Computer Solution of

Shunt Faults
Prof. Artemio P. Magabo
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

University of the Philippines - Diliman
 Development of the Model
Consider the three-bus system shown below. Let us
analyze the system for a three-phase fault in any
bus.
1 2
L1
G2
G1
L2

G1, G2 : X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.1

L1 : X1=X2=0.6 X0=1.2
L2 : X1=X2=0.24 X0=0.5

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Positive-Sequence Network:
1 j0.6 2

-
j0.2 EG
j0.2
+ +
+ 3
EG1 EG2
- - j0.2 j0.2
j0.6
1 2
Combine the sources
and re-draw. Assume
EG = 1.0 per unit. j0.24 3

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For a three-phase fault in bus 1 (or bus 2), we get
the positive-sequence impedance.
Z1 j[0.2 //(0.2 0.6)] j0.16
EG 1
IF j6.25
Z1 Z1
For a three-phase fault in bus 3, we get

Z1 j[0.24 0.2 //(0.2 0.6)] j0.4

EG 1
IF j2.5
Z1 Z1

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Let us connect a fault switch to each bus. In order
to simulate a three-phase fault in any bus, close
the fault switch in that bus.
-
EG
Next, use loop currents to +
describe the circuit with all
fault switches closed. j0.2 j0.2
Since there are four loops, j0.6
we need to define four
loop currents. I4
1 3 2

I1 I3 I2

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The loop equations are
loop 1: 1.0 j0.2(I1 I3 I4 )

loop 2: 1.0 j0.2(I1 I4 )

loop 3: 1.0 j0.2(I1 I3 I4 ) j0.24I3

loop 4: 0 j0.2(I2 I4 ) j0.6I4
j0.2(I4 I1 I3 )
or
1 .0 0.2 0 0.2 0.2 I1

1 .0 0 0.2 0 0.2 I2
=j
1 .0 0.2 0 0.44 0.2 I3

0 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 I4

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Current I4 is not a fault current. It can be eliminated
using Krons reduction. We get

V Z(bus
1)
I
where
(1) 1
Z bus Z1 Z2Z Z3 4

and
0.2 0 0.2 0 .2
Z1 = j 0 0.2 0 Z2 = j 0 .2
0.2 0 0.44 0 .2

Z3 = j[-0.2 0.2 -0.2 ] Z4 = j[1.0]

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Substitution gives

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1

1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3
(1)

V Zbus I
Note:
(1) The equation can be used to analyze a three-
phase fault in any bus (one fault at a time).
(1)
(2) Z is called the positive-sequence bus-
bus
impedance matrix, a complex symmetric matrix.

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 Rake Equivalent Network
Consider the matrix voltage equation

1.0 Z11 Z12 Z13 I1

1.0 = Z12 Z22 Z23 I2

1.0 Z13 Z23 Z33 I3 -
Suppose we are asked to 1.0
find a circuit that satisfies +
the matrix equation. Z12 Z23
Z11 Z22 Z33
One possible equivalent Z13
circuit is shown. This circuit I I2 I3
1
is called a rake-equivalent.

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Consider again the three-bus system. The circuit is
described by the matrix equation

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1

1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2

1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3 -
1.0
The rake equivalent is +
shown. The diagonal
j0.04 j0.04
elements of the matrix are
j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
self impedances while the
j0.16

off-diagonal elements are
I1 I2 I3
mutual impedances.

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For the three-bus system, assume a fault in bus 3.
The equation for bus 3 is

1.0 j0.16I1 j0.04I2 j0.4I3 -
Since only bus 3 is faulted, 1.0
+
I1=I2=0. We get
j0.04 j0.04
1.0 j0.4I3 j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
or + + j0.16
1
I3 j2.5 V1 V2 I3
j0.4 - -

From KVL, we get the voltage in bus 1.

