature of the gas is 300
K. What are the final pressure and temperature of the gas and how much work
is done by the gas during the expansion, if the expansion is (a) isothermal, (b)
adiabatic and the gas is monatomic, and (c) adiabatic and the gas is diatomic?
4. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas traverses the cycle shown in Fig. 3.
Process 1 2 takes place at constant volume, process 2 3 is adiabatic, and
process 3 1 takes place at constant pressure. (a) Compute the heat Q, the
change in internal energy Eint, and the work done W, for each of the three
processes and for the cycle as a whole. (b) If the initial pressure at point 1 is
1.00 atm, find the pressure and the volume at points 2 and 3. Use 1.00 atm =
1.013 x 105 Pa and R = 8.314 J/molK.

Fig. 3

5. An insulated cylinder with a piston contains 4 g of helium and 16 g of oxygen,

as shown in Fig. 4. The temperature is 0C and the pressure is 105 Pa. If the
piston is pressed to make the pressure increase to 2 105 Pa, find the
temperature and the volume of the gases in the cylinder.

Helium: CVh = 12.3 J/molK, CPh = 20.5 J/molK

Oxygen: CVO = 20.5 J/molK, CPO = 28.7 J/molK

Fig. 4
6. A uniform U-shaped glass tube (Fig. 5) with a closed end on the left and an
open end on the right, connected to air with the atmospheric pressure P0. It is
filled with mercury and the difference of mercury level between the two sides
is h. The length of the air column on the left hand side is L. If we let the U-
shaped glass tube fall freely vertically, what is the difference of mercury level
between the two sides?

Fig. 5

7. The compression ratio of a four-cycle internal combustion engine is = 9.5.

The temperatures of the gaseous fuel and the exhausted gas are both 27 C.
The volume under atmospheric pressure (1 atm = 100 kPa) is V0. As shown in
Fig. 6, 1 2 is an adiabatic compression process; 2 3 is the combustion of
the mixture of the gases with doubled pressure; 3 4 is an adiabatic
expansion process with the volume expanded to 9.5 V0; 4 1 is the process of
opening the exhaust valve and the pressure returns to the initial value of 1 atm.
(The compression ratio is the ratio of the largest volume to the smallest
volume of the cylinder in the engine, is the specific heat ratio, since the
mixture of air and fuel is mainly air, you can effectively consider it as a
diatomic gas.)

Fig. 6
(a) Find the pressures and temperatures at states 1, 2, 3 and 4.
(b) Find the efficiency of this cycle.
8. Fig. 7 shows the humid air is flowing across a mountain continuously. The
pressure detected at observatories M0 and M3 are both 100 kPa. The
temperature at M0 is 20 C. The pressure detected at observatories M1 and M2
are 84.5 kPa and 70 kPa respectively. The humid air rises from M0 and starts to
form a cloud at M1. After 1500 s, the humid air arrives at M2. During the rising
process, the water vapor in air condenses and then falls down to the ground.
Suppose the mass of the humid air is 2000 kg per meter square, and 2.45 g of
water condenses from 1 kg of humid air.
(1) Find the temperature T1 at the bottom of the cloud (M1).
(2) Find the height between M1 (the bottom of the cloud) and M0, if the
density of the air decreases linearly with height.
(3) Find the temperature T2 detected at M2.
(4) Find the amount of rainfall formed in 3 hours, assuming that the
amount of rainfall between M1 and M2 is uniform.
(5) Find the temperature T3 detected at M3. Discuss the state of the air at
M3, comparing it with that in M0.

Hints and data:

1. Consider the air as an ideal gas.
2. Water vapor has negligible effects on the heat capacity and the air.
3. Neglect the change of latent heat of vaporization with temperature.
4. Correct the temperature, the height and the amount of rainfall to the
nearest 1 K, 10 m and 1 mm respectively.

The specific heat of air at constant pressure CP = 1005 J kg-1 K-1. At M0,
the density of the air is 0 = 1.18 kg m-3. In the cloud, the latent heat of
vaporization at constant volume is LV = 2500 kJ kg-1. Also, CP / CV = , =
1.4 and g = 9.81 m s-2.

Fig. 7