Z13
V1 1.0 Z13I3 1.0 0.6
Z33
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Similarly from KVL, we get the voltage in bus 2.
Z23
V2 1.0 Z23I3 1.0 0.9
Z33
Note: Once the voltages in all the buses are
known, the current in any line can be calculated.
In general, for a three-phase fault in bus k of a
system with n buses, the fault current is
1
Ik k=1,2,n
Zk k
The voltage in any bus j is given by
Z jk
Vj 1.0 j=1,2,n
Zk k
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The current in any line, which is connected from
bus m to bus n,
canbe found using
Vm Vn
Im n
zm n 1 2
j0.6
where zmn is the actual
impedance of the line. -j0.5 j0.2
j0.2 -j2.0 +
For example, the + 3
current in the line EG1 EG2
-j2.5 -
between buses 2 and -
1 is
V2 V1 0.9 0.6
I21 j0.5
z21 j0.6
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 Formation of Zbus
Zbus can be built, one step at a time, by adding one
branch at a time until the entire network is formed.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
Subsequent additions, which may be done in any
order, fall under one of the following categories:
(1) Add a generator to a new bus;
(2) Add a generator to an old bus;
(3) Add a branch from an old bus to a new bus;
(4) Add a branch from an old bus to an old bus.

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 Assume that
at the current 1 .0 Z11 Z12 Z1n I
1
stage, the 1 .0 Z21 Z22 Z2n I2
dimension of =

Zbus is n.
1 .0 Zn1 Zn2 Znn In
- old
1.0 Zbus
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn Let us examine
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn each category in
1 2 k n the addition of a
I1 I2 Ik In new branch.

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Add a generator
to a new bus: 1 .0 Z11 0 Z12 Z1n I
1
Let Z be the 1 .0 Z21 22 2n 0 Z Z I2
g
= Z
impedance of 1 .0 n1 Zn2 Znn 0 I
n
the generator 1 .0 0 0 0 Zg In 1
to be added.
-
The dimension is (n+1).
1.0
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn Zg
1 2 k n n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In 1

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 -
Add a generator 1.0
to an old bus k: + Iw
Let Zg be the Z12 Z2k
Zg Znn
impedance of Z11 Z22 Zkk
the generator 1 2 k n
to be added. I1 I2 Ik In

The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+Iw). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are

1.0 Z11I1 Z12I2 ... Z1k (Ik Iw ) ... Z1nIn

1.0 Z21I1 Z22I2 ... Z2k (Ik Iw ) ... Z2nIn

1.0 Zn1I1 Zn2 I2 ... Znk(Ik Iw ) ... ZnnIn
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 For the added generator loop, we get

0 Zk1I1 Zk2 I2 ... Zkk(Ik Iw ) ... ZknIn ZgIw
In matrix form, we get

1 .0 Z11 Z12 Z1k Z1n Z1k I1

1 .0 Z21 Z22 Z2k Z2n Z2k I2
=

1 .0 Zn1 Zn2 Znk Znn Znk I
n
0 Zk1 Zk 2 Zk k Zk n Zw Iw

where Zw=Zkk+Zg. The last row is eliminated using

Krons reduction. The dimension remains as n.
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 -
Add a branch from 1.0
an old bus k to a +
new bus: Z Z2k Zkn
12
Z11 Z22 Zkk Zb Znn
1 2 k n n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In 1

The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+In+1). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are

1.0 Z11I1 Z12I2 ... Z1k (Ik In 1) ... Z1nIn

1.0 Z21I1 Z22I2 ... Z2k (Ik In 1) ... Z2nIn

1.0 Zn1I1 Zn2 I2 ... Znk(Ik In 1 ) ... ZnnIn
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For the new bus, we get
1.0 Zk1I1 Zk2 I2 ... Zkk(Ik In 1 ) ...

Zk nIn Zb In 1
In matrix form, we get

1 .0 Z11 Z12 Z1k Z1n Z1k I1

1 .0 Z21 Z22 Z2k Z2n Z2k I2
=

1 .0 Zn1 Zn2 Znk Znn Znk I
n
1 .0 Zk1 Zk 2 Zk k Zk n Zw In 1
where Zw=Zkk+Zb. Krons reduction is not required.
The dimension increases to (n+1).
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Add a branch from -
an old bus j to an 1.0
old bus k: + Iw
Z12 Z2j Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zjj Zb Zkk Znn
1 2 k n
I1 I2 Ij j Ik In

The new current in impedance Zjj is (Ij+Iw). The

new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik-Iw). The new
equations for buses 1 to n are

1.0 Z11I1 Z 12
I2 ... Z1 j (Ij Iw )
Z1k (Ik Iw ) ... Z1nIn
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1.0 Z21I1 Z 22I2 ... Z2 j(Ij Iw )
Z2k (Ik Iw ) ... Z2nIn

1.0 Zn1I1 Zn2 I2 ... Znj(Ij Iw )

Znk(Ik Iw ) ... ZnnIn
For the added loop, we get

0 Zj1I1 Zj2 I2 ... Zjj (Ij Iw ) Zjk (Ik Iw )

... Zjn In Zb Iw [Zk1I1 Zk2 I2 ...

Zkj(Ij Iw ) Zkk(Ik Iw ) ... ZknIn]

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In matrix form, we get

1 .0 Z11 Z12 Z1n Z1j Z1k I1


1 .0 Z21 Z22 Z2n Z2 j Z2k I2
=

1 .0 Zn1 Zn2 Znn Znj Znk In

0 Z j1 Zk1 Z j2 Zk2 Z jn Zk n Zv Iw

where Zv=Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk+Zb. The last row is

eliminated using Krons reduction. The dimension
remains as n.

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Example: For the network shown, use the step-by-
step building algorithm to form the bus impedance
matrix.
1 j0.6 2
Step 1. Add generator
G1 to bus 1.
j0.2
1 j0.2
+ +
Xbus = 1 [0.2] 3 1.0
1.0
- -

Step 2. Add generator G2 to bus 2.

1 2

1 0.2 0
Xbus =
2 0 0.2

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Step 3. Add the line from bus 1 to bus 2.
1 2
*
1 0.2 0 0.2
Xnew = 2 0 0.2 0.2
* 0.2 0.2 1.0

Apply Krons reduction to eliminate the last row

and column. We get

0 .2
X2X X3 4
1
[0.2 -0.2]
0 .2

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 1 0.04 0.04
X2X X3 4
0.04 0.04
We get 1 2

1
1 0.16 0.04
Xbus X1 X2X X3 =
4 2 0.04 0.16
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.
1 2 3
1 0.16 0.04 0.16
No Kron
Xbus = 2 0.04 0.16 0.04 reduction is
3 0.16 0.04 0.4 required.

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Example: For the same network, use a different
sequence of addition in forming the bus impedance
matrix.
Step 1. Add generator G2 to bus 2.
2
Xbus = 2 [0.2]

Step 2. Add the line from bus 2 to bus 1.

2 1

2 0.2 0.2
Xbus =
1 0.2 0.8

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Step 3. Add generator G1 to bus 1.
2 1 * 2 1
0.2 0.2 0.2
2
2 0.16 0.04
Xnew = 1 0.2 0.8 0.8 Xbus =
1 0.04 0.16
* 0.2 0.8 1.0

Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.

2 1 3
2 0.16 0.04 0.04
Xbus = 1 0.04 0.16 0.16
3 0.04 0.16 0.4
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Example: Determine the positive-sequence bus-
impedance matrix for the four-bus test system
shown. 1 T 2 3
L1
G1 G2

L2 L3

4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80
L2: X1=0.30 X2=0.30 X0=0.60
L3: X1=0.20 X2=0.20 X0=0.40

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Positive-sequence network 4

1. Add G1 to bus 1. j0.3 j0.2

1
j0.08
Xbus = 1 [0.4]
1 2 j0.4 3
j0.4 j0.5
2. Add the transformer + +
from bus 1 to bus 2. 1.0 1.0
1 2 - N1 -

1 0.4 0.4
Xbus = 1 2 3
2 0.4 0.48
1 0.4 0.4 0.4
3. Add the line from X 0.4 0.48 0.48
bus =
2
bus 2 to bus 3.
3 0.4 0.48 0.88
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Step 4. Add generator G2 to bus 3.
1 2 3
*
1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
2 0.4 0.48 0.48 0.48
Xnew =
3 0.4 0.48 0.88 0.88
* 0.4 0.48 0.88 1.38
Apply Krons reduction.
0.4
X2X41X3 1
1.38 0.48 [0.4 0.48 0.88]
0.88
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We get
0.1159 0.1391 0.2551
X2X41X3 0.1391 0.1670 0.3061
0.2551 0.3061 0.5612
The new bus impedance matrix is

Xbus X1 X2X41X3
1 2 3
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449
Xbus = 2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188
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 Step 5. Add the line from bus 2 to bus 4.
1 2 3 4
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130
Xbus =
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130
Step 6. Add the line from bus 3 to bus 4.
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609 0.1159
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130 0.1391
Xnew= 3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739 0.1449
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130 0.4391
* 0.1159 0.1391 0.1449 0.4391 0.784
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Apply Krons reduction. We get

1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
Xbus
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671

Note: This is the positive-sequence bus-impedance

matrix for the four-bus test system.

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Negative- and Zero-Sequence Zbus
The same step-by-step algorithm can be applied to
build the negative-sequence and zero-sequence
bus impedance matrices.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
The negative-sequence and zero-sequence bus-
impedance matrices can also be described by a
rake equivalent circuit.

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Example: Find the zero-sequence bus-impedance
matrix for the four-bus test system.
4
Zero-sequence network
j0.6 j0.4
1. Add G1 to bus 1. 1 j0.08
1
2 j0.8 3
Xbus = 1 [0.15] j0.15 j0.25
2. Add the transformer N0
from bus 1 to bus 2.
1 2
Note: The impedance
is actually connected
1 0.15 0 from bus 2 to the
Xbus =
2 0 0.08 reference bus.

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3. Add the line from
1 2 3
bus 2 to bus 3.
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.08 0.08
3 0 0.08 0.88
Step 4. Add generator
G2 to bus 3. 1 2 3
*
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.08 0.08 0.08
Xnew =
3 0 0.08 0.88 0.88
* 0 0.08 0.88 1.13

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Apply Krons reduction. We get

0 0 0
X2X41X3 0 0.0057 0.0623
0 0.0623 0.6853
The new bus impedance matrix is
1 2 3
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.0743 0.0177
3 0 0.0177 0.1947

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Step 5. Add the line from bus 2 to bus 4.
1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743
Xbus =
3 0 0.0177 0.1947 0.0177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743
Step 6. Add the line from bus 3 to bus 4.
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.15 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743 0.0566
Xnew= 3 0 0.0177 0.1946 0.0177 0.177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743 0.6566
* 0 0.0566 0.177 0.6566 1.2336
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Apply Krons reduction. We get

1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
(0)
2 0 0.0717 0.0258 0.0442
Xbus
3 0 0.0258 0.1693 0.1119
4 0 0.0442 0.1119 0.3248

Note: This is the zero-sequence bus-impedance

matrix for the four-bus test system.

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 Positive-Sequence Zbus
(1) (1)
The positive-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(1n)
bus-impedance matrix 1)
(1) Z(21
1)
Z(22 Z(21n)
describes the positive- Z bus

sequence network.
Z(n11) Z(n12) Z(nn
1)
- N1
1.0
+
(1)
Z12 Z(21k) Z(k1n) Rake
(1)
Z 11 Z(22
1)
Z(k1k) Z(n1n) Equivalent
1 2 k n

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 Negative-Sequence Zbus
(2) (2)
The negative-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(2n)
bus-impedance matrix 2)
(2) Z(21
2)
Z(22 Z(22n)
describes the negative- Zbus

sequence network.
Z(n21) Z(n22) Z(nn
2)

N2

(2 )
Z12 Z(22k) Z(k2n) Rake
(2 )
Z 11 Z(222)
Z(k2k) Z(nn
2)
Equivalent
1 2 k n

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 Zero-Sequence Zbus
(0 ) (0 )
The zero-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(0n)
bus-impedance matrix (0) 0)
Z(21
0)
Z(22 Z(20n)
describes the zero- Zbus

sequence network.
Z(n01) Z(n02) Z(nn
0)

N0

(0 )
Z12 Z(20k) Z(k0n) Rake
(0 )
Z11 Z(220)
Z(k0k) Z(nn
0)
Equivalent
1 2 k n

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 Analysis of Shunt Faults
The bus-impedance matrices can be used for the
analysis of the following shunt faults:
1. Three-Phase Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Since the bus-impedance matrix is a representation
of the power system as seen from the buses, only
bus faults can be investigated.

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 Three-phase Fault at Bus k
The fault current is N1
1
Ik
Z(k1k)
Z (1)
11 Z(22
1)
Z(k1k) Z(n1n)
The voltage at 1 2 k n
any bus is
Z jk
Vj 1.0
Zk k
Vm Vn
The current in any line is Im n
zm n

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Example: Consider a three-phase fault at bus 4 of
the four-bus test system. Find all line currents.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X bus
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
The fault current is
1 1
IF j2.7241
Z(44
1)
j0.3671
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The bus voltages are
Z jk
Vj 1.0 j=1,2,n
Zk k
0.1959
V1 1 0.4663
0.3671
0.2351
V2 1 0.3595
0.3671
0.2551
V3 1 0.3051
0.3671

V4 0
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Vm Vn
The line currents are given by Im n
zm n
1 0.4663
IG1 j1.3344
j0.4
1 0.3051
IG2 j1.3897
j0.5
0.4663 0.3595
I12 j1.3342
j0.08
0.3595 0.3051
I23 j0.1360
j0.4
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 0.3595 0
I24 j1.1984
j0.3
0.3051 0
I34 j1.5257
j0.2
4
IF I34

j0.3 I24 j0.2
1 j0.08 j0.4 3

2

j0.4 IG1 I12 I23 IG2 j0.5
+ +
1.0 1.0
- N1 -

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 Line-to-Line Fault at Bus k
N1 N2

(1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(k1k) Z(n1n) (2 )
Z11 Z(22
2)
Z(k2k) Z(nn
2)

1
1
n
2 k
Ia1n 2 k
Ia2

Sequence Fault Sequence Voltages at bus j

Currents
Va0 0
Ia0 0 (1)
1 Va1 1 Ia1Zjk
Ia1 Ia2 (2)
Z(k1k) Z(k2k) Va2 Ia2Zjk
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Example: Consider a line-to-line fault at bus 4 of
the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents
in lines L2 and L3.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrices is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X bus
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671

(1)
For this power system, Xbus X(bus
2)

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The sequence fault currents are

Ia0 0
1 1
Ia1 Ia2 (1) (2)
j1.362
Z 44 Z
44 j2(0.3671)
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are

Va0 4 0
(1)
Va1 4 1 Ia1Z44
1 ( j1.362)(j0.3671) 0.5
(2)
Va2 4 Ia2Z44 0.5

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The sequence voltages in bus 2 are

Va0 2 0
(1)
Va1 2 1 Ia1Z24 0.6798
(2)
Va2 2 Ia2Z24 0.3202

The sequence voltages in bus 3 are

Va0 3 0
(1)
Va1 3 1 Ia1Z34 0.6526
(2)
Va2 3 Ia2Z34 0.3474

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The sequence currents in line L2 are

Ia0 L2 0
0.68 0.5
Ia1 L2 j0.5992
j0.3
0.32 0.5
Ia2 L2 j0.5992
j0.3
The phase currents in line L2 are

Ia L2 Ia0 L2 Ia1 L 2 Ia2 L 2 0
2

Ib L2 Ia0 L2 a Ia1 L 2 a Ia2 L 2 1.0378

Ic L2 Ia0 L2 a Ia1 L 2 a2 Ia2 L 2 1.0378
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The sequence currents in line L3 are

Ia0 L3 0
0.653 0.5
Ia1 L3 j0.7628
j0.2
0.347 0.5
Ia2 L3 j0.7628
j0.2
The phase currents in line L3 are

Ia L3 Ia0 L3 Ia1 L 3 Ia2 L 3 0
2

Ib L3 Ia0 L3 a Ia1 L 3 a Ia2 L 3 1.3213

Ic L3 Ia0 L3 a Ia1 L3 a2 Ia2 L 3 1.3213
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 N1
SLG Fault at Bus k
Sequence Fault Currents
(1) (1) (1) (1)
Ia0 Ia1 Ia2 Z 11 Z 22 Z kk Z nn
1 1 2 k
n
Ia1
Z(k0k) Z(k1k) Z(k2k) N2

Sequence Voltages
(2 )
at bus j Z11 Z(22
2)
Z(k2k) Z(nn
2)

(0) 1 n
2 k
Va0 Ia0Zjk Ia2
(1) N0
Va1 1 Ia1Zjk
(2)
Va2 Ia2Zjk (0 )
Z11 Z(22
0)
Z(k0k) Z(nn
0)

1

2 k
Ia0 n
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Example: Consider a single line-to-ground fault at
bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase
currents in lines L2 and L3.
The sequence
fault
currents are
Ia0 Ia1 Ia2
1
(0 )
j0.9443
Z 44 Z(44
1)
Z (2)
44

The sequence voltages in bus 4 are

(0)
Va0 4 Ia0Z44 0.3067
(1)
Va1 4 1 Ia1Z44 0.6534
(2)
Va2 4 Ia2Z44 0.3466
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The sequence voltages in bus 2 are
(0)
Va0 2 Ia0Z24 0.0417
(1)
Va1 2 1 Ia1Z24 0.778
(2)
Va2 2 Ia2Z24 0.222

The sequence voltages in bus 3 are

(0)
Va0 3 Ia0Z34 0.1057
(1)
Va1 3 1 Ia1Z34 0.7591
(2)
Va2 3 Ia2Z34 0.2409

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The sequence currents in line L2 are
0.0417 0.3067
Ia0 L2 j0.4417
j0.6
0.778 0.6534
Ia1 L2 j0.4154
j0.3
0.222 0.3466
Ia2 L2 j0.4154
j0.3
Thephase currents
in line L2
are
Ia L2 Ia0 L2 Ia1 L 2 Ia2 L 2 j1.2725
2

Ib L2 Ia0 L2 a Ia1 L 2 a Ia2 L2 j0.0262

Ic L2 Ia0 L2 a Ia1 L 2 a2 Ia2 L2 j0.0262
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The sequence currents in line L3 are
0.1057 0.3067
Ia0 L3 j0.5026
j0.4
0.7591 0.6534
Ia1 L3 j0.5289
j0.2
0.2409 0.3466
Ia2 L3 j0.5289
j0.2
Thephase currents
in line L3
are
Ia L3 Ia0 L3 Ia1 L 3 Ia2 L 3 j1.5603
2

Ib L3 Ia0 L3 a Ia1 L 3 a Ia2 L3 j0.0262

Ic L3 Ia0 L3 a Ia1 L 3 a2 Ia2 L3 j0.0262
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Double Line-to-Ground Fault at Bus k
N2
N1 N0

(1)
Z11 Z(k1k) Z(n1n) (2 )
Z
11 Z(k2k) (2 )
Z
nn
(0 )
Z11 Z(k0k) Z (0 )
nn
1 k n 1 k n 1 k n
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

Sequence Fault Currents

1
Ia1
Z(k1k) (Z(k2k) // Z(k0k) )

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 Z(k0k)
Ia2 (0)
I
(2) a1
Zk k Zk k
Z(k2k)
Ia0 ( 0)
I
(2) a1
Zk k Zk k
Sequence Voltages at bus j
(0)
Va0 Ia0Zjk
(1)
Va1 1 Ia1Zjk
(2)
Va2 Ia2Zjk

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Example: Consider a double line-to-ground fault
at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the
phase currents in lines L2 and L3.
Sequence Fault Currents
1
Ia1 (1) (2) (0 )
j1.8538
Zk k (Zk k // Zk k )
Z(k0k)
Ia2 (0)
I
(2) a1
j0.8703
Zk k Zk k

Ia0 Ia1 Ia2 j0.9835
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are
(0)
Va0 4 Va1 4 Va2 4 Ia0Z44 0.3195
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The sequence voltages in bus 2 are
(0)
Va0 2 Ia0Z24 0.0435
(1)
Va1 2 1 Ia1Z24 0.5641
(2)
Va2 2 Ia2Z24 0.2046

The sequence voltages in bus 3 are

(0)
Va0 3 Ia0Z34 0.1101
(1)
Va1 3 1 Ia1Z34 0.5271
(2)
Va2 3 Ia2Z34 0.222

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The sequence currents in line L2 are
0.0435 0.3195
Ia0 L2 j0.46
j0.6
0.5641 0.3195
Ia1 L2 j0.8155
j0.3
0.2046 0.3195
Ia2 L2 j0.3828
j0.3
The phase
currents
in line L2are
Ia L2 Ia0 L2 Ia1 L2 Ia2 L2 j0.0273

Ib L2 1.0378 j0.6764

Ic L2 1.0378 j0.6764
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The sequence currents in line L3 are
0.1101 0.3195
Ia0 L3 j0.5235
j0.4
0.5271 0.3195
Ia1 L3 j1.0383
j0.2
0.222 0.3195
Ia2 L3 j0.4874
j0.2
Thephase currentsin line L3
are
Ia L3 Ia0 L3 Ia1 L3 Ia2 L3 j0.0273

Ib L3 1.3213 j0.799

Ic L3 1.3213 j0.799
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering