A preview excerpted from the unpublished Sacred Cacti 3rd edition

Table of contents
Lophophora sp. var. Vieska
Abbreviations 122
11 Some forms not widely accepted as specific
IMPORTANT Disclaimer & Cautionary designations
Statement to Readers 123
13 Lophophora fricii Habermann
Opening comments 123
19 Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann
Endnotes for Opening comments 124
29 Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa Hort.
Chapter One 125
33 Lophophora lutea
Random thoughts from a variety of minds 127
56 Other peyote species
Notes for Chapter One 127
61 Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire ex Salm-
A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars Dyck) Coulter
and the Witch Craze (after Szasz) 129
78 Common names used for or names applied to
Chapter Two peyote
81 129
The Peyote crisis Other names encountered in connection with
81 Peyote
Some statistics from the Texas DPS 132
82 Folk uses of Lophophora williamsii
Some suggestions 133
88 Occurrence and distribution
Chapter Three 133
93 Flora often associated with peyote
The Distribution & Occurrence of Mesca- 135
line Description and characteristics
95 136
The reported distribution of mescaline Moisture content of Peyote
containing species within the family 139
Cactaceae Reported analysis of L. williamsii:
96 140
Distribution of alkaloids within cacti Mescaline content of Peyote
98 140
Traces, Questions or Errors Alkaloid content of Peyote
100 141
Aztekium ritteri (Bdeker) Bdeker An Abbreviated Chronology of the Identifi-
101 cation of the Peyote alkaloids
The Gymnocalycium species 144
102 Effects of peyote summarized
Reports of the occurrences of mescaline 146
within the Gymnocalycium species Pharmacological overview of the non-mesca-
108 line alkaloid content of peyote
Islaya minor Backeberg 146
117 Alkaloids identified in peyote
Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) H. Bravo 148
118
5
 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.
A couple points of potential interest Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in
154 positive assays
References on peyote that may be of 209
potential interest to readers Cultivation of the Delosperma species
158 212
Peyote Music Delosperma species in which we have de-
161 tected the tentative presence of DMT
A portion of the first Inquisition Law and/or 5-MeO-DMT
against Mescaline Containing Plants 214
(Peyote) Other members of the Aizoaceae
162 216
the genus Opuntia Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloid
163 screening
Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenberg 216
171 Some Other Succulents Held to be Sa-
Pereskia Mill. cred, Medicinal or Useful
172 217
Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose Miscellaneous Notes on other members of
177 the Aizoaceae
Polaskia chende (Gosselin) Gibson & Horak 221
177 Miscellaneous Notes on some additional
Pterocereus (?) gaumeri (Britton & Rose) Aizoaceous Chemistry
MacDougall & Miranda 222
179 Endnotes for Some other Succulents
Stenocereus beneckei (Ehrenberg) 226
Buxbaum Chapter Five
180 231
re: Djerassi reporting the detection of no Mescaline; Physical Data & Toxicity
alkaloid 233
182 Free base
Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccobono 233
183 LD50
Stenocereus treleasei (Britton & Rose) 234
Backeberg Mescaline hydrochloride
184 235
Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Mescaline sulfate
Rose 237
185 Mescalines action
The Turbinicarpus species 238
187 Dosage
Comments on the occurrence & distribution 239
of mescaline Isolation
194 239
Chapter Four Synthesis
203 239
Some Other Succulents Spectrofluorometry
203 241
Some Other Succulents Mass Spectra
204 242
Notes on the AIZOACEAE Biosynthesis of mescaline (discussions,
205 studies and route proposals)
242
6
 SC3: Table of Contents
Assays Suggested readings on psychological and
242 psychiatric investigations of peyote and
Some Rf values reported for Mescaline its alkaloids
242 258
Some Color Reagents and Reactions Re- Taraxein
ported For Mescaline 258
244 Tolerance to mescaline
Some color reactions of Mescaline 259
246 Cross-tolerance
Mescaline Endnotes 260
247 Interactions between hallucinogenic drugs
Chapter Six 261
249 Some odds and ends
Pharmacology & Metabolism of Mescaline 261
249 Miscellaneous drug interactions with mes-
Physical & psychological effects in humans caline
251 262
A few observations published on the phe- Use of MAOIs with mescaline
nomenon of mescaline experiences 263
253 Assorted drug interactions reported in
Individual variability of drug response animals
256 267

Lophophora williamsii
7
 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

Inhibitors of various components of mes- Notes on Cultivating Some Other Cacti

caline-induced effects (in animals) 315
269 Desert varnish
Pharmacology in animals 323
270 Comments on other cacti
Mechanism of action (What we dont 324
know) A comment on night blooming cacti
275 325
Some more recent thought Cactus Cultivation Endnotes
277 326
Suggested readings on the pharmacognosy Chapter Eight
and physiology of peyote and its alka- 329
loids Utilization
278 329
Distribution, metabolism & excretion Peyote & mescaline; the plant & its use
reported in animals 331
279 Other ways of ingesting peyote and San
Metabolism and excretion reported in Pedro
humans 336
283 Utilization endnotes
Suggested readings on the metabolism of 340
mescaline Making an orally active tincture
284 343
Biochemistry of mescaline (Miscellaneous Chapter Nine
observations) 345
284 Purifying and Producing Mescaline.
Animal toxicity summary 345
286 Extracting and processing mescaline
Mescaline pharmacology endnotes 347
286 A few words on emulsions
Chapter Seven 352
293 Thoughts for the explorers among us
the Cultivation & Propagation of Cacti 353
293 Suggestions for investigation or production
Growing cacti from seed using modern technology
295 354
Cultivation of Peyote Related studies on enzymes and some
298 useful purification procedures, in,
Grafting mostly, unrelated species
299 355
Cultivation of San Pedro Purification & isolation endnotes
302 356
Physically handling cacti Chapter Ten
305 359
Shipping & receiving a cactus Abstracts of Some Useful Manipulations
305 361
Propagation of San Pedro by cuttings Chapter Eleven
307 367
Problems & pests Chromophoretic Reagents & Assays
310 369

8
 SC3: Table of Contents
Chapter Twelve Suggested reading
373 397
Abstracts of useful assay approaches Cactus Phenethylamines: A Tabular Key to
375 their Structural Formulas
Spectrophotometry and other approaches 399
378 Cactus Isoquinolines: A Tabular Key to
Retention times reported in Gas Chroma- their Structural Formulas
tography 403
379 Mescalines Krebs acid conjugates & other
Chapter Thirteen compounds
381 408
Miscellany Cactus Triterpenoids & similar molecules:
381 A Tabular Key to their Structural
Some authors, namesakes & contributing Formulas
researchers (The following includes several related
383 compounds that do not occur in cacti;
Some Knize Trichocereus offerings as they these are included for comparative
have appeared listed by KK# purposes)
387 409
Suggested reading concerning phosphenes, Useful properties of some solvents com-
drug or mind interactions with rhyth- monly used in chromatography
mic stimuli (entrainment), and entoptic 413
imagery in rock & other shamanic art
396

Polaskia chende

9
 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

References Some questions that still remain

417 497
ICactus alkaloid cross-list Acknowledgements
469 511
Index
475

Trichocereus bridgesii W.Baker 5452 A proven active form that is purported to have indigenous use
A bridgesii initially collected as a pachanoi. but we have been unable to locate any details.

10
 SC3: Table of Contents

Abbreviations

m = micrometer = micron ml = milliliter

= angstrom
BCE = before current era
BP = before present
bp= boiling point
cm = centimeter
dec. = with decomposition
dm = decimeter (10 cm.)
et al. = et alia (& others)
f = forma
ft = foot
gc = gas chromatography
gm = gram
in = inch
im = intramuscular
ip = intraperitoneal
ir = infrared
iv = intravenous
kg = kilogram
kV = kilovolt
LD100 = lethal dose 100%
LD50 = lethal dose 50%
m = millimicron (= nm)
m = meter
ma = milliamp
MAO = monoamine oxidase
MAOI = mao inhibitor
MLD = minimum lethal dose
reported in literature
mM = milliMolar
mm = millimeter
mmp = mixed melting point
mp = melting point
ms = mass spectroscopy
na = not available/applicable
nd = not detected
nm = nanometer
nn = nomen nudum (named but
lacking any description)
RT = room temperature
sc = subcutaneous
sn = sine numero (lacking a
collection number)
sp = species (singular)
spp = species (plural)
ssp = subspecies
subsp = subspecies
TD = toxic dose
TLC = thin-layer
chromatography
uv = ultraviolet
v = volt
var = variety
X = indicates a hybrid

Trichocereus peruvianus (Australia)

These appear on first glance to vaguely resenble dried peyote

Petrified peyote
The first reference to petrified peyote was a misnomer in refer-
ence to the Shumla Caves handmade 5 millenia old peyote effigies.
(See Terry et al. 2006 for details.)
More recently petrified peyote buttons have been offered for
sale at the Tucson Gem & Mineral Show and elsewhere.
buttons but are either an agate or another form of chalcedony with
a fine drusy quartz coating on one side and lack critical features
(such as ribbed divisions or the distinctive apex) that are typically
found in peyote buttons.
They are amazing natural treasures but in our opinion are clearly
not of botanical origin.

Compare the above to the dried peyote button on page 145. Rock sold as a petrified peyote button (front & back view)
11
Excerpted from the current working version of
Sacred Cacti 3rd ed by Keeper Trout.
These words are largely unchanged from the 1997
Openingcomments
first edition.
TheArchaicRevivalisaclarioncalltorecoverourbirthright,howeveruncomfortablethatmaymakeus.Itisa
calltorealizethatlifelivedintheabsenceofthepsychedelicexperienceuponwhichprimordialshamanismisbased
islifetrivialized,lifedenied,lifeenslavedtotheegoanditsfearofdissolutioninthemysteriousmatrixoffeelingthat
isallaroundus.ItisintheArchaicRevivalthatourtranscendenceofthehistoricaldilemmaactuallylies.
TerenceMCKENNA1992FoodoftheGods,page252.

Everymajoradvanceinscienceandtechnologyhasbeengreetedwithsuspicionandalarm.Ithappenedwiththe
telescopeithappenedwiththethermometer.Whatwehavetotakeintoaccountisthatifanysubstancehaspotential
forabuseormisuse,thenitisaxiomaticthatthisabuseormisusewillinfacttakeplace.Therearemanypeoplewho
!"##$%&$'(()'*(&+$(,$(-&.&$*-&/"*'#.$!-,$')&$"0$1'*($(-&$#'.($2&,2#&$!-,$*,3#+$2,.."%#4$%&0&5($1),/$(-&/
Butitsnotsoeasyasallthat.Theonlycertaintywehaveisthatwhateverwedo,itwillberoughgoing.Attheend,
oneoftwothingswillhappen:peoplewillsaywhatanincrediblenumberofblunderingidiotstherewerewhothought
LSDwasofanyusewhatever,ortheyllsaywhatanincrediblenumberofpeopletherewerewhoweresostupidas
toignorethisastoundinghappening.
HumphreyOSMOND,D.P.M.,Director,PsychiatricResearch,PrincetonNeuropsychiatricInstitute,asquotedin
ThomasLYTTLEsPsychedelicMonographs&Essays,Volume2

...I am convinced that we cannot alter the destructive nature of our Technological culture without
altering our consciousness, without altering our tissue and that is exactly what the psychedelics are for
[Note1]
...InonesentenceIcansaythatthefutureofpsychedelicsisthefutureoftheworld...the
13(3)&$,1$/'06"0+7$8,($,0#4$(-'($%3($(-&$.*"&0("5*$!,)#+$".$/'6"09$'$9)&'(:$9)&'($#&'2$(-),39-$
thisalteredstateofconsciousness.Itisnotadmittedbecauseitisanillegalthing,butthings
Einsteinmissedhavenowcomeintomodernphysicsthroughthepsychedelicdoctorates.
[Interviewer:FritjofCaprahaswrittenthattheinitialstimulusfortheTaoofPhysics
camethroughtheuseofpowerplants.]
NotonlyhimbutquiteafewNobelprizewinnersIwontmentiontheirnames,Idont
wanttomessthemupmadetheirgreatdiscoveriesaftertheywereturnedon.Mostofthe
9)'0+$30"5&+$5&#+$(-&,)".(.7$'#/,.($'##$,1$(-&/$')&$(3)0&+$,0$2&,2#&.
BabaGANESH,fromaninterviewalsopublishedinPsychedelicMonographs&Essays,
Volume2.

IunderstandwhypeopleonbothsidesofthisissuemightquestionwhyIfeltitnecessary
toassemblethisbook.
SomeofthosewhobelieveasIdomayobjecttothisbeingwrittenbecause,whiletheyknow
!"#$!%&!"'$!"#($)%#$*)!+*,#-$.+!"$!")!$)/-$.0&1-$2%#3#%$+!$4#$5#2!$*"#1!#%#-$)/-$2%#*#%6#-$30%$!"#7$
andfellowbelievers.Thosewhoopposemybeliefsmayviewthisasreckless,irresponsible
andacontributiontoeverythingtheyoppose.
Any forms of spiritual restriction and persecution are wrong.Any legislation of what a
personshouldorshouldnotbelieveorexperiencespirituallyisalsowrong.Noristhetruthto
beprotectedfrompryingeyesandreservedforaselectfew.
I fully recognize that writing this book under a pseudonym automatically casts at least
*07#$ -0&4!*$ )40&!$ !"+*$ .0%58*$ 6#%)9+!($ )/-$ 7($ :&)1+,9)!+0/*$ !0$ 7)5#$ *07#$ 03$ !"#$ 91)+7*$
thatIdo.Whatisopinionorsubjectiveobservationsarepresentedassuch.Whatisfacthas
enoughdocumentationincludedtoenableinterestedpartiestodecidethetruthforthemselves
byconsultingourreferences,and,betterstill,THEIRreferences.
Iftheytrulyobjecttowhatisincludedhereandwhatwebelievethentheyshouldnotwaste
theirtimereadingit.Nooneshovedagundowntheirthroattoforcethemtoreadit.Believers
ofthesystemsofworshipandspiritualexplorationwhichIdiscuss,ontheotherhand,routinely
havegunsshovedintheirfacebyscreamingandoftenabusivelawenforcementpersonnel,
whoshouldbealliesandfellowAmericans,notswornenemies,dedicatedintheirmisguided
attemptstoforceustoabandonourspiritualbeliefs.
Itshouldbenotedthatextremepersecutionhasbeenappliedforoveramillenniumanda
halftopeoplewhobelieveasIdo.Inmanycases,tortureandactualdeathwerebothprescribed
andenactedpunishments.
WEARESTILLHERE.

PeyoteplantfromSafford1916
19
 SacredCacti3rded.
ThisdidnoteradicateSanPedrousefromtheAndes,nordid
iteliminatePeyoteorPsilocybeuseinMexico.Illegalitydidnot
destroytheAfricanEbokausersnorhasiteliminatedtheuseof
Cannabisanywhereintheworld.
In spite of intense persecution, we are still here because we
believe.
Thesacramentsaresacredevenifprofanedbytheunknowing
whoalsosometimesusethem.Theydonotfunctionasspiritual
toolsforallwhousethemanymorethanmembershipinaparticular
churchensuresthatthememberisdevoutandsincere.
Spirituality is an individual and subjective experience and
mustcomefromthehearttobefunctional.Itcannotbelegislated,
prescribedordictatedbyothers.
Noreligionthatpromotesaplacebosacramentandforbidsdirect
!""#$$%&'%!()%*('+,#)-#%'.%&/#%0!"1#)%2(3(4&#5%"!(%#6#1%/'7#%&'%
persuadeustoabandontheTRUEsourcesofOriginalCommunion
asprovidedtousbyourcreator[Note2].
Themostthatcanbedoneistodrivethereligionunderground
ashasfrequentlyhappenedinitspastandcurrenthistoryfromthe
peyoteandmushroomfaithsdisappearingintoremotemountainous
regionsofMexicoaftertheSpanishinvasion,throughtheDyid
reducedtousingtheirsacramentalMitragynaafricanaleafamidst
greatsecrecyinremoteareasofMali[Note3],totheestablishment
of an eclectic and disparate counterculture inAmerica born in
directresponsetoitsmembersbeinglumpedtogetherandbranded
as criminals for having nothing in common but some shared
philosophicalbeliefs.
Illegalizationofanyphilosophical,spiritualorreligioussystem
createsacoherencyandasecretstructurethatensurestheirsupport
andcontinuationevenifdiminishedinnumbers.Novalidsystem
ofreligiousbeliefhaseverbeendestroyedwithoutkillingevery
sincere believer and their families. Proof that this works, albeit
temporarily, can be witnessed in the destruction of a number of
suchfaithsinEuropebytheearlyorganizedchurch.Nobloodwas
sparedtogaindominionoveranddestroythosefaithsthatstillknew
ofasacramentthatwasactive.
Itshouldalsobenotedthatsuchsuppressioncanonlylastuntil
one person with the right biochemistry and predisposition once
againeatsofthesacrament,atwhichpointthereligioninherent
inourgenesisbornanew.Thefaithisagainblossomingallover
Europedespitefrequentlegalrestrictionsand,insomeareas,severe
punishments.
ThepersistenceofthefaithfulintheUS,despitetheintensive
and unrelenting efforts of the US government to dissuade them
throughgrosslyexaggerated&excessivelyharshpenalties,should
berightlyconsideredasevidenceandtestimonyofjusthowstrong
thisfaithcanbe.
Inaneraofpoliticalandlegalpersecution,suchaswecurrently
areenduring,quiteoftentheonlytimethetruthcanbepublished
isanonymously.Formyselforanyofthosewhohavehelpedwith
&/4$% 74#"#% &'% 8#% '7#(,9% 4)#(&43#)5% '7#($% :$% :7% .'1% 1#&148:&4'(5%
prosecutionandpossibleimprisonmentsimplyforexercisingour
rightstobasicreligiousfreedom.IfitwasaviableoptionIwould
beproudtoattachmynametothiswork.
Anonymousauthorshipofpoliticallyincorrecttopicsiswell
establishedasbothnecessaryandacceptableinrepressiveregimes
suchastheonewenowliveunder.
Thosewhoarenotdirectlythreatenedbythisrepressionmay
haveahardtimebelievingweareonceagaininaneraofattempted
cultural,ideologicalandspiritualcleansing.YettheWaronDrugs
isblatantlyjustanotherattemptedsocialpurge.
GoingintowhatwouldprovetobeWWII,theGermanpeople
ofthelate1930swouldhavehadahardtimebelievingthatthe
cleansingofsocietyandtheeliminationoftheJewproblemwas
inanywayabadthingforGermansociety.Theyweresimilarly
brainwashedintoperceivingthataminorandprimarilypolitically
powerlesssubclassofsocietyweresomehowundesirables,pariahs,
thecauseoftheirwoesandTHEmajorthreattosocialorderand
stability[Note4].
.Asarethedrugusersoftoday,theJewishpeoplewerepublicly
misrepresented as dangerous and worthless VERMIN not even
worthyofnormalhumanconsiderationsunderthelawsubhuman
SCUMtobecleansedfromsocietysfabricwithoutguiltorremorse.
ThatJewswerebeingusedasscapegoatsforenablingalarger
socialandpoliticalagendawasnotevenconsideredbytheaverage
Germancitizen.
Our situation today inAmerika is little different. Even the
policethemselveslackaccurateinformationandarepurposefully
educated [Note 5] with intentionally prejudicial propaganda,
frequently utterly lacking in facts, and instead often comprised
'.% -1'$$,9% )4$&'1&#)% ;$"4#(&43"% 3()4(-$<% )#,48#1!&#,9% 4(&#()#)% &'%
misrepresent their intended victims as threats to the established
socialorder.
DrugusersAREtheJewsofthe1990s[andonwardintothe
newmillennium].
AsweretheJewishpeople,wealsoareviciouslyattackedand
persecutedfornoreasonotherthanourreadilyperceiveddifferences
ofbeliefandsometimesappearance.Ourcrimeisourinsistence
thattheindividualandtheindividualalonehastherighttodictate
howtheyworship,whattheythinkandhowtheyfeelintheprivacy
oftheirownminds.
It has been said to me that this comparison is unfair, that
entheogenicdruguserschoosewhoweare,whereasJewishpeople
arebornJews.
Itisfarfromcertainthatpeoplewithpredilectionstowardsthe
hallucinogensarenotbornthatway.
Certainlymostpeopledonotcarefortheexperience.
Thereisalsoconsiderableevidencetosuggestthatbiochemical
markerscandifferentiatepeopleintoclassescorrespondingtowhich
drugstheyprefersuggestingthatindividualtastesforparticular
substancesmayhaveunderlyingbiochemicalreasons.Wewould
sugestthattheanswerstothetrueproblemsofdrugabusewillonly
befoundinthoselinesofthoughtthatstartbyaskingthequestion
Whyisthisindividualselfmedicating?Whatisitthattheyrequire
whichtheirpatternofabuseissomehowsatisfying?
Ignoringthis,itmustalsobepointedoutthathadtheJewish
people not been such a visible subclass, had the Orthodox Jews
stoppedwearingtheirtraditionalclothing,hadtheygivenuptheir
languageandtheirreligiousbeliefsandsheepishlyattemptedan
assimilationintomainstreamGermansocietytheyalsowouldhave
hadnoproblemsandcouldneverhavebeensounjustlyandviciously
usedasascapegoatforGermanysfarlargereconomicandsocietal
problems.Druguserstodayarenodifferentandsuggestionsthat
weabandonourbeliefs,inanattempttoconformtothewishesand
religiousbeliefsofthosewhobelievedifferentlyfromus,areno
lessinsultingandinappropriate.
Socialcleansingsandculturalpurgesofunpopularminorities
areevilthingsnomatterwhothetarget.
AswasthecasewiththeGermanJewishpeople,wealsohave
beenrelentlesslydemonizedinthemediaandportrayedascriminals
!()%:()#$41!8,#$%&'%$:"/%!%)#-1##%&/!&%4&%4$%1!1#%&'%3()%!(%!6#1!-#%
citizenwhohasnotbeenaffected.
20

As was true for the German Jewish people, we too have no
support or advocates within any bodies with effective political
input.Anyopenandvisiblestanceswemighttakewouldbedealt
withastheNaziswouldhavedealtwithaJewwhodaredtostand
upopenlyandvisiblydefyHitlerinprintorspeech.
Forthosewhowoulddisputethis,wewouldremindthemthat
when Jim Hogshire was arrested for possession of commercial
!"#$%&'%()"))*()"+%,(&-.()#$/0#*(.1$+.23.(&-.()#"%.34&$"2()#.%.2&.+(
againsthimwashispublishedWRITINGSaboutthispolitically
incorrecttopic.Readersmightwanttothinkaboutthisforamoment.
The necessity of anonymity when voicing opposition to such
anunjustandoppressiveregimeisnotlimitedtosuchgrossand
extremeexamples.HadJamesMadisonnotwrittentheFederalist
PapersundertheanonymityofPublias,hewouldhaverapidly
been arrested, imprisoned and probably hanged as a traitor.The
AmericanRevolutiononlysucceededbecauseitsmembershipwas
abletostayinvisibleuntilthetimeforactionarose.
ItshouldberememberedthatthemajorityofcolonialAmericans
neversupportedtheestablishmentofanindependentnationfounded
ontheprinciplesofdemocracyandfreedomandwerenotinfavor
ofourbreakingawayfromEngland.(AtleastnotuntilAFTERit
hadalreadyhappened.)
It would be too simple to target, harass and silence us as
individuals.Iamundernoillusionaboutthisveryseriousmatter.
Thisisarevolution.Notoneofviolence,noronethatadvocates
anoverthroworevenanunderminingofthegovernment[Note6]
butoneofconsciousnessandofconsciencethatdarestodeclare
and assert our rights to govern and control our own thoughts,
consciousnessandabilitytoworship,ornotworship,aswebelieve.
Noformofexpressionshouldberestrictedunlessitharmsothers.
Those of us who worship in this way are not bound together
withinanyformaldogmaororganization,weonlyknowthetruth
0%($&($%(5#$&&.2($2("4#(-.0#&%6(703-("8(4%(92"5%(5.(/4%&(:2+("4#(
ownpersonalpath,asweareindividualsandnotmindlessclones
tobespoonfedamassmarketedreligion.Often,ouronlyshared
pointisthateachofusbelievesthatwehavearighttogovernour
ownconsciousnessandthattheonlyvalidspiritualpathforusis
thecultivationofapersonalrelationshipwithourcreator.
Weareclaimingnothingmorethanthespiritualandreligious
freedomthatsupposedlyisguaranteedtousundertheConstitution
and Bill of Rights that now hangs in tattered shreds, another
victimoftheWaronDrugs.[Writingforthethirdeditionin2005,
both documents now appear to have largely been buried, if not
composted.]
I have said it before and will say it again AWar on Drugs
is aWar on People. Namely, people of different beliefs. Drugs
arethings.Youcannothaveawaronthings.Warsareconducted
betweenpeopleorelse,asinthiscase,wagedagainstpeople.
The very notion of zero tolerance is not only blatantlyun
American but decidedly antiChristian despite the numbers of
American Christians who preach it.Too many otherwise decent
humanshaveallowedthemselvestobesweptupinanemotional
propagandacampaignofhatred,intoleranceandprejudiceagainst
peoplewhoaredifferentfromthemselves.
It is little different from any of the other attempted cultural
cleansings,thosesocialandideologicalpurgesofminoritiesthat
are shunned and condemned for their visible philosophical or
spiritualdifferences.HitlertargetedtheJews&otherminorities,
the Inquisitions targeted witches, scientists and other heretics,
various Christian groups have repeatedly targeted those people
that they perceive as godless such as witches, peyoteists and
communists, Pol Pots Khmer Rouge targeted the educated and
those contaminated by exposure to foreign cultures, and the
Openingcomments
currentAmerican, medically approved and religiously sanitized,
versionofthelongstandingChristianpogromtargetsthosewho
altertheirconsciousness.
Inthecaseoftheentheogenusers,thisisdirectedmainlyagainst
peoplewhodonotbelieveinanorganizedreligionwithdogmas
)#.%3#$;.+(;*(3"//$&&..,(02+(5-"(&-.#.8"#.(3022"&(:<-&(;039("#(
adequatelydefendthemselvesasthecourtsdonotrecognizethe
pharmacologicalrealmsofspiritualexperienceasbeingvalidfor
peopleofEuropeanbackgrounds,nordothecourtsrecognizeany
religionthatisnotformallyorganized.
Thecourtscannotbeexpectedtobeunbiasedinthismatter,as
theirdecisionmakersswearanoathtothesameGodwhosfollowers
havebeenwagingawaronthosewhoholdthesacredplantsto
beHoly(andwhohavebeendoingsoeversinceChristianitywas
decreedtobethenewStateReligionoftheConstantinesRoman
Empire).Wedonotwanttodivergebydiscussingwherethishas
beenpermittedtoleadinthenewmillennia.
Wecouldalsoheapequalblameonthemedicalandpharmaceutical
communitybutasDr.ThomasSzaszhasdonesuchaneloquentand
wellwrittenjobannihilatingthepompousfacadeontheirblatant
:2023$0==*(/"&$10&.+(0&&./)&%(0&(=$/$&$2<(3"/).&$&$"2(02+(0%%4/$2<(
totalcontroloverpeopleshealthchoicesandoptionsfortheirown
;.2.:&,(5.(%..(2"()"$2&($2(#.).0&$2<(/"#.(&-02(%"/.("8(&-.(;"2.%(
ofhisobservations.
Ibelievethat,forthelargestpart,theirmindsaremadeupand
theyarenotopenenough,orevenable,toevaluatetheissuehonestly
andjustly,freefrompreconceivednotionsandprejudice.Inmost
casestheyhavebeenassaultedbyadelugeofmisinformationand
intensepropagandasincetheywereoldenoughtounderstandwhat
wassaidtothem.Theycannotbeblamed.Theyaretooignorant
oftheactualtruthtoevenconsiderittobeapossibility.Theyhold
whatwebelieveasnotonlywrongbututterlylackinginmerit
despite the precedence of its great antiquity and the history of
directandunrelentingpersecutionbytheChristianfaithoverthe
last1500orsoyears.
Itmustbestressedthatdespitetheirbestefforttodestroyusand
thefaith,wearestillhere.Theymayimprisonorevenkillus.They
maydothesametomanythousandsofothers,astheyhavedone
andarestilldoing,butourpracticesandbeliefsliveon.
Even if they somehow succeeded in destroying every single
follower,thefaithwillbebornanewassoonasonepersonwith
therightbiochemistryeatsofthesacramentinanyoneofitsmany
variedforms.
My religious and spiritual beliefs are incorporated into the
biochemistryofmybody.TheHolytempleiswithin.Myreligious
andspiritualbeliefscannotbedestroyedbydestroyingtheindividual
astheyareincorporatedintohumanphysiologyencodedwithin
theheartandsoulofmyDNA.
IdidnotcreatethisreligionIwasbornwithit.
Myreligionwascreatedbythesameforcesthatcreatedme.
Mybeliefisthatitcamewiththeplanet.
It needs neither prophets and creeds nor threats and dangled
promisestoensureourobedience.Thoseofuswhobelieveand
mergewiththesesubstancesdosobecauseweACCEPTwhoand
whatweare:HUMANBEINGS.
Thisisanareaingreatneedoftruth.Thereisanunjustlyperceived
socialundesirabilityandpoliticalincorrectnesssurroundingthevery
topicIhopetothrowmorelightupon.Thisisunfortunate,asitis
thedirectresultofpeoplebelievingthattheysomehowhavethe
rightanddutytodictateandlegislatewhatotherpeoplebelieve
spirituallyandreligiously.Tothisendtheyhavesoughttoportray
thisfaithassomethingitisnotwithliesandinnuendo.
21
 SacredCacti3rded.
!"#$ %&'$ ()$ *'+,-$ .-$ &/-($ &$ %&'$ -0#1.21&//3$ *.'#14#*$ &,&.)-4$ Asimilarkeywordsearchforpeyoteyieldedprimarilymentions
accurate information and knowledge it is especially focused on ofarticleswhichstressedtheHighCourtscurrentlynarrowviewon
access to that information. (This inability to control information allowanceofminorityreligiousexpressionoraccountsofthecrisis
distribution, and, more pointedly, information access, is the true facingtheNACduetothelimitedavailabilityoftheirsacrament
reasonthattheInternetstrikesfearintheheartsofmanywhoare incontrasttotheirincreasingrequirements.(Asiftheyarebeing
obsessedwithpowerandcontrol.) allowed any choice in the matter especially now that Congress
For example, during the Reagan years, every reference to madepeyoteseedsSchedule1in1997,andfailedtoincludeany
alkaloids was mysteriously lacking from UTAustins OnLine provisionforeven!"#$%&'(NACpeopletopossessseeds,cultivate
catalog.Consideringthereareseveralmultiplevolumeserieswith theplantoreventoreturnseedstothewild!Incrediblythisiseven
thisastheirtitle,itwasnotasmallomission.Booksconcerning consideredtoapplytothoselicensedtocollecttheplantfromwild
hallucinogenssuddenlydisappearedfromthecatalogandinmany populations,accordingtotheTexasDPS!)
1&-#-$5'(6$4"#$&14+&/$-"#/7#-$4"#6-#/7#-8$9.:'&'3$(521.&/-$&44'.:+4#*$ Afewyearsagoaprofessionaljournalwascreatedasaforum
thelattertocoincidenceandpatronsfailingtoreturnbooksbutas for this topic. Yet, all of our available referencing sources at
ithappenedliterallyovernightandinvolvedhundredsofbooksthis the University insist that Integration: (subtitled Zeitschrift fur
stretchescredibility. Geistbewegende)*$#+(#%,#'%-,./,0)doesnotexist.Thisistrue
IknowthatmanyremainedontheshelvesforYEARSwithout despiteitsprimarycontributingauthorsbeingwellknownandhighly
catalog entries because I had always recorded the call numbers respectedscientistsandmedicalprofessionalswithmanyarticles
&)*$1(+/*$2)*$4"#6$0"3-.1&//3$:3$+-.),$63$)(4#-8$;4$'#6&.)#*$4".-$ behindthemsomestretchingbackliterallydecades.Apparentlyit
way for almost a decade. During the last two years of the Bush wasneverincludedbyanyofthecitationserviceswhichcatalog
administrationalmostallexistingmaterialAZreappearedinthe professionaljournals.Unfortunatelythislackofawarenesshasnow
catalog. outlivedthelifeofthefairlyshortlivedjournal.
Manybookshoweverdidnotreturn,includinganyindividual I suspect this attitude of casual dismissal to be a part of the
worksthathadreportedfavorablyontheusageofhallucinogenic prejudiceandpopularmisconceptionthatweareallabunchoftie
drugs.[UnlessbearingsuchtitlesasTheDiabolicRootorPeyote, dyedbarefoothippieswantingtodancenakedintheparks.Afew
theIndianMindDrug.]Curiously,manyreferenceandfrequently ofusmaybe,butthevastmajorityarejustregularhardworking
cited source books previously in the library holdings now say andhonestpeople.
Unavailableintheirlistinginthecatalog. Wearedoctors,chemistsandotherdegreedprofessionals.We
AfewstillsayUnavailableintheirOnLinelistinginspiteof teachandweworkinfactories.Weareeverywhere.
theirphysicalpresenceontheshelves.ManymoresayUnavailable Wearenotcriminalsexceptforwhatwebelieveinspiritually.
orNolongeravailablethat,whiletheyarenotintheUniversitys Wehavenothingincommonforthemostpartexceptforthisfaith
holdings, are actually readily available through such services as thattiesustogetherandthepainswemusttaketokeepourspiritual
InterLibrary Loan.This option is commonly includedfor many practicesoutofsight,similartowhatearlyChristianswereforced
bookslistedforothertopicsalongwiththenoteoftheirabsence toundergo.
fromtheUniversityholdings. Theyalsowerepersecuted,arrestedandseverelypunishedfor
Duetothedelugeofpublicationsarisingfromrecentethnological their beliefs if discovered. Their meetings and congregations of
workamongdrugusingpeoplesandstudiesofshamanicoriented worshipandfellowshipalsohadtooccurinsecrecy.Theydidnot
faithsthereisabalanceonceagainslowlyreturningtothelibrary ceasetoexistinresponsetobeingbrandedoutlaws.
system.(ThisreferstotheUniversitylibrary.) Our situation is no different and our beliefs are certainly no
;)$-0.4#$(5$4".-<$4"#'#$.-$-4.//$4"#$0'#-#)1#$(5$%"&4$6&)3$.)$4".-$2#/*$ lessvalid.
/.=#$4($1&//$4"#$>?@!$2/4#'A8$!".-$.-$&)$+)(521.&/$:+4$/(),B-4&)*.),$ ManypeoplewhobelieveasIdowillstrenuouslyobjecttoour
trendofcompilersofdatabasesandOnLinesearchindexestoomit systemofspiritualexperiencebeinglabeledareligionbecausethis
themajorityofreferencesconcerningDMT.(Perhapsduetothe conjuresupimagesofacentrallycontrolledsystemorprescribed
factthat,notonlyisDMTwondrousandinformationallyrichwhen *(,6&$-+1"$&-$4"&4$%".1"$0('4'&3-$+-$&-$-+:"+6&)$7#'6.)$24$4($:#$
approachedproperly[Note7]but,asDr.Shulginputsit,DMTis exterminatedandexhibitsnotoleranceforthoseofdifferentbeliefs.
everywhere.)Thislargelyceasedtobetruebyaround2001. Whetheryourefertoitasspiritualityorreligionthesearejustwords
Somemightcallthisparanoiaonmypartbutin1995ifaperson forasystemofbeliefconcerningwhatweholdtobesacredand
wenttotheAcademicPeriodicalIndex(whichcovers1988through trueasconcernstheineffable.
the present) and entered DMT in any one of its many names or TerenceMCKENNA$*#2)#*$-"&6&).-6$&-$:#.),$)(4$&$'#/.,.()$
-3)()36-<$ 4"#3$ %(+/*$ 2)*$ )(4".),$ 1()1#').),$ 4".-$ 1(60(+)*8$ but rather a set of techniques.This is quite true and will go far
(AtleastthiswastrueinasearchconductedatUTAustin.)Toa towardsexplainingwhytheapproachesoftenseemasvariableas
noviceobserverthiswouldsuggestthatthereeitherwasnoongoing theindividual.
researchconcerningDMTorelsethenamewasnotintheirtitle. Oursisdistinctfromtheorganizedreligionsinthatmostofus
Intheprior8yearstherewereatleast12mainstreamjournal rejecttheideasthatsomeoneelsemusttelluswhatistrueandthatwe
articles that clearly incorporated N,NDimethyltryptamine or a mustliveintheshadowsoftheorganizationalcontrolandspiritual
synonymaspartoftheirtitleorelselisteditamongtheirkeywords. experiencesofothers.Spiritualityiseitherlivingandpersonally
Underasubjectkeywordsearchforhallucinogenswefoundonly accessibleoritisdead.Theideaofanorganizationexistingtodirect
areferencetoaNewYorkTimesarticleconcerningaCalifornian andthereforelegitimizeourbeliefsandexperiencesisabhorrent
arrestedforpossessingtoads,referringtohimastheHighPriest toalmostallofus.TheissueistheSacred.TheSacredcannotbe
ofToads,alabelcertaintoinducevisionsofwitchcraftorsatanic legislatedbycommittee.
worshipinmanypreprogrammedChristians. Many of us who follow the PharmacoGnostic paths or other
shamanicapproachesaresincereinourbeliefs.Wecouldnotclaim
thatallaresincereanymorethananychurchororganizationcan
truthfullyclaimthatallofitsmembersaresincere.

22

Wearealsotheonlyfaithforwhichthecourtsfrequentlyrequire
aracistcriterionfortheonlyexceptiontotheirblanketprohibition
onthesacraments,orsuggestthatproofofsinceritywouldbea
prerequisiteforanyconsiderationofexpandingitstolerance.Imust
wonderhowapersonwouldlegallyprovesincerity?Haveothers
attesttoit?Asiftheyknow.
Atthehighestlevel,thecourtrejectstheissueoftolerationof
minorityreligiousfreedomentirely(intheirwords,asaluxury)
except for one established group, the NativeAmerican Church.
!"#$% &$% '(&)% *+)#,% '(#-% .#/#+'#01-% 2$0% '(#3)#1"#)% 4$0#.% +''+*5)%
and harassment as to this day the High Court refuses to bar the
Statesfromenactingtheirownlawstoprohibitanyexpressionof
67.)(&/%'(#-%)##%2',%)#''&$8%'(#%9:;%4/%<7.%-#'%37.#%<4'4.#%*74.'%
battlesandwastedresources.
Amoresubtlebutfarmoredamagingrestrictionexistsforthe
NACduetotheillegalityofpeyotecultivation.Asnaturalresources
aredwindling,dueinlargestparttohabitatlossresultingfromland
conversiontoagricultureandpasturage,theinabilityofpeyoteists
tomasscultivatetheplantlegallyiscreatingaseriousthreatfor
theirfutureunlesstheyarewillingtoacceptanalternatesacrament
(whichofcoursewillnotbelegal).
A Peyote church inArizona, dedicated towards cultivation
and preservation of their sacrament, has found limited success
butsimilarlyfoundthemselvesortheirmembersbackincourtto
28('%<7.%6(+'%1&''1#%/.7'#*'&7$%7<%'(#&.%*&"&1%.&8(')%'(+'%'(#%)'+'#%(+)%
allowed.Thisisapatternthatwecanexpecttocontinueuntilthe
SupremeCourtdevelopsthecojnes%'7%+<2.3%'(+'%74.%1+6%07#)%
indeedsupportreligiousfreedomofminorities.
Peyotecanbereadilycultivatedbutthereisalagtimebefore
usefulnessthatiscomparabletoagedscotches.Unlessthecourts
arewillingtoallowlargescalecultivationtobegintheyaredirectly
contributingtogreathardshipsforafaiththeysupposedlyallow.
;4..#$'% /.7"&)&7$)% 4$0#.% '(#% 1+6% 07% $7'% )/#*&2*+11-% /.7(&=&'%
cultivationbutonlyguaranteeprotectionforharvestingbyregistered
harvestersandactualconsumptionitselfbyrecognizedmembers.
>(&1#%$7'%)/#*&2*+11-%forbiddingtheNACtocultivate,theseeds
arenowillegaltopossess,creatinganinterestingobstacleforits
purportedlyprotectedandlegitimateuserstoassumeanycontrol
overtheirfuture.
TheTexasDepartmentofPublicSafety,theagencywholicenses
the4remainingpeyoteroswhoharvestfortheentiretyoftheNAC,
insiststhatitisnotlegalforanyonetocultivate.Theirstanceisthat
evenpeyoterosarelicensedonlytocollectfromwildpopulations
nottogroworeventoreplantthecacti!
AsTexasistheonlystateitgrowsinnaturallyanditstrictly
forbidsitspossession,evenifforstrictlyornamentalorhorticultural
purposes,largescalecultivationwouldbeariskyundertakingat
best.[Note8]
PeyoterosarelicensedtoCOLLECTnottocultivate.
Whilemanyofusacceptanduseothersacraments,theNAC
andotherpeyotefaithsshouldbeenabledtochoosetheirownand
continuetohaveaccesstoit.
Theycurrentlyhavelittleornoactualfreedomtoaddressthe
issueoffutureaccessoreventoundertakeactiontoremedyand
prevent the destruction of their sacrament. The current system
unrealistically allows them to obtain peyote only through these
duly licensed harvesters who, due to the system and restrictions
imposed, legally and physically, continually harvest smaller and
youngerplantsfromthefewremainingareasofwildpopulations
thatareavailabletothem.
Openingcomments
Effortstosecureprotectionforcultivationofthesacramenthave
thusfarnotseenthecooperationofthenecessaryauthorities.While
LeoMercadosPeyoteFoundationenjoyedasmalldegreeofsuccess
intheirstate(Arizona),thisprovedshortlivedwhenmorecreative
stepswereappliedtoovercometheearlierdecisionsandnotpermit
thecourtstoreturnLeospeyoteplantstohimagain.
Itappearsthattherearestillnostraightanswersontheactual
circumstancesunderwhichPeyotecultivation(andpossession)is
protected.
One thing that is clear is that Leo and others have clearly
demonstrated that large scale peyote cultivation can be done by
anyonealmostanywhereiftheyarewillingtodosomework.Its
almostfascinatingthatattacksonPeyoteisnowwellunderwayin
severalEuropeannations.Onehastowonderwhoisbehindthe
introductionofthesenewprohibitions.
Interestingly those involved in Leos harassment included
ArizonaauthoritieswhodidnotagreewithArizonastatelawand
simplyrefusedtorespectitdespitetheirswornoathstodoso.So
muchforthefrequentlyrepeatedclaimofbeingimpartialupholders
ofthelaw.(Perhapsupholdersofthelawastheywouldlikeittobe,
wouldbemoreaccurate)
:% (+$0<41% 7<% +15+17&0)% 284.#% &$'7% 74.% .#1&8&74)% +$0% )/&.&'4+1%
livesastheyhavedoneinthelivesofcountlesshumansformany
millennia. We do not, can not and will not accept the religious
oppressionandcensorshipplaceduponusandourbeliefs.
WhatIbelieveisnotwrongnorisitwithoutsubstance.What
is wrong is that is has been forbidden in a 2pronged attack by
2 competing religious [Note 9] orders [Note 10] who largely
pull the strings in both the governing and legislative factions of
ourgovernment,andwhohavegonetogreatpainstodemonize
and misrepresent our sacraments to both mainstreamAmerican
Christians&acceptablenonChristians(includingthesecularand
nonsecularfactionsthatexistineach).Theunrelentingintensityof
theongoingmediablitzandoutrageouspropagandaeffortslaunched
sofarwouldmakeevenHerrGoebbelsenvious.
Whilethisiscurrentlymasqueradedasapublichealthandsafety
issue,thevastmajorityofthepublichealthandsafetyrisksforany
andalldrugsarethedirectresultof,andareactuallycreatedby,
the laws forbidding the use of drugs [Note 11]. This is an issue
thatistoolargeforoursmallworktoaddressandwewouldrefer
interestedreaderstoOTT1993(1996)orOTT1995orOTT1997
andreferencestherein.
Someofthebestwrittenessaysonthissubjectcanbefoundin
whatshouldbeconsideredasrequiredreadingforanyonewithan
interestinthisarea,whetherproorcon:
Thomas S ZASZ 1985 Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual
PersecutionofDrugs,AddictsandPushers.and
ThomasSZASZ1992OurRighttoDrugs.TheCaseforaFree
Market.and
MiltonFRIEDMAN&ThomasSZASZ1992OnLibertyandDrugs.
Anotherworkonthesubjectofmisrepresentationofthisissue
to hide its true nature as an actual war on nonconformity, the
Constitutionanddemocracyitselfwasbroughttoourattentionin
abookreviewinthePRL[Note12].Thisbookshouldberequired
readingbyeveryoneonbothsidesofthisissue.Itmaynotchange
theirmindsonwheretheystandbut,aswithSzasz,itwillhelpthem
tobetterunderstandthetrueissuesinvolvedandwhythingsareas
theyare.SeeRichardLawrenceMILLER1996DrugWarriorsand
TheirPrey:FromPolicePowertoPoliceState.
23

Forthosewhoarentappalledenoughandwhowouldliketo
delve even deeper into understanding the history of why we are
wherewearerightnow,wewouldsuggestadditionallyreading(or
viewing)thefollowingtopulltogetheralargerpicturefromtheir
differentvantagepoints:
DennisBERNSTEIN&HowardLEVIN1994TheTexasObserver.
(June17):1415.OllieTakesaPowder:ATexasDEAAgentOnce
TrackedOliverNorthsContraDrugDeals.
Also,wadethroughthetranscriptsoftheIranContrahearings.
[Bringsometallboots.]
MartinA. LEE & Bruce SHLAIN 1985 Acid Dreams: The CIA,
LSD,andtheSixtiesRebellion.
Michael LEVINE 1994 The Big White Lie: The deep cover
operationthatexposedtheCIAsabotageofthedrugwar.[Aformer
DEA agents viewpoint of the CIAs role in the appearance and
distribution of crack cocaine. Largely misses the big picture but
importantandeyeopeningreading.]
AlfredW.MCCOY1972ThePoliticsofHeroininSoutheastAsia.
[InterestingviewpointofaCIAapologist.]
TerenceMCKENNA1992FoodoftheGods.
See Bill MOYERs hairraising look at the documentation that
Oliver North didnt have time to shred. [Broadcast on PBS the
titleescapesus,itseemslikeitwasoneofthepartsoftheSecret
War(Secretgovt.?)]
JonathanOTT1993(1996)Pharmacotheon.
JonathanOTT1995TheAgeofEntheogens.
JonathanOTT1997PharmacophiliaortheNaturalParadises.
Jay STEVENS 1987 Storming Heaven: LSD and the American
Dream.
AnotherslantonelementsofthissubjectcanbefoundinLinda
HUNT 1991 Secret Agenda: The United States Government Nazi
ScientistsandOperationPaperclip.
AnotherbookIhavenotyetread,mentionedinMILLER1996and
MCKENNA1992,isArnoldS.TREBACH1987TheGreatDrugWar.
ThereareMANYmoreexcellentworks&resourcesonthistopic.
Wewouldsuggestusingakeywordsearchatwww.google.comfor
thewordsdrugpolicyreforminordertolocatecurrentresources.
!"#$ %&#'#$ ()*$ +,#$ -).$ ,#+/&-0$ &1$ +$ 12+33$ #44),5$ &-$ 5"#$ 60"5$
againsttheongoingWaronInformationandisintendedtoenable
interestedpeopletohaveaccesstoinformationthatisasaccurate
astheexistingliteraturewouldallow.Itispresentedinthehopes
thatitwillenablethosewhoaredeterminedtoexercisetheirright
of personal control over their own consciousness and spiritual
experiencetobeabletodosobothsafelyandeffectively.Itisalso
intendedtoserveasasourceoffurtherreferencesforthosedesiring
moreindepthinformationonthissubject.
Many established professional researchers might potentially
7#-#65$ 4,)2$ 5"&1$ .),8$ 7*5$ 5"#($ 2+($ "+9#$ %,)73#21$ .&5"$ 2($
opinions.Agoodnumberprobablyhavenotevengottenthisfar
before putting the book down in disgust. In assembling Sacred
Cacti I have attempted to correct as many errors and erroneous
inclusionsandliteraturecitationsasIcouldidentify.Ifprejudices
againstwhatIbelievecanbesetaside,eventemporarily,theymay
6-/$5"&1$.),8$)4$1)2#$9+3*#:
Some may take me to task for freely presenting my opinions
inwhatotherwisemightbeausefuland,inparts,afairlyfocused
%&#'#:$;#,5+&-3($5"&1$7))8$.)*3/$6-/$7,)+/#,$+''#%5+-'#$&4$<$3#45$
itasasimplefactualcompendiumandomittedmythoughtsand
opinions.Iwouldaskthesecriticstolookattheirownprejudices.
SacredCacti3rded.
Itisfartoofrequentthatresearchersopinionsbiasedagainstthese
plantsandsubstancesareincludedintheirwork.
IofferwhatIthinkandbelievesimplyasaverysmallcounter
balancetotheprevailingmainstreamview.
It is rare that during Dr. Jerry L. McLaughlins analyses of
mescalinecontainingplantsthathedidnotincludehisopinionabout
whetheraplanthasamountstoolowtobeaproblemorwhether
itshouldbecomeascheduleddrugduetoitspotentialofabuse.
In several cases he actually proposed that further laws be
enacted against Godgiven plants that are not against the law. I
suspecthehasreceivedlittleifanycriticismforthisstanceand
PharmacoGnostically bigoted statements. It would be surprising
ifhisvocalpositiondidnothelptoensurecontinuedfunding.[I
seriously doubt that Dr. McLaughlin ever had any consciously
maliciousintentorevenconsideredthathiscommentsmightbe
viewedasprejudicedmuchlessoutrightreligiousbigotry.]
Ibelievethattherealabuseistherestrictionofotherwisefairly
innocuoussacramentalsubstancesandtheimpositionoflawsand
penaltiesthatoftenruinpeopleslives,stealfromthem,cheatthem
outofanddeprivethemofthosethingswhicharebyrighttheirs,
suchasfreedom,property,childcustodyandemployment,aswell
asbasichumandignityallforsimplyusingplantscreatedbynature
forouruse.Allofwhich,inthecaseofthealkaloidsthatIwill
discuss,areneitherparticularlydangerous,noraretheyinjurious,
habitformingorphysicallyaddictive.
A person could not abuse mescaline if they wanted to. The
experienceisphysicallydemandingandapersonwouldbeunable
to experience any effect, except for the physical distress, within
averyfewdaysofuse.Anyuse,currently,isconsideredabuse.
TheInquisitionhasneverended.Ithasonlytakenotherforms.
To lock a person up, depriving them of freedom, family and
property cheating them (and their families) out of YEARS of
productivelife,subjectingthemtoinhumananddegradingsituations
and conditions, forced labor and, not uncommonly, homosexual
rape[Note14]isonlyasomewhatmoreprotractedanddifferent
formoftorture.
Theweightandseverityofsuchpunishmentfaroutweighseven
thegreatestdegreeofimaginedharmasportrayedbyprohibitionists.
Itisjustaswrongforsuchalossandwasteoftheirlifetobe
imposedsincetheonlycrimeissimplythatofapersonholding
differentreligiousorphilosophicalbeliefsthanthoseprescribingand
applyingthepunishment.Whetheractionsandpersonalbeliefscause
harmtoothersshouldbethesoledecidingcriteriaformakingacts
+0+&-15$5"#$3+.=$-)5$."#5"#,$),$-)5$5"#($')->&'5$.&5"$%,#')-'#&9#/$
philosophicalbeliefs,orthemajoritysreligion.
Thatspiritual,ideologicalandmentalcontrolarethemotivation
andoriginofthisprejudiceandharassmentisinescapable.
Eveniftheaccuserisnotaparticularlyreligiousperson,those
setagainstusAREfromanenvironmentandofasocialbackground
thatcontainedtheirviewsandpremisesconcerningthesesubstances
within a field of intensely and uncompromisingly pejorative
prejudicialpropagandathathasbeenheavilypromotedinChristian
circlesforsome15centuriesnow.
The fact that the church of medicine has helped the State
transformthelabelingofthisissuefromoneofpersonalfreedom
andreligiouschoiceintooneofPublicHealth[Note15]changes
nothingbeyondthepublicsperception.
Even if a user does not view these substances in spiritual or
religious terms, any such restrictions on what a person can and
cannotexperienceintheprivacyoftheirownmindarethoseborn
ofreligiouscontrolandproscription.
24

!"#$%"&#'"()%"*+(,#-+#."/#012(+34+(#5%2#$02+#'"#"++/#05#52++/0$#
FROMreligionthanfreedonOFreligion.Freedomofreligiondoes
notsimplymeanfreedomtochoosewhattobelievebutitmeans
thefreedomtonotbeforcedwhattobelieveor,even,tobelieve.
MostofuswhousethesesacramentsDObelieve.
Ifwhatthesacredplantusingpeoplebelievewastrulywrong
orinerror,itwouldpresentabsolutelynothreattothechurch.Ifit
wasafantasy,assomewouldhaveusbelieve,thenitwouldhave
nosubstance.Thingswithnosubstancedonotposeathreat.
Whatwebelieveisnotwrong.Thisiswhytheyfeartheseplants.
WhenthesePLANTSteachus,andTHEYDOteachus,itiswith
thetruth.Thepeyotehasneverliedtome.Ithastoldmethingsthat
Ihavehadnowayofknowingaheadoftime,ithastoldmethings
thatIdidnotwanttoknoworwanttobelievetobetruebutIhave
neverfoundittobewrongorinerror.
Notallplantshavethesamedegreeoftruthfulnessaspeyote,
some such as mushrooms can be downright playful. Even with
peyote,orANYotherspiritualorreligiouspath,itispossibletolie
toordeceiveoneselfortooperateunderaselfimposeddelusion,
especially if a person is inexperienced or not well trained at
differentiatingrealinformationfromimagination.
Theinformationthatcomesfromtheplanthoweverisalways
correctandappearstobeintendedforourgrowthandlearning.Even
withtheinherenttricksterelementsoftheseplantstheexperience
always seems to be geared towards giving us the opportunity to
getaclearerandmorehonestlookatourselvesandwhoweare.
These drugs cause the effects they do because we have the
underlyingbiochemicalmachineryfortheseexperiences.Aquestion
rapidlyarisesaboutwhythesealkaloidsexistandwhytheycause
theeffectstheydoinhumans
A frequent assertion is that alkaloids are present as feeding
deterrentsandthatthisistheirprimaryfunction.
I agree that some are indeed a deterrent to grazing animals
as are spines, but must point out that even in the case of the
spinelesspeyote,alkaloidlevelsarelowestinyoungplants.These
are the plants at the most risk from grazing as they often have
underdevelopeddefencesandpresentthemostsucculentandtender
growth.IFalkaloidstrulywereprimarilygrazingdeterrentsthen
itwouldseemmostlikelytheywouldbehigheroratleastequally
presentinyoungplants.
While this is true in some plants, this is clearly not the case
in any species of cacti that have been analyzed. It could be that
they do indeed exist as feeding deterrents but only after a plant
hassuccessfullyreachedanagewhereitcanprocreate.Thismay
represent an evolutionary survival strategy to ensure that the
strongestandbestsituatedplantshavethegreatestcontributionto
thefuturegenepool.(Obviouslythiswouldonlybeadvantageous
toperennials.Itisalsosuggestedbythepeaksofalkaloidlevelsin
theAIZOACEAE#*0'"*'/'"6#-')7#)7+'2#80-+2'"6#9+2'0/(:#;++#SMITH
etal.1998)
Anotherproposalisthattheyarejustmetabolicbyproductsthat
servenopurpose.Inviewoftheirsometimeshighconcentrations
%"/#/&"%$'*#81*)1%)'0"(#)7'(#(++$(#1"3'<+3&:
I believe that they are intimately involved with metabolic
processesintheplant.Iftherewasnofunctionforthemitisunlikely
thattheywouldbeexpressedinthequantitiestheysometimesare.
Alloftheserequiremultipleenzymesfortheirassembly.Thisisa
lotofDNAinformationtobeperpetuatedfornoreason.Also,for
thevastlylargestpart,thesealkaloidsareproducedinparenchymal
tissues,specializedthinwalledcellswhereintensemetabolicand
syntheticactivityoftenoccurs.Anotherpointsuggestinganactive
role in the metabolism of the plants which produce them is that
Openingcomments
(+%(0"%3#81*)1%)'0"(#'"#)7+#%3<%30'/#3+4+3(#=>1%")')%)'4+?#%"/#%*)1%3#
variationsinalkaloidcontent(qualitative)areknowntooccur.
SomeofthisissupportedbyourobservationsinDesmanthus
leptolobus.Inourassaysofitsrootbark,we[Note16]foundthat
DMT(N,NDimethyltryptamine)concentrationswereapparently
7'67+()#%5)+2#80-+2'"6#7%/#0**122+/#%"/#(++/(#-+2+#502$+/:#@7+#
elevated levels persisted even after the seeds had been dropped.
Duringthelatterpartoftheyear,otheralkaloidsalsobegantobe
presentinhigheramounts.SimilarlyinPhalaris(allPhalarisassays
usednewgrowth[Note17])andDelosperma,DMTand/or5MeO
AB@#%99+%2#)0#C+#92+(+")#%)#)7+#7'67+()#3+4+3(#30"6#%5)+2#80-+2'"6#
hadoccurredandaftertheseedshadbeendropped.
Theansweroftheirfunctionintheseplantsisnotclear.Thisis
anareainneedoffurtherstudy.
Theanswerofthefunctionofsomeinthehumanorganismis
moreclear.Itisapparenttoalmostanyonewhohasingestedthem.
Theywouldbeunabletoexerttheeffectsthattheydoiftherewas
notanunderlyingbiochemicalandphysiologicalmechanismforthis
experienceanditsexpression.Thisclearlysuggestsanendogenous
chemicalmechanismforreligiousandspiritualexperiencesofall
kinds[Note18].
@7+#5%*)#)7%)#)7'(#'(#"0)#+D9+2'+"*+/#C&#%33#9+093+#/0+(#"0)#*0"8'*)#
withthisconclusionasevidentlynotallpeoplearecapableofdirect
religiousandspiritualexperiencesviaanymeans.(Iliketothink
that they are capable but something in their chemical makeup,
psycheorpersonablocksit.)
Forexample,somepeopleareeasilythreatenedorchallenged,
othersarecontrolfreaks.Neitherofthesegroupstendstobeableto
comfortablyhandleorinteractwithforcesgreaterthanthemselves
or circumstances over which they cannot exert control [Note
19].Itcertainlyisaloteasiertoeitherletsomeoneelse(ortheir
2+92+(+")%)'4+?#'")+2%*)#-')7#)7+#70%2&#!"."')+#0"#&012#C+7%35#02#)0#
simplydenyitsexistencealtogether.Itcanbeaterrifyingthingto
entertheserealmsasoneverysmallperson.Itisnotanexperience
everyoneseeks.
I have never tended towards the easy approach. Life and
(9'2')1%3')&#%2+#3'<+#500/E#)7+&#%2+#C+()#-7+"#)7+&#7%4+#%#600/#8%402#
butarenotobsessivelyindulgedin.Lifeandspiritualityshouldbe
savoredinthediverseexperiencesthatarepresentedtousandwhich
ourpersonaltemperamentsandpredilectionsenableustoappreciate.
Weallaredifferentinourgeneticmakeup,ourpsychological
makeup and our backgrounds no standard approach can be
describedandappliedbyanother.
Chemicalsabletoinducespiritualexperiencesarepotentially
capable of being made within us (endogenous alkaloids), while
othersexistwithinplantsandanimalsinanumberofvarietiesthat
wehopetoadequatelyaddressinthisshortseriesofworks.
Mescaline, the topic of this volume, is most likely not made
endogenouslybutiscapableofinteractingwiththeneurological
pathways that do exist for this purpose, or at least those which
'"4034+#02#%2+#'"81+"*+/#C&#FGH@2receptorinteractions.
TerenceMcKennamadeaninterestingcommentthatonlyDMT
possessesactivitywhenitsingestionoccursinadream.Iwouldtake
issuewithhimonthis.
I agree that when smoking DMT in a dream there is a
pronounced DMT effect, sometimes even more profound than
that which occurs when awake.As DMT is now recognized
to be a human neurotransmitter, produced under as yet poorly
understoodparameters,existenceofthisactivityisnotsurprising.
Norwoulditbesurprisingifthestructurethatmediatesspiritual
experience,evenifaprotein,involvesDMT,5MeODMTand/or
oneofthe6methoxylated!carbolinesorhasasimilarstructure
02#*0".612%)'0"#'"#%)#3+%()#')(#%*)'4+#(')+:
25
 SacredCacti3rded.
[Jace Callaway proposed that DMT/5MeODMT production
duringsleepmaybeinvolvedintheproductionofdreams.Inspite
oftheimportancethatthesesubstancesholdconcerningnotonly
religiousexperiencebutalsoconsciousnessitself,itiscuriousthat
!"#"$!%&'()'*&"+',#'%-!!")*./'#('#*,0"1'$)1'!"#*!,%*"123
Wheneatingpeyoteindreams[Note20],smokingpotindreams
orevenifusingnarcoticsindreams(theonlytimeinmylifethat
thislastexamplerarelyoccurs)therearealsocorrespondingdrug
effects.Thatofmescalineisindeedalteredfromhowitisperceived
viaexternalingestionbutitisstillpsychoactiveinaphenethylamine
(likealowdoseofmescaline)ratherthanatryptaminesense(as
experiencedsubjectivelyinthedreamstate).
Asformushrooms,Idonotknow,everysingletimethatIhave
eatenmushroomsinadreamtheonsethascausedmetowakeup.
Mushrooms DO seem to have that effect...This waking up
effectisoneoftheprimaryreasonsthatthosewhowouldliketo
manipulatepeoplebypushingbuttonstocontrolthemthroughtheir
preexistingsetofbeliefssodespisetheuseofhallucinogens.They
arenothingifnotdeprogrammingtoolsparexcellence.
It is my belief that there is a (perhaps small) repertoire of
endogenous chemicals that catalyzeALL spiritual and religious
experiences. Some of the potential categories are obvious:THC
type structures [Note 21], opiates (a large number have already
4"")' ,1")*,5"1' ,)' &-+$)#67' 8&")"*&/.$+,)"#7' *!/8*$+,)"#' $)1'
!carbolines.
Other more complex structures probably also exist in the
form of peptides. The activity exhibited by the aforementioned
smallmoleculesmaynormallybemediatedbyamoietypresent
as a portion of these peptides. Only the size, shape and charge
distributiononthebindingportionandadjacentareas(activesites)
actually matter when it comes to a receptor sites reaction to a
substance.
Physiologicallyactivediortriterpenoids,orothermolecules
shapedsimilarlytoourmajorhormonesandcapableofinteracting
withournervoussystemmayalsoeventuallybefoundinsomecacti.
In spite of how upset some people get when presented with
proposals of a biochemical mechanism underlying religious
and spiritual experience I must stress that weARE biochemical
machines, constructed and operated according to the chemical
informationcontainedwithinandexpressedbyourDNA(alsoa
chemical).Thisiswhoandwhatweare,howweoperateandhow
weexist.ThisisHOWweinterfacewiththerealworld.Thereis
nothingthatwethink,feelorperceivethatisnotchemically
mediated.Thisissimplyhowwearedesignedtoworkandwhy
we can be created from the simple DNA code that forms us as
individualorganisms.
Life and everything physical around us is chemicals and
chemistry.Wedidnotinventit,wesimplycreatedalanguageto
describeitandlearnedhowtomanipulateit.
9&$*':'5)1'8"!8.";,)<',#'*&$*'#(+"&(='*&,#'>,"=',#',)*"!8!"*"1'
by some as trivializing or negating the marvelousness and vital
importanceoflifeandperception.
Iwouldsuggestthatitisevenmoremarvelousthatsuchrichness
& diversity of life, perception and experience can be enabled,
allowedandperpetuatedviasuchseeminglysimplemechanisms.
Itshouldnotdiminishbutrathersubstantiallyenhanceourrespect
andadmirationforthedesignerofsuchanamazingsystemoflife
andconsciousness.
Peopleshouldfeelblessedforbeingallowedtoexist.
I believe that the reason these substances are attacked so
relentlesslybythecontrolfreakfactionsofChristianityisbecausein
theirheartstheyknowthatwhatistoooftenofferedasChristianity
isashallowandfalsereplicaintendedtomanipulateothersone
withoutanytruespiritualsubstance.
NotrueChristianwouldpromotehatred,injusticeandintolerance
inthenameofChrist.Itcertainlyisausefulbanner,though,for
!"%!-,*,)<'4.,)1'+$##"#'(?'8-#&@4-**()'#-88(!*"!#'$)1'5..,)<'*&",!'
leaderspockets.
PeoplewhoconsiderthemselvesChristianswoulddowelltolook
honestlyattheirleadersandtheactionsoftheirorganizationsand
seeiftheyactuallyspreadthedoctrinesoflove,peace,brotherhood,
stewardship and tolerance, or if their love is reserved only for
theirownkindandspreadbyintimidationorevenforceofthe
sword (or threat of incarceration), accompanied by insistence
on condemnation, ruthless persecution, suppression or outright
oppressionforthosewhodisagree.
Murder, and oppression of other beliefs, has always been a
recurrentcomponentduringthespreadoftheirideologyintonon
ChristiansocietiesfortheentiretyofformalizedChristianhistory.
Itistragicthatmanyotherwisedecentandsincerepeoplehave
blindlyacceptedwhattheyhavebeentoldby,unknowntothem,evil
leadersforsolongthatsomehavecometoaccepttheseblatantly
satanicpracticesasChristianvalues.Itisunderstandablethatthey
wouldnotwanttorecognizetheeviltheyhadunwittinglyservedas
itmightdamagetheirfaithbutiftheirfaithistrue,validandproperly
placeditcanwithstandthetruth,onlythatwhichisfalsefearsbeing
questionedinthelightofday.IFtheyhavebeendeceived,thesooner
theycandiscoverthis,thesoonertheycanbegintopracticetheir
faithinawaythatistruetoitsideals.
Ifloveisreservedonlyforpeopleofaparticularcluborgroup
thenitisperverseandacontributortothedarkness.Ifapersons
actionsbringmisery,tormentandwrongfuldeprivationtoothers
(astheDrugWarsDO)andtheycallthemselvesaChristian,they
woulddowelltolookatwhatistrulybeingserved.
WhatisSacredandHolyisapartofusall.Noonehaspatent
overthetruthandnogroupownsGodorsomehowhastoactas
interpreterfortherestoftheworld.Itismybeliefthesatanicforces
thatChristiansrantandraveaboutareindeedlivingandactiveand
callingthemselvesChristiansinordertodeceiveandmanipulate
themassesofsincereandunquestioningChristians.Theyexistas
apowerfulstructurewithintheveryheartofmodernChristianity.
Theyprotectthemselvesfromthediscoveryofwhoandwhat
theyarebyusingthesametacticsofmisdirectionthatdirtycops
do.Namelytheymisrepresentanychallengetoorattackonthem
asanattackonallthedecentandhonestcops(orChristians)who
makeupthebulkoftheirorganizationsandwhotheyknowwill
automaticallyrallytodefendthemselvesasagroupandindoing
soareunknowinglymanipulatedandusedtoshieldandprotectthe
evilandcorruptelementswithintheirranks.
ChristianswhoactuallyareandwholiveasChristiansdeserve
nothing but respect. None is due to those who loudly proclaim
theyareandspendtheirtimeignoringtheirowncommandmentsto
+$),8-.$*"7'%()*!(.'(!'")#.$>"'(*&"!#'?(!'*&",!'(=)'4")"5*'$)1'8!(5*2'
Thesacramentisinherentwithinusall.Whetheritisproduced
internallyoraccessedthroughtheplantsthatwewereprovidedwith,
bythesameforcesthatalsocreatedus,accessisourbirthright.
A&"' B$%!"1' :)5),*"' %!"$*"1' 8"/(*"' $)1' +-#&!((+#' $)17' by
theirdesign,gavethemthepowerstheyhavewithinmynervous
system.Theyarenotthecreationofhumans,unlikethemultitude
oforganizedreligions.
Nootherpersonororganizationmustholdthekeysforanyone
else(theyareoursbyrightofbirthforactualandpersonaluse),
26

althoughmanywillclaimthisinordertocontrolandenslavepeople
bytakingawaytheirpersonalpower.TheonlytimeIwasfortunate
enoughtohavemethim,TellisPapastavrotoldme,alongtimeago,
Thepriceoffreedomiseternalvigilance[againstthosewhowould
takethatfreedomaway][Note22].
He,andothers,havealsotoldme,Whatyouaresearchingfor
iswhatyouaresearchingwith.orasCHANGPotuanwroteinthe
12thcentury(astranslatedbyThomasCLEARY):
Everyone originally has the herb of long life: its just that
theydontunderstanditandthrowitawayinvain[...]Whenthe
!"#$#%&#'&()""*&+!,!"-.!+/&012)%1""*&3-"+&4""'&25!&%--6&[....]Iurge
*-)&2-&40+&-)2&25!&."17!&85!%!&*-)%&9-+*&81'&9-%0:&3-#03&917;&
tothebasis,returningtotheorigin,thisistheproductionofthe
medicine.[Note23]
Thisclearlyindicatesthatthisauthorrealizedtheinherentnature
ofawarenessasbeingincorporatedintotheveryoriginofourbeing
(aproductofourDNA)andinnatelycontainedwithinthehuman
machineasaninviolableandinextricableformativecomponentof
ourfabric.
Whatmattersiswhethertheinformationistrue,notwhetherthe
keywastheoriginaloraduplicate.Evenifitwasaskeletonkeyas
longasitopenedthedoortotheroom,accesscouldbeachieved.
Onedoeshavetowonderwhyitisthathallucinogenicplantsgrow
everywhereintheworld[Note24].
What many people often miss with any spiritual approach is
thattheysomehowthinkthataccessisallthereis.Theymistakenly
believethatoncetheyareinoramemberorhavereachedsome
presetgoal(suchasenlightenment)thatnothingfurtherisrequired.
Oncewearriveiswhentheworkbegins.Arrivingisnottheend
pointand,inandofitself,hasnointrinsicvalue.Whatmattersis
whatisdonewithwhathasbeenaccessed.Thedestinationisthe
startingpointforfutureactions,notsomemagicalendpointwhere
nothingfurtherneedstobedone.
Iwouldurgethattheissueofentheogenusebereexamined.
Notasanissueofitbeingmorallyrightorwrong.Itisneither.No
religionorspiritualapproachispurelyrightorwrong.Whatisright
orwrongisitsapplication.Doesithelporharmpeople?Doesit
!"#$#%&'%(&')*+(%'#"',&&-'%(&'-."/0&112'3(&1&'."&'0#%'-*,456)%'%#'
determinesimplybylookingattheresultsoftheactionstaken.
Amajorfailureofthewarondrugsisitsdangerouslyasinine
approachtofactualinformation.
TheinaneslogansJustSayNoToDrugsandZeroTolerance
)6$!'.))'-"6+'61&'%#+&%(&"'*0'.'7.8'%(.%'*1'0#%'#0)8'*))9-&40&-'.0-'
%(61'-&4&1'".%*#0.)'.0.)81*1:';6%',."'$#"&'*$!#"%.0%)8:'&,,&5%*<&)8'
prevents any realistic popular perception, public debate, address
or resolution [Note 25] of the REAL issues or even the REAL
problemsofdrugabuse.
Ratherthanaccomplishitsstatedgoalsofdecreasingdruguseor
abuseitcanreadilybeproventoradicallystimulateitamongpeople
whooftenwouldhaveotherwiseneverhavebecomeinvolved.
The issue that is currently avoided is one of personal
responsibility. There is an idea that hallucinogenic drug use is
somehowirresponsible.
Aswiththeissueofdrugabuse,irresponsibleuseisarelationship
withsaiddrugthatisdetrimentaltooneself.
Iwouldurgetheresponsibleuseofanyandalldrugsnamely
acceptingresponsibilityforonesownactionswhenusingdrugs.
Clearlysometimesareinappropriatefordrugusage.
Forexample,ifapersonisbeingpaidtodoajob,itiswrongto
useanydrugsthatimpairperformancebeitalcoholoranyother
substance.
Openingcomments
Currently many employers believe that they can extend this
=61%*4.;)&' 5#05&"0' %#' *05)6-&' 7(.%' .' !&"1#0' -#&1' *0' %(&*"' #70'
,"&&'%*$&>'3(*1'*1'.'+"#11'.0-'?.+".0%'.;61&'#,'%(&*"'5#0%".5%'7*%('
theirhelp.Deprivingcitizensofrightsandlibertiesissupposedto
requiredemonstrationofacompellingneedbythestate.Itbegsto
bequestionedwhyurineanalysistoproveapersondoesnotsmoke
Cannabis'*0'%(&*"'#70',"&&'%*$&'*1'0&&-&-'#"'=61%*4.;)&'*0'#"-&"',#"'
ahumantosellpetfoodtothepublic.
Employmentdoesnotconferownershipunlesssaidemployment
isintheformofslaveandmaster.Forapersonsphilosophicaland
spiritualbeliefstodeterminewhetherornottheyareemployable
isblatantlyareligiousprejudiceanddiscrimination.
Ifacrimeoractofviolenceortheftiscommittedapersonmust
beheldaccountable.Thewidelyembracedideathatalcoholora
drugmadethemdoitisanabsurdexcusethatattemptstomisdirect
blameandshouldnotbetolerated.Ifsomeonewascapableofthe
.5%' 7(*)&' 60-&"' %(&' *0?6&05&:' %(&8' 7&"&' capable of it when not
60-&"'%(&'*0?6&05&>'3(&'-"6+'-*-'0#%'@ABC'%(&$'5#$$*%'%(&'.5%>'
THEYcommittedtheact.
Ifapersoncannotcontroltheiractionswhentheyareintoxicated
thentheyshouldnotgetintoxicated.
It is neither societys nor the governments responsibility to
actastheirparentornannyandprotectthemfromtheirownfree
choices[Note26].
.Thefactthattheywereintoxicatedshouldhavenobearingon
theirguiltas,assumingforamomentthatacrimewascommitted
becauseofrelaxedinhibitions[Note27]itwasTHEIRCHOICE
togetintoxicated.
Theissueissimplyoneofselfcontrolandapersonassuming
andacceptingfullpersonalresponsibilityfortheiractionswhether
choosingtousedrugsorchoosingnottousedrugs.Someplaces
andsituationsaresimplynotappropriateformanydrugs[Note28].
Somesituationsare.Inothers,itdoesnotmatteronewayorthe
other.Itisamatterofpersonalchoiceandpersonalresponsibility.
Nothingismorepersonalthantherelationshiponehaswithones
ownconsciousness.
Entheogenicdruguseisalsocurrentlyconsideredandpresented
asbeinganaberrantbehavior.Itisindeedaminoritybehaviorbut
it is neither unnatural nor is it aberrant. Deliberate ingestion of
hallucinogensbyanimalsiswelldocumented.RonaldSiegelhad
recordedover300casesbythelate1970saccordingtoDr.DOBKIN
DERIOS1990.
Despite Siegels peculiar and irrationally emphatic bias
against these plants and his disturbingly free anthropomorphic
interpretations [Note 29] of animal behaviors, his work actually
lends much support to the NATURALNESS of consciousness
alterationasaNORMALbiologicaldrive.
Useofalltypesofsubstancesandactivitiestoalterconsciousness
seemstobeoneofthelargestandmostbasicofdrivesandneeds
ofhumans(perhapssecondonlytoeatingandsexbothofwhich
caneasilybeproventoalterconsciousness).Itcertainlytakesupa
hugeamountofmostpeoplestime.
Itisnotalwaysperceivedofasconsciousnessalterationbecause
#,'(#7'<."*#61'1#5*&%*&1'-&40&'7(.%'."&'.55&!%.;)&',#"$1'#,'.)%&"*0+'
theirconsciousnessandwhatarenot.
D#"'*01%.05&:'61&'#,'"&40&-'16+."1:'%&)&<*1*#0:'1!#"%1'*0<#)<&$&0%:'
whetherasspectatororplayer,dancing,jogging,religion,martial
arts, meditation, sex and all types of common points of interest
for people (including obsessive disorders and, if we can believe
thecourts,BeanieBabycollecting[Note30])canmakepeople
feel better in some way, with their moods and/or perceptions
correspondinglyalteredorenhanced.
27
 SacredCacti3rded.
!""#$%&'()#%*+#,'%-./$'01+)2#34&#!55#&'+/-1")#34&#06/-'7-3"")# Aseditor,Iwouldhopethatthiswillnotoffendpeopleorbe
alterconsciousness. misconstruedastoitsintentbutamfairlycertainthatitwillbeby
ManyliterallyproduceOPIATES[Note31]withinournervous atleastsomepeople.OverthisIcanhavenocontrol.
system. I suspect that sex additionally produces natural ligands Idohopethatthereaderenjoysthisbook.Anycommentsor
fortheknownTHCreceptorsbutthisisjustahunchbasedona correctionswillbegreatlywelcomed.
subjectivecomparisonofCannabiswiththeaftereffectsofgood
sex.
And,althoughsomemightimmediatelydenyit,ALLarehighly Authorscommentsconceringthe2006ThirdEdition.
addictiveinnatureforthoseattractedtothemandproducevery Itseemedtousthattheentireopeningsectionsshouldbe
realwithdrawalsymptomsofsometypeifaccesstothestimulation +/=+'11/4#1%#+/>/-1#1./#0=//6'48#-.348/0#$34)#%(#%*+#+/3&/+0#
issuddenlycutoff.[Oftenthisisassimpleasirritabilityand/ora haveexperiencedsincethepublicationofthesecondedition.
headache but these symptoms vanish once access to the desired Somuchhaschangedwerealizedthattoaccomplishthiswe
stimulationisregained.] woulddobettertodiscardtheoldversionandrewriteit.
The appearance of withdrawal symptoms once an addictive Wedecidedonacompromiseofmildlyupdatingbutlargely
stimulus is discontinued and the cessation of these withdrawal preservingthosesectionsdespiteagoodportionofthatbeing
symptoms once the discontinued addictive stimulus (or suitable outdatedorevennolongerapplicable.
0*++%831/9#'0#+/366"'/&#3+/#:/)#/"/$/410#'4#+/-%84';'48#34&#&/74'48# Forinstance,wewrotethattheUSneededtoreturnto
anaddictionasisacompulsionorurgetorepeatthestimulus. acknowledgingitsconstitutionalguaranteesbut,despitemystill
agreeingwiththat,therealityisthatthepostcoupUSAnolonger
Druguse,andmostespeciallyhallucinogenicdruguse,isalso hasafunctionalConstitutionanditappearsunlikelywewillsee
frequentlydepictedasanewproblem. itsreturninourlifetime.
Whiletheproblemmaybenew,theuseofdrugsisnot. TheInquisitionisgearingupanewandcasuallyintrudinginto
Despitehugegapsinourunderstanding,thearcheologicalrecord peopleslivesonascalenotevendreamedofoutsiteofscience
clearly indicates that not only drug use but hallucinogenic drug 7-1'%4#34&#(*1*+'01'-#(34130)?
usehasbeenwithmankindsincetheveryearliestoftimes.[See Weliveininterestingtimes.
SCHULTES1998.]
Growingevidencesuggeststhatweactuallyowemuchofwho
wearetodaytoourinteractionswiththeseplantsbothinearlytimes
andthroughouthistory.[SeeDEVEREAUX1997orMCKENNA1992
formanyexcellentexamples.]

Entheogenicdrugsarenotformostpeople.
Itisnotthattheyaresomehowreservedforonlyaprivilegedfew
butrather,apparentlyonlyarelativelyfewpeoplerespondtothem
thisway.Themajorityofpeopledonotlikethemandeitherhaveno
desiretoexperiencethem,ortoexperiencethemagain[Note32].
Theminoritythatdoesrespondthiswaytothemdoessobecause
thisiswhoweare.
Itisnotclearwhytheydowhattheydoforusandapparently
donothavethesameeffectsinothers.
Wearenotmissionarieswantingtopromotetheiruseamong
others.Wearewhowearebecausewewerebornthisway.Wewill
usethesesubstancesbecauseitisrightandproper,thisweknow
inourhearts.Itislessamatterofchoicethanoneofconscience.
Weexpectonlythedueandproperright[Note33]toworshipin
ourownwayasourCreatorhastaughtandenabledus.
Makenomistake,thisIS,infact,wheretheseplantscamefrom,
howweweregiventhem&whytheyproducetheeffectsthatthey
do. UnlikeALL of the worlds major organized religions, their
creationwasthroughthesameforcesthatgaveourspeciesitsbirth.
The forces which oppose them, on the other hand, are not
elementsformedduringourcreationbutratherarisedirectlyout
ofthebeliefsandactsofHUMANSwhowanttomanipulateand
-%41+%"#<'(#4%1#$%4%6%"';/#(%+#1./'+#%=4#,/4/719#1./#+/"'8'%*0#34&#
spiritualexperiencesofothers.
Thissmallworkisofferedinhopesthatitwillprovideenough
informationtoenablepeopletomakeresponsibleandsafechoices.
Itisalsoofferedwiththesincerehopesthatitwillstimulateand
betterenablefutureresearchintothisfascinatingarea.

28

EndnotesforOpeningcomments
Note1:
AninterestingcoincidencepointedouttomebySashaShulgin
isthatthediscoveryofmescalineanditsactivityoccurredjustafter
thediscoveryofradiation(radiumandxray)[theapparentdiscovery
!"#$$%&#'(%")*#%+(#,*"*%+)-.)/#0"-1"0)#2-*34#+"-**5..#+6"'2)-"#+"
theseyears]andthediscoveryofLSDanditsactivityparalleled
thesuccessfulunleashingofnuclearenergy.Itisnocoincidence
thatpsychedelicdrugusersandthenuclearindustryoftenseemso
diametricallyopposedinlifephilosophies.
Ihavecometobelievethatthewidespreadproliferationofthe
knowledgeoftheentheogensintechnologicallybasedculturesis
naturesresponsetotherecklessandirresponsibleproliferationof
nuclearenergy.Itisfairlyobviousthattheplanethasneverbefore
beensoseriouslyimperiledbyhumanhandsnorhasthereeverbeen
abroaderbasedusageoftheentheogens.
Theresponseoftheestablishedpowerstructureisalsoclearin
intentandmotivationAlbertEinsteinobservedGreatspiritshave
alwaysbeenviciouslyattackedbymediocreminds.
SashaquotedVoltaireascorrectlyobservingItisdangerousto
berightinmattersonwhichtheestablishedauthoritiesarewrong.
Note2:
It must be stressed that Bufotenine, DMT & 5MeODMT
haveallbeenproventobenaturallyproducedWITHINthehuman
+%.7-5)"")3)(%$"'+&"'.%"0.%)%+("#+"'"7'.#%(3"-1"4-&#23"85#&)9":%%"
thefollowingand/orthereferencestherein:
BARKER et al. 1981, Clarkes !"#$%&'#() %(*) !*+(&',-%&'#() #.)
DrugsinPharmaceuticals,BodyFluidsandPostMortemMaterials.
Secondedition1986,DAVIS1989,FRANZEN&GROSS1965,GILLIN
etal.1976,GUCCHAIT1976,HAZUMetal.1981,OONetal.1977,
ROSENGARTEN & FRIEDHOFF 1976, SAAVEDRA &AXELROD 1972,
SMYTHIESetal.1979,TANIMUKAIetal.1970&WYATTetal.1973.
Note3:
Duetogovernmentsuppressionoverhalfacenturyago.
Note4:
AfactmanyAmericansareunawareofisthatthemodelHitler
chose to provide a Jewish solution (concentration camps) was
thatofAmericassolutiontotheIndianproblem(reservations).
[OTT]ThenationalGulagbeingcreatedintheUSfordrugusers
isnotsodifferent.
The concentration camps however could never have been
createdfortheJewsdespitehowforcefullyhistoryhasputthem
attheforefrontofthepicture.(Thisisprobablybecause,quiteunlike
hisenemiesonthepoliticalleft,agreatmanysurvivedtheatrocities
theyweresubjectedtoasaclass.)
LongbeforehedirectedactionagainsttheJews,longbeforehe
everhadanypowertoevenbeathreatthem,Hitler,inoneofhis
earliestactsasChancellor,initiallystartedhisrisetoabsolutepower
withintensiveandextensiveroundupsofhispoliticalopponents.He
usedtheterroristbombingoftheGermanReichstagasanexcuse
todeclareastateofemergencyandbeganbytargetingtheleftin
generalsothattherewouldbenooppositionandonlyfullsupport
fromtheconservativegovernmentandthemiddleclass.
Thislasitudeenabledhimtocreatethemomentumandtheactual
frameworkforforgingthepowerbaseforthekillingmachinery
(secretpolice)hewouldlaterdirectagainsttheotherswhoopposed
him,thistimewithintheleadershipofboththeGermanmilitaryand
theNazistormtroopers.Allofthisoccurredwellbeforehetargeted
theJewsandmanyotherpeople.
Openingcomments
Duringthistimetherepresentativeswhohadbeenelectedby
'"2'.6%23";'(/-2#*"*-+)(#(5%+*3"<=/-"#+#(#'223",.$23"-00-)%&"/#$>"
6.%="(-",.$23"4'*?"@#(2%."'+&A")%+)#+6"(/'("/%"=')"('.6%(#+6"(/%#."
commonenemies,literallyhandedhimthereignsofunprecedented
andnearlyunlimitedpower(soundfamiliar?).
As an immediate result of his purge of the left, the prisons
.'0#&23"4%*'$%"0'*?%&"(-"-7%.8-=#+6"<)-5+&"1'$#2#'.B>9"
Tosolvetheproblemofnothavingenoughspacetoincarcerate
thoseundesirablestargetedforpermanentremovalfromsociety,
concentrationcampswerecreatedwhichwouldlaterbeusedfor
muchbetterknownpurposes.
WhileithasbeenstatedthatiftherehadbeennoJewsitwould
havebeennecessaryforHitlertocreatethem,hecouldhavenever
gainedeitherthepowerortheopportunitytothreatenthemhadnot
hisinitialpurgeofthehatedleftbeentoleratedandsupported
withoutquestion.
Note5:
Whattheyarebeingtaughtislittledifferentinintent,purpose,
spirit,contentorfactualrealitythantheTokyoJoestyleanti
C'0'+%)%"0.-0'6'+&'",2$)")/-=+"(-"-5."(.--0)D(-D4%"&5.#+6"E-.2&"
WarII.(Asimilarantidrugusermisinformationalindoctrination
strategyiscurrentlybeingdirectedatthegeneralpublicandhas
beensincetheReaganBushDarkAgebegan.)
Thisisnotanaccident:toparaphraseanancientgeneral,Ifmy
troopsbegantothink,notoneofthemwouldremainintheranks.
This is especially true in this area where the only hope of
sustaining antidrug efforts lies in preventing the overall honest
anddecentpeopleinvolvedinthistravestyfromrecognizingthe
inherenteviloftheiractionsandthetruenatureoftheireffortsas
justanotheruglyculturalpurge&socialcleansing.
Note6:
If anything I would urge a return to those purelyAmerican
principles (as were originally conceived by the Seven Nations)
foundembodiedintheConstitutionandBillofRightswhichwe
haveinrecentyearsbeentossingintothetrashasoutdatedinthe
+'$%"-1"*-.0-.'(%"0.-,(A"(-"F'#&G"(/%"E'."-+"H.56)"'+&"(-")%("(/%"
stagefortheformationofapolicestatebasedonNapoleonicLaw
asopposedtoCommonLaw.
Note7:
Thismaynotbebelievedbythosewhoattempttouseitasa
casualrecreationaldrug.
Descriptions like hellish, terrifying, horrible, ...
insecticideforpeople,...adoorthatisbestleftunopenedand
...like...beingconkedontheheadarefairlyfrequent.
Oneveryexperiencedfriendjokedthatthebestwaytoreduce
thegrowingdemandforDMTwouldbetomakeitreadilyavailable.
Note8:
Perhapsnotenoughpeopleareawarethatthepeyoteplantitself
isnowconsideredaSchedule1controlledsubstanceintheUSA
andpossessionofanypartoftheplant,EVENITSSEEDSorhairs,is
explicitlyandexpresslyforbiddenbyFederallaw.Asmentioned
above,absolutelynoexceptionwasincludedforthoseNative
peyotepeopleintendingcultivation.Thiswasbytheverysame
)%))#-+"-1";-+6.%))"=#&%23"0.'#)%&"1-."'1,.$#+6"I'(#7%"J$%.#*'+K)"
rightstoeatpeyote!
SeetheCodeofFederalRegulation1997,1308.11(22):#7415
[Interprets21USC812(c),ScheduleI(c)(12)].
Thisamazinglyfurtherschedules(asScheduleI)anyandall
alkaloidsoccurringwithinthepeyoteplant.
29
 SacredCacti3rded.
A handful of these occur naturally within humans, as
neurotransmitters or normal metabolic products, and are readily
detectablebybloodorurineanalysis.SHULGIN&SHULGIN1997:
page596.
Note9:
Manymaynotacceptourportrayalofmedicineasareligion
sincethenotionofGodissooftenrejected.
TheconceptofGODisnotarequirementforareligion,as
theAmericanAtheistshavesoclearlydemonstratedinthecourts.
Regardlessofhowonelabelsit,itisstillanexternallyimposed
systemwhichseekstocontrolandregulatethethoughts,beliefs
and actions of others with or without the others consent, and
considering itself moral and wise enough to do so.And more
importantlyitdeclaresitselfastheultimateauthority.
!"#$%"&'$( )"*+"$( &",-.-/+( 0$( 1belief in. acceptance of. or
nonrationalsenseofasuperhumanunseencontrollingpoweror
powers.withtheemotionandmoralityconnectedtherewith:rites
orworship:anysystemofsuchbelieforworship.
Themedicalmonopolyandevensecularhumanismitselfclearly
20,,(3-%4-+(%4-$()"*+-%-/+5
Note10:
One:Theocraticjudgingitselfmoralenoughandwiseenough
to choose our manner of worship for us (with or without our
consent), the other Pharmacratic judging itself moral enough
andwiseenoughtochooseourmannerofdruguseandmedical
treatmentsforus(withorwithoutourconsent).
Whilehistorycastsseriousdoubtsontheabsolutemoralityand
wisdomofeithergroup,bothconsiderthemselveswiseenoughto
dothiswithoutourconsentandhaveappointedthemselvesinthis
capacityorengineeredthesituationtolimitouroptionstothepoint
whereweareallowedlittlechoice.
Note11:
Theharmisnotasmuchintheuseoftheforbiddensubstances
asintheresponseoftheauthoritiesandthelackofqualitycontrols
arisingfromtheestablishmentofanunregulatedblackmarket.
Inthecaseofpeyote,theONLYrealharmresultingfromits
usebynormalhumansisthatofbeingarrested.
Ifwearetosurvivethefutureasatechnologicalsociety,we
mustmovefromthedestructivefeudalmentalityofusversusthem,
encouragingruthlesscompetitiontoensurethatthestrongestand
mostpowerfularealwaysincontrol(theyalwayswillberegardless
onlytheirdegreeofcontrolcanbelimitedandthisonlypartially)
intooneofcooperation,joiningtogethertocreateasocietythat
thrivesbecauseofitsdiversity.
Toleration of diversity can give great cohesive strength to a
societyifthisisabeliefthatischerishedandheldinhighregard.
Theonlylimitstothisshouldbewhenthedesiresorpracticesof
onegroupharmsorattemptstointerferewiththoseofanother.
Theonlythingthatitwilllimitisthedegreetowhichanysingle
groupcancontrolthebehaviorofthegeneralpopulation.Perhaps
thisiswhythoseinpositionsofauthoritystresshomogeneity.Asea
ofclonesismucheasiertopredictandmanipulate.
Note12:
PsychedelicResourceList:SomaGraphics,P.O.Box19820,
Sacramento,CA958190820.
Note14:
Whichtoday,duetotheabnormallyhighincidenceofAIDSin
prisonpopulations,istantamounttoadeathsentence.
Note15:
Asifthegovernmenthasanybusiness,oreventheright,to
legislateanddictatewhatourhealthshouldbe.
Note16:
JohnnyAppleseed&myself.
Note17:
Tryptaminesareapparentlypresentinhighestlevelsinfresh
growth.The more toxic betacarbolines that are also sometimes
presentarehighestinoldergrowthatleastinthestrainsthatproduce
mainlytryptamines.
Note18:
TerenceMcKennasnotion(MCKENNA1992)thatthesetypesof
alkaloidsexistasexopheromonesreallybearssomecloserthought.
Thereisadistinctsymbiotic(spiritual)relationshipthatweseem
%/(2/&6(3-%4(%4"$"(7,0+%$(%40%()-&"8%,9(#"+"*%$(#/%4($7"8-"$5(:4"(
morewelearnabouttherealworkingsoftheworld,thelessfar
fetched the more far fetched ideas of McKenna begin to sound.
Therecentevidencethatthingsassimpleastheacquisitionofan
unusualfoodsharedrepeatedlybyasinglematingpairandtheir
offspringcanleadtosurprisinglyrapidanddramaticmorphological
changesforcesareevaluationofseveralpreconceivedconcepts
aboutevolutionandgivessupporttosomeofMcKennasideas
thatmightbeotherwisedismissedwithoutenoughthought.
Note19:
:4"&"( -$( ";-)"+8"( %40%( %4-$( *.<&")( 4"0;-,9( -+( %4"( ="$80,"&/(
Apaches abandoning peyote use earlier this century. Evidently,
according to L.B. BOYER et al 1968, after being forced onto the
reservation, their use of peyote devolved into primarily sorcery
0+)(-+%"&7"&$/+0,(8/+>-8%$(,"0)-+.(%/(-%$(0#0+)/+6"+%(#9($/8-"%95
Note20:
Peyotetastesthesamebutlessintenseindreams.
Alldreamexperiencesreferredtooccurredspontaneouslyand
werecompletelyindependentofuse.
Note21:
One ligand for the known THC receptors has already been
elucidated. It was named Anandamide and shows oral activity
comparabletoTHC.
Note22:
ThisquotemayhaveoriginatedwithThomasPayne?
ThemistakennotionthatItcanthappenhereisallthatis
requiredtosetthestageforittoindeedhappenhere.
AtleastasfarbackasTHUCYDIDES,400BC,itwasrecognized
that:ThesecretofHappinessisFreedom,andthesecretofFreedom
isCourage.
Note23:
From stanzas 6 and 9 of the Taoist alchemical classic
UnderstandingReality[TheWuChienPien]
Note24:
This is far more common than most people realize and we
knowonlyafractionofwhatisthereasworkinthisareahasbeen
almostnonexistentexceptforarelativelyfewintrepidexplorers
(most of whom have not published their results and determined
psychoactivitybyINGESTINGtheplantinquestion).
For instance, at least a handful more cactus species than is
suggestedbytheliteraturearenowknowntobeusefullyactive.
30
 Openingcomments
Mostareapparentlyunnamed.Similarly,severalspeciessuggested
by the published accounts to be weak have been reported to be
potentinhumanbioassay.
The entire field concerning psychoactive cacti other than
thosecontainingmescalineisonlynowbeginningtobeproperly
examined.
The still climbing tally on active psilocybian mushrooms
haslongpassed100specieswiththeiroccurrencenowreported
worldwideintropicalandtemperatezones.
AnaccuratetotaloftheseeminglyubiquitousDMT/5MeO
DMTplantswouldbogglethemindifitwerepresentlyknown.
Theirapparentoccurrence(basedoncotlcindicatingoneorboth)
inspeciesofBromus(Bromegrass),Sorghumhalepense(Johnson
grass)andDigitariasanguinalis(crabgrass)suggestsbroadbased
assays of common grasses and other weedy herbage are greatly
neededandpotentiallyvaluable.
Note25:
Itisnotacoincidencethatasantidrugeffortsescalate,they
areinvariablyaccompaniedbyacorrespondingincreaseinpopular
drug use, an increase in drug availability and a decrease in the
!"#$!%#&!%#&'(&)$*+,-*#.&
Thanks to morally obscene and ethically bankrupt programs
such as DARE, kids as young as grade school are now heavy
usersofalltypesofaddictivedrugsorelsebeingtrainedasactive
informantsspyingandreportingontheirFAMILY.
Howlongcanthistrendgouncheckedbeforepeoplewakeup
tothefactthattheDRUGWARISthedirectcauseofMOSTof
thedrugproblem?
Theonlypurposeforwhichpowercanberightfullyexercised
overanymemberofacivilisedcommunity,againsthiswill,isto
preventharmtoothers.Hisowngood,eitherphysicalormoral,is
!"#$%&'()*+!#$,-..-!#.MILL1859
ofthe5years.
OnlyTybrandBeanieswereprohibitedasMrs.Maldonado
apparently claimed that she did not suffer an addiction to other
brands.
Sheclaimedtohavebecomeaddictedtothemwhileworking
atMcDonaldsandgrowingenviousofallofthecustomersshegave
freeonestoduringapromotionalBeanieBabygiveaway.
Note31:
Both morphine and codeine have been found in addition
tothebetterknownoccurrenceofamultitudeofenkephalins&
endorphinswithavarietyofdifferingpotencies&durationsnot
simplythemorewidelyknownendorphins,enkephalinsandother
largemoleculeswithstronglyopioideffects.
Note32:
/'0123+&42+5&6$#3'03#2"#7&$#82%2'-*&27#!*&'$&4'$87,"2#4*&!$#&
notuncommonsourcesofproblems.
Note33:
A lot of people get lost in the delusion that the powersthatbe
aregoingtorespondtorationalargumentsonthisissue.Thisis
anemotionalissueandinourcurrentera,aswastrueintheCivil
Rightsissueinthelate1950s,isunlikelytoeverbeopenforsane
&rationalpublicdebateatanypointinthenearfuture.
IfAfricanAmericanshadnotrefusedtositinthebackofthebusor
ifafewbravesoulshadnotrefusedtoavoidWhiteOnlyfacilities,
NONEoftheadvancesinCivilRights,thatarenowlargelytaken
forgranted,wouldhaveeverhappened.
Thomas PAIYNE may have put it best when commenting, Men
should not petition for rights, but take them. (As quoted by JL
HUDSON)

Note26:
StuartMILLs1859essayOnLibertycontainswisdomthat
deservessomecarefulthoughtinmoderntimes.

Note27:
This is another concept of misdirected blame in need of a
closerlook.

Note28:
A good rule of thumb is that if a substance impairs motor
functionsoraffectsperceptions,thenoperatingmotorvehiclesand
powertoolsshouldbeavoided.

Note29:
Attributing human characteristics and motivations to his lab
animals.

Note30:
Fromthe22Nov.1998AustinAmericanStatesman:
In Monterey County, California, Deputy DistrictAttorney
ChristineHarteraskedthecourtsthatTamaraDeeMaldonadobe
prohibitedfrompossessingBeanieBabies.[Thechargewascredit
cardfraud.]
Theprosecutionarguedthatthetoyswerelikeadrugtoherand
shouldthereforebetreatedassuch.
JudgeJonathanPriceagreedandgaveMrs.Maldonado6months
injailanda5yearprobationthatgavelocallawenforcementthe
righttosearchherhomeforthebannedBeanieBabies,withouta
warrantoradvancenotice,atanytimetheychose,fortheduration

31
 SacredCacti3rded.
Makenomistake
TheWaronDrugsisaWaronDrugUsingPeople.
Drugsarethings.Wariswagedbetweenor,asinthiscase,againstpeopleneverinanimateobjects.
Thisisanintentionalculturalpurgeandsocialcleansingofareligiousoriginnomatterwhatitmayhavebeenrelabeled.

Tyrannyalwaysarrivestoaheroswelcome,promisingtoprotectus,andaskingonlyforauthorizationtotakeawayrightsofvillains
whothreatengoodpeople.Itsoonfollowsthatgoodpeoplearethosewhosupportthetyrannyandvillainsarethosewhooppose
it.DPFTNEWS1999:5(4):8.

!"#$%#&'(')%*#+"*,-#*"%.#/"+#%&%/#0%12'0%#"33".'+'"/4#.'53(-#6,'(20%#+"#,7+'&%(-#.233"0+#+8%#+-0,//-#7,/#$%#%/"298:#
Ifthisseemstobefarfetched,considerthemodernapplicationsofthenuisanceabatementlawsasannouncedonthelocalevening
newsduringDecemberof1999.
Ininstanceswherethepolicelearnofpropertiesthattheyclaimareinfestedwithdrugdealersordrugusers,propertyownersarenow
requiredtoremovetheproblems;#"0#+8%-#7,/#(".%#+8%'0#38-.'7,(#$2'(*'/9.#,/*<"0#30"3%0+'%.#2/*%0#(,=.2'+.#)(%*#,9,'/.+#+8%5#$-#+8%#
Policedepartment.Suddenlylandlordswhohaverentedtodrugusersordealersbecomecriminalssimplyforprovidinghousing.They
canevenbelegallydeprivedoftheirlandorhavetheirrentalpropertiesbulldozedtothegroundasaresultoftheirfailuretosurrender
theirrightstoprivatepropertyandallowthepolicefreereigntoremovetheirtenants.(Thisisapparentlyonthebasisoftheirtenants
drugusebeingperceivedtorepresentathreattotheirneighborssimilartoaratinfestation.)
IknowoneAustinresidentwhowasevictedinNovemberof1999entirelyonthebasisofaneighborinforminghislandlordthatthey
smelledmarijuanasmokecomingfromhisapartment.(SimplepossessionisamisdemeanorinAustin.)
Accordingtothesamelocaleveningnewsstory,theCityofAustin,Texas,claimedtohavehiredanattorneyonafulltimebasistodo
/"+8'/9#5"0%#+8,/#)(%#nuisanceabatementpaperworkonbehalfoftheAustinPoliceDepartment.
Aftertheseizureofover11,000livingpeyoteplantsfailedtostopthepropagationactivitiesofthePeyoteFoundation,Arizonalaw
enforcementapparentlyusedsimilarargumentstopressuretheirlandlordtoevictthem.
Inmorerecentyears,aslegallypermittedCannabiscultivationbecomesmorecommonplace,legalcultivatorswithmedicalprescriptions
'/#>?',8#@,('6"0/',#7,/#)/*#+8%5.%(&%.#02//'/9#,6"2(#"6#7'+-#"0*'/,/7%.#7(,'5'/9#+8%'0#/%'98$"0.#,0%#8,05%*#$-#%A3".20%#+"#+8%#.5%((#
ofcultivatedCannabis.Iknowofnootherplantforwhichthesmellisconsideredadangerousnuisanceorofanyotherprescription
medicinethatcanhaveitsprivateinthehomeadministrationusedasgroundsforchildendangermentchargesorevictions.

Trichocereusbridgesii
(HBG)
32
 Chapter 1: Background & perspective
A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars and the Witch Craze (after SZASZ)
War on Witchcraft
Witches perceived to be in direct conflict with desired control
by religious authorities.
In providing medical treatments and spiritual practices,
witchcraft threatened the oligarchic control of the church.
In direct competition with control by medical authorities.
(usually the church, healing with fasts and prayers, as medicine
was usually considered a form of witchcraft)
Witches used pharmacologically active substances and gave
them to others
Forbidden to heal unless versed in study of the scriptures and
approved as a priest.
Merciless treatment recommended for witches.
Most witches were unlikely to fight back.
Punishments harsh and severe; grossly exceeding any purported
harm.
Search and arrest procedure often deliberately destructive and
brutal.
Punishments handed out regardless of the outcome their action
(regardless of whether they cured or harmed).
Intent considered a punishable act.
Conspiracy conviction could result from testimony of a single
informant and did not require physical evidence.
Different standards of law applied to witches than the rest of
society. Safe to cheat or attack.
Informants encouraged and rewarded to turn in people they
thought were guilty of witchcraft (even if parents or other family
members).
Children questioned in the absence of their parents with or
without parental consent or knowledge.
Children used as domestic spies and information sources.
Failure to report witchery (or to testify against a witch) could
result in condemnation and punishment as an accomplice.
Members punished not only for what they did but also
condemned for what they were an autonomous counter
culture perceived defiant of the imposed control of authorities.
Loss of parental rights often accompanied pronouncement of
guilt.
Property and land seizures directly profited the Inquisitors.
Use of testimony from paid or leveraged informants was
acceptable.
Informants could be rewarded with seized property.
Field collection scene from a Moche ceramic
War on Drug Craft
Drug activity in direct conflict with desired control by religious/
medical authorities.
By providing illegal drugs, dealers threaten the oligarchic control
of physicians and legal drug dealers (pharmaceutical industry).
In direct competition with desired monopolistic control by
medical authorities and pharmaceutical/ alcohol/ tobacco
manufacturers.
Drug users use pharmacologically active substances and give
them to others
Forbidden to use or supply drugs unless versed in study of
medicine and approved as a physician or pharmacist.
Merciless treatment recommended for drug dealers (and often
users).
Most drug users are unlikely to fight back.
Punishments harsh and severe; grossly exceeding any
purported harm.
Search and arrest procedure often deliberately destructive and
brutal.
Punishments handed out regardless of the outcome their action
(regardless of whether their actions produces harm).
Intent considered a punishable act.
Conspiracy conviction can result from testimony of a single
informant and does not require physical evidence.
Different standards of law applied to drug people than the
rest of society. Safe to cheat or attack.
Informants encouraged and rewarded to turn in people they
thought were guilty of drug involvement (even if parents or
other family members).
Children questioned in the absence of their parents with or
without parental consent or knowledge.
Children are both trained & used as domestic spies and
information sources with the assurances that their actions will
help the family.
Failure to report drug sales or possession can result in
condemnation and punishment as accomplice (including even
the loss of rental properties for failure to control actions of
tenants)! Failure to agree to testify in drug cases can result in
heavier sentencing than if agreeing to serve as an informant.
Members punished not only for what they do but also
condemned for what they are an autonomous counter culture
perceived defiant of the imposed control of authorities.
Loss of parental rights often accompanies pronouncement of
guilt.
Property and land seizures directly profits anti-drug warriors.
Use of testimony from a paid or leveraged anonymous
informant is acceptable; if not encouraged or predominant.
Informants can additionally receive 25% of all seized property.
78 from OSTOLAZA 1998 Quepo 12: p 64
 Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.
War on Witchcraft
Inquisitors rewarded handsomely from finding and
persecuting witches. Persecuting witches was a lucrative and
profitable business.
Development of a powerful group of witch-mongers whose
livelihood depended on expanding their powers and finding, if
not actually creating, more witches.
Inquisition was international in scope. Two principle centers;
Rome and Spain.
Institutionalized [as the Inquisition].
Presented to the public as necessary to save them from the
evils of witchery.
Unresponsive to rational analysis, criticism or policy
evaluation once the efforts began.
Not answerable to the public.
No middle ground and no meaningful debate.
Witches presented as worthless and undesirable members of
society, or as bad and evil people, simply for being witches.
Intensive propaganda efforts characterized by sensationalism
and outright lies aimed at stirring adverse public sentiment,
intolerance and mass hysteria.
Simple ideological identification accepted as justification to
deprive of housing and employment (or worse).
Witches portrayed as subhuman murderous monsters preying
on the hapless innocent.
No widely perceived witch problem prior to the War on
witches.
Efforts of witch hunters repeatedly presented as valiant
failures, claimed due to the perceived size of the problem,
but with enticement of future success, requiring more autonomy
for the witch-hunters and greater authority to take drastic
actions. Their real failures were often misrepresented as
successes.
Members of targeted group unorganized, as well as politically
and socially powerless.
Lacked any effective advocates in positions of power.
Any advocates were also attacked.
Group persecuting them was both politically and socially
powerful.
While interpretations certainly might
vary, some elements of this drawing
suggest cactus spines and vomiting.
79
War on Drug Craft
Combating the drug trade generates huge amounts of seized
property, assets and money for the drug warriors. In addition,
a flourishing multi-billion dollar industry has been created out
of drug detection services, private prisons and the manufacture/
sales of surveillance equipment. Treating drug addicts is
similarly a lucrative and immensely profitable business with
explosive growth.
Development of a powerful group of drug persecutors whose
livelihood depends on expanding their powers and finding, if
not actually creating, more drug problems to resolve.
Inquisition is international in scope. Two principle centers;
Washington and Geneva.
Institutionalized [as the DEA, the FDA, the National Institute
of Mental Health and other public health groups who have
teamed (ganged?) up for a war on drugs].
Presented to the public as necessary to save them from the
evils of drugs.
Unresponsive to rational analysis, criticism or policy
evaluation once the efforts began.
Not answerable to the public.
No middle ground and no meaningful debate.
Drug users presented as worthless and undesirable members
of society, or as bad and/or evil people, simply for using drugs.
Intensive propaganda efforts characterized by sensationalism
and outright lies aimed at stirring adverse public sentiment,
intolerance and mass hysteria.
Simple ideological identification accepted as justification to
deprive of housing, government services and employment.
Drug dealers portrayed as subhuman murderous monsters
preying on the hapless innocent.
No widely perceived drug problem prior to the War on
Drugs.
Efforts of drug warriors repeatedly presented as valiant
failures, claimed due to the perceived size of the problem, but
with enticement of future success, requiring more autonomy
for the drug warriors and greater authority to take drastic
actions. Their real failures are still often misrepresented as
successes.
Members of targeted group unorganized, as well as politically
and socially powerless.
Lacking any effective advocates in positions of power.
Any advocates are also attacked. Even defense lawyers can
find themselves charged with conspiracy or other criminal
charges simply for defending drug dealers!
Groups persecuting them are both politically and socially
powerful
Image from the Nazca culture
(Phase 6)
modified from CANE 1985
after EISLEB 1977
shading added for definition
 Morethanyouneedtoknow?

ChapterThree
Thereportedoccurrencesofmescaline

TrichocereusperuvianusP.C.Hutchison543
CollectedinthecanyonoftheRoRmac,HuarochiriProv.,Peru.1700m.

93
 SacredCacti3rded.

LophophorawilliamsiiechinataandTrichocereusbridgesiiSSO2

94
 Chapter3:Themescalinecontainingspecies
TheDistribution&OccurrenceofMescaline
Readers will quickly notice that the following section is
lackingtheentriesfortheTrichocereusspecies.
These now form another book: San Pedro & related
Trichocereusspecies.ieSacredCactiPartB.
Wehopethatthesplittingofthisworkintoseparatebooks
does not cause our readers too much inconvenience. We
!"!#$%&' &($)' *+,,' $-./)' &($' 0$-$1&!' *(+%(' &($' $2#3-!+/-'
permittedandthinkthattheseoffsetthedisadvantages.
4-'&($'!$%&+/-'*(+%('5/,,/*!6'7/!&'&32/-/7+%'!)-/-)7!'
were omitted as these are readily available in the sources
citedandareprimarilyonlyofhistoricalimportance.(More
detailedand8#9/#$9,):'*/9;$;'&32/-/7+%';$!%9+#&+/-!'/5'&($'
plantscanbefoundinthelistedreferences.)
Tobetterassistthereaderinsearchofmoreinformation
it was thought helpful to include synonyms that are in
horticulturaluseorusedinthereferencesincluded.
Many times plants get renamed or transferred by one
authority without being accepted by some or most others.
Insomecases,suchasStenocereus,itisnotuncommonto
1-;'!$<$93,';+55$9$-&'-37$!'5/9'&($'!37$'#,3-&';$#$-;+-='/-'
whichreferenceworkoneconsults.Whileitisunlikelythat
theywouldbeencounteredandstillreferredtoasaCereus,
asmanycereoidswereoriginallycalled,itisjustaslikely
theywillnotbelistedbyMOSTsourcesasaStenocereus.
4&'+!'(/#$;'&(3&'&($'9$3;$9'*+,,'1-;'&($'5/,,/*+-='%(3#&$9'
helpfulanyfeedbackonhowthiscouldbemademoreuseful
iswelcomed.
Proviso:
It must be kept in mind that substantial differences in
the alkaloid content and in the relative ratios of alkaloids
present have been noted by numerous researchers. (True
alsoinmanyfamilies.)Thesedifferenceshavebeennoted
tosometimesappearseasonally,suchasthehigherpresence
ofNmethylated(ascomparedtoNdemethylated)alkaloids
detected, by Lundstrom, during summer in greenhouse
maintained peyote. In contrast in the same population of
plants, winter analysis found levels of Ndemethylated
compoundstobehigherthanNmethylatedones.[Whilehe
usedcultivatedplants,themescalinecontentwascomparable
tomostofwhatiscollectedfromthewild.]
Theycanvaryaswellaccordingtotheageofplant(young
plantversusadultplant)orevenbyageofpart(suchasnew
growthonalargeadultcomparedtooldergrowth).Incacti,the
actualvariableseffectingsuchreportsare,usually,unknown
andunstudied.
Alkaloidcontenthasbeennoticedtovarysubstantiallyin
amount and/or actual even composition between varieties
consideredcloselyrelatedbymorphology,andconcentrations
sometimesvarywidelyevenfromoneindividualorlocality
&/' &($' -$2&>' 4-' /&($9!' $<$-' ;3+,)' ?"%&"3&+/-!' (3<$' 0$$-'
noted in Phalaris and Papaver6' 5/9' $237#,$6' 3,@3,/+;'
concentrationswerefoundtobehighestintheearlymorning.
(QuantitativecomparativeisolationsofPhalariswasreported
byAPPLESEED.)
Very few workers seem to concern themselves with any
of this and rigorous work on this subject has rarely been
performedorpublished.
[Speciessuggestedbypublishedanalysistobevariously
weak or potent have on occasion proved to be just the
opposite!]
Often the only data included is whether the plant was
cultivatedorcollectedfromthewild.Inmanyearlypapers
weliterallyhavetorelyonthewordoftheworkersastothe
identityofwhattheyanalyzed,asvouchersforreferences
sakewereneverpreparedandthereisnophysicalmeans
5/9'%/-1973&+/->
Fortunately,inrecentdecades,farmoreattentionisbeing
giventotheimportanceofproperherbariumvouchersbeing
preparedforanyandallplantanalysis.Eveninthesecases,
notallworkersnoteenoughvariablesfortheirobservations
tobetrulymeaningful.
A+B$' 3-;' 3##9/2+73&$' 3=$6' #39&' /5' #,3-&' "!$;' 3-;' !&3=$'
of growth, i.e. actively gowing versus fully developed
(ifsamplingonlybranchesoflargespecimens),andtime
of harvest (time of year and time of day) should all be
considered to be critical data to include along with place
oforigin.
Ideallyforavouchersomecommentsonthelocalecology
andadescriptionofhabitatwouldalsobequitevaluable.
Thiscouldincludetheplantsgrowingaroundit,orwithit,
the immediate local conditions of occurrence [moisture,
degreeofsun,etc...],itsapparentnicheinecosystem,anda
descriptionofthelandorterrain.
Evenbetterwouldbeadditionallyincludingalocalsoil
testand/orsample,andanalyzingasmanypartsandagesof
materialaspossible,aswellasrepeatedtestswiththesame
specimensatdifferenttimesofyear.
Ifperformingrepeatedsamplingsofthesameindividuals
!&9$!!'%3-'0$%/7$'3'53%&/9'%3#30,$'/5'+-?"$-%+-='&($'9$!",&!>'
Isuggestinitiallyusingpooledsmallersamplesofadjacent
individuals within a given population. There should be
additional small samples taken from several individuals
withinthesamepopulationthatispooledinordertocheck
uniformity.
Most plants can recover rapidly and well from light
prunings.Aminimumoftwoyearstimeissuggestedforsuch
3'!$9+$!'/5'!37#,+-=!'*+&('3'732+7"7'/5'CDE'&9+77+-=!>'
Differencesinregrowthversusoriginalgrowthshouldalso
beevaluated.
Thefactorscontrollingandregulatingalkaloidproduction
would be a fascinating and productive area for future
3%3;$7+%' 9$!$39%(>' 45' %($7/&32/-/7)' +!' &/' $<$9' 0$'
considered a truly useful inclusion in the repertoire of
&32/-/7+%' &//,!6' *$' 7"!&' 0$' 30,$' &/' 0$&&$9' ;$5+-$' &($'
parametersofalkaloidproduction.
F$&$97+-+-='3-;'&3@+-='!&$#!'&/'732+7+B$'3,@3,/+;'%/-&$-&'
*/",;'3,!/' 0$'/5'0$-$1&'5/9'&(/!$'*(/' <+$*'&($!$'#,3-&!'
as sacraments. Selection for known high alkaloid strains,
/9' 5/%"!+-=' /-' %,/-$!' /5' !#$%+1%' $2%$#&+/-3,' +-;+<+;"3,!6'
forintensivelargescalebreedingandpropagationefforts,
wouldbeaworthwhileavenueforeveryoneinvolvedwith
sacramentaluseoftheseplants.
95
 SacredCacti3rded.

athirsty!"#$%&'()*#+,&$-&*'growinginAustralia

96
 Chapter3:Themescalinecontainingspecies

ThereporteddistributionofmescalinecontainingspecieswithinthefamilyCACTACEAE
!"#$"%&'()*+',-+*./*'#)0+,'.#&.*)1+')**+-1)#*+'),')',-+*.+,'.,',1.%%'#"1'2.&+%3'4+*"5#.6+&7

Family:CACTACEAE
Subfamily:CEREOIDEAE subtribeECHINOCACTINAE
TribePERESKIEAE Aztekiumritteri
Pereskiacorrugata Gymnocalyciumachirasense
Pereskiatampicana Gymnocalyciumasterium
TribeOPUNTIEAE Gymnocalyciumbaldianum
Pereskiopsisscandens Gymnocalyciumcalochlorum
subtribeCYLINDROPUNTIA Gymnocalyciumcarminanthum
Opuntiaacanthocarpa Gymnocalyciumcomarapense
Opuntiaechinocarpa Gymnocalyciumdenudatum
Opuntiaimbricata Gymnocalyciumgibbosum
Opuntiaspinosior Gymnocalyciumhorridispinum
subtribeOPUNTIA Gymnocalyciumleeanum
Opuntiabasilaris Gymnocalyciummesopotamicum
! "#$%&'(!)*$+,'%-'*( Gymnocalyciummonvillei
TribeCACTEAE Gymnocalyciummoserianum
subtribeCACTINAE Gymnocalyciumnetrelianum
Pelecyphoraaselliformis Gymnocalyciumnigriareolatum
subtribeCEREINAE Gymnocalyciumoenanthemum
Polaskiachende Gymnocalyciumparaguayense
Pterocereusgaumeri Gymnocalyciumquehlianum
Stenocereusbeneckei Gymnocalyciumragonesii
Stenocereuseruca Gymnocalyciumriograndense
Stenocereusstellatus Gymnocalyciumstellatum
Stenocereustreleasei Gymnocalyciumstriglianum
Stetsoniacoryne Gymnocalyciumtriacanthum
Trichocereusbridgesii***(allforms*) Gymnocalyciumuebelmannianum
Trichocereusbridgesiimonstrosus*** Gymnocalyciumvalnicekianum
Trichocereuscuzcoensis***[Often0.Seeitsentry.] Gymnocalyciumvatteri
Trichocereusfulvilanus Islayaminor
Trichocereushuanucoensis* Lophophoradiffusa***(butnotusualcase)
Trichocereusmacrogonus*** Lophophorafricii***[Doesnotappeartobetypical.]
Trichocereuspachanoi*** Lophophorajourdaniana***
Trichocereuspachanoimonstrosus* Lophophorakoehresii
Trichocereuspallarensis*** Lophophorawilliamsiiwilliamsii***
Trichocereusperuvianus*** Lophophorawilliamsiiechinata***
Trichocereusperuvianusmonstrosus* Turbinicarpuslophophoroides
Trichocereuspuquiensis*** Turbinicarpuspseudomacrochelevar.krainzianus
Trichocereuspuquiensismonstrosus* Turbinicarpusschmiedickianusvar..(/'.01$+
Trichocereussantaensis*** Turbinicarpusschmiedickianusvar.schwarzii
Trichocereusschoenii***
Trichocereusscopulicola*** Pleasenotethatthissystemoforganizationispresentlynolongeraccepted
Trichocereussp.W.BAKER5452** bymostauthoritiesbutitisstillcommonlyencounteredinhorticultureand
amongethnobotanists.
Trichocereuscv.SS01,SS02,SS03*
However, the genus Trichocereus was resurrected byAlbesiano &
Trichocereuscv.TJG*** Kieslingin2011andallofthemolecularworktodateindicatesthatthey
Trichocereussp.TORRES&TORRES:N.Chile* areonsolidground.Seeelsewhereinthisworkformoredetails.
Trichocereuscv.UnknownC*
Trichocereussp.aff.huanucoensis* Mostofthespecieslistedcontainonlytraceamounts.
Trichocereusstrigosus Species marked * lack formally published analytical work but have
Trichocereustaquimbalensis* successfulhumanbioassaysreported.
Trichocereusterscheckii*** Species marked ** have unpublished analytical work confirming
mescalinespresenceaswellassuccessfulhumanbioassaysreported.
Trichocereusthelegonoides
Speciesmarked***havebothpublishedanalyticalwork&successful
Trichocereusuyupampensis***(ErroneousID)
humanbioassaysreported.
Trichocereusvalidus
Trichocereusvollianus
Trichocereuswerdermannianus***

97
 SacredCacti3rded.
Amorerecentview
Speciesthataremissingfromthislistwerevariouslydiscarded, SubfamilyCACTOIDEAE(continued)
mergedorignoredintherevisions.Detailscanbefoundundertheir TribeNOTOCACTEAE
entries. Eriosyceislayensis
Onethingthatcarefulreaderswillnoticeaboutthisarrangementis TribePACHYCEREEAE
thatsomeofthenewcombinationsmergeplantswithquitedifferent Polaskiachende
publishedchemistry.Ifaplantreportedtocontainmescalinewas Pachycereusgaumeri
renamed as a synonym of one which did not it was omitted from Stenocereusbeneckei
thislist. Stenocereuseruca
Wewouldsuggestthatthesebelookedatcloserwithaneyefor Stenocereusstellatus
possiblesubdivisionintochemicalraces. Stenocereustreleasei
ComparisonsofAnderson,Hunt&otherswillalsorapidlyreveala TribeTRICHOCEREEAE
lackofagreementonanumberofpointsandtheseeminglycapricious Gymnocalyciumasterium
acceptanceofsomeandrejectionofotherswithlittleifanycomment. Gymnocalyciumbaldianum
Huntslackofmeaningfulreferences,includinginsomecasesthe Gymnocalyciumcalochlorum
actualdescribers,precludesanyresolutioninanumberofinstances. Gymnocalyciumcarminanthum
Someofthecombinationshaveactuallycausedustowonderif Gymnocalyciumdenudatum
!"#$%&'"()"#(*+",($-$%().,+)//0($1)23"$#(4'5$%3"6(&7$.32$"&('%( Gymnocalyciumgibbosum
insomecasesANYactualspecimens. Gymnocalyciumleeanum
In several cases, the mergers were published by people who Gymnocalyciummesopotamicum
&$$23"6/0( /).8$#( 93%&,:;)"#( $1)23"),3'"( '9( ,;$( 2),$%3)/<( ='%( Gymnocalyciummonvillei
instance the peculiar assertion that the slender, densely branching Gymnocalyciummonvilleisubsp.achirasense
Trichocereus uyupampensis BACKEBERG and the stout, solitary Gymnocalyciummonvilleisubsp.horridispinum
columnarTrichocereusvalidusSENSUBACKEBERGaresynonymous. Gymnocalyciumnetrelianum
Whenfacedwiththissituationwewouldsuggesttobotaniststhat Gymnocalyciumoenanthemum
theyshouldnotbeafraidtosayIdontknoworatleastsearchout Gymnocalyciumparaguayense
!"#$%&'(materialsbeforeutteringsuchpronouncementsinprint. Gymnocalyciumquehlianum
What is perhaps most fascinating is the movement within the Gymnocalyciumragonesii
>7+",3'3#)$(,'5)%#&()(/+270(#$?"3,3'"('9(,;$(&7$.3$&()..'27)"3$#( ! 234%0*(53*'$4!#.(%6''!/(17!1'081(%-9%+9
byasplittersviewofthegenera. Gymnocalyciumstellatum
Gymnocalyciumstriglianum
Family:CACTACEAE Gymnocalyciumtriacanthum
Subfamily:PERESKIOIDEAE Gymnocalyciumuebelmannianum
Pereskiacorrugata Gymnocalyciumvalnicekianum
Pereskiatampicana Gymnocalyciumvatteri
Subfamily:OPUNTIOIDEAE Echinopsislageniformis
Cylindropuntiaacanthocarpa Echinopsiscuzcoensis
Cylindropuntiaechinocarpa Echinopsisfulvilana
Cylindropuntiaimbricata Echinopsismacrogona
Cylindropuntiaspinosior Echinopsispachanoi
Opuntiabasilaris Echinopsisperuviana
! "#$%&'(!)*$+,'%-'*( Echinopsisperuvianasubsp.puquiensis
Pereskiopsisscandens Echinopsissantaensis
SubfamilyCACTOIDEAE Echinopsisschoenii
TribeBROWNINGIEAE Echinopsisscopulicola
Stetsoniacoryne Echinopsisstrigosa
TribeCACTEAE Echinopsistacaquirensissubsp.taquimbalensis
Aztekiumritteri Echinopsisterscheckii
Lophophoradiffusa Echinopsisthelegona
Lophophorafricii Echinopsisuyupampensis
Lophophorawilliamsii Echinopsisvolliana
Turbinicarpuslophophoroides
Turbinicarpuspseudomacrochelesubsp.krainzianus
Turbinicarpusschmiedickianussubsp..(/'.01$+
Turbinicarpusschmiedickianussubsp.schwarzii
Pelecyphoraaselliformis
Acharagmaaguirreana(GLASS&R.FOSTER)GLASS
DNAworkbyWallacesuggeststhat
thisisLophophorasclosestrelative
Reportedtocontainover2%hordeninebyWESTetal.1974
FormerlyknownasGymnocactusaguirreanusGLASS&R.FOSTER

98
Chapter3:Themescalinecontainingspecies

LophophorawilliamsiiwilliamsiiinSouthTexas

99
 SacredCacti3rded.

LophophorawilliamsiiechinatasensuWENIGERinWestTexas

100
 Chapter 5 (with corrections & edits: rev. 17 April 2004)
This prepublication preview was excerpted from Sceletium sp. nova
Sacred Cacti Third Edition (2005?)
Copyright 2004 Mydriatic Productions

Delosperma ecklonis
Delosperma britteniae ?
Trouts Notes on Delosperma sp.
Hanburg 24095
Coegakop Some Other Succulents

featuring: Notes on the AIZOACEAE;

with particular reference to the genus Delosperma

by Trout & friends

Monadenium lugardae Delosperma britteniae ? Coegakop

A Bettter Days Publication

 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed. (rev. 2004: rev. 17Apr04)

Chapter 5 Table of Contents

Trouts Notes on Notes on the AIZOACEAE:

3
Some Other Succulents Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned
in positive assays
7
Cultivation of the Delosperma species
This is a prepublication release containing
material excerpted from the forthcoming 10
Delosperma species in which we have
Sacred Cacti. Botany, Chemistry, Cultivation & detected the tentative presence of
Utilization (Including notes on some other DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT
succulents)
Third Edition. Revised & Illustrated
12
Other members of the Aizoaceae
To-Be-Published ca. 2005 14
Summary of other Aizoceous tlc alkaloid
screening
Copyright 2004 & 2001 Mydriatic Productions; 14
1999 Better Days Publishing, Austin, Texas. Some Other Succulents Held to be Sa-
1997, 1998 by Trouts Notes cred, Medicinal or Useful
Sacred Cacti was first published in 1997 by Narayan
15
Publications, Sedona, Arizona.
Miscellaneous Notes on other members
All rights reserved. of the Aizoaceae
Produced by Mydriatic Productions; 18
a division of Better Days Publishing
Miscellaneous Notes on some additional
Photographs are by K.Trout unless indicated otherwise. Aizoceous Chemistry
Photograph copyrights reside with the photographer(s) and 19
all images herein are used with their permission.
Endnotes for Some other Succulents
23
Unauthorized commercial distribution and References for Some other Succulents
reproduction of Trouts Notes is prohibited. 25
Index
29
However:
Trouts Notes strongly encourages the dissemination of any and all factual information
contained within these pages so long as all proper acknowledgment of authorships and the
original sources of origin for the data as cited herein are maintained.
No one owns facts or factual data.

Mydriatic Productions

2
 Chapter Five
Trouts Notes on
Some Other Succulents
Notes on the AIZOACEAE:
with particular reference to the genus
Delosperma
Our attention was drawn to the Delospermas through a
series of coincidental literature encounters involving other
Mesembryanthemums.
SCHULTES & HOFMANN [1980: 332-333] stated that, several
centuries ago, the roots of a Mesembryanthemum called
Kanna or Channa were chewed by the Hottentots of
southern Africa, and retained in the mouths to induce visual
hallucinations. They quoted LEWIN 1964; their animal
spirits were awakened, their eyes sparkled and their faces
manifested laughter and gaiety. Thousands of delightsome
ideas appeared, and a pleasant jollity which enabled them
to be amused by simple jests. By taking the substances to
excess, they lost consciousness and fell into a terrible
delirium.
Currently the vernacular names of kanna or channa, [also
gauwgoed and kougoed according to Emboden] are used for
certain species of Mesembryanthemum [Note 1] (or
Sceletium), especially M. expansum and M. tortuosum
EMBODEN in his 1972 Narcotic Plants noted also that the
Mesembryanthemums currently known as kanna or channa
were used for stimulant and sedative effects and these drugs
sound unlike the effects described.
He suggested that there may have been a confusion with
the somewhat similar Nananthus albinotus, that he claimed
Nananthus albinotus now Rabeia albinota
was used as a hallucinogenic drug known as S Keng-Keng.
While searching for what could be located concerning
occurrences of alkaloids in the AIZOACEAE., this was still
fresh in mind when encountering mention in RAFFAUF 1970
that DMT had been reported to occur in an unnamed
Delosperma sp.
RAFFAUF had cited SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH Laboratories;
unpublished work and personal communication.
Since this was not an accessible reference, as it was
3
considered doubtful that SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH would care
to share the exact species name or names, it was put on a
back burner with the rest of the curious but unfollowable
topics and plants.
The next stimulation came when noticing T.A. SMITHs
inclusion of Delosperma sp. as containing N-
Methyltryptamine and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine. In his
1977 review of tryptamines, he had cited RIVIER & PILET
1971 and DEULOFEU 1973.
After tracking down his two references, it was extremely
annoying to find that both of them are simply secondary
listings and both cited RAFFAUF 1970 as their source. (OTT
1993 & 1994 similarly listed the same two references.)
This was a return to the starting point and provided enough
motivation (irritation) to begin actively locating and obtaining
seeds and plants of all the Delosperma and Nananthus
species that could be located.
Plants were grown from seed and also raised from plants
obtained as specimens from multiple commercial sources (by
Trout) and assayed (by Johnny Appleseed) at various times
of year (usually when growth would allow). Sometimes entire
plants were sacrificed for assay but usually only leaves and
stems were sampled.
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) appeared to be present
in a number of Delospermas (nine of the species examined),
based on co-tlc with a known reference standard and color
reactions with Ehrlichs Reagent and/ or 0.1% Xanthydrol.
The frequent presence of N-Methyltryptamine (MMT)
was inferred from similar co-tlc which relied on extracts of
other plants known to contain MMT such as Psychotria
viridis (observed in some samples of leaf), Desmanthus
illinoensis (observed in some samples of root bark),
Desmanthus leptolobus (observed in most samples of root
bark) or Acacia maidenii (observed in all samples of bark or
root).
DMT co-occurred with MMT in all of these species [Note
2]
We can only infer N-Methyltryptamines presence as we
lacked a pure reference standard for it. In some, such as D.
klinghardtianum, the alkaloid which was visible at this Rf
can apparently occur alone in decent amounts.
A number of other Ehrlich and/or xanthydrol reactive
components were also seen. Sometimes there were 3 or 4
present within a given sample. There were dramatic
fluctuations in alkaloid content and composition when
assayed at various times of the year. In general, fall and winter
(in Texas) appear to be the times of highest and most varied
alkaloids. DMT seems to show up in good amounts in late
summer before the appearance of some of the other alkaloids.
What we suspect was 5-MeO-DMT was seen in several
DMT producers when assayed in spring and summer. We
have not yet determined a pattern for its occurrence. While
many instances were at trace levels, 5-MeO-DMT was quite
strong in a November sampling of Delosperma britteniae.
As far as we are able to determine this is the first reported
occurrence of 5-MeO-DMT in the genus Delosperma or in
any member of the AIZOACEAE. While it is a novel observation
it is not a particularly surprising one as O-methylated
components are well known in the Aizoaceae and DMT has
been previously reported.
We have potentially observed the presence of 5-Methoxy-
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in eight species.
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
In some cases it was co-occurring with DMT. In several
cases the 5-MeO-DMT seems to be present in substantial
levels.
Only in a few species was the banding dark and broad. In
some samples the other components were present at
substantial and higher levels.
Our determination of the identity of 5-MeO-DMT was
based on its co-tlc with a known reference standard of pure
5-MeO-DMT and on its color reaction with Xanthydrol.
(All alkaloid identifications by us should be regarded as
tentative but strong indications of their presence rather
than proof of their presence. Identification relied solely on
co-tlc with known reference standards and color reactions.
Neither isolation nor characterization was performed. Thin-
lyaer chromatography was graciously performed by J.
Appleseed.)
We currently have neither the resources nor facilities for
such further work and offer this paper in hopes someone
might find this an avenue worthy of their exploration efforts.
The genus Mesembryanthemum has undergone a revision
which transferred some of the South African members to
the genus Sceletium. Sceletium species now number around
22 and Mesembryanthemum species around 74. Both the
species expansum and tortuosum are now considered to be
Sceletiums. S. tortuosum is the type.
Roots and leaves of these two species are still chewed and
smoked by Hottentots in Karroo, South Africa, for
stimulating and narcotic but not for hallucinogenic purposes.
[Smoking is often in combination with Cannabis]
This drug is currently called channa. HERRE mentions
the current use helps the chewer to bear thirst and hunger
and, according to the Hottentots, makes him tough.
From HERRE 1971, in reference to the current drug channa:
After fermentation, leaves are dried again and chewed.
(page 276) and Long before the White man came to South
Africa, the Hottentots used to collect these plants; they wadded
them into a vessel so that fermentation was caused. At the
right moment, the process was interrupted and the dark
and wet material was dried and chewed. (page 37)
Time of year for harvest is said to be crucial as early
harvests apparently contain less alkaloid. SMITH et al. 1996
October is given as the preferred harvest time in FESTI &
SAMORINI 1995.
SMITH et al. 1998 similarly commented that October might
be considered a good time to evaluate Sceletium for such
fluctuations as WATERHOUSE 1932 mentioned an early report
commenting on the plant being gathered at this time (also
the time of fruit production)
[While J EFFS et al. 1971 had reported that alkaloid
concentrations in Sceletium were highest in the woody
stems and lower in the roots, much lower in the green stem
and still lower in the leaf; SMITH et al. 1998 commented that
JEFFS did not note the time of harvest so this should be
considered.]
Sceletium tortuosum
flowering
4
Preparation according to SMITH et al. 1996:
After crushing the harvested material between rocks, it is
placed into a closed container to ferment. Bags of canvas or
skins are traditional but plastic bags are used today. The bag
is placed in the sun so it can heat up during the day and after
2 or 3 days it is opened, the koegoed is mixed around
and then tightly resealed again. The 8th day after the material
was crushed, the kougoed is taken out of the bag and spread
to dry in the sun. The resulting material is stringy, light
brown and unattractive in appearance.
It was claimed that failure to follow the steps in the above
recipe would produce an inactive product but SMITH further
noted another preparation where a fire was built and, after it
had died down, the ashes were removed and a hollow dug
out of the hot sand. A whole plant of freshly picked Sceletium
was placed into the hole and covered with hot sand. After
baking for one hour it is ready to chew and claimed to be
similar to conventionally prepared material.
Fermentation and pounding were suggested by SMITH et al.
1996 to serve to reduce the presence of oxalic acid. Adequate
heating would accomplish the same thing.
When SMITH et al. 1998 was examining prepared kougoed,
made from crushed and prepared Sceletium tortuosum, they
found that material produced by fermentation had the peak
for 4-O-demethylmesembrenol almost completely
diminished, the peak for mesembrine cut by half and the
peak for mesembrenone doubled. The material that was instead
dried at 80oC was very similar overall but still showed the
presence of some 4-O-demethylmesembrenol.
Fermentation before drying also occurred during our assays
with Delospermas. During the evaluations it was found that
batches of Delosperma being dried in quantity, at 110oF,
began to ferment within several days and dried only after
this had occurred. Unless only small amounts were processed,
the plant material always partially liquefied and fermented
before drying.
Yeasts and other fermentation organisms are known to be
associated with the roots of a number of species.
[See additional comments farther below.]
SchulTES & HOFMANN mention that Mesembryanthemum
species have been found to contain alkaloids (citing POPELAK
& LETTENBAUER 1967), one of which, mesembrine (present at
0.7%) produces sedative and cocaine-like effects and torpor.
This sounds very unlike the effects described above and, on
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Sceletium tortuosum
the surface, seems unlikely to be a drug used for
hallucinogenic purposes.
This may be misleading, however, as one correspondent
reported a mild LSD-like effect when ingesting the drug
channa. Many people have reported a biphasic action and a
growing number are describing the experience as
psychoactive. Much more work is needed.
Plant material, extracted material and purified alkaloid are
said to be available in the European marketplace. Most
people we know who have tried the drug have been quite
impressed in a favorable way. None have described it as
overtly hallucinogenic except for one person who reported
the purified alkaloid to be mildly LSD-like.
Some of the use we have encountered was as a quid but
people are also snuffing 50-100 mg of the finely ground
powder (we saw one appearance of it mixed in combination
with pure arecoline) or smoking it. Smoking of Sceletium is
known among indigenous users as well.
Our bioassays with prepared Sceletium tortuosum (oral or
insufflated) have left us something less than impressed and
uninterested in further evaluations. This probably reflects
nothing more than personal tastes.
Humorously, the forms chosen for the commercial
marketing of Sceletium have thusfar included purified alkaloid
placed on blotter paper ala LSD and also the herbal material
compounded into lollypops accompanied by literature
clearly oriented towards the rave scene and purporting them
to possess an MDMA-like action!
Since some sort of selective serotonin reuptake inhibition
(SSRI) activity has been noted for Sceletium this is
potentially a dangerous venue for release if they are then
combined with MDMA or other substances capable of
contributing towards excessive serotonin levels.
EMBODEN believed that two alkaloids, mesembrine and
mesembrenine (the latter is more preferably referred to as
mesembrenone) are responsible for the stimulant effects.
He offered no reference to support this.
He suggests their unpleasant side effects might be
responsible for Sceletiums limited popularity. Side effects
are said to include mydriasis (dilation of pupils), headache,
listlessness, loss of appetite and depression following
stimulation.
Based on his review of the literature, SMITH et al. 1996
concluded that it was not a hallucinogen but rather a narcotic-
anxiolytic agent. FESTI & SAMORINI 1996 commented that
visual hallucinations occur at high dosage levels but it was
not clear whether this was something published, an
5
interpretation of something published or if it reflected an
unpublished human bioassay.
HERRE 1971 mentions that Its smell and appearance are
not attractive to Europeans. SMITH et al. 1998 describes the
fermenting material as foul smelling with visible fungal
growth.
HERRE also says that the current channa also apparently
causes drunkenness if taken in certain quantities. He states
that the active principle mesembrine is found in all species
of Sceletium and that other members of the
MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE [Note 3] contain mesembrine but in
smaller amounts.
According to WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962: Mesembrine
has possibly been found in Carpobrotus acinaciforme L.BOL.
and Carpobrotus edulis L.BOL. (in leaf- noting that they can
find no chemical work to support the assertion). They also
mention Cryophytum (Mesembryanthemum) crystallinum,
Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW. and Trichodiadema
stellatum SCHW. were thought to contain mesembrine by
ZWICKY.
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM 1989: page 578, on the other hand,
list the occurrence of Mesembrine only in Sceletium
namaquense (along with mesembrane) and Sceletium
tortuosum. See notes on Aizoceous chemistry farther below
for more info.
An intriguing comment made by both Herr and Jacobsen is
that mesembrine is not formed in Europe and northern
countries (such as Germany) but it is in North Carolina.
A more detailed summation of the published analysis can
be found farther below
An interesting point made by SMITH et al. 1996 is that the
active agents may prove to be something other than
Mesembrine.
Herre dismisses the related Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum and other species of Mesembryanthemum as
containing [mixed] salt[s] in large quantities which is very
troublesome to those who take it. (page 276). See also WATT
& B REYER -B RANDWIJK 1962 and additional comments
elsewhere here.
As mentioned earlier, EMBODEN suggested that the apparent
conflict between the formerly observed hallucinogenic use
of channa and the seemingly nonhallucinogenic nature of
the current drug channa (we must stress that this is a poorly
studied area with regards to actual human activity), as well
as the lack of hallucinogenicity in laboratory studies involving
pure alkaloids, may be a result of confusion of Sceletium
species with another related Aizoceous member, Nananthus
albinotus (discussed below).
Lewin doubted that Aizoceous plants were responsible,
suggesting instead Cannabis or other intoxicating plants,
sometimes called channa, used in South Africa, such as
Sclerocarya caffra and S. schweinfurthiana (ANACARDIACEA).
I am curious just how many of the Mesembryanthemums
actually were or are referred to by the same common names
of channa or kanna. The genus Mesembryanthemum is
but one of many genera of Aizoceous plants known more
generally as Mesembryanthemums (the plural is more
properly Mesembryanthema but this is rarely used) or
mesembs. Many still refer to these members of the
AIZOACEAE as the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE.
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
EMBODEN 1972, page 31, shows the two species, Sceletium Anadenanthera seeds predated snuffs in N. Chile/Argentina
expansum and Sceletium tortuosum, as depicted in two 18th and is still practiced by a few groups.
century wood-cuts. The oral mode of channa ingestion, on the surface, casts
Comparison of the woodcuts included by Emboden with doubts concerning DMT being an active component. Whether
photographs or watercolors of the Sceletiums show DMT is active via a retained quid remains to be seen.
considerable differences. The plants depicted by Emboden It is unknown whether there was additional additives which
both more closely resemble a number of Delospermas such were not mentioned, such as other plants or a strongly basic
as D. acuminatum, D. tradescantioides and other sprawling ash to facilitate the liberation of the free base and absorption
species of Delospermas, more than they resemble any species by the mucous membranes when snuffed or retained in the
mouth. Activity or interactions of other co-occurring plant
of Nananthus.
alkaloids is also not known.
EMBODEN describes the practice of pulverizing whole plants
While DMT is not normally orally active without the
of Nananthus albinotus (S Keng-Keng) to use as a
presence of an MAO inhibitor, such as is found in ayahuasca,
hallucinogenic additive to smoking tobacco or snuff.
there are at least two notable exceptions. One is the use of
This name and practice is or was evidently present among
Virola resin as orally ingested pellets (thought by Dr.
a number of South African tribesmen, especially among the
McKenna and associates to be orally active due to the
Old Griquas (a people widely renown for their extensive
presence of MAO inhibiting methylenedioxy substituted
and effective knowledge of medicinal plants, unfortunately
lignins but later determined by Ott to be intended for buccal
now largely lost).
absorption and held in the mouth rather than swallowed) the
Nananthus albinotus, now known as Rabeia albinota,
other is the ancient drink, vinho da jurema, prepared as an
also resembles many of the Delospermas, i.e. the lower growing
infusion of the roots of Mimosa hostilis [Note 5].
clump forming species (as well as many other Aizoceous
members), which also tested positive for 5-MeO-DMT and/
We do not have a shred of hard evidence but, as Emboden
or DMT. In some cases, such as 5-MeO-DMT observed in
did, must wonder if perhaps Channa or S Keng Keng
Delosperma britteniae, they assayed positive quite strongly.
were only similar to those depicted.and were instead some
Almost all Nananthus and Rabeia species that have been
other member of the voluminous AIZOACEAE (JACOBSEN included
tested to date, including Rabeia albinota, have shown no
descriptions for 122 genera and ~2500 species). SMITH et al.
targeted tryptamines present at levels we could detect. The
1996 estimated that, of the described species of Mesembs,
lone exception to this was the observance of trace amounts
less than 0.04% of them have ever seen analysis of any sort.
of DMT during a November 1995 assay of Nananthus
Clearly the field is ripe for development.
aloides.
We know DMT (or perhaps 5-MeO-DMT) containing
It is curious that many of the active Delospermas resemble
Delospermas exist, there may also be additional potentially
both the Sceletiums and Nananthus albinotus.
active Aizoceous plants (or alkaloids) capable of inducing a
The identity of the original channa may or may not be
hallucinogenic state.
known but perhaps it might be worth considering the species
I think, Lewins description of kanna as a pleasant, mirthful
of Delospermas, or other Aizoceous and as yet unanalyzed
and colorful intoxication followed by unconsciousness and
plants, that contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and/or possibly
delirium when taken to excess, certainly approximately
other active compounds as candidates for this intriguing drug.
parallels native usage of other tryptamines, such as snuff
Chemical analysis of a far broader spectrum of the AIZOACEAE
usage in South America [Note 6] and on the surface suggests
is in order [Note 4].
DMT containing members of the AIZOACEAE as, at least,
plausible candidates for consideration as native intoxicants.
Certainly smoking and snuffing are not uncommon forms of
This assumption could of course simply reflect some sort of
ingestion of DMT (or 5-MeO-DMT), although smoking is
cultural bias or biases on the part of the author and the
not presently the predominate means of administration except
people employing them are using and experiencing these
in Western societies.
plants from within an entirely different ontology.
It has been occasionally observed in native cultures with
It appears just as likely that the Delospermas may have
the smoking of Virola sebifera resin or bark and also with the
never been used entheogenically by native people and the
seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina and the seeds/pods of
finding of DMT in plants physically similar to channa merely
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil. Interestingly this last
fortuitous.
instance appears to predate snuff usage and apparently was
The dried material and purified isolates of channa do in fact
largely replaced by it.
appear to be strongly active.
Smoking is a frequent form of ingestion of the free base of
SMITH et al. 1998 evaluated the claims that drying at 80oC or
both alkaloids in modern cultures worldwide. While the
fermentation was essential for activity. He found that it did
smoking of B. caapi bark and/or leaf, Virola sebifera bark and
not simply serve to reduce the oxalic acid content as had
also Anadenanthera seeds/pods have all been reported by
been previously conjectured but also produced a substantial
anthropologists, this has not been the predominate route of
shift in the actual alkaloid profile. (As detailed above, the
ingestion among most of the people who use them.
traditional prep produced the best results.)
Snuffing of DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT plants has been
More work is clearly in order to better understand the
widespread and is more common in native cultures of the
pharmacology of channa.
Caribbean and throughout parts of South America. It has
seemingly been this way since fairly ancient times.
We have come across only one solid reference to
Interestingly the smoking of tryptamine containing
Delospermas being used in folk medicine. WATT & BREYER-

6
 Chapter 5; other succulents
BRANDWIJK 1962 include Delosperma herbeum N.E.Br. as Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in
being given by the Tswana in the form of a root decoction
positive assays
and the powdered plant then being rubbed into scarifications,
made over the vertebral joints, to make the climacteric
Delosperma descriptions were adapted from JACOBSEN 1960
strong and resistant to witchcraft. One other possible
but also contain observations of plants grown for assay
reference to a Delosperma species (D. mahonii) can be found purposes
in our discussion on other Aizoceous plants below.
[According to HARGREAVES 1998, COLE 1995 believes that
Delosperma = Ectotropsis = Schoenlandia
lemelanthufe is possibly a local name used for Delosperma
in Botswana.] Delosperma comes from the Greek; Delos meaning visible
Delosperma cooperi also enters into preparation of the and Sperma Seed. [This is in reference to the seeds which
alcoholic drink khadi [also spelled kadi or kgadi] [Note 7: lie visibly exposed in the seedpods (when they are wet).]
see also HARGREAVES 1998 & 1999] While it appears to be
used as a source of fermentation organisms, its potential for Delosperma acuminatum L.BOL.
pharmacological contribution cannot be dismissed without
Originally collected from Cape Province: Albany Division,
study. Interestingly despite the roots being a good source of
near Grahamstown.
fermentation organisms it is said to be the leaves which are
It forms a 20 cm. tall erect glabrous shrub with stiff
used in making khadi. According to HARGREAVES this species
branches which tend to be prostrate in cultivated specimens.
was said, by DIETERLAN, to be used for beer making among
Roots are tuberous and can reach 20 cm. The pale glaucous
the Bantu and by Europeans for a yeast source [Note 8]. [It
green leaves are acuminate and sharply keeled. The upper
should be added that this fermentation may actually be due
surface is flat and the sides rounded. They are borne erect
to (1 or 2) fungus species known to convert sugar to oxalic
and can reach 35 mm. in length; being 5 mm wide and long.
acid; hence the dangerous reputation of this practice]
Flowers are coppery-red and 2 cm. in diameter. Smaller in
To further complicate the picture is the evidence suggesting
heat stressed plants.
there may be a seasonal fluctuation in alkaloid content. This
Our specimens were described as Delosperma
has been noted to have been reported in other Mesembs
acuminatum Alicedale and have done very well as hanging
according to SMITH et al. 1996 and was also suggested by the
baskets.
variable results we obtained during Johnnys tlc studies.
Unfortunately, much of the traditions and herbal knowledge
Delosperma brittenae (L.BOL.)
of local African peoples has been lost or destroyed during
Originally collected in the Cape Province: Albany
acculturation [Note 9]. We may never know for certain the
Division, rocks between Hamilton Reservoir and Bay
complete identities of the tantalizing entheogens known as
Road, near Grahamstown.
Channa and S Keng Keng.
This is a low growing succulent forming a glabrous shrub
with stem 3 cm. thick at the base. The branches and
We have attempted to assay as many of the Delospermas as
branchlets are crowded and elongated. Internodes are not
we could locate and obtain assayable biomass from (140
visible and rarely elongated.
species are included in JACOBSEN and many more are said to
Leaves are erect, keeled and dull glaucous with a firm
exist). We also set out to sample a number of Rabeia (7
texture. Some of ours have a distinctly bluish color. Leaves
described species - Rabeia albinota being the type) and
are acute and mucronate with the sides convex and the
Nananthus (9 are described) species for assay.
upper surface flattened. They reach 3 cm. in length and 7
We have not yet exhausted the commercially available
mm. wide and thick, with a 4 mm long sheath. Pedicels are
species. In the case of Delosperma we have made a little
15 mm long.
headway. Considering we have neither outside funding or
The solitary white flowers can reach 38 mm in diameter.
support, all individuals involved freely contributing their
Ours show a distinct tendency to form shallow splits
time, materials and energy, nor have we received any
and line like scars on the leaves when exposed to too much
compensation (beyond personal satisfaction) from these
sun.
assays, we are pleased and satisfied with our preliminary
Our specimens were labeled Delosperma britteniae?
results. Our exploration has been for the joy of doing it.
Coegakop
What was accomplished was as a small group of ordinary
individuals with no established acceptance or funding. If a
professional lab had even a small degree of resources or
interest they could have expanded what we have done many
times over and done so in a way that was actually meaningful.

Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop

7
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
Delosperma cooperi (HOOK. f.) L.BOL.
Originally collected in the Orange Free State.
This is a sprawling, freely branching subshrub with bright
green glacous leaves. Internodes on the branches are shorter
than the leaves. The leaves are spreading, bent or recurved
inwards, linear and cylindrical with a slightly flattened top.
They narrow somewhat towards the tip and appear striped
with grey-green due to irregular papillae arranged in
longitudinal lines. The leaves are up to 55 mm. long and are
6 mm. wide and 5 thick. Pedicels are 2 cm. long. Flowers are
borne terminally; occasionally single but usually in groups
of 3 to 7. They are silken purple and 4.5 to 5 cm. in diameter.
Most we have seen are more pink than purple. This plant is
said to be hardy to 10 degrees F. We have seen them die in
the mid 20s.
This species is incredibly hardy if the bulk of its mass can
be prevented from contacting soil via the use of rocks, gravel,
bark mulch or other approaches.
It is one of the few plants in our area that deer will not
devour. Slugs will annihilate it if kept overly damp.
They can easily spread to cover a meter wide circle within
several years. This one loves lots of sun.
A number of seed companies offer this species. Seeds and
plants are readily available through many nurseries and
hardware stores with a garden department. (We have found
mislabeled plants sold as Delosperma cooperi.)
Our samples for assay have come from several commercial
suppliers. The discrepancies in alkaloid production we have
observed, occurred within given plants when assayed over a
period of time and have generally seemed to reflect their
source of origin.
8
Delosperma ecklonis (SALM.) SCHWANT.
Originally described from the Cape Province: on the
Zwartkops River.
This small plant is very free growing with slender
prostrate branches which are covered with fine white hairs
when young. The branches root readily if they contact
soil.
The leaves are close together, growing either erect or
spreading horizontally and recurved. They are flat-
compressed and connate at the base. They grow three
angled, tapering and end in a short point. The upper side is
wider and grooved towards the base. The leaves can reach
2.5 to 3.5 cm long. They are covered with fine papillae and
soft hairs and are light green unless kept in a sunny position
in which they turn reddish purple.
They produce small white flowers (16 mm in diameter)
with short stalks.
Delosperma esterhuyseniae
We still need to locate a description of this enchanting
dwarf. Ours flowered white.
Our specimens were provided as Delosperma
esterhuyseniae Adamskraal
Delosperma halli
We still need to locate a description.
Our specimens were sold as Delosperma hallii
Namusberge They were said to have striking pink flowers.
Ours have flowered only briefly and occasionally. They
were very nice.
Delosperma harazianum
We still need to locate a description.
We have assayed two forms to date. They were sold as:
Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Tiny
grey leaves
Delosperma harazianum Shibam Shorter leaves, better
flowers
Both are beautiful little clump formers with small flowers.
Delosperma hirtum (N.E.BR.) SCHWANT.
Originally collected in the Eastern Cape Province.
We still need to locate a description of this one. Our
supplier describes it as resembling a slender sutherlandii,
with fine summer blooms and deciduous leaves.
Delosperma litorale (KENSIT) L.BOL.
Collected from Cape Province: Mossel Bay, on the shore
near the town and extending eastwards from the Cape
Division along the coast as far as Port Elizabeth.
This grows as a prostrate loosely branched herb. While
creeping in habit it does not send out roots unless buried in
soil. The stems are elongated, dainty and pale, reaching 35
cm in length. The internodes are from 24 to 50 mm long.
Its leaves are somewhat connate and inclined. Young
leaves are three-angled, subfalcate and laterally compressed.
Delosperma cooperi
 Chapter 5; other succulents
The edges are bordered with white (the edges of ours were
tinged in pink), elongated, narrowed toward the base and
acute at the end. The upper surface is almost flat. They
are blue and mucronate; reaching 25-30 mm in length and
5-6 mm thick.
Pedicels are 5-17 mm long and have two bracts.
White flowers, usually in groups of three.
Our specimens were described as aff. litorale St. Francis
Bay.
Delosperma nubigenum (SCHLTR.) L.BOL.
From the South-East Cape Province in the Orange Free
State, in the cleft of rocks on the top of Mont aux Sources
at 3200 m.
This low decumbent sub-shrub has ascendant, roundish
and papillose stems. The leaves are standing off or erect
standing off and are elongate or elongate-elliptical, acute
and narrowed towards the ends or else the leaves are linear
and papillose.
They bear orange red flowers at the end of the stems.
They are two cm in diameter and have short stalks.
Our plants used for assay were purchased at a local
hardware store. They conformed to both published
descriptions and photographs.
Delosperma lydenburgense L.BOL.
Originally found in the Transvaal: Lydenberg.
This plant is glabrous, loosely ramose and herbaceous in
habit. Older branches are 20 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter,
internodes are 3-3.5 cm long. The herbaceous parts of the
plant are minutely papillate.
The leaves are soft and linear when viewed from above.
They are flat to grooved, narrowed, acute and have an
obscure keel on the back when young. They grow 3.5-5.5
cm. long, 2-5 mm wide and 2-3 mm in diameter.
It bears flowers as groups of 2 to 3 in loose inflorescence
which are 3 cm. tall and 10 cm. wide. Pedicels are 1-2 cm.
long. The flowers themselves are 2-2.5 cm in diameter and
purplish in color.
Our plants were said to have large pink purple flowers
and hardy to the mid teens. We have found them hardy
only into the low 20s in Central Texas.
Delosperma pergamentaceum L.BOL.
From the Cape Province: L. Namaqualand, Richersveld,
hill 1 mile west of Arris Drift, Aneesfontein, Sendlingsdrift,
Pokkiespram.
A glabrous shrub growing to 30 cm. tall with an elongated
stem in young plants, 5 mm. thick at the tip. The branches
are crowded densely and leafed with 4-6 leaves in a group.
It forms floral branches up to 5 cm. long.
The leaves are spreading to ascending, obtusely keeled
with the top surface flat and the sides flat or slightly convex.
There are other (older?) leaves which are flat or convex,
laterally compressed, narrowed towards the tip in profile,
the tip itself being rounded to oblique or somewhat truncate
and connate at the base. Sheath is 6 mm. long, pale blue
and tinged with purple. Older leaves are vellum like, 7 cm.
long and 16 mm. wide. Younger leaves are 4 cm. long, 8
mm. wide at the base, 2 mm. wide below the apex, 7 to 8
mm. thick at the base and 13-14 mm. thick at the tip. The
pedicels are 18 mm. long. They flower as solitary white
flowers 44 mm. in diameter.
Our specimens were furnished as Delosperma
pergamentaceum Numees [said to need a genus, later said
= Hartmanthus (we have been unable to locate this name)]
and Delosperma pergamentaceum Rooilepel white or pink
flowers
Delosperma tradescantioides Said to be great for
hanging baskets. White flowers and, for a Delosperma,
unusual leaves.. Freely rooting and fast growing.

Delosperma pageanum (L.BOL.) L.BOL.

Originally found in the Cape Province: southwest region,
Montagu Division, near Montagu Baths. Delosperma tradescantioides
This grows erect as a 26 cm. shrub, with a stem that can
be over 3 mm. thick at the base. The stem is glabrous and
branching and has pale skin becoming papery with a
slightly hairy appearance on older branches. Internodes
are 1 cm. long.
Leaves are spreading and cylindrical, and gradually taper
to a blunt end. They are finely papillose with the papillae
being ciliate with fine white hairs and a little connate at the
base. They are 10-15 mm. long and 2 or 3 mm. thick. They
are soft and a bright light green. Pedicels are 17 mm.. long.
It has purple flowers; 16 mm. in diameter.

Delosperma tradescantioidesXbosseranum

9
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
Cultivation of the Delosperma species
Delospermas require barely damp soil with slightly damp
but drying surface conditions on a regular basis. While rot
prone if overly wet, they enjoy being misted every day
when hot. Delospermas should be well watered only when
they show visible signs of wilting. They love frequent light
mistings and while not liking soggy conditions, do not like
to be in totally dry soil.
Their main period of growth and flowering, in the US, is
during the summer. They should not ever be allowed to
become excessively dry during their growth period. During
the winter they should not be watered except for an
occasional misting. Most do not need winter protection
unless rain is abundant. We have seen multiple species freeze
solid with ice forcing otherwise prostrate branches into
upright rigid poses then recovering with no problems. It
should be added that there are some freeze sensitive species.
Some are suited for coastal plantings while others prefer
an arid but cool mountain environment. Most grow in very
rocky areas with frequent mist or dew.
An excellent method of maintaining soil moisture while
decreasing the risk of overwatering was presented by
JACOBSEN.
He suggests the use of a staging with provisions for drainage
(a raised plant table with walls for creating a permanent
bed) upon which is placed a thick layer of gravel, coke, lava
rock or cinders. The plants, each in individual clay pots, are
placed on this layer and the level of gravel is then brought to
the top of the pots.
A top layer of various small rocks or gravel is then added
to the individual pots themselves to accentuate the natural
mimicry of these succulents, enhance the visual presentation
and decrease surface evaporation of moisture.
This approach protects the pots from direct sun exposure.
The rocks help retain heat and moisture, prevent drying out
of the soil and help to avoid overwatering by establishing
excellent drainage.
The plants, especially the shrubby Delospermas will send
roots out of the bottoms of their pots seeking moisture in
the gravel bed. When repotting such plants, the clay pots
should be broken free of the plant to avoid damage to the
roots. If growth is too extensive it may be preferable to
make and root cuttings rather than transplant overgrown
plants and disturb their neighbors.
Dead roots should be removed when replanting to avoid
rotting problems. Dead branches on actively growing plants
should also be removed.
They need a very mineral rich soil with perfect drainage.
Jacobsen recommends adding coke or brick rubble to the
soil. We have not had good results with this. They have
done best for us when placed in a normal, fairly rich, cactus
soil. Some of the smaller clumping forms do better if more
rock is added. We have had success using a mixture of
limestone and igneous gravel.
All Delospermas are sensitive to soil compaction in culture.
Potted plants should be checked at least once a year and the
old soil removed or replaced if it has compacted into a hard
10
mass. (This is almost certain death for most Delospermas.)
Soil must remain loose, friable and readily accept water.
For all of these reasons we would discourage the use of
peat moss, fine sand, loam or clays except as minor soil
additives due to their bad setting and/or packing tendencies.
Peat has a further undesirable tendency to not accept water
once it has dried.
Jacobsen considers old weathered loam to be an
essential soil additive. He suggests:
3 parts old compost or leaf mould.
1 part well rotted manure
1 part old weathered loam
1 part crushed brick and brick dust (we suggest
limestone gravel, mixed with powdered gypsum and
dolomite)
6 parts clean, sharp sand (all fine sand removed)
Delospermas usually have fairly small flowers that
sometimes look as if they were made from pieces of straw
with an almost metallic luster in vivid shades of red or
violet. Others have small white flowers. Many species
flower abundantly and freely.
There are two main types. One is bushy, occasionally
sprawling, and the other growing along the ground in a
more compact form. Some of the latter form compact clumps
with thickened leaves and resemble other, more famous
and widely cultivated Mesembryanthemums.
The bushy ones root well from cuttings being taken and
simply stuck directly into soil. They do not require callusing
prior to planting but it may be advantageous if a more
succulent species is being rooted. As with all succulents,
water sparingly and cautiously until well rooted.
Delospermas wilt severely when rooting or when shipped
through the mail. Normally, with misting and bright light
(no direct sun) they recover rapidly.
While they can handle full sun in most cases and some
such as D. cooperi and D. lydenbergense, are said to be
able to take freezing temperatures, into the low teens, they
fare better for us when given full sun for only part of the
day. It is generally recommended that watering be tapered
off before winter arrives and that they be allowed to go
through winter with only ambient moisture (unless
excessive). Indoor maintained plants seemed to suffer from
dry heated air and required misting to maintain health.
Enclosure in a humidity tent was tolerated only with
adequate ventilation.
Excessive heat stresses them and better results might be
observed in a summer cooled greenhouse.
Some, such as D. cooperi, did best when their smaller
pots were clustered inside the top of other larger potted
plants. These larger pots were 10 to 20 gallons in size and
held such plants as Acacia maidenii, Acacia auriculiformis,
Adenanthera pavonia, Albizia procera, Chili pequins
(Capsicum annuum var. aviculare), Zizyphus jujube or
other light filtering plants. They seemed very happy to
grow at their base and spilled over the edges of the larger
pots in attractive dripping masses. (D. cooperi has a
wonderful texture to the skin which makes them look very
much like aggregates of bright green lizard tails.)
Delosperma cooperi also thrives in rock gardens or on
slopes where the body of the plant can grow out onto or
over a large rock. Many Delospermas do well this way and
 Chapter 5; other succulents
it is becoming a common practice in xeriscapes to plant
Delospermas in areas where the body can sprawl across
rock covered areas. Some are said to do very well in Aspen,
Co.
Thin stalked, thin leafed types such as D. acuminatum
did best for us when grown in baskets as hanging plants.
These develop tuberous roots and need some room.
In some Delospermas, even in some of the lower growing
miniatures, there is formation of a substantial tuber or
tubers. These need adequate room for the tuber to grow
and spread in order for the plants to be happy. They will
need either periodic bumping-up or division, deep narrow
pots or else planting in a raised sloped deep bed.
Natural propagation is primarily from seeds being
washed from their capsules by rain. The seed capsules
open to release seeds only when wet, and the rain abundant
enough to wash the seeds out, and close again when dry.
This ingenious mechanism ensures that the release of seeds
will accompany moisture and good germinating conditions.
Delosperma britteniae? Coogekop
Seed pod closed when dry (Above)
Seed pods opens when wet enough (Below)
It is not uncommon to find many small seedlings in the
pots with mature adults.
11
They grow quickly and easily from seed. Treat them and
their small seeds like finely seeded cactus with slightly
higher moisture requirements.
Delospermas are more prone to indoor problems such as
black-flies and other insects with plant parasite larvae than
most cacti. Unless these are kept controlled they will
devastate Delosperma seedlings.
We have also lost some plants to a yellow soil fungus or
mold. We plan to address this problem in the future by use
of a systemic fungicide. Most of our plants were unaffected.
The plants which were hit the worst were the commercially
obtained Delospermas (mainly D. cooperi) which had been
sold potted in a high bark mulch soil mix. Any of these
which were allowed to dry out completely during winter
died. Those which remained with the rest of our plants
(trees and shrubs) and which consequently stayed slightly
damp were fine without exception.
Slugs and grasshoppers can also be problems. Slugs and
snail can be controlled with snail bait or beer traps (see
under cultivation of cacti: pests). Grasshoppers can be
minimized by yearly applications of beneficial nematodes
to the surrounding areas. These nematodes are distributed
by spraying in solution onto moist soil. They destroy the
young of the grasshoppers while still in the ground. They
are commercially available in springtime.
A few species have been repeatedly & aggresively targeted
by mealy bugs. After ineffectivenss of other products I
finally resorted to solving the problem by applying the
systemic insecticide Merit.
Jacobsen suggests that wire netting be used in outdoor
plantings to protect the plants from birds. We have never
had a problem with birds. On the other hand we HAVE had
a problem with thick plantings of D. cooperi becoming a
favorite resting spot of cats on hot days, apparently due
to their cool cushioning. They do not usually survive being
crushed this way.
Rotting and wet wilting indicate watering needs to be cut
back. Discontinue watering entirely but continue with light
daily misting until health returns.
Occasionally a dry rot will attack the roots of these plants.
Its cause is not known but presumed to be bacterial in
origin. We have no idea how to cure it but have only lost a
few plants to this. Any suspicious and less than healthy
roots encountered when transplanting should be removed
along with the soil surrounding them. Our standard approach
to any indeterminate problem like this is to try freshly
mixed Chinosol.
Several molds and a yeast were found in association with
roots of (probable) Delosperma mahonii, which, for this
reason, is sometimes used as a fermenting agent for brewing
or bread making. [See earlier comments conerning D.
cooperi] It is said by Watt and Breyer Brandwijk to be
dangerous due to the high oxalic acid content. It contains
the equivalent of 3% oxalic acid. One of the molds produced
large amounts of oxalic acid when cultured in a sugar
solution. Other Aizoceous members are used similarly. [The
presence of oxalic acid in any decent quantity could present
problems during alkaloid extraction depending on the route
chosen.]
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
There was a definite fermentation with bubbling observed
in any decent sized (several grams or larger) Delosperma
sample being dried at RT or 110o F. We have performed no
elucidation of the organisms involved. Whether they are
involved with either the presence of the alkaloids discussed
or with our difficulty in obtaining a good isolation for
characterization remains to be seen. The high salt content is
said by some to be an obstacle in good isolations. It should
be possible to deal with the high salt content using column
chromatography similar to the approach used by
CHARALAMPOUS et al. for isolating mescaline from urine or by
the use of Porapak Q.
See Useful Manipulations of Mescaline and other Peyote
Alkaloids. in Sacred Cacti or the appropriate section in
TN# FS-X7 Some Simple Tryptamines concerning DMT
isolation procedures, by Trout and Friends. Substitute
ammoniacal methanol for ammoniacal ethanol if using
Charalampous procedure.
See also the physical data section of FS-X7 (Some
Simple Tryptamines) for more approaches and solvents.
Delosperma species in which we have
detected the tentative presence of DMT
and/or 5-MeO-DMT
(Based on co-tlc with known reference standards and color
reactions with Ehrlichs reagent and/or 0.1% xanthydrol.)
Nearly all samples testing positive also had additional Ehrlich
reactive compounds present. In some samples, at least 3 or 4.
Identities of most are unknown at present. As is the potential
presence of other bioactive alkaloids. We have tentatively
identified one as the inactive N-Methyltryptamine (MMT)
based on co-tlc with plants known to contain MMT and DMT.
All TLC was kindly performed by J.APPLESEED. All Delosperma
species were commercially obtained and reference samples of
the positive testing material and living plants (whenever
possible) are being maintained.
Unless noted, all Delosperma samples were of leaves and
branches. All samples assayed after plates #88 and 89 were
dried before sending off for assay. Most were 2 to 2-1/2 gram
samples (dry wt.) unless plant growth did not allow this much
harvest. Some were much smaller. All of the samples used for
plates 88 and 89 (Spring 1994 Assay) were far smaller and used
fresh wet material from dormant plants.
In the 1994 Spring samplings we had used Ehrlichs reagent
and commercially obtained Psychotria viridis leaf isolate as a
reference standard. The reference standard showed a very nice
DMT band with one additional weaker band present at a lower
Rf. In this assay, all Delosperma spp. showed no banding;
indicating no alkaloid to be present at levels our assay was
capable of detecting. Our small sample size may have contributed
to this but it could also be that alkaloids were lacking in the
material.
A sample of D. cooperi harvested around the same time of
year showed NO DMT or 5-MeO-DMT in GC performed by
Sasha S HULGIN . He did detect the presence of an unidentified
alkaloid or alkaloids. Whether this suggests that there is seasonal
fluctuations, different chemical races of D. cooperi or
something else is presently unknown to us. Work is slowly
ongoing.
[Rf is the relative ratio of the distance the alkaloid migrated as
compared to the distance that the solvent front traveled.]
Delosperma acuminatum Alicedale No alkaloids were
observed in our early spring 1994 assays. 7 separate assays
of samples taken during September, November and
December of 1994 and 1995, showed a band to be present
at DMT Rf. Usually the DMT bands were quite large and/
or dark with the exception of a faint band seen in our 2
Sept. sample. In our 2 November 1995 assay we observed
a large and dark band corresponding to both DMT and 5-
MeO-DMT. We had previously observed smaller amounts
of 5-MeO-DMT in May and summer samplings during
1995 (DMT was apparently absent).
Delosperma britteniae? Coogakop A very nice dark blue
5-MeO band was seen in our 2 November 1995 tlc. No
alkaloids had been observed in our early spring 1994 assay.
Delosperma cooperi Our initial early spring 1994 assay
showed no alkaloid. May and summer 1995 both showed
a nice 5-MeO-DMT band (we ran the May sample twice).
Plants purchased via mail order had a much darker 5-MeO-
DMT band, in the May assay, than those locally obtained
at a hardware store. Both showed the presence of 5-MeO-
DMT. Assays from September and December 1994 had
shown the presence of DMT. Our early November 1995
tlc of these plants showed both DMT and 5-MeO-DMT
present. Assays were done using both commercial plants
and plants we grew from seed. Commercial plant material
tested by Sasha showed no DMT in GC-MS.
Delosperma ecklonis A purple DMT band was seen in
our 2 Nov. 1995 assays.
Delosperma esterhuyseniae Faint purple DMT band was
seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays.
Delosperma hallii A dark blue 5-MeO-DMT band was
seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays.
Delosperma harazianum A dark blue and purple band
corresponding to DMT and 5-MeO-DMT was visible in
our 2 November 1995 tlc.
Delosperma harazianum Shibam A faint purple DMT
band was seen in our 2 November assay 1995.
Delosperma hirtum A weak DMT band was seen in
November and December assays and none in spring.
Delosperma aff. litorale St. Francis Bay A nice blue 5-
MeO-DMT band was seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assay. No
alkaloid was observed in early spring 1994 testing.
Delosperma lydenbergense 26 Nov. 94 A good DMT
band was seen in our 26 Nov. 1994 testing and no alkaloids
observed in spring 1994 assay.
Delosperma nubigenum A weak 5-MeO-DMT band was
seen in May 1995 testing.
Delosperma pageanum DMT was suspected in 5 Dec.
1994 but utilized only Ehrlichs reagent. Traces of 5-MeO-
DMT were observed the following November. A good 5-
MeO-DMT band was present in May 1995.
Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees Traces of DMT
observed in November but not in May.
Delosperma tradescantioides DMT has been observed
in small amounts in November assays.
12
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Summary of our Preliminary Results
Our (Appleseed & Trout) first year of assays did not use
xanthydrol so we were unable to distinguish DMT from 5-
MeO-DMT. The two alkaloids chromatograph at the same Rf
in the tlc system used for the assays. There may have been
additional positives for 5-MeO-DMT co-occurring with DMT
that were not noticed. As sequential assays were performed on
nearly all positive testing material, it is unlikely we confused
DMT as 5-MeO-DMT. (with the exception of listing DMT in
D. pageanum using Ehrlichs. This probably was 5-MeO-DMT.)
5-MeO-DMT
(Using Xanthydrol)
Delosperma acuminatum May assay. Faint in Nov. assay
Dark blue and purple band corresponding to DMT and 5-
MeO-DMT
Delosperma brittenae Nov. assay. Very nice dark band
Delosperma cooperi May assay (two sources) also in Nov.
assay. 3 positives total
Delosperma hallii Nov. assay. Dark band
Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov.
assay. Dark band
Delosperma litorale Nov. assay. Dark band
Delosperma nubigenum 9 May 1995 Weak band
Delosperma pageanum (Same plant tested Christmas 1994)
May and Nov. assay. Faint in Nov. Good in May
DMT
Delosperma acuminatum Sept., Nov. and Dec. 5 positive
assays over a 15 month period. (Xanthydrol-1 and
Ehrlichs-4) Not observed in May assay
Delosperma cooperi Sept., Nov. and Dec. assays. 3 positives
(Xanthydrol-1 and Ehrlichs-2)
Delosperma ecklonis Nov. assays (2, one year apart)
(Ehrlichs and Xanthydrol) The first time it was erroneously
thought to be lydenbergense
Delosperma esterhuyseniae Nov. assay. Faint (Xanthydrol).
Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov.
assay (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma harazianum Shibam Nov. assay. Faint band
(Xanthydrol)
Delosperma hirtum Nov. and Dec. assays. Weak band
(Xanthydrol and Ehrlichs)
Delosperma pageanum Dec. assay Good DMT (or 5-MeO-
DMT?) band (Ehrlichs)
Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees Nov. assay faint band
(not present in May assay) (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma tradescantioides Nov. assay Faint band
(Ehrlichs)
MMT
(All instances of suspected MMT occurrence lacked a good
reference standard and relied on the presence of a band which
was supposed to be MMT. The supposition was based on its
presence in other assayed samples of plants known to at least
sometimes contain MMT. (such as Acacia maidenii stem-bark,
Desmanthus illinoensis root bark and Psychotria viridis leaf.)
Delosperma acuminatum Faint. Sept. and Nov. assays.
(Ehrlichs)
Delosperma brittenae Nov. assay (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma cooperi Sept. and Nov. assays. (Ehrlichs and
Xanthydrol)
Delosperma esterhuyseniae Nov. assay (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma hallii Nov. assay (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov.
assay showed traces (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma hirtum Nov. assay showed traces (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma klinghardtianum Nov. and Dec. assays.
(Xanthydrol and Ehrlichs)
Delosperma litorale Nov. assay. (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma pageanum (Same plant tested Christmas 1994)
2 Nov. 1995. Dark band (Xanthydrol)
Delosperma pageanum Dec. assay (Ehrlichs)
Delosperma tradescantioides Nov. assay. (Ehrlichs)
Delospermas are mostly water. Water content was
determined to be 95% by weight in young D. cooperi. This
means that a kilogram of fresh plants will yield 50 grams of
dry material. Intact leaves and pieces of leaves retain water
so well that even if they are heated at 110o for several days
they will not dry appreciably. Only if chopped finely or
crushed will they dry readily.
Only a few of the Delosperma species that we have
assayed showed DMT or 5-MeO-DMT to be present in
any substantial amount. Since there often are other
unidentified alkaloids present as well as the well-known
potential for dangerous substances including substantial
amounts of oxalic acid we would discourage random bioassay.
Our assay is targeted specifically at tryptamines so many
other substances could also be present which we did not
detect.
Since we have not yet performed isolation and
characterization of the suspected alkaloids we must stress
that our observations should be considered strong indications
of their probable presence rather than proof of their presence.
Appleseeds General Assay Procedure
Samples extracted by simmering 2 hours in hot aqueous
hydrochloric acid (pH 3) and allowing to cool for 12 hours
before basifying with concentrated ammonia and extracting
with methylene chloride.
TLC was run on Whatman silica gel 60 plates divided
into lanes.
Developing solvent was Methylene chloride-Methanol-
Concentrated Ammonia (80:15:1).
Detection was with either Ehrlichs reagent or 0.1%
Xanthydrol reagent (0.1 g Xanthydrol in 95 ml EtOH and 5
ml concentrated HCl.
(Tryptamines turn purple and methoxylated tryptamines
turn blue with Xanthydrol.)
Reference standards initially used Psychotria viridis leaf
isolate for DMT.
Pure and relatively pure DMT and 5-MeO-DMT were
also used as additional reference standards as they were
available.
Screening for potential -carbolines was done using
extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi and/or a mixture of harmine
and harmaline isolated from Peganum harmala (via
Hasenfratzs method) as reference standards (using UV to
visualize.) We found none.
13
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
Other members of the Aizoaceae
Nananthus species and Rabeia species
Many former Nananthus species have been transferred
to the Genus Rabeia.
Treat like Delosperma. Many have thick tuberous roots
which must be allowed room in order for the plant to thrive.
Most are said to be frost tolerant but we have not shared this
experience. They do not like being water logged or being in
full sun. They do like some sun and bright light the rest of
the time. They do not fare well in either Central Texas
summer heat or winter extremes. In spite of their reputation
as lovers of sun and heat, these might be better approached
as summer cooled greenhouse plants.
In spite of Embodens mention of Nananthus albinotus
as being psychoactively employed we must wonder if this
was an accurate identification of the actual species used.
With the one minor exception of observing faint traces of
DMT in a November 1995 assay of Nananthus aloides, the
target alkaloids were not observed in any of the Nananthus
or Rabeia spp. assayed.
Apparently at least Nananthus wilmaniae may be
employed as a fermentation organism source as HARGREAVES
1998 notes that it has been listed as a moervygie (yeast
mesemb) by SMITH 1966.
Presence of an occasionally dark non-migrating Ehrlich
reactive smear at the origin was frequently observed. Our
only assays of Nananthus albinotus ie Rabeia albinota,
showed no target alkaloids present. Our summers are much
too hot and our winters too wet and consequently most
Nananthus and Rabeia species did not survive for summer
and fall assays, or else their growth did not produce enough
material for later assays.
Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloid
screening
Plate #88 Spring 1994:
Nananthus transvaalensis [Note 10] No alkaloids
observed
Nananthus aff. broomii No alkaloid observed.
Nananthus aloides No alkaloids observed
Psychotria viridis standard Nice DMT band; weaker one of
lower Rf present.
14
Plate #89 Spring 1994:
Rabeia albipunctata (Skinny leafed form) (Non-migrating
dark smears at origin) No bands observed in tlc field.
Rabeia albipunctata (Fat leafed form) (same dark smears)
No bands observed in tlc field.
Rabeia albipuncta (same dark smears) No bands observed
in tlc field.
Rabeia albinota ? Naudesberg Pass (same dark smears)
No bands observed in tlc field.
Psychotria viridis standard Nice DMT band and one
lighter of lower Rf.
Plate #91:
Aizoaceae (Mestoklema sp.) No alkaloids observed.
Psychotria viridis standard Nice dark DMT band and dark
one with long horns near origin
Plate #107 Assay 29 July 1994:
All samples in this set except for DMT standard had non-
migrating smears at the origin. In the case of many of the
Desmanthus samples they were very dark and broad.
Samples dried at 105oF.
Rabeia albipunctata (whole plant-not in good health) 4
July 94 (Non-migrating faint smears at origin) No
alkaloids observed in tlc field.
Psychotria viridis standard. Nice DMT band somewhat darker
one of low Rf. Very dark smear at origin.
Plate #124 December 1995 Assays:
Rabeia albinota Fall 1994 (Sample kept frozen after
drying.) No alkaloid observed.
Nananthus aloides 2 Nov. 1995 Faint DMT band and
faint ones of higher and lower Rf.
Used pure reference standards and also P. viridis isolate.
Nananthus albinotus now Rabeia albinota
showing seedpod
lower left
commercial tablets of Sceletium tortuosum
Marketed as an OTC SSRI
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Some Other Succulents Held to be Sacred,
Medicinal or Useful
Monadenium lugardae N.E.BR.
This plant is known as Mahumula or Tshulu among
the Chopi, and Mhlebe by both the Swati and Zulu.
[WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962]
While not members of the AIZOACEAE, we decided to
include plants such as the Euphorbiaceous Monadenium
simply because they are succulents and there seemed no
better place for them.
EMBODEN 1972 and WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962
mention that a piece of the root of this plant is chewed and
swallowed (before a big indaba ) to produce visions
used for divining and prophetic purposes by the
sangomas, ritual diviners and oracles of the Piet Retief
region of the Eastern Transvaal. WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK
1962 says that in sufficient quantities the roots are believed
to produce hallucinations and delirium. They and WATT
1967 state that the plant is widely used as medicine in the
Piet Retief area.
Monadenium lugardae (above)
Deloserma sp. Kalkkraal (right)
15
Monadenium lugardae is incorporated into a gonorrhea
remedy in Portuguese East Africa and said to be poisonous
and emetic if taken alone.
It is believed by the Zulu and the Swati that to touch the
plant or to lie in its shadow will bring certain and violent
death. WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK comment that their
informant found this belief so strong that local people refused
to believe the plant [that he had collected] was genuine
simply because he was able to handle it without harm.
They further mention that the latex from young growth is
believed to be anesthetic and used in the ceremony of
throwing the bones. Plant ash is rubbed into scarifications
to relieve pain and is used for rheumatism by the Nyanja.
The eating of the root is said to cause a burning in
the mouth & esophagus and to produce rapid death.
There are no alkaloids reported from this species which
have been proven or even indicated to be capable of inducing
hallucinations. Bioactive components are known; SMITH et
al. 1996 cited GUNDIDZA 1985, 1990 & 1991. Insecticidal
activity has been reported; SMITH et al. 1996 cited GUNDIDZA
1986. Further work is needed.
WATT 1967 suggests Monadenium guentheri P AX.*
(Tanganyika), Monadenium heteropodium N.E.B R .
(Tanganyika), Monadenium invenustum N.E.BR. (South
Africa), and Monadenium schubei PAX.* (South Africa and
Tanganyika) be investigated for similar properties. (All but
M. invenustum are readily available as ornamental plants.)
Monadenium invenustum is used internally as a leaf
decoction, by the Kamba, for febrile and chest affections;
WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962
Monadenium schubei latex, mixed with food, is used by
the Pare in Tanganyika as a mild purgative; WATT & BREYER-
BRANDWIJK 1962
Monadenium lugardae is a very attractive plant with
smooth diamond shaped bumps on a green stem. Many
times, similar species of Monadenium are sold; misrepresented
as M. lugardae. Most specialist suppliers are aware of the
problem and offer the true species. M. lugardae is perhaps
the most readily available species but a number are in
cultivation among collectors.
One 1995 mail-order catalog listed 9 species of
Monadenium and one additional variety as retail stock.
At least 4 more species are also readily available.
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Some examples: When actively growing and flowering Monadenium grows

leaves (and small odd flowers) at the top.
Full sun is tolerated but they will do far better with partial
sun. They will survive even in low light conditions as house
plants but will not grow very much.
Water should be withheld from them when the leaves are
absent but during hot weather or whenever leaves are present,
they should be watered heavily and as frequently as the soil
dries out.
They can often handle light freezes but should be protected
Monadenium from temperatures below 28o F. Most succulent references
heteropodum say protect them below 45o F.
Tanganyika 67.0084 It is best to use a cactus-type soil with excellent drainage
but it should be richer than that for most cacti.
Easily grown and propagated. Both clusters of stems and
masses of tuberous roots are rapidly formed. Usually growth
is fast and they also rapidly form many tuberous roots.
Clumps can be root divided; they also root well from cuttings.
Prevent them from becoming root-bound in order to
maintain good health. Either place them in a larger pot or
break the plant into smaller ones, dividing the roots as you
do so. All Euphorbiaceous species with freely bleeding white
sap should have the cut ends first rinsed in clean water to
remove excess sap and then be allowed to dry long enough
for the milk to coagulate before being replanted.
Monadenium ritchei I do not know if the juice is toxic to contact or not. While
never having experienced any problems, I would prefer to
err on the side of caution and urge you to prevent skin contact
with any milky white succulent juice and to promptly wash
any that does occur with soap and warm water. Euphorbia
spp. in particular can be quite toxic and sometimes are also
intensely caustic.
As Monadeniums resemble other Euphorbias and also
have freely bleeding white milky sap, I have never judged
them safe enough to sample.
I first bought this plant on an urge, unlabeled and unrooted,
several years before reading Emboden. Unless finding reliable
verified reports of ritual use and a nonlethal dose in humans,
I have no plans to bioassay this one.
Monadeniums are very nice plants to have around. Weird
and beautiful; they are easily grown. Many commercial
suppliers exist. We recommend them highly as an addition
to any plant collection.

Euphorbiaceous plants are known or reputed to be, at

least occasionally, incorporated as additives, or else used as
supplemental additions or even substitutes, to traditional
hallucinogenic sacraments.
Plant said to be so used include Alchornea castaneifolia
and Hura crepitans which are sometimes admixture plants
incorporated into ayahuasca.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides finds use as an ingredient in
the purported San Pedro brew known as cimora. Assorted
Pedilanthus species are employed in ethnomedicine, added
to ayahuasca or else incorporated into the San Pedro brew.
Alchornea floribunda and Elaeophorbia drupifera [Note
11] are associated with Iboga. Some, such as the latter two,
are apparently active and used on their own or with each
other.

Monadenium schubei

16
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Alchornea latifolia SW. was shown by DURAND et al.
1962 to contain the neurotransmitter GABA.
Sebastiania pavonia is rumored to be hallucinogenic. See
SCHULTES & HOFMANN 1980 & 1992 and OTT 1993 & 1994 &
1995.
Chemical and pharmacological work are needed. All are
probably toxic
Mildbraedia fallax HUTCH. is said to be irritant, emetic,
purgative, and narcotic by WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK, its
active principle is said to be the highly volatile methylamine.
Methylamine has also been reported from Mercurialis
annua L.
Euphorbias in general should be considered highly toxic.
The milky sap of those such as Euphorbia officinarum, E.
orabensis and E. resinifera cause serious harm if contacting
the eyes or wounds, yet many are used medicinally. See
WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 for a nice discussion of the
African EUPHORBIACEAE. The Moroccan Euphorbia resinifera
is used to produce a resinous gummy exudate when the
corners of the stems are notched and the milky sap allowed
to bleed and dry. This euphorbium is a drug known from
ancient times as a healing substance and is still employed in
veterinary medicine. Euphorbium is similarly obtained from
E. canariensis and E. antiquorum. See JACOBSEN 1960
Euphorbia decussata is said by HARGREAVES 1998 to be
used in making honey-beer. The Korana name for it is bi:bib
[it is also known as kirrimoer sikkirie]. It appears to be
used as a fermentation organism source as it is believed to be
a kareemoer plant [karee: honey-beer (Khoikhoi) and
moer: yeast (South African Dutch)] HARGREAVES cited
ENGLBRECHT 1936 & WHITE et al. 1941. The use of Euphorbia
davyi in khadi making is said to produce a very strong brew.
It is known as tschoo-takhadu in Botswana. HARGREAVES
1998 cited HARGREAVES 1993
Narcotic effects have been reported (in Ghana and South
Africa) from Euphorbia convolvuloides HOCHST., Euphorbia
helioscopia L., Euphorbia pubescens VAHL. and Euphorbia
tiruealli L.; WATT 1967 refers to: AINSLIE 1937, BURTT-DAVY
1913, STEYN 1929, STEYN 1933 and VAN DER WALT & STEYN
1940.
Not all Euphorbias are poisonous. Euphorbia esculenta
(from Willowmore, South Africa) is used for cattle fodder.
Euphorbia hamata (from Little Namaqualand) is known
by the Afrikaaners as Beeskraag (Oxens Strength). It is
claimed that when these plants are fed to fatigued oxen they
are enabled to work as strongly as ever. See JACOBSEN 1960.
Numerous Euphorbiaceous plants are used in
ethnomedicine.
Euphorbia pennicillata Millsp. finds its roots used as a
purgative in Peru. YACOVLEFF & HERRERA 1935
A couple of the Mexican species:
Euphorbia maculata Linn. has its juice applied for
ringworm and other skin diseases. Its common name is
Yerba de la Golodrina. HOLMES 1921
Phyllanthus lathyroides H.B.&K. Leaf decoction is used
to wash eye infection. A poultice made from moistened leaves
is applied to boils. Leaf tea is used as an emetic. Common
name: shka-nin-du (Mazatec in Mexico). SCHULTES 1969:
page 142.
A variety of medicinal applications are known involving
other succulents.
Aloe africana, Aloe ferox, Aloe perryi, Aloe succotrina
and Aloe vera are perhaps the best known sources for their
bitter principle aloin which finds use as a powerful laxative
drug. Aloe arborescens (Barbados Aloe) and Aloe vera are
well known and widely used as a topical burn treatment.
Aloe vera juice, taken internally, is also widely used in
folk medicine for treating ulcers and gastroenteritis. Its active
principle acemannan has been approved by the FDA for
veterinary use (injected) to help localize and nodulate
tumors to make them easier to remove surgically. There is
also the interesting veterinary study by SHEETS and coworkers
in the March 1991 issue of Molecular Biotherapy, in which
they reported a successful treatment of a significant fraction
of cats afflicted with feline leukemia using intravenous
acemannan.
For related articles on medicinal uses of Aloe vera, see:
GRIBEL & PASHINSKI 1986
MCANALLEY et al. 1988
PERRY et al. 1991
PULSE & UHLIG 1990
SOEDA 1969
And, for a list of references on studies involving Aloe
juice or extracts for treating burns, cancers, inflammation,
diabetes, ulcers, infections and hepatic lesions, see
HEDENDAL
Many different succulents from several families are used
world wide as sources of sugar and other carbohydrates for
brewing alcoholic beverages. Probably the most famous is
Agave atrovirens, the source of, what is generally held as
the Mexican national drink, pulque.
A number of the Mesembryanthemums find their leaves
consumed for thirst by both people and animals due to
their high water content.
Numerous succulents are eaten as food.
Several of the Mesembryanthemums are used as local
foods in South Africa. Some, such as Carpobrotus
acinaciformis L.BOL. and Carpobrotus edulis L.BOL. are
cultivated for their sweet fruits (Hottentot Figs). C.
deliciosus L.BOL., C. fourcadei L.BOL. and C. muirii L.BOL.
are also used for their fruit.
Lithops hookeri S CHW . and Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum L. are both eaten as food.
Nananthus aloides SCHW. roots are also eaten by humans.
An herbarium note presented by VON REIS ALTSCHUL 1973
[entry number 932] indicates that Trianthema
portulacastrum is used as a vegetable in Siam.
Tetragonia expansa and Tetragonia tetragonioides are
widely cultivated for food and usually are known as New
Zealand spinach, Malabar spinach or sea spinach. Others,
such as Tetragonia schenkii ENGL., have proven livestock
toxicity. (Fatal to sheep in experimental dosages of 250 and
500 grams.)
Many Aizoaceous members have a substantial oxalic acid
content. Many are a good source of ascorbic acid. Besides
various alkaloids in varying amounts, they often contain a
variety of mineral and organic salts and sometimes small
organic acids which can cause problems in grazing animals
[Note 12]
17
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
In spite of this, they are highly prized as essential grazing
material in many parts of southern Africa.
Stock are known to safely eat: Dactylopsis digitata
N.E.B R ., Drosanthemum floribundum S CHW .,
Drosanthemum lique SCHW., Eberlandzia spinosa SCHW.,
Galenia africana L., Lithops hookeri SCHW., Mestoklema
tuberosum N.E.BR. and var. macrorhizum N.E.BR. Goats
are said to eat Pleiospilos bolusii N.E.Br. and Pleiospilos
simulans N.E.Br.
The Portulacaceous Anacampseros rhodesica N.E.BR. has
been used (in Rhodesia) as an ingredient in beer making
WATT 1967 refers to WILD 1953. It is also thought to have
narcotic effects of its own. WATT refers to DORNAN 1927-
1930. Anacampseros papyraceae, A. rhodesica & A. ustulata
are said by HARGREAVES 1998 to have been listed under the
name moerhoutjie by SMITH 1966 implying their use was as
a yeast source. Similarly A. alstoni is also said to be used
for yeast. The use of Anacampseros rhodesica has been
outlawed in Zimbabwe.
Clearly both the Mesembryanthemums and a broad range
of succulents bear much closer scrutiny and evaluation.
Miscellaneous Notes on other members of
the AIZOACEAE
A number of Aizoceous plants are used medicinally or
else thought or known to be poisonous. A mention of species
thought to contain mesembrine was presented earlier.
A brief list of some of the AIZOACEAE follows; more
information can be found by consulting WATT & BREYER-
BRANDWIJK 1962, our source for most of the following
information or see pages 233 & 234-235.
Conophytum spp. were mentioned earlier as suspected
narcotic plants.
Corbichonia decumbens EXCELL. is used by the Zulu as a
root decoction for biliousness and in larger amounts as an
emetic.
A Drosanthemum species (prob. Drosanthemum
hispidum Schw.) proved toxic to rabbits in experiments. It
was found to have a moisture content of 62% and an oxalic
acid content of 26.6%. Drosanthemum floribundum is
proven to be an excellent feed for stock, ewes, lambs and
ostriches in spite of the possible identification of mesembrine
by ZWICKY.
Galenia africana L. is chewed by the Hottentots for
toothaches; said to cause blisters if too much is used.
Hymenocylus smithii L.BOL.: a 720 gram dosage was
proven to produce death in sheep within 8 hours.
Khadia acutipetala N.E.B R . roots are used in the
Transvaal for making kaffir beer and the leaves for a hot
water extract, used by the southern Rhodesian Manyika for
application to sore eyes.
Mesembryanthemum aitonis JACQ. is suspected of causing
poisoning in cattle. Experimental administration produced
pharmacological effects but not death in a dosage of 4
kilograms.
Mesembryanthemum mahoni N.E.BR. (which is now
either Delosperma mahoni N.E.B R . or Glottiphyllum
linguiforme N.E.BR.) roots are used by the Bantu for
making an intoxicating beer. It is sometimes used by
Europeans for breadmaking but this is considered a dangerous
18
practice.) [JACOBSEN 1960 considers M. mahoni to be
Delosperma mahonii.]
Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR. is similarly used for
brewing intoxicating beverages and occasionally for bread
making, by Europeans. It apparently is a better source of
yeast than M. mahonii. HARGREAVES 1998 comments that it
tested positive for an alkaloid (apparently unidentified) but
appears to lack reports of intoxicating effects.
Interestingly, a Pleiospilos species was determined to
have a pharmacological activity similar to Sceletium (when
prepared similarly and chewed). Anonymous 2004
Psilocaulon absimile N.E.B R . was noticed to be
responsible for livestock poisoning and found to contain
several principles capable of killing animals. Dry plant
contains 8.66% oxalic acid and also 4.5% piperidine [Note
13]. Moisture content was found to be 67.75%.
Ruschia saxicola L.BOL. is suspected in livestock deaths
but oral evaluations in rabbits were negative.
Sceletium anatomicum L.BOL. This was prepared In
the early days by the Hottentots by beating the whole plant
together, twisting this and allowing the mass to ferment. It
was chewed to quench thirst and is said to be intoxicating if
chewed immediately after fermentation. Hottentots prized
it for increasing strength. It is said to be narcotic and is used
as a sedative by native people in the Willowmore district.
STEYN was unable to observe these effects in animal studies.
The plant is chewed by the Bushman as an intoxicant.
Bushman mothers also use it to quiet infants. One drop of
the fresh juice is claimed to produce as much as 5 hours of
sleep in a baby. The intoxicating effect observed in Bushman
users is said to be marked and persistent.
Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR . is also chewed by the
Hottentots for toothache. It was also used as mentioned
above for S. anatomicum It is said to be narcotic only after
fermentation. It is used as a narcotic in the Queenstown
district. The aerial portions of the plant is combined with
those of S. expansum and used under the name kougoed
by the Bushman in Namaqualand. HERRE 1971 commented
that there was still a commercial market locally for this plant.
Trichodiadema stellatum is used for brewing beer and for
bread making. HARGREAVES 1998 notes that it is believed to
contain an intoxicating alkaloid (probably mesembrine)
Positive general alkaloid tests in the AIZOACEAE,
(by ZWICKY):
Aptenia cordifolia SCHW.
Aridaria splendens SCHW.
Aridaria umbelliflora SCHW.
Delosperma cooperi L.BOL.
Delosperma ecklonis SCHW.
Delosperma lehmannii SCHW.
Delosperma subincanum SCHW.
Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW.
Drosanthemum hispidum SCHW.
Lampranthus scaber N.E.BR.
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum N.E.BR.
Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR.
Oscularia caulescens SCHW.
Prenia relaxata N.E.BR.
Ruschia congesta L.BOL.
Ruschia multiflorum SCHW.
Ruschia rubricaulis L.BOL.
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Ruschia tumidula SCHW.
Sceletium expansum L.BOL.
Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR.
Trichodiadema intonsum SCHW.
Trichodiadema stellatum SCHW.
From WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962: page 4.
All of the above and also Lampranthus glomeratum
N.E.Br. and Glottiphyllum lingueforme N.E.B R . are
considered by H ERRE 1971 to contain at least some
Mesembrine. He offers no references to support this.
A point to remember is that mesembrine (mesembrin) as
was isolated and named by HARTWICH & ZWICKY in 1914
was an amorphous base that most likely was actually a
mixture of alkaloids.
Mesembs reported to contain mesembrine alkaloids:
Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bol.
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L.Bol. (unconfirmed)
Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW.
Drosanthemum hispidum SCHW. (unconfirmed)
Sceletium anatomicum (HAW.) L.BOL. (unconfirmed)
Sceletium expansum (L.) L.BOL.
Sceletium namaquense L.BOL.
Trichodiadema barbatum SCHWANTES (unconfirmed)
Trichodiadema bulbosum (MILLER) SCHWANTES
(unconfirmed)
Trichodiadema intonsum (HAW.) SCHWANTES
(unconfirmed)
FESTI & SAMORINI 1995
Bergeranthus scapiger (HAW.) N.E.BR
4-O-demethylmesembrenol & mesembrenone
SMITH et al. 1998
Channa (the prepared drug) was determined to contain
mesembrine, mesembrenone and channanine by
BODENDORF & KRIEGER 1957 [from JEFFS et al. 1969]
Alkaloid content said to range from 1-1.5% with
mesembrine at 0.7% and mesembrenine at 0.2%
POPELAK & LETTENBAAUER 1967
See comments earlier from SMITH et al. 1998
Conophytum spp.
Said to contain dopaxanthin. [citing WYLER 1979 which
simply mentions it.]
vulgaxanthin I
i.e. (4-[[(4-Amino-1-carboxy-4-
oxobutyl)imino]ethylidene]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,6-
pyridinedicarboxylic acid)
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited PIATELLI et al. 1965 and SINGER
et al. 1980. (But meaning S INGER & E LBE 1980).
All of these isolated this compound from beets rather than
Conophytum!

Mesembryanthemum Reviews:
FESTI & SAMORINI 1995
SMITH et al. 1996

Miscellaneous Notes on some additional Aizoaceous

Chemistry
Note that the alkaloids mentioned by SMITH et al. 1998
were all at trace levels except for Sceletium tortuosum and
Aptenia cordifolia, Delosperma pruinosum & D. minimum
which had much lower concentrations than did the Sceletium.
Conophytum lekkersingense
Unidentified alkaloids were present at low to moderate levels
in D. cooperi, D. pottsii & Lampracanthus aureus

Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) SCHWANT.

4-O-demethylmesembrenol,
mesembrine & 3 unidentified alkaloids
SMITH et al. 1998

Aptenia cordifolia
bottom right

19
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
Delosperma cooperi (HOOK.f.) L.BOL. forma cooperi
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 1
unidentified alkaloid
Delosperma lebombense (L.BOL.) LAVIS
Mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids
Delosperma minimum LAVIS
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2
unidentified alkaloids
Delosperma obtusum L.BOL.
4-O-demethylmesembrenol
Delosperma pruinosum (THUNB.) J.INGRAM
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine,
mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids
Delosperma pottsii (L.BOL.) L.BOL.
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine,
mesembrenone & 4 unidentified alkaloids
Delosperma rogersii (SCHOENL. & BERGER) L.BOL. var.
rogersii
4-O-demethylmesembrenol & 2 unidentified
alkaloids
SMITH et al. 1998
Lampranthus aureus (L.) N.E.BR.
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2
unidentified alkaloids
Lampranthus blandus
Mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids
Lampranthus coccineus (HAW.) N.E.BR
Mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloid
Lampranthus deltoides (L.) WIJNANDS
1 unidentified alkaloid
Lampranthus roseus (WILLD.) SCHWANT.
Mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloid
Lampranthus spectabilis (HAW.) N.E.BR. subsp.
spectabilis
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2
unidentified alkaloids
SMITH et al. 1998

Drosanthemum floribundum (HAW.) SCHWANT.

1 kg. of the flowers were found to contain the pigments:
caffeyl-feruloyl-betanin (12 mg.), caffeyl-feruloyl-
isobetanin (5 mg.), caffeyl-betanin (7 mg.) and
caffeyl-isobetanin (4 mg.) (all are acylated
betacyanins)
IMPELLIZZERI et al. 1973

Drosanthemum hispidum (L.) SCHWANT. var. hispidum

4-O-demethylmesembrenol & mesembrenone
Drosanthemum bicolor L.BOL.
4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 1
unidentified alkaloid
SMITH et al. 1998 Lampranthus aureus
Glottiphyllum longum (HAW.) N.E.BR.
Mesembryanthemum conspicuum
10 grams of flower petals yielded 3 mg. of the orange
Mesembryanthemum edule
betaxanthin pigment, dopaxanthin.
Mesembryanthemum floribundum
IMPELLIZZERI et al. 1973
Mesembryanthemins (Structures unknown. Glycosides
of betanidin or isobetanidin. Pigments. I-III are recognized.
Glottiphyllum longum (HAW.) N.E.BR var. longum
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited PIATELLI et al. 1964
1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998
Oscularia deltoides
1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998

Ruschia lineolata (HAW.) SCHWANT.

1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998

Sceletium expansum (as Mesembryanthemum

expansum)
Mesembrine MERCK 9th cited HARTWICK & ZWICKY 1914
and RIMINGTON et al. 1938

Sceletium joubertii L.BOL.

0.1% total crude alkaloid (dry weight?)
Hordenine (from aerial parts)
(S)-Joubertiamine (from aerial parts)
(4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-
Glottiphyllum longum
cyclohexen-1-one)

20
 Chapter 5; other succulents
2,3-Dihydrojoubertiamine (from aerial parts)
(4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-
cyclohexanone)
Dehydrojoubertiamine (trace alkaloid from aerial parts)
(4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-
c y c l o h e x a d i e n - 1 - o n e )
ARNDT & KRUGER 1970
Joubertinamine (0.009% by fresh weight)
i.e. (4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-
2-cyclohexen-1-ol or 4-(N-methyl-amnoethyl)-4-(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-2-en-1-ol)
PSOTTA et al. 1979
Sceletium joubertii
Photo by Kamm
Sceletium namaquense L.BOL.
4-[3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2-
(acetylmethylamino)ethyl] cyclohexanone [i.e. 4-[2-
(Acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one according to
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM]
4-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[2-
(acetylmethylamino)ethyl] cyclohexadienone [i.e. 4-
[3-(Acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxy-3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one according to
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM]
JEFFS et al. 1982
N-Acetyl-N-methyl-N,7a-secomesembrine (minor
component)
N-Methyl-4'-O-demethyl-N,7a-
secomesembradienone (minor component)
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS 1981
Sceletium Alkaloid A4
i.e. (3a-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-
1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline) (small amounts)
CAPPS et al. 1977, JEFFS et al. 1971c, 1974a & 1982
21
Sceletium Dihydropyridone base (not named in
reference)
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS et al. 1982
Mesembrenone (AKA Mesembrenine or Mesembrinine)
CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited POPELAK et al. 1960
[4-O-Demethylmesembrenone
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS et al. 1974 but the
only reference to this compound included in their
experimental section was that isolated from S.
strictum.]
7-Mesembrenone
(-)-Mesembrine
(-)-Mesembrane (minor alkaloid)
(-)-3-Methoxy-4-O-methyljoubertiamine (minor
alkaloid)
CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982
(-)-3-Methoxy-4-O-methyljoubertiaminol
JEFFS et al. 1982
Sceletenone (minor alkaloid)
JEFFS et al. 1974a
Tortuosamine
CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982
N-Formyltortuosamine
JEFFS et al. 1974a & JEFFS et al. 1982
(not observed by CAPPS et al. 1977; used only to
prepare a reference sample of tortuosamine)
N-Acetyltortuosamine
Dihydropyridone base related to Sceletium alkaloid
A4
JEFFS et al. 1982
Unidentified alkaloids
CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1974a & 1982
Sceletium strictum L.BOL.
Channaine (Thought to probably be an artifact derived
from dimerization of normesembrenone following
racemization)
ABOU-DONIA et al. 1978 (See also JEFFS 1981; review)
Mesembrenol
JEFFS et al. 1970, JEFFS et al. 1974b & JEFFS et al. 1978
JEFFS et al. 1971a (70-90% of total alkaloid: used whole
plants; 1-2 years old from seed)
O-Acetylmesembrenol
4-O-Demethylmesembranol
4-O-Demethylmesembrenol
JEFFS et al. 1970
4-O-Demethylmesembrenone
JEFFS et al. 1974a & JEFFS et al. 1978
Mesembrine (N-Methyl-3a-(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)6-oxo-cis-octahydroindole)
JEFFS et al. 1971a [1% of total alkaloid (used whole plants;
1-2 years old from seed)]
JEFFS et al. 1970 (used 3 year old plants)
JEFFS et al. 1974b & JEFFS et al. 1978
(also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b)
N-Demethylmesembrenol
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited KRUGER et al. 1971
Mesembrenone (AKA Mesembrenine or Mesembrinine)
JEFFS et al. 1970 & JEFFS et al. 1974b
(Also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b)
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
N-Demethyl-formylmesembrenone Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR.
KARLE 1977 (investigated structure) cited KARLE 1976 as 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine,
isolating it. mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids [4-O-
N-Demethylmesembranol demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine, mesembrenone were
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited CAPPS et al. 1977 but this present in a ratio of 8.1:100:69.4]
citation is apparently in error SMITH et al. 1998
(-)-Mesembranol (AKA Mesembrinol) Sceletium Alkaloid A 4 [i.e. (3a-(3,4-
JEFFS et al. 1970 & JEFFS et al. 1978 Dimethoxyphenyl)2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1-methyl-
Also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b and by 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline.)]
SHAMMA & RODRIGUEZ 1965 (from JEFFS et al. 1969) SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited SMITH et al. 1961 Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.
Sceletenone Channaine (Thought to probably be an artifact derived
JEFFS et al. 1978 from dimerization of normesembrenone following
racemization)
Sceletium subvelutinum L.BOL. ABOU-DONIA et al. 1978
N,N-Dimethyltyramine (Hordenine) See also JEFFS 1981; review.
O-Methyljoubertiamine [i.e. (4-[2- Mesembrine
(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2- [MERCK 9th cited HARTWICK & ZWICKY 1914 and RIMINGTON
cyclohexen-1-one)] [also by NIEWENHUIS et al. 1981] et al. 1938. See comments earlier.
O-Methyldehydrojoubertiamine Mesembrinone
O-Methyldihydrojoubertiamine [NIEWENHUIS et al. 1981] SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.
Dehydrojoubertiamine Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.
Joubertiamine Mesembranol (AKA Mesembrinol)
Dihydrojoubertiamine SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.
HERBERT & KATTAH 1990 Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.
SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited SMITH et al. 1961.
Tortuosamine
SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.
Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.

Sceletium tortuosum

Sceletium subvelutinum Sceletium tortuosum

Photo by Kamm Photo by Kamm

22
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Endnotes for Some other Succulents
Note 1: The name Mesembryanthemum is used for the
genus which includes the common Ice Plants (usually
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) now found as road side
plantings and well established along the western coast of the
United States. More frequently it is used to describe a
multigeneric group, known as ice plants or living stones,
which are known collectively as the mesembryanthemums.
Some, such as Lithops spp. are very popular among cactus
and succulent collectors. Many suppliers specialize in these
fascinating succulents.
Note 2: Observations being mentioned are ours. The
published literature has reported DMTs presence in all
except D. leptolobus which is lacking any in-depth or formal
analysis despite its ongoing use as a sacramental hallucinogen
in humans.
Note 3: Most members of the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE have
been transferred to the AIZOACEAE, the rest have been scattered
throughout other families.
Note 4: Another South African genus of
Mesembryanthemums, Conophytum spp., have been
reported to have narcotic properties. by WATT 1967. His
reference, WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 mentioned that
the genus was considered to have narcotic properties by the
late Dr. Louis Leipoldt. Apparently this was otherwise
unpublished.
I can locate no chemical or pharmacological evaluations of
these beautiful little clump formers. There is little chance
that these little living pebbles would ever be confused with
any of the other mesembs discussed here.
Conophytum species are readily and widely available.
(There are 290 described species.) They are somewhat tricky
as they require a period of dormancy, similar to that of Lithops,
when they appear to be dry and shriveled dead plant
remnants. Removal of this apparently dead growth at any
point will usually kill these plants. They must not be watered
during the rest period but may require occasional light mistings
to keep them alive.
They grow readily from seed; many suppliers exist.
Be certain to study their growth requirements well before
attempting to grow these amazing living stones.
Note 5: Both OTT and AARDVARK reported full activity
from 25 grams of pounded (or finely ground) root bark that
was soaked in two changes of cold neutral water; each for
less than an hour.
When questioned, at a Botanical Preservation Corps
seminar on Maui during January of 1994, Dr. Dennis McKenna
said Mimosa hostilis was thought to be active due to the
presence of similar lignins but we have been unable to find
any published work which proves (or supports) this except
for Virola.
The oral activity of Mimosa hostilis roots was an
unexamined area pharmacologically until amazingly recently.
See the 1999 Entheogen Review 8 (1): 22-24, for successful
bioassays of cold water infusions reported by Jonathan Ott
and David Aardvark.
(Mimosa ophthalmocentra & M. verrucosa are also known
to be used traditionally for jurema preparation.)
young Boophane distacha
Note 6: The first stage is often characterized by aggression
in some reports but even in early reports, mentioned in SAFFORD
1916b, on page 553, it has also been noted that the tendency
towards aggression in the first stage was present primarily in
tribes of a militant and warlike nature and was absent in
traditionally less violent societies. The second stage, when
large amounts are used, of the lighter intoxication being
followed by a fitful sleep and delirium is encountered more
uniformly in the anthropological and ethnopharmacological
literature.
Note 7: Khadi appears to involve multiple plants including
the fruits of Grewia species. Grewia species have been
reported to contain many alkaloids including traces of -
carbolines. See ROSLER et al 1978. The production of the
brew khadi is known to have arisen after the introduction of
sugar by the Europeans but there is a distinct possibility that
the plants involved reflects a prior ethnomedicinal familiarity
to indigenous people. While the primary intoxicant in khadi
appears to be alcohol, the complex of plants involved and the
potential pharmacological interactions is an area in serious
need of in-depth study.
Note 8: On a specimen [DIETERLAN 142b] in the herbarium
of the Agricultural Research Station in Maseru, Lesotho.
It was given a local common name of Khadi.
Note 9: Acculturation; Such a polite word for what is
quite literally a deliberate if not systematic cultural
extermination.
A very few of the many intriguing but poorly investigated
African medicinals:
Boophane distacha (L.f.) HERB. [AMARYLLIDACEAE] Bulbs
are used in initiation ceremonies by the South African Basuto.
It is known to contain alkaloids but more work is needed to
define their activity in humans. Ingestion of a bulb decoction
has been proven to cause hallucinations; DESMET 1996 cited
LAING 1979. NYAZEMA 1984 & GELFAND et al. 1985 list it as
having traditional use in Zimbabwe to arouse animal spirits;
DESMET 1996.
23
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
bark is used to get high. DESMET 1996 cited BISSET
1985.
Ferraria glutinosa (Bak.) Rendle [IRIDACEAE] roots are
Interesting overviews for many of these and other
said to have been used by the !Kung of the Kalahari to
African medicinal plants can be found in WATT 1967 and
help enter an altered state of consciousness in trance dances.
in WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962. See also DESMET
It is believed to help activate num (the energy which
1999.
originates from the gods) when used in conjunction with
There is also the poorly understood complex of
a complex proces of purification, diet & ritual. This may
stimulants cooked with food and eaten in huge amounts
still be used by some but at least one group has apparently
by Masai warriors to attain courage, bravery and
lost the knowledge of preparation and dosages in recent
endurance; often leading to a frenzied state of CNS
years when such information failed to be passed on by
overload and eventual exhaustion. This has been variously
their elders. See Richard KATZ 1982. See also DOBKIN DE
said to include: Acacia spp. (Acacia nilotica, A. seyal bark
RIOS 1986 and WINKELMAN & DOBKIN DE RIOS 1989.
& A. abyssinica roots), Albizia anthelmintica bark, Cissus
gwa is a root I do not know an identity for. It is
quandangularis, Embelia kilimandschrika ENGL. (bark),
used by the !Kung of the Kalahari to help induce kia;
Maesea lanceolata FORSK. (fruit and/or roots), Myrica
an altered state of consciousness considered to be a
spp., Pappea capensis (bark) & others. LEHMANN &
prerequisite for healing practices. KATZ 1982
MIHALYI 1982
Hartogia capensis L. f. (CELASTRACEAE), (from South
Note 10: HARGREAVES lists ntsakoro and motsoko as
Africa), the leaves of which are chewed for thirst,
common names in Botswana and notes that it does not
fatigue prevention and appetite suppression. WATT
appear to be used as a fermentation organism source.
1967 cites WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962.
Note 11: This plant was also a seldom used ordeal
Lichtensteinia interrupta E. MEY. (from the Cape
poison in the Ivory Coast region. Common names
Province), the roots of which are used to make a
included baga, do, dohe, douo, faman, gbo, klatou, and
narcotic drink. WATT 1967 cites DRAGENDORFF 1898.
tene. In some tribes, the accused had the latex spread on
Mitragyna africana (RUBIACEAE) was once used as a
their eyes and guilt was pronounced if there was damage
leaf infusion by the Dyid, a Bambara spirit medium
to the cornea. ROBB 1957
cult, with applications as an initiatory catalyst and
Note 12: Due also to their high salt and mineral content
sacrament similar to those of the well known African
many generate a highly basic ash which finds many uses
sacrament Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga). Both its use and
in local medicines and soap making. Mesembryanthemum
the Dyid themselves were suppressed by the
crystallinum is widely prized both as ash and as plants
government in the 1940s and driven to exist amidst
for soap making. The use of the fresh plant for cleaning is
great secrecy in remote areas of Mali. See IMPERATO
thought by some researchers to be due to their saponin
1977 who cited G. CHEVON 1931. A hallucinatory
content but as WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK point out this
principle has not been identified.
is no doubt substantially enhanced by the alkali nature of
Mostuea gabonica BAILLON & Mostuea stimulans
the plant itself. Sodium and potassium salts have been
A.CHEV. HERB. [LOGIANACEAE] (from Fernan-Vaz region
isolated from the leaves with yields of 43% by dry
of Gabon) Roots are chewed as an aphrodisiac and to
weight.
prevent sleep during drumming and dancing [DESMET
Note 13: T.A. Henry p. 1, citing: 1935 Ber. 36: 2218;
1996 cited CHEVALLIER 1946 & 1947] Alkaloids similar
1927 Helv. Chim. Acta 10: 593; 1934 S. Afr. J. Sc. 31: 184.
to gelsemine and sempervirine have been reported from
Piperidine is also found in: Petrosimonia monandra
the root bark of M. stimulans (0.33% total alkaloid
Author? 1939 J. Gen. Chem. URSS 9: 1687
content in rootbark) but neither was actually positively
(N-Methylpiperidine is found in Girgensohnia.)
identified. DESMET 1996 cited PARIS & MOYSE-MIGNON
1949].Gelsemine & sempervirine both occur in the
common landscape plant Gelsemium sempervirens (L.)
AIT which is suspected of causing visual hallucinations
and has formerly been used as a stimulant but fell into
disfavor due to a dangerous reputation. [Gelsemium
is believed similar to but weaker than strychnine in its
action. Strychnine is reputed to be hallucinogenic at
sub-convulsive dosage levels] See MERCK Index.
Pancratium trianthum HERB. [AMARYLLIDACEAE]
Bulbs are claimed to be rubbed into cuts made on the
head to induce visual hallucinations (by the !Kung in
Botswana) SCHULTES & HOFMANN 1980.
Schumanniophyton klaineanum (PIERRE) A. CHEV.
bark is chewed in small amounts to prevent sleep. (In
Gabon) Large dosages are said to produce an
exceptional degree of aphrodisiac action and to be
harmful to the health. WATT 1967 cites WALKER 1953.
Voacanga bracteata [APOCYNACEAE] (from Gabon) Sceletium sp. nova
has an herbarium voucher with an annotation that the An unnamed Sceletium collection determined by human
bioassay to be at least as active as S. tortuosum

24
 Chapter 5; other succulents
References for Some other Succulents
Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1999) Entheogen Review (The
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Alkaloids. Part 7. Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry
of (-)-Mesembrane and 3-Methoxy-4-O-
methyljoubertiamine, Two Minor Bases from S.
Namaquense L. Bolus: X-Ray Analysis of (-)-Mesembrane
Hydrochloride Monohydrate. (Thomas M. Capps, Karl
D. Hargrave, Peter W. Jeffs & Andrew T. McPhail)
Charalampous et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics 145 (2): 242-246. Metabolic
Fate of -(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine
(Mescaline) in Humans: Isolation and Identification of
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic Acid. [K.D.
Charalampous, Antonio Orengo, K.E. Walker and John
Kinross-Wright]
Charalampous et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9: 48-
63. Metabolic Fate of Mescaline in Man. (K.D.
Charalampous, K.E. Walker and John Kinross-Wright)
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Sciences 223: 767-769. Le Sata mbwanda racine
stimulante et aphrodisiaque employe par les Noirs du
Gabon et son identification botanique.
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stimulantes. [From DESMET 1996]
Chevon, G. (1931) Journal de la Socit des Africanistes 1:
285-289. Le Dyid.
Cole, D.T. (1995) Setswana Animals and Plants. Botswana
Society: Gaborone. [From HARGREAVES 1998]
DeSmet, Peter A.G.M. (1996) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 50: 141-146. Some
ethnopharmacological notes on African hallucinogens.
25
DeSmet, A.G.M. Peter (1999) Herbs, Health, Healers.
Africa as Ethnopharmacological Treasury. Afrika
Museum; Berg en Dal, Netherlands. ISBN 90-71611-09-
4. 180 pages
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659 Distribution of indolethylamines and -carbolines
in plants.
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Induced Altered States of Consciousness Among the
!Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.
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1967)
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(Munich).]
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Haynes, K.E. Magnus & N. Philip]
Eleusis: Piante e Composti Psicoattivi/ Journal of
Psychedelic Plants and Compounds. New Series 1998
onward (Giorgio Samorini; editor) A bargain at $50/ year
for 2 issues: c/o Museo Civico di Roverto, Largo S.
Catarna, 43, 38068 Roverto (TN), Italy
eleusis@telestrion.it [Payments to Telestrion, via De
Amicis, 32, 40050 Dozza (BO), Italy)
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Company, New York.
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HARGREAVES 1998]
Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized
Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) [Volumes 1-
6 (1992-1997), edited by Jim DeKorne. Beginning with
Volume 7 (1998) onward: edited by David Aardvark]
ISSN 1066-1913. $25 per year (4 issues) Entheogen
Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA 95819-0820.
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(Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta) 5: 55-79. Hallazgo
de pipas en complejos preceramicos del borde de la Puna
Jujena (Republica Argentina) y el empleo de alucingenos
por parte de las mismas culturas.
Festi, Francesco & Giorgio Samorini (1995) Eleusis 2: 28-
34. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.BROWN in PHILLIPS (Fico
degli Ottentotto / Hottentots Fig).
Gelfand, M. et al. (1985) The Traditional medical
practitioner in Zimbabwe. His principles of practice and
pharmacopoeia. (page 108) Mambo Press: Gweru. [M.
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DESMET 1996]
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
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Psychoactive Mesembs. [From HARGREAVES 1998]
Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1993) The Euphorbiaceae Study
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khadi sources. [From HARGREAVES 1998]
Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1998) Plants Used to Make Khadi.
[Paper presented at the Huntingtons Annual Succulent
Symposium 1998. Copy kindly furnished by author.]
Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1999) Eleusis 3: 100-104. Piante
impiegate nella preparazione del Khadi (Sud Africa).
Plants used to make Khadi (South Africa)
Hartwich, C. & E. Zwicky (1914) Apotheker-Zeitung 29:
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Sciuto]
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The Structures of Four New Alkaloids from S. strictum.
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Society 93 (15): 3752-3758. Biosynthesis of
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26
Precursors. (Peter W. Jeffs, W.C. Archie, Richard L.
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Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)b Journal of the Chemical Society
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of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids, Mode of
Incorporation of Phenylalanine, and Examination of
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Incorporation of Phenylalanine and Examination of
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Molina)
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Cinnamic Acid Intermediates as Precursors to
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Methyldihydrojoubertiamine, Two Minor Alkaloids from
Sceletium subvelutinum L. Bolus. (Jacobus J.
Nieuwenhuis, Franz Strelow, Heinrich F. Strauss &
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 Chapter 5; other succulents
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(Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-3-9 (paperback) See also OTT
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San Pedro, Artificial Phenethylamines Same pages in
OTT 1996]
Ott, Jonathan (1994) Ayahuasca Analogues. Pangaean
Entheogens. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 127
pp. ISBN 0-9614234-4-7 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-5-5
(paperback)
Ott, Jonathan (1995) The Age of Entheogens & The Angels
Dictionary. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 159
pp. ISBN 0-9614234-6-3 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-7-1
(paperback)
Ott, Jonathan (1996) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs,
their Plant Sources and History. Second Edition Densified.
Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-
9614234-8-X (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-9-8 (paperback)
[Same page #s as in 1993.]
Paris, R. & H. Moyse-Mignon (1949) Comptes Rendus de
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27
Pulse, T.L. & Elizabeth Uhlig (1990) Journal of
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supplements, essential fatty acids and stabilized Aloe
vera juice in 29 HIV seropositive, ARC and AIDS
patients.
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e chimica degli allucinogeni. Roma (Cesco Ciapanna)]
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[See also as (1993) Les Plantes des Dieux. Les ditions
du Lzard. 232 pp. ISBN 2-910718-02-6 & ISBN 2-
9507264-2-9 or as (1993) Plantas de los Dioses. Fondo
de Cultura Econmica. 192 pp. ISBN 968-16-1023-7; or
as (1995) Pflanzen der Gtter. AT Verlag. 191 pp. ISBN
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1980
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Review: Tryptamines and Related Compounds in Doktors der Naturwissenschaften. Eidgenossichen
Plants. Technischen Hochschule in Zurich] [also variously cited
Snyckers, F.O. et al. (1971) Journal of the Chemical Society as Thesis Conf. Tech., High School, Zurich. or Ph.D.
D. Chemical Communications 1467-1469. The Dissertation, Zurich]
Structures of Partially Racemic Sceletium Alkaloid A4
and Tortuosamine, Pyridine Alkaloids from Sceletium
tortuosum. (F.O. Snyckers, F. Strelow & A. Wiechers)
Soeda, M. (1969) Journal of the Medical Society of Toho
University 16: 365-369. Studies on the anti-tumor
activity of Cape Aloe.
Southon, Ian W. & John Buckingham (1989) Dictionary of
Alkaloids. Chapman and Hall, London and New York.
Two volumes. ISBN # 0-412-24910-3. (G.A. Cordell,
J.E. Saxton, M. Shamma and G.F. Smith, ed. board)
Steyn, D.G. (1929) 15th Annual Report Division of
Veterinary Services 15: 777-803. Recent Investigations
Into the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Plants of the
Union of South Africa. (From WATT 1967)
Steyn, D.G. (1933) Onderstepoorte Journal of Veterinary
Sciences and Animal Industry 1: 173-182. Recent
Investigations Into the Toxicity of Known and Unknown
Plants of the Union of South Africa. (From WATT 1967)
Van der Walt, S.J. and Steyn, D.G. (1940) Onderstepoorte
Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Industry 15:
261-277. Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity of
Known and Unknown Plants of the Union of South
Africa. (From WATT 1967) A Delosperma fruit showing its seeds
Von Reis Altschul, Siri (1973) Drugs and Foods from Little-
Known Plants. Notes in Harvard University Herbaria.
Harvard University Press. (Second printing in 1975.)
ISBN 0-674-21676-8.
Walker, A.R. (1953) Bull. Inst. tud. Centrafr. (N.S.) 5:
1940 / 6: 275-329. Usages Pharmaceutiques des Plantes
Spontanes du Gabon. (From WATT 1967)
Waterhouse, G. (1932) Simon van der Stels Journal of his
Expedition to Namaquoland 1685-6. Longmans, Green
& Co.: London.
Watt, John Mitchell (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 1-22. African
Plants Potentially Useful in Mental Health.
Watt, John Mitchell & Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk
(1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern
and Eastern Africa. Second Edition. E. & S. Livingstone,
Ltd. 1457 pp.
White, A. et al. (1941) The Succulent Euphorbiae (Southern
Africa) Abbey Garden Press: Pasadena, CA. [A. White,
R.A. Dyer & B.L. Sloan] [From HARGREAVES 1998]
Wild, H. (1953) A Southern Rhodesian Botanical Dictionary Delosperma britteniae ? Coegakop
of Native and English Plant Names. Salisbury, Rhodesia. showing empty fruit
(From WATT 1967)
Winkelman, Michael & Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1989)
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 51-59.

28
 Chapter 5; other succulents
Index B MMT 13
Symbols seeds 28
baga 24 soil 10
2,3-dihydrojoubertiamine 21 Banisteriopsis caapi 13 water content 13
3-methoxy-4-O- beer 7, 18 Delosperma acuminatum 7
methyljoubertiamine 24 Beeskraag 17 Delosperma aff. litorale
3-methoxy-4-O- Bergeranthus scapiger tlc 12
methyljoubertiaminol 24 analysis 19 Delosperma bosseranum 34
4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4- betacyanins 20 Delosperma brittenae 7
[2-(acetylmethylam 24 betaxanthin 20 Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop
4-[2-(acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4- bi:bib 17 1, 7, 11, 28
(4-hydroxy-3-meth 24 birds 11 tlc 12
4-[3-(acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4- black-flies 11 Delosperma cooperi 8, 18
(4-hydroxy-3,4-di 24 Boophane distacha 23 analysis 20
4-[3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2- bread making 11, 18 description 8
(acetylmethylamino)et 24 brew 17 for khadi brewing 7
4-O-demethylmesembranol 21 brewing 17, 18 tlc 12
4-O-demethylmesembrenol burns 17 Delosperma crassum
19, 20, 21, 22 Grootfraatwater 33
fermentation removes 4
C Delosperma ecklonis 1, 18, 34
4-O-demethylmesembrenone caffeyl-betanin 20 description 8
21, 24 caffeyl-feruloyl-betanin 20 tlc 12
5-MeO-DMT 3, 13 caffeyl-feruloyl-isobetanin 20 Delosperma esterhuyseniae 8
caffeyl-isobetanin 20 tlc 12
A cancers 17 Delosperma hallii 8
Cannabis 5 tlc 12
Acacia spp 24
Carpobrotus acinaciformis Delosperma harazianum 8
acemannan 17
acylated betacyanins 20 5, 17, 19 tlc 12
Agave atrovirens 17 Carpobrotus edulis 5, 17, 19 Delosperma herbeum 7
Aizoaceae 5 cats 11 Delosperma hirtum 8
Aizoceous chemistry 19 cattle 18 tlc 12
Albizia anthelmintica 24 channa 3, 5, 19 Delosperma lebombense
Alchornea castaneifolia 16 channaine 21, 22 analysis 20
Alchornea floribunda 16 channanine 19 Delosperma lehmannii 18
Alchornea latifolia 17 chew 4 Delosperma litorale 8
Aloe spp 17 Cissus quandangularis 24 Delosperma lydenburgense 9
Aloe vera 17 cocaine-like 4 tlc 12
Anacampseros papyraceae 18 Conophytum lekkersingense 19 Delosperma macei 33
Anacampseros rhodesica 18 Conophytum spp 23 Delosperma mahonii 11, 18
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil analysis 19 Delosperma minimum
6 Corbichonia decumbens 18 analysis 20
Anadenanthera peregrina 6 crushing between rocks 4 Delosperma nubigenum 9
anesthetic 15 cultivation 10 tlc 12
aphrodisiac 24 Delosperma obtusum
appetite suppression 24
D analysis 20
Appleseed's assay 13 Delosperma pageanum 9
Dactylopsis digitata 18 tlc 12
Aptenia cordifolia 18, 19 death 15
analysis 19 Delosperma pergamentaceum 9
dehydrojoubertiamine 21, 22 tlc 12
Aridaria splendens 18 delirium 15
Aridaria umbelliflora 18 Delosperma pottsii
Delosperma analysis 20
ascorbic acid 17 5-MeO-DMT 12, 13
assay procedure 13 Delosperma pruinosum
cultivation 10 analysis 20
assays 7 descriptions 7
ayahuasca 16 Delosperma rogersii
DMT 12, 13 analysis 20
etymology 7 Delosperma sp

29
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
Hanburg 24095 1, 33 eye infection 17 Delosperma
Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095 eyes 18 seeds 28
1, 33 Delosperma bosseranum 34
Delosperma steytlerae 33 F Delosperma britteniae?
Delosperma subincanum 18 Coegakop 1, 7, 28
faman 24
Delosperma tradescantioides 9, 34 Delosperma britteniae?
fatigue prevention 24
HBG 34 Coogekop 11
feline leukemia 17
tlc 12 Delosperma cooperi 8
fermentation 4, 7, 12, 17
depression 5 Delosperma crassum
impact on alkaloids 4
Desmanthus leptolobus 23 Grootfraatwater 33
Ferraria glutinosa 23
Deulofeu 1973 3 Delosperma ecklonis 1, 34
folk medicine 6
developing solvent 13 Delosperma macei 33
food 17
dihydrojoubertiamine 22 Delosperma sp Hanburg 24095
fruit 17
divining 15 33
fungus 7, 11
DMT 13 Delosperma steytlerae 33
do 24 G Delosperma tradescantioides 9
dohe 24 HBG 34
dopaxanthin 19, 20 GABA 17 Glottiphyllum longum 20
douo 24 Galenia africana 18 Lampracanthus aureus 20
Drosanthemum bicolor gastroenteritis 17 Monadenium heteropodum 16
analysis 20 gbo 24 Monadenium lugardae 1, 15
Drosanthemum floribundum gelsemine 24 Monadenium ritchei 16
5, 18, 19 Gelsemium sempervirens 24 Monadenium schubei 16
analysis 20 Girgensohnia 24 Nananthus albinotus 3, 14
Drosanthemum hispidum 18, 19 Glottiphyllum lingueforme 19 Rabeia albinota 3, 14
analysis 20 Glottiphyllum linguiforme 18 Sceletium joubertii 21
Drosanthemum lique 18 Glottiphyllum longum 20 Sceletium sp. nova 24
drunkenness 5 gonorrhea 15 Sceletium subvelutinum 22
dry rot 11 grasshoppers 11 Sceletium tortuosum 5, 22
Dyid 24 grazing 17 flowering 4
Grewia sp 23 tablets 14
E gwa 24 indaba 15
infections 17
Eberlandzia spinosa 18 H insecticidal 15
Ectotropsis 7
hallucinations 15, 24 insufflated 5
Elaeophorbia drupifera 16
hallucinogenic 17 irritant 17
Embelia kilimandschrika 24
emetic 15, 17 Hanburg 24095 1, 33 J
Euphorbia 17 Hartogia capensis 24
Euphorbia antiquorum 17 harvest time 4 joubertiamine 20, 22
Euphorbia canariensis 17 headache 5 joubertinamine 21, 24
Euphorbia convolvuloides 17 heat jurema 23
Euphorbia davyi 17 impact on alkaloids 4
Euphorbia decussata 17 hepatic lesions 17 K
Euphorbia esculenta 17 honey-beer 17
kadi 7
Euphorbia hamata 17 hordenine 20, 22
kaffir beer 18
Euphorbia helioscopia 17 Hottentot Figs 17
kanna 3
Euphorbia maculata 17 Hura crepitans 16
karee 17
Euphorbia officinarum 17 Hymenocylus smithii 18
kareemoer 17
Euphorbia orabensis 17 kgadi 7
Euphorbia pennicillata 17 I
khadi 7, 17, 23
Euphorbia pubescens 17 Iboga 16 Khadia acutipetala 18
Euphorbia resinifera 17 Illustration kia 24
Euphorbia sp 17 Aptenia cordifolia 19 kirrimoer sikkirie 17
Euphorbia tiruealli 17 Boophane disticha 23 klatou 24
Euphorbium 17 Conophytum lekkersingense 19 kougoed 4, 18

30

L Mesembryanthemum floribundum
Lampranthus aureus 20
Lampranthus blandus
analysis 20
Lampranthus coccineus
analysis 20
Lampranthus deltoides
analysis 20
Lampranthus glomeratum 19
Lampranthus roseus
analysis 20
Lampranthus scaber 18
Lampranthus spectabilis
analysis 20
Lichtensteinia interrupta 24
lignins 23
listlessness 5
Lithops hookeri 17, 18
livestock toxicity 17
lollypops 5
loss of appetite 5
LSD 5
M Monadenium schubei 15, 16
Maesea lanceolata 24
Mahumula 15
Malabar spinach 17
Masai 24
mealy bugs 11
Mercurialis annua 17
mesembrane 5, 24
mesembranol 22
mesembrenine 19, 21, 24
mesembrenol 21
mesembrenone 19, 20, 21, 22, 24
heat increases 4
mesembrine
5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24
heat decreases 4
maybe not the active 5
not formed in Europe 5
mesembrinine 21, 24
mesembrinol 22
mesembrinone 22
Mesembryanthemaceae 5
mesembryanthemins 20
Mesembryanthemum 3, 4
Mesembryanthemum aitonis 18
Mesembryanthemum conspicuum
20
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
5, 17, 18, 24
Mesembryanthemum edule 20
Mesembryanthemum expansum 20
Chapter 5; other succulents
ntsakoro 24
20 num 24
Mesembryanthemum mahoni 18
Mestoklema tuberosum 18 O
methylamine 17
O-acetylmesembrenol 21
methylenedioxy substituted lignins O-methyldehydrojoubertiamine 22
6
O-methyldihydrojoubertiamine 22
Mhlebe 15 O-methyljoubertiamine 22
Mildbraedia fallax 17
oracles 15
Mimosa 23 orally ingested pellets 6
Mimosa hostilis 6
Oscularia caulescens 18
Mitragyna africana 24 Oscularia deltoides
MMT 13
analysis 20
moerhoutjie 18 oxalic acid 7, 11, 17, 18
mold 11
Oxens Strength 17
Monadenium
cultivation 16 P
Monadenium guentheri 15
Monadenium heteropodium 15 Pancratium trianthum 24
Monadenium heteropodum 16 Pappea capensis 24
Monadenium invenustum 15 Pedilanthus tithymaloides 16
Monadenium lugardae 1, 15 Peganum harmala 13
entry 15 pests 11
Monadenium ritchei 16 Petrosimonia monandra 24
Phyllanthus lathyroides 17
Mostuea gabonica 24 pigments 20
Mostuea stimulans 24 piperidine 18, 24
motsoko 24 Pleiospilos 18
mydriasis 5 poisonous 15
Myrica spp 24 Porapak Q 12
Prenia relaxata 18
N prophetic purposes 15
Psychotria viridis 13
N-acetyl-N-methyl-N,7a- pulque 17
secomesembrine 24
purgative 15, 17
N-acetyltortuosamine 21
N-demethyl-formylmesembrenone R
21
N-demethylmesembranol 22 Rabeia albinota 3, 6, 14
N-demethylmesembrenol 21 Rabeia albipuncta 14
N-formyltortuosamine 24 Rabeia albipunctata 14
N-methyl-4'-O-demethyl-N,7a- Rabiea 14
secomesembradienone 24 rapid death 15
N-methylpiperidine 24 reference standards 13
N-Methyltryptamine 13 References 25
N-methyltryptamine 3 ringworm 17
Nananthus aff. broomii 14 ritual diviners 15
Nananthus albinotus 3, 5, 6, 14 Rivier & Pilet 1971 3
Nananthus aloides 14, 17 Ruschia congesta 18
Nananthus transvaalensis 14 Ruschia lineolata
narcotic 4, 17, 18, 23, 24 analysis 20
narcotic-anxiolytic agent 5 Ruschia multiflorum 18
nematodes 11 Ruschia rubricaulis 18
New Zealand spinach 17 Ruschia saxicola 18
N,N-dimethyltryptamine 3 Ruschia tumidula 19
N,N-dimethyltyramine 22
31
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.
S T Y
S Keng-Keng 3, 6 Tabernanthe iboga 24 yeast 7, 11, 18
salts 24 tablets 14 yerba de la golodrina 17
sangomas 15 tene 24
saponin 24 Tetragonia expansa 17 Z
sceletenone 22, 24 Tetragonia schenkii 17
Zwicky 18
Sceletium Tetragonia tetragonioides 17
alkaloid distribution 4 thirst 17
harvest time 4 throwing the bones 15
Sceletium Alkaloid A4 22, 24 TLC 12
Sceletium anatomicum 18, 19 procedure 13
Sceletium expansum 6, 19 tobacco additive 6
analysis 20 toothache 18
Sceletium joubertii 21 torpor 4
analysis 20 tortuosamine 22, 24
Sceletium namaquense 5, 19 Trianthema
Sceletium sp. nova 1, 24 portulacastrum 17
Sceletium species 4 Trichodiadema
Sceletium strictum barbatum 19
analysis 21 Trichodiadema
Sceletium subvelutinum 22 bulbosum 19
analysis 22 Trichodiadema
Sceletium tortuosum intonsum 19
4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 22 Trichodiadema
analysis 22 stellatum
flowering 4 5, 18, 19
insufflated 5 tschoo-takhadu 17
tablets 14 Tshulu 15
Schoenlandia 7 tumors 17
Schumanniophyton klaineanum 24
Sclerocarya caffra 5 U Sceletium tortuosum
Sclerocarya schweinfurthiana 5 With food
ulcers 17 Photo by Kamm
sea spinach 17 unidentified alkaloid
Sebastiania pavonia 17 19, 20, 21, 22
sedative 4, 18
seed capsules opening 11 V
sempervirine 24
sheep death 18 veterinary 17
shka-nin-du 17 violent death 15
skin disease 17 Virola sebifera 6
sleep prevention 24 visions 15
slugs 11 Voacanga bracteata 24
Smith, Kline & French Laboratories vulgaxanthin I 19
3
smoking 6
W
snail 11 water content 13
snuffing 6 woodcuts 6
soap making 24
soil 10 X
SSRI 5, 14
stimulant 4, 5, 24 xanthydrol reagent 13
strychnine 24
Succulents
other 15
Sceletium tortuosum
Without food
Photo by Kamm
32
 Chapter 5; other succulents

Some Delosperma species still in need of analysis

Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095

Delosperma steytlerae

Delosperma crassum Grootfraatwater

Delosperma macei

33
Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Delosperma ecklonis

Delosperma bosseranum
upper left
Delosperma bosseranum has been reported to be
active in human bioassays; similar to Sceltium
by t s tantra (web post)

Delosperma tradescantioides
lower right photo Huntington Botanical
Gardens
lower left photo by Mary

34
 Trouts Notes SC3
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The University of Arizona Press: Tucson. ISBN 0-
8165-0680-9 / 0-8165-0613-2 (pbk.) 248 pages.
Second edition in 1997. University of Arizona Press.
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Anderson, Edward F. (1995) Cactus and Succulent
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Anderson, Edward F. (1996) Jahrbuch fr
Transkulturelle Medizin und Psychotherapie 6 (1995):
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Anderson, Edward F. & Margaret S. Stone (1969)
Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 43 (2): 77-82. A
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Anderson, Miles (1998) The Ultimate Book of Cacti &
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color photos & cultivation tips but sparse details on
the plants theselves.
Andritzky, Walter (1989) Schamanismus und rituelles
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Anonymous (1999) The Economist (April 3): 27. A
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Appel, J.B. & D.X. Freedman (1968)
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Arendt, Paul (1891-1892) Monatsschrift fr
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Arizona Republic (1956) Feb. 20. 24 Nabbed Sniffing
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Bamford, F. 1951 Poisons, Their Isolation and
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Bard, l.L. (1941) Revista Mdica Latino-America (B.A.)
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Barnes, C.D. & L.G. Eltherington (1965) Drug
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Barrett (1947) Anesth. and Analg. 26: 74 and 105
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Basmadjian, Garabed P. & A.G. Paul (1971) Lloydia 34
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Bastos, Milton Lesso (1956) Boletim. Instituto de
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Batov, Sergei [1999 e-mail forwarded by M.S. Smith].
Battersby, A.R. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Letters 6:
563-565. Biosynthesis of Cactus Alkaloids. (A.R.
Battersby, R. Binks and R. Huxtable.)
Battersby, A.R. et al. (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 58:
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Battersby, R. Binks and R. Huxtable.)
Bauer (1907) Monatsschr. Kakteenk 17: 55 [Cereus
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Baxter, Claire & Michael Slaytor (1972) Phytochemistry
11:2763-2766. Partial Purification and Some
Properties of Tryptophan Decarboxylase from
Phalaris tuberosa.
Bazant, Gabrielle (1968) Revue de Mycologie 33 (1):
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hallucinognes.
Bazant, Gabrielle (1969) Revue de Mycologie 34 (2-3):
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Bazant, Gabrielle (1971) Revue de Mycologie 36 (1):
25-46. Action de la Psilocybine, substance
hallucinogne extraite de champignons du Mexique, sur
ldification des toiles daraignes.
Beccari, E. (1936)a Archivio di farmacolgia
sperimentale e scienze affini 61, 96. Farmacognosia
del Peyotl. Farmacognosia botanica. Parte I.
Beccari, E. (1936)b Archivio di farmacolgia
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Farmacognosia Microscopica Chimica.
Beifuss, Will (1996) Psychedelic Sourcebook. Rosetta.
Bell, C.E. & A.R. Somerville (1966) Biochemical Journal
98: 1C-3C. A New Fluorescence Method for
Detection and Possible Quantitative Assay of some
Catecholamine and Tryptamine Derivatives on Paper.
Bellman, Sander W. (1968) Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists 51 (1): 164-175. Mass
Spectral Identification of Some Hallucinogenic Drugs.
Bellman, S.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Forensic Sciences.
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Below, L.E. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences. 57 (3): 515-516. Macromerine from
Coryphantha runyonii (L.E. Below, A.Y. Leung, J.L.
McLaughlin and A.G. Paul)
Beltrami, L. (1941) Archivo Farmaceutico Sperimentale
Scienze Affini 71: 1. La lignificazione dei peli di
Peyotl studiata dal punto di vista farmacognistico,
chimico e botanico.
Bender, L. & D.V.S. Sankar (1968) Science 159 (letter)
Chromospome damage not found in leukocytes of
children treated with LSD-25. Does not cause damage:
Benington, Fred & Richard D. Morin (1951) Journal of
the American Chemical Society 73: 1353. An
improved synthesis of mescaline.
Benington, Fred et al. (1954) Journal of the American
Chemical Society 76: 5555-5556. Synthesis of 4-
Hydroxy- and 4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxy--
phenethylamines.
Benington, F. et al. (1959) Journal of Organic
Chemistry 24 (7): 917-919. Synthesis of 5,6,7-
Trimethoxy-2,3-dihydroindole and 6,7-
Dimethoxyindole. [Fred Benington, R.D. Morin and
L.C. Clark]
Benitez, Fernando (1961) La Tierra Magica del Peyote.
Biblioteca Era: Altos, Mexico
Benitez, Fernando (1972) Peyoteros. Viaggio nella terra
magica della droga. Il Saggiatore: Milano.
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Benitez, Fernando (1975) In the Magic Land of Peyote.
238 pp. & 32 photographs. University Of Texas
Press ISBN # 0-446-89306-4
Bennett, Wendell C. & Robert M. Zingg (1935) The
Tarahumara, an Indian Tribe of Northern Mexico.
University of Chicago Press
Bennington (in the literature) See as Benington
Benson, Elizabeth P. (1972) The Mochica. A culture of
Peru. Prager Publishers; New York. Washington
Benson, Lyman (1982) Cacti of the United States and
Canada. Stanford University Press 1982. Peyote pp.
680-683, ISBN 0-8047-0863-0. 1044 pages
BENVENTO, Fr. Toribo de (date?) Ritos Antiquos in
Kingsboroughs Antiquities of Mexico 9: 153 [From
LABARRE 1975]
Benzi, M. (1969) Hygiene Mentale 3: 61-97. Visions
des Huicholes sous leffet du peyiotl.
Benzi, Mario (1972) Les derniers Adorateurs du
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Benzi, Mario (1998) Wirrika. Gli sciamani della
Sierra Madre. Celleno (VT), La Piccola Editrice.
Bergman, Robert (1971) American Journal of
Psychiatry. 128: 695-699. Navajo Peyote Use: Its
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Beringer, Kurt (1920) Zeitschrifte fr die Gesamte
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Experimentelle Psychosen durch Meskalin. [Also
1922 Vortrag auf der sdwestdeutshen Psychiater-
Versammlung in Erlangen]
Beringer, Kurt (1927) Der Mezcalinrausch, seine
Geschichte und Erscheinungsweise. Springer, Berlin.
(Reti (1950) notes that Beringer has a good
bibliography of early works on the subject.)
[ANDERSON & LABARRE give as Der Mezcalinrausch,
seine Geschichte und Erscheinungsweise.
Monographien aus dem Gesamtegebiete der
Neurologie und Psychiatrie (1927) 49: 35-89, 119-
315.] [BERINGER 1927 was reprinted in 1969 by
Springer-Verlag, New York.]
Beringer, Kurt (1928) Archivo Argentino de Neurologia
2: 145-154. Intoxication due to alkaloids from
mescaline: Resulting mental and physical
phenomena.
Berlin, Louis et al. (1955) Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease 122 (5): 487-491. Studies in Human
Cerebral Function: The Effects of Mescaline and
Lysergic Acid on Cerebral Processes Pertinent to
Creative Activity. [Louis Berlin, Thomas Guthrie,
Arthur Weider, Helen Goodell and Harold G. Wolff]
Bernabai, A. (1966) Annales della Sanit Pubblica 27
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(Psilocybe-Stropharia-Anhalonium).
Bernheim, Frederick & Mary L.C. Bernheim (1938)
Journal of Biological Chemistry 123: 317-326. The
Oxidation of Mescaline and Certain Other Amines.
Bernstein, Dennis & Howard Levin (1994) The Texas
Observer. (June 17): 14-15. Ollie Takes a Powder: A
Texas DEA Agent Once Tracked Oliver Norths
Contra Drug Deals. [A darkly amusing article about
the problems a DEA agent ran into while trying to
unravel a cocaine ring he uncovered]
Berrin, Kathleen (1978) Art of the Huichol Indians. The
Fine Arts Museum: San Francisco.
Bertani et al. (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 30: [L.M.
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Betanzos, Juan de (1880) Suma y narracin de los
Incas que los indios llaman Capaccuna, que fueron
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203. An evaluation of the influence of succinate and
malonate on barbiturate hypnosis.
Bianchi, Antonio (1991) Annali dei Musei Civici-
Rovereto 6: 147-152. Psicofisiologia dei rituali
allucinatori dello sciamanesimo nord-peruviano.
Discusses the role of the ritual context in producing a
religious experience.
Bianchi, Antonio & Mario Polia (1991) Integration:
Zeitschrift fur Geistbewegende Pflanzen und Kultur 1:
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use of Trichocereus pachanoi BRITTON & ROSE among
Peruvian curanderos. Published in Italian (1990)
Annali dei Musei Civici-Roverto 6: 139-146. Dati
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curanderos peruviani.
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indulgence in certain cactaceous plants
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from E. diversicolor, E. obliqua or Eucalyptus
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Blaschko, H. (1944-1945) Journal of Physiology 103:
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Block, Wolfram (1953)b Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr
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 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
phenyl-thylamin in Proteine. II. Mitteilung. Einflss
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Block, Wolfram (1953)c Zeitschrift fr Naturforschung
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Mescalins in Tierversuch, IV. Vergleichende
Untersuchungen mit 14C-Mescaline und 14C--
Phenyl-thylamine.
Block, Wolfram (1954)a Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr
physiologische Chemie 296: 1-10. In-vitro-Versuche
zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C--phenyl-
thylamin in Proteine. III. Mitteilung.
Block, Wolfram (1954)b Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr
physiologische Chemie 296: 108-121. In-vitro-
Versuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C--
phenyl-thylamin in Proteine. IV. Mitteilung. Einbau
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Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)a Angewandte
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radioaktivem Mescaline und sein Einbau in das Eiwei
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Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)b Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 85: 1009-1012.
Synthese von 14C-radioaktivem Mescalin.
Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)c Congrs
International de Biochimie, Rsums de
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La distribution de la mscaline marque (14C-
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avec les protines du foie. [CA (1954) 48: 8966d-e.]
[The distribution of mescaline (labeled with
radioactive carbon14 ) in the animal organism and its
association with the proteins of the liver.] [Should be
written 14C]
Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)a Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift
fr physiologische Chemie 290: 160-168. Zur
physiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins im
Tierversuche. I. Mitteilung. Fermentsuche und
Ausscheidungsproduckte. (Wolfram Block, Katarina
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Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)b Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift
fr physiologische Chemie 290: 230-236 Zur
physiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins im
Tierversuche. II. Mitteilung. Verteilung der
Radioaktivitt in den Organen in Abhangigkeit von der
Zeit. (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block and Bernh.
Patzig)
Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)c Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift
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Leberprotein. (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block and
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Blofeld, John (1966) Psychedelic Review 7: 27-32. A
High Yogic Experience Achieved with Mescalin.
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Bloom et al. (1973) Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 12:
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Bchtold (in the literature) See as Bchtold
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Boire, Richard Glen (ed.) The Entheogen Law Reporter.
Boit, Hans G. (1961) Ergebnisse der Chemie bis 1960.
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Boke, Norman H. & Edward F. Anderson (1970)
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Structure, Development and Taxonomy in the Genus
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Borg, John (1937) Cacti. A Gardeners Handbook for
Their Identification and Cultivation. First Edition.
MacMillan and Co.: London.
Borg, John (1976) Cacti. A Gardeners Handbook for
Their Identification and Cultivation. Fourth Edition.
Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0132-3. [3rd ed.
(enlarged) was in 1959.]
Borsy, J. et al. (1961) Acta Physiol. 19: 27.
Borsy, J. et al. (1964) Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 2: 273
Borud, O. & L.R. Gjessing (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 27:
552.
Bost, J. et al. (1965) Comptes Rendus des sances de la
Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales. (Socit de
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Bouerget, S. (1990) Boletn del Instituto Frans de
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Boyd, C.E. & J.P Dering (1996) Texas Archaic Antiquit.
70: 256-275. (Ungnadia)
Boyer, L.B. et al. (1968) Shamanism and Peyote Use
Among the Apaches of the Mescalero Indian
Reservation. Paper presented at the Hallucinogens and
Shamanism symposium at the annual meeting of the
American Anthropological Association. [L. Bryce
Boyer, Ruth M. Boyer and Harry W. Basehart.]
Published as pages 53-66, in Michael J. Harner (ed.)
 SC3: References
(1973) Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ISBN 0-19-
501649-1.
Bradley, C.A. et al. (1961) Journal of Neuropsychiatry
2: 175.
Bradley, Richard (1989) Current Anthropology 30 (1):
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Braga, D.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1969) Planta Medica
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hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus
retusus
Brako, Lois & J. Zarrucchi (1993) Catalogue of the
Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru
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Apache and Neighboring Tribes.
Bravo, H. (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas
12: 8-17. Una revision del genero Lophophora.
Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas y
Succulentas Mexicanas 3: 3-12. Estudios
Cactalgicos. Heliabravoa chende (Goss.) Backeberg
Bravo H., Helia (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologia
de la Universidad Nacional de Mxico. 2 (2): 117-
126. Cactaceas del Valle de Oaxaca.
Bravo H., Helia (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologia.
Nota acerca de la Histolga del Peyote, Lophophora
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Bravo H., Helia (1932) Anales del Instituto de Biologia
de la Universidad Nacional de Mxico. 3 (1): 15-18.
Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Cactaceas de
Mexico. Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus, sp. nov.
Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Snchez-Mejorada R.
(1991) Las Cactceas de Mxico. Volume 2
Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Snchez-Mejorada R.
(1991) Las Cactceas de Mxico. Volume 3
Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1937) Las Cactceas de Mxico.
Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Snchez-
Mejorada R.) [First edition] [Lophophora 376-384]
Bravo, H. (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas
12: 8-17. Una revision del genero Lophophora.
Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1978) Las Cactceas de Mxico.
Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Snchez-
Mejorada R.) [Second edition]
Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas y
Succulentas Mexicanas 3: 3-12. Estudios
Cactalgicos. Heliabravoa chende (Goss.) Backeberg
Brenneisen, Rudolf & Hans-Jrg Helmlin 1993
Lophophora in Hagers Handbuch der
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Brickell, Christopher & Judith D. Zuk (Eds.) (1996)
The American Horticultural Society A-Z
Encyclopedia of Garden Plants DK Publishing, Inc.
ISBN 0-7894-1943-2.
Bridger, W.H. & I.J. Mandel, I.J. (1967) Life Science 6:
775-781. The effect of dimethoxyphenylethylamine
and mescaline on classical conditioning in rats as
measured by the potentiated startle response
Bridger, Wagner H. & W. Horsley Gantt (1956)
American Journal of Psychiatry 113 (4): 352-360.
The effect of mescaline on differentiated conditional
reflexes.
Briggs, J.R. (1887) Medical Register 1: 276-277.
Muscale buttons Physiological action Personal
experiences.
Brimblecombe, Roger W. & Roger M. Pinder (1975)
Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright Scientific.
Brito, Silverster J. (1989) The Way of a Peyote
Roadman. Peter Lang: New York.
Britton & Robinson (1932) The Hydrogen Ion.
Chapman and Hall, London.
Britton, Nathaniel Lord and Joseph Nelson Rose
(1919-1923) The Cactaceae. Descriptions and
Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family. [The
Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No.
248, Washington.] Reprinted many times. Our
information came from the 1937 reprint by Scott E.
Haselton, Abbey San Encino Press, Pasadena,
California. Also reprinted in 1977, with the four
volumes bound as two volumes, by Dover, New
York.
Britton & Rose (1919) Volume One.
Britton & Rose (1920) Volume Two.
Britton & Rose (1922) Volume Three.
Britton & Rose (1923) Volume Four.
Bromberg, W. & C.L. Tranter (1943) Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease 97: 518-527. Peyote
intoxication: some psychological aspects of peyote
rite.
Brooke, F.K. (1914) Report of the Thirty-Second
Annual Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indian and
Other Dependent Peoples 72-75. Cooperation of
State and Federal Authorities.
Brossi, A. et al. (1966) Helvetica Chimica Acta 49 (44):
403-411. Synthesen in der Isochinolinreihe. Zur
Darstellung 6,7,8,-Hydroxy-dimethoxy-substituierter
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisochinoline aus 3-Benzyloxy-4,5-
dimethoxy-phenthylamin und Bericht ber die
Resultate der pharmakologischen prfung von
Anhalamin, Anhalidin, rac. Anhalonidin und rac.
Pellotin (A. Brossi, F. Schenker, R. Schmidt, R.
Banziger and W. Leimgruber)
Brown, Joel H. (1996-1997) MAPS 7(1): 28-34. Drug
education and democracy [in]action.
Brown, John Kennedy & Marvin H. Malone (1978)
Clinical Toxicology 12 (1): 1-31. Legal Highs-
Constituents, Activity, Toxicology and Folklore.
Brown, J.K. et al. (1972) Journal of Chromatography
64: 129-133 A Rapid Screening Procedure for some
Street Drugs by TLC. [J.K. Brown, L. Shapazian &
G.D. Griffin]
Brown, Robert E. (1968) (1975-4th edition) Guide to
Preparation of the Eucharist. In a few of its many
guises. (Linga Sharira Incense Company)
Brown, S.D. et al. (1968) Phytochemistry 7 (11): 2031-
2036. Cactus Alkaloids. (Stanley D. Brown, John
L. Massingill, Jr. and Joe E. Hodgkins)
BRUH & also BRUHH in the literature both refer to JG
BRUHN
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Bruhn, Jan G. (1971)a Cactceas y Suculentas Mexicana
16 (3): 51-58, English summary 68-70. Alcaloides en
las Cactceas.
Bruhn, Jan G. (1973)a Cactceas y Suculentas
Mexicanas 18 (1): 8-11, English summary 11-13.
Bsqueda Etnobotnica de Cactceas Alucingenas
Bruhn, Jan G. (1973)b Planta Medica 24 (4): 315-319.
Ethnobotanical Search for Hallucinogenic Cacti
Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)a Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 3-
38. [Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the
Faculty of Pharmacy 6; 38 pages] Pharmacognistic
studies of peyote and related psychoactive cacti.
Bruhn, Jan G. (1976) Cactus and Succulent Society
Journal 48: 115-118: Early Records of Lophophora
diffusa.
Bruhn, Jan G. (1978) Cactaceas y Succulentas
Mexicanas 23 (2): 27-35. Tres Hombres y Una
Droga: Investigaciones sobre el peyote en los Aos
90.
Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1975) Phytochemistry 14:
1442-1443. O-Methylpellotine, a new peyote
alkaloid from Lophophora diffusa.
Bruhn, Jan G. & Bo Holmstedt (1974) Economic Botany
28 (4): 353-390. Early Peyote Research. An
Interdisciplinary Study.
BRUHN & BRUHN 1971, given in the literature, refers to
BRUHN 1971a
Bruhn, Jan G. & Catarina Bruhn (1973) Economic
Botany 27 (2): 241-251 Alkaloids and Ethnobotany
of Mexican Peyote Cacti and Related Species. (Nice
anthropological review of other sacred cacti. Their
chemical analysis did not include any quaternary or
neutral compounds.)
Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundstrm (1976)a American
Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 40: 159-160. A
Student Experiment in Pharmacognosy: Biosynthesis
of Mescaline in the Cactus Trichocereus pachanoi.
Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (1978) Science 199: 1437-1438.
Peyote alkaloids: Identification in a Prehistoric
Specimen of Lophophora from Coahuila, Mexico.
Buchanan, Douglas N. (1929) British Journal of
Medical Psychology 9: 67-88, with discussion pp. 89-
92. Meskalinrausch.
Buchanan, Douglas N. (1931) Medical Annual 1931: 12.
Bullis, Ronald K. (1990) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
22 (3): 325-332. Swallowing the Scroll: Legal
Implications of the Recent Supreme Court Peyote
Cases
Burke, J.C. & A.R. McIntyre (1938) Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 64:
465.
Burt-Davy, J. (1913) Agricultural Journal of the Union
of South Africa 6: 66. (From WATT 1967)
Buscaino, V. (1949) Gazzetta Sanitaria 20: 417. [From
TURNER & HEYMAN]
Byarlay, Patricia (ed.) The Peyote Awareness Journal
later as Peyote: A Medicine Journal.
Bye, Robert A., Jr. (1979) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 1: 28-48. Hallucinogenic Plants
of the Tarahumara
Caldern, Eduardo & Douglas Sharon (1978) Terapia de
la Curanderia. Edigraf-Trujillo. (Discusses modern
use in healing and philosophy. Discussion of other
herbs pp. 59-67.)
Caldern, Eduardo et al. (1982) Eduardo el Curandero:
The words of a Peruvian Healer. North Atlantic
Books and Society for the Study of Native Arts and
Sciences, Richmond, CA.
Callaway, Jace C. (1995) Eleusis 1: 4-10. Ayahuasca,
Now and Then.
Camilla, Giberto (1998) Cactus Mescalinici. pages
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mescaline containg and other psychoactive cacti.
Camino, Alejandro (1992) Takiwasi 1 (1): 99-109. El
Peyote: Derecho histrico de los pueblos indios.
Camisaca, L. (1949) Oto-rino-laringologia italiana 18:
90-107. Lazione della mescalina sull-apparato
vestibolare.
Campbell, C.J. et al. (1946) Federation Proceedings. 5:
15. Sodium succinates as an analeptic in man.
[Paper presenteed to the American Physiological
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Bennet]
Campbell, Thomas N. (1947) The Texas Journal of
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site in Edwards County, Texas.
Campbell, Thomas N. (1958) American Anthropologist
60 (1): 156-160. Origin of the Mescal Bean Cult.
Camus (1906)a Arch. Int. Pharmacodynam. Thrap. 16:
43. tude physiologique du sulfate dhordnine
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Camus (1906)b C.R. hebd. Sances Acad. Sci. 142: 110-
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Camus (1906)c C. R. hebd. Sances Acad. Sci. 142: 237-
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Camus (1906)d C. R. hebd. Sances Acad. Sci. 142:
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ferments solubles et sur les microbes.
Can, Ralph E. (1983) Boletn de Lima 5 (26): 13-28.
El Obelisco Tello de Chavin.
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Problemas Arqueolgicos e Iconogrficos-Enfoques
Nuevos.
Can, Ralph E. (1988) Boletn de Lima 10 (56): 35-40.
Alucingenos utilizados en la regin andina
prehispnica.
Canestrini, D. (1993) Airone 144: 66-77. Un peyote, e
poi perdeersi fra mille colori.
Cannell, Richard J.P. (ed.) (1998) Natural Products
Isolation (Mothods in Biotechnology 4) Humana
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Capps, T.M. et al. (1977) Journal of the Chemical
Society. Perkins Transactions II 8: 1098-1104.
Sceletium Alkaloids. Part 7. Structure and Absolute
Stereochemistry of (-)-Mesembrane and 3-Methoxy-
4-O-methyljoubertiamine, Two Minor Bases from S.
Namaquense L. Bolus: X-Ray Analysis of (-)-
Mesembrane Hydrochloride Monohydrate. (Thomas
 SC3: References
M. Capps, Karl D. Hargrave, Peter W. Jeffs &
Andrew T. McPhail)
Cardinale, G.J. (1987) Life Sciences 40: 301-306.
Morphine and Codeine are Endogenous Components
of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. (George J. Cardinale,
Josef Donnerer, A. Donald Finck, Joel D. Kantrowitz,
Kazuhiro Oka & Sydney Spector)
Carlini, E.A. et al. (1965) Experientia 21 (2): 72-73.
Potentiation of Histamine and Inhibition of Diamine
Oxidase by Mescaline. [E.A. Carlini, M. Santos and
M.R.P. Sampaio]
Carlini, E.A. et al. (1967) Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17:
534-542. Effects of chronic administration of -(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine and -(3,4,5-
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Castrilln, Jos A (1952) Journal of the American
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Condensation of Mescaline with Formaldehyde by
the Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction. [An interesting
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Cattell, James P. (1954) Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease 119 (3): 233-244. Influence of Mescaline on
Psychodynamic Material.
Ceroni, Luigi (1932) Rivista Sperimentale Freniatria 56:
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Chang Po-tuan (translated by Thomas Cleary)
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Charalampous et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology
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Metabolic Fate of -(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-
ethylamine (Mescaline) in Humans: Isolation and
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[K.D. Charalampous, Antonio Orengo, K.E. Walker
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Charalampous et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9:
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Charalampous, K.D. & L.W. Tansey (1967) J.
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Chaumerliac & Roche (1948) Bulletin de la socit
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Chevalier, A. (1946) Comptes Rendus de lAcademie
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stimulante et aphrodisiaque employe par les Noirs
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Chin, K.C. et al. (1962) Sheng Li Hsueh Pao 25 (3):
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Cholden, L. (ed.) (1956) Lysergic acid diethylamide
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Christiansen, A. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacology
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Changes in spider webs brought about by
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Chweitzer, A. & E. Geblewicz (1938) Comptes Rendus
des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales
128: 867-868. Laction de la mescaline sur la
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Chweitzer, A. et al. (1936) LAnne psychologique
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Chweitzer, A. et al. (1937) Comptes Rendus des
sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales
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Clark, L.C. et al. (1954) Federation Proceedings.
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lysergic acid diethylamide, and related compounds
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American Physiological Society: 72nd meeting;
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 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Clark, L.C. et al. (1964) Alabama Journal of Medical
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Clarke, E.C.G. & M. Williams (1955) Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7: 255-262.
Microchemical Tests for the Identification of
Alkaloids.
Clarke, E.G.C. (1957) Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 9 (3): 187-192. Microchemical
identification of some less common alkaloids.
Clarke, E.G.C. (Ed.) (1969) Isolation and Identification
of Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-
Mortem Materials. London: The Pharmaceutical
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Clarkes Isolation and Identification of Drugs in
Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-Mortem
Materials. Second Edition. London: The
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Clarkes classic.]
Claude, Henri & Henri Ey (1934) Comptes Rendus des
sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 115:
838-841. La Mescaline, substance hallucinogne.
Clement, B.A. et al. (1997) Phytochemistry 46 (2): 249-
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Clement, B.A. et al. (1998) Phytochemistry 49 (5):
1377-1380. Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia
rigidula. (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff &
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Clemente, Emmett and Vincent de Paul Lynch (1968)
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57 (1): 72-78. In
Vitro Action of Mescaline. Possible Mode of Action.
Clerc et al. (1935) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires des
Sances et Mmoires de la Socite de Biologie et de
ses Filiales et Associes 119: 828-830
Clerc et al. (1936) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires des
Sances et Mmoires de la Socite de Biologie et de
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Contribution ltude experimentale du sulfate de
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Cobo, Fr. Bernabe (1891-1893) Historia del Nuevo
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Coch Frugoni, Juan A. (1956? 1958?) Anales. Facultad
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Farm. (Montevideo) 5: (in press). [Also in CA (1958)
52: 653c as in press ] Unable to locate the specifics
of when this was published. J.A. Coch Frugoni
published a handful of papers during the next few
years (several in the Journal of Chromatography) but
this one has not been found anywhere (so far).
[CITES lists him as J.A.C. Frugoni.]
Cochin, J. et al. (1951) Journal of Pharmacology and
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Treatise on Superstitions by Hernando Ruiz de
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1231-1232. An assay Procedure for Mescaline and
its Determination in Rat Brain, Liver and Plasma.
Cohen, M.M. et al. (1967) New England Journal of
Medicine 227: 1043. In vivo and in vitro
chromosomal damage induced by LSD-25. (M.M.
Cohen, K. Horshhorn & W.A. Frosch)
Cohen, M.M. et al. (1968) Science 155: 1417.
Chromosomal damage in human leukocytes induced
by lysergic acid diethylamide. (M.M. Cohen, M.
Marinello & N. Bach)
Cohen, S. et al. (eds.) (1985) Journal of Psychoactive
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Collier, Donald (1929) (US Congress) Senate Committe
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General Study of the Plant, the Cult and the Drug.
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hallucinogenic origins. In Alana Cordy-Collins &
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Selected Readings. Peek Publications, Pala Alto, CA.
(from CORDY-COLLINS 1980)
Cordy-Collins, Alana (1977) Chavn art: Its shamanic/
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353-362. (from OTT 1993)
Cordy-Collins, Alana (1980) The Masterkey 54: 84-93.
An artistic record of the Chavn hallucinatory
experience.
Cordy-Collins, Alana (1982) The Journal of
Ethnobiology 2 (2): 144-153. Psychoactive painted
Peruvian plants. The shamanism textile.
Correll, Donovan Stewart & Marshall Conring Johnson
(1970) Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Texas
Research Foundation; Renner, Texas
 SC3: References
Cortes, M. et al. (1972) Phytochemistry 11: 849-850.
Cactaceae. Isolation of Candicine From Trichocereus
chilensis
Costa, Erminio (1956)a Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Biology and Medicine. 91 (1): 39-41.
[Abstract; entry 22163] Effects of Hallucinogenic
and Tranquilizing Drugs on Serotonin Evoked Uterine
Contractions.
Costa, Erminio (1956)b Psychiatric Research Reports
[Amer. Psychiatr. Ass.] 4: 11-13. [CA (1956) 50:
14120c-d.] The effect of hallucinogenic and
tranquilizing drugs on the serotonin-evoked uterine
contractions.
Coulter, John M. (1891) Contributions from the US
National Herbarium 2 (1): 1-152. Manual of the
Plants of Western Texas. [Peyote: page 129]
Coulter, John M. (1894) Contributions from the US
National Herbarium 3 (3): 91-132. Preliminary
revision of the North American species of Cactus,
Anhalonium, and Lophophora. [Peyote: page 31]
Cowdry, R.W. & F.K. Goodwin (1978) p. 281, in: R.L.
Spitzer & D.F. Klein (eds.) Clinical Issues in
Psychiatric Diagnosis. Raven Press, New York 1978.
Crawford, T.B.B. & C.M. Yates (1970) Brit. J.
Pharmac. 38: 56.
CRC (1980-1981) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 61st Edition. Weast (ed.) CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Fl. ISBN 0-8493-0461-X.
Crema, A. (1953) Bolletino della societ italiana di
biologia sperimentale 29: 1520-1522. Valutazione
quantitativa dellazzione dei farmaci sulla funzionalit
vestibolare, III. Neurotosicita della mescalina.
Creveling, C.R. et al. (1962) Biochimica et Biophysica
Acta 64 (1): 125-134. Substrates and Inhibitors of
Dopamine--oxidase. [Cyrus R. Creveling, John W.
Daly, Bernhard Witkop and Sidney Udenfriend.]
Crichtly, M. (1931) British Journal of Inebriety 28 (3):
99-108. Some Forms of Drug Addiction:
Mescalism.
Croizat, L. (1943-1945) Desert Plant Life 15: 116-120,
138-140, 152-154; 16: 7-10, 37-38, 43-44, 53-55, 90-
93, 103-108, 118-122, 139-143, 150-156; 17: 11-16,
28-29. A study of the genus Lophophora.
Crosby, D.M. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia 36
(4): 416-418. Cactus Alkaloids. XIX. Crystallization
of Mescaline HCl and 3-Methoxytyramine from
Trichocereus pachanoi.
Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1948) PhD Thesis. Insituto de
Farmacologia y Terapeutica Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos; Farmacologa de Opuntia cylindrica.
Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1948)a Revista de la
Farmacologia y Medicina Experimental (Lima) 1 (2):
253-258. Informe sobre las aplicaciones de la Cimora
en el norte del Per. [also given as 253ff]
Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1948)b Revista de la
Farmacologia y Medicina Experimental. (Lima) 1:
143-? . Farmacologa de Opuntia cylindrica. (From
GUTIRREZ-NORIEGA) [also given as 143ff]
Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1951) Revista de Medicina
Experimentale 8 (1): 159-166 Estudio Folklrico de
Algunas plantas Medicamentosas y Txicas de la
Regin Norte del Per. (From SHARON 1978)
Cucchi, A. (1939) Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria 63:
393-404. Azione della mescalina sul profilo
psicologico.
Cybulski, T. (1935) Med. Dosw. Spoleczna 20: 126 [CA
(1936) 30: 30927.].)
Cymerman Craig, J. et al. (1977) Journal of the
American Chemical Society 99 (24): 7996-8002.
Chiroptical Properties of 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydroisoquinolines. A Semi-empirical Quadrant
Rule Based on One-Electron Theory. (J. Cymerman
Craig, S.-Y. Catharine Lee, Rosalind P.K. Chan and
Irene Y.-F. Wang)
dAzevedo, Warren (1978) Straight With the Medicine:
Narratives of Washoe Followers of the Tipi Way.
Heyday Books (Quick). ISBN 0-930588-19-3. 61
pages.
DHarcourt, Raoul (1939) La Mdicine dans lAncien
Prou. Librairie Maloine, Paris. (DHarcourt also
includes a very clear example of fellatio.)
Daiker, F.H. (1914) Report of the Thirty-Second Annual
Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indian and Other
Dependent Peoples 62-68. Liquor and peyote a
menace to the Indian
Daly, John et al. (1962) Annals of the New York
Academy of Science. 96 (1): 37-43. Methylation and
Demethylation in Relation to the IN VITRO
Metabolism of Mescaline. [John Daly, Julius
Axelrod and Bernhard Witkop]
Dammert Bellido, Jos (1974) Allpanchis Phuturinqa
(Cusco) 9: 179-200. Procesos por Supersticiones en
la Provincia de Cajamarca en la Segunda Mitad del
Siglo XVIII. [From SHARON (1978).]
Dandiya, P.C. & M.K. Menon (1965) Life Sciences. 4
(17): 1635-1641. Interaction of Asarone with
Mescaline, Amphetamine and Tremorine. [Asarone
appeared to antagonize all aspects of mescaline
intoxication.]
Daniel, James (Jim) E. (1999) (Personal communication
with J.Hanna during June)
Darth, Chewbacca (1977) The Whole Drug
Manufacturers Catalog (Prophet Press) [Primarily a
complation of Irv Penkethmans literature and
anything else they could find]
Datta, R.K. & J.J. Ghosh (1970)a Biochemical Journal
117: 961-968. Mescaline-Induced Changes of Brain-
Cortex Ribosomes. Effect of Mescaline on the
Stability of Brain-Cortex Ribosomes. [similar effects
have also been noted with stimulant drugs,
antidepressants and convulsants.]
Datta, R.K. & J.J. Ghosh (1970)b Biochemical Journal
117: 969-980. Mescaline-Induced Changes of Brain-
Cortex Ribosomes. Effect of Mescaline on the
Hydrogen-Bonded Structure of Ribonucleic Acid of
Brain-Cortex Ribosomes.
Davis, Bruce (1989) Journal of Chromatography 466:
89-218. Review. Biogenic amines and Their
Metabolites in Body Fluids of Normal, Psychiatric
and Neurological Subjects
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Davis, E. et al. (1970) Federation Proceedings of the
American Society for Experimental Biology
(Abstracts) p. 454. Alteration of Flash-Induced
Responses by Intra-carotid Administration of
Harmine.
Davis, E. Wade (1983) Botanical Museum Leaflets.
Harvard University. 29 (4): 367-386. Sacred Plants
of the San Pedro Cult.
Davis, E. Wade (1997) One River. Explorations and
Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest. (First edition
in 1996) Touchstone: New York. 537 pages ISBN 0-
684-80886-2 (hard)/ 0-684-83496-0 (pbk.)
Davis, E. Wade (1999) Shamans Drum 52: 50-60. San
Pedro, Cactus of the Four Winds
Davis, Leslie B. (1961) Studies in Plains Anthropology
and History 1: 1-5. Peyotism and the Blackfeet
Indians of Montana: An Historical Assessment.
Davis, W.M. et al. (1978) Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology 45 (1): 49-62. Acute Toxicity and
Gross Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine, Four
Methoxyamphetamines, and Mescaline in Rodents,
Dogs and Monkeys. (W.M. Davis, J.A. Bedford, J.L.
Buelke, M.M. Guinn, H.T. Hatoum, I.W. Waters,
M.C. Wilson and M.C. Braude)
Dawider, A.A. & M.B.E. Fayez (1961) J. Chem. United
Arab Rep. 4: 145-147. Identification of -Sitosterol
in Opuntia ficus-indica. [from 1961 CA 56: 9121g]
de Alarcn, Hernando Ruiz (1892) Tratado de las
supersticones y costumbres gentlicasde esta
Nueva Espaa. Ao 1629 Museo Nacional:Mexico.
124 pages.
de Alarcn, Hernando Ruiz (1898, 1900) Anales del
Museo Nacional de Mexico. Volume 6: 123-223.
Tratado de las supersticones y costumbres
gentilicas, 1629 See also the translation into English
by COE & WHITTAKER 1982
Dean, W. et al. (1998) GHB: The Natural Mood
Enhancer. The authoritative guide to its responsible
use. Smart Publications [www.smart-pulications.com]
[Ward Dean, MD, John Morgenthaler & Steven Wm.
Fowkes] Appropriately billed as The book the FDA
& DEA dont want you to read! Buy extra copies and
send them to your state and federal representatives.
Deegan, John F. & Leonard Cook (1958) Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 122:
17A. A study of the anti-mescaline property of a
series of CNS active agents in mice. (Abstract of
paper from American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics. Abel Centennial Meeting,
Baltimore, Maryland, Sept. 4-7, 1957.)
Deimel, Calus (1980) Tarahumara. Syndikat: Frankfurt.
Deimel, Calus (1985) Schreibheft 25: 155-163. Die
Peyoteheilung der Tarahumara.
Deimel, Calus (1986) Der Heilsame Rausch. pp. 86-
87 in Geo Special #2 Mexico
Deimel, Calus (1996) hikuri ba Peyoteriten der
Tarahumara. Niederschsisches Landesmuseum
(Ansichten der Ethnologie 1): Hannover.
De Jongh, H.H. (1945) Experimental Catatonia.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co.
DeKorne, Jim (1994) Psychedelic Shamanism
Loompanics.
DeKorne, Jim (1996) Ayahuasca Analgos and Plant-
based Tryptamines (The Best of the Etheogen Review,
1992-1996) 58 pages. The Entheogen Review, El Rito,
NM
Delay, Jean & H.P. Gerard (1948) LEncphale et
lHygine Mentale, Paris 37 (7): 196-235,
Lintoxication mescalinique exprimentale.
[Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII. (1949) Vol.
2, No. 8; entry #2491.]
Delay, Jean & H.P. Gerard (1950) Clin. des Maladies
Mentales et de lEncphale Hp. Sainte-Anne,
Paris. 39 (1): 55-63, with 1 illustration; Les Illusions
de la mescaline. [Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section
VIII (1951) Vol. 4, No. 2: Entry #732.]
Delay, Jean & Jean Thuillier (1956) Comptes Rendus
Hebdomaires des Sances de LAcadmie des
Sciences 242 (26): 3138-3140. Potentialisation de la
5-hydroxytryptamine (srotonine) par des molcules
psychotoniques drives de la phnylthylamine.
Delay, J. et al. (1949) Annales mdico-psychologiques
2: 427-429. Les nouvelles chimothrapies de
lalcoolisme. [J. Delay, P. Pichot and J. Thuillier]
Delay, J. et al. (1949) Presse Mdicale 57: 1210-1211.
Illusions et hallucinations de la mescaline. [J. Delay,
H.P. Gerard and D. Hallaix] [DELAY et al. 1950 lists
Delay & Gerard (1949) Presse Mdicale 81: 1-210.]
Delay, J. et al. (1950) Comptes Rendus des sances de
la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales. 144 (3-4): 163.
Toxicit aigu du sulfate de mescaline et antidotisme
du succinate de sodium. [Jean Delay, H.P. Gerard
and Jean Thuillier]
Delay, J. et al. (1951) Clin. des Maladies Mentales et de
lEncphale Hp. Sainte-Anne, Paris. 40 (1): 1-10,
Les synthesthsies dans lintoxication mescalinique.
[Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII. (1951) Vol.
4, No. 10; entry # 3852.]
Delay, J. et al. (1951) Encphale 40: 1-10. Les
synesthsies dans lintoxication mescalinique. [J.
Delay, H.P. Gerard, and P.C. Racamier]
Delay, J. et al. (1956) Comptes Rendus des sances de
la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 150: 512-513.
Antagonisme de la mescaline et de la
chloropromazine. [J. Delay, P. Deniker, M. Ropert
and J. Thuillier]
Delgado Pang, Hildegard (1992) Pre-Columbian Art.
Delphant, J. & M. Lanza (1960) Journal de Physiologie
(Paris) 52 (1): 70-71. Action comparative de la
mescaline, du L.S.D. 25 et de la yagine sur la
temprature centrale du Rat.
De Melo, A.C. et al. (1973) Cincia e Cultura 25 (7):
644-647. Cross-tolerance studies among nutmeg
compounds, (-) 9 Trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and
mescaline. [A. Cesrio De Melo, E.A. Carlini and
Jack Peter Green]
Denber, Herman C.B. (1955) Psychiatric Quarterly 29:
433-438. Studies on mescaline III Action in
epileptics: Clinical observations and effects on brain
wave patterns.
 SC3: References
Denber, Herman C.B. (1956) Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease 124: 74-77. Studies on mescaline,
VII. The role of anxiety in the mescaline-induced state
and its influence on the therapeutic result.
Denber, Herman C.B. (1957) Drug-Induced States
resembling Naturally Occurring Psychoses. pp. 26-
35 in GARATTINI & GHETTI
Denber, Herman C.B. (1958) p. 120 in Max Rinkel &
H.C.B. Denber (eds.) Chemical Concepts of
Psychoses. McDowell-Obolonsky, NY
Denber, Herman C.B. (1959) Studies on Mescaline IX:
Comparative action of various drugs on the mescaline-
induced state. in J. Masserman (ed.) Biological
Psychiatry. Grune and Stratton [from Denber et al.
(1962)]
Denber, Herman C.B. (1961) Psychiatric Quarterly 35:
18-48. Studies on mescaline, XI. Biochemical
findings during the mescaline-induced state, with
observations on the blocking action of different
psychotropic drugs.
Denber, Herman C.B. (1964) Rivista Neurobiologica 10:
1157-1168. [Suppl.] Studies with mescaline.
Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1954)
Psychiatric Quarterly 28: 635-640. A note on some
therapeutic implications of the mescaline induced
state.
Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1955)a Journal
of Nervous and Mental Disease 122 (5): 463-469.
Studies on Mescaline, VI. Therapeutic Aspects of
the Mescaline-Chlorpromazine Combination.
Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1955)b [or
1956a] Psychiatric Quarterly 29: 421-429. Studies
on mescaline I: Action in schizophrenic patients
[before and after electroconvulsive treatment].
Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1956)b
Studies on mescaline IV: Antagonism between
mescaline and chlorpromazine. in Nathan S. Kline
(ed.) Psychopharmacology. American Association for
the Advancement of Science, Publ. No. 42.
Washington, DC.
Denber, Herman C.B. & Max Rinkel (eds.) (1957)
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 125 (3): 423-
451. Psychodynamic and Therapeutic Aspects of
Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. Round
Table.
Denber, Herman C.B. & David N. Teller (1968)
Agressologie (England) 9 (1): 127-136. Mescaline.
XVIII. Effect of Phenothiazines, amphetamine, and
amobarbital sodium on uptake into brain and viscera.
[from (1968) CA 68: 113189r]
Denber, Herman C.B. & David N. Teller (1969)
Pharmacologist 11: 291.
Denber, Herman C.B. et al. (1954) Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disease 120 (1): p. 87. Studies on
mescaline: its action on the clinical and brainwave
patterns of schizophrenics. [Abstract of paper
presented to the NewYork Neurological Society and
NewYork Academy of Medicine, Section on
Neurology and Psychiatry. Dec. 8, 1953.] [Herman
C.B. Denber, Sidney Merlis and Wallace Hunter]
Denber, Herman C.B. et al. (1962) Annals of the New
York Academy of Science 96 (1): 14-36. Studies on
mescaline. XIII. The effect of prior administration of
various psychotropic drugs on different biochemical
parameters: a preliminary report. [Herman C.B.
Denber, David N. Teller, Paul Rajotte and Dorothy
Kaufman]
Deniker, Pierre (1957) Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease. 125 (3): 427-431. Biological changes in
man following intravenous administration of
mescaline.
De Nito, G. (1934) Rassegna di Terapia e Patologia
Clinica 6 (10): 577-594. Richerche tossicologiche e
farmacologiche sulla mescalina. [See also in CA
(1937) 31: 39944]
De Nito, G. (1935) Berichte ber die gesamte
Physiologie und experimentelle Pharmacologie. 84: p.
511. [Toxicology and Pharmacology of Mescaline.]
[Abstract of DE NITO 1934]
Densmore, Frances (nd) Winnebago Songs. (US Bureau
of American Ethnology, Manuscript no. 1971)
Densmore, Frances (1932) Winnebago Songs of the
Peyote Ceremony. (US Bureau of American
Ethnology, Manuscript 3261).
Densmore, Frances (1936) Southwest Museum Papers
(Los Angeles) 10: 15-23, 82-93. Cheyenne and
Arapahoe Music.
Densmore, Frances (1938) American Anthropologist 40:
175-177. The influence of hymns on the form of
Indian songs.
Densmore, Frances (1941) American Anthropologist 43:
77-82. Native songs of two hybrid ceremonies
among the American Indians.
Densmore, Frances (nd) Winnebago Songs. (Bureau of
American Ethnology, Manuscript 1971. nd).
Der Marderosian, Ara (1966) American Journal of
Pharmacy 138: 204-212. Current Status of
Hallucinogens in the Cactaceae.
De Salva, S. & R. Evans (1960) Arch. int.
Pharmacodyn. 125: 348. [From PATEL 1968]
De Silva; See under SILVA.
DeSmet, Peter A.G.M. (1996) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 50: 141-146. Some
ethnopharmacological notes on African
hallucinogens.
DeSmet, A.G.M. Peter (1999) Herbs, Health, Healers.
Africa as Ethnopharmacological Treasury. Afrika
Museum; Berg en Dal, Netherlands. ISBN 90-71611-
09-4. 180 pages
Desoille, H. (1938) Revue doto-neuro ophtalmogie 16:
136-138. Remarque sur le mode de formation des
hallucinations provoques par le peyotl (expriences
personelles).
Dessi, Pietro (1950) Farmaco Scienze e Technica 5: 32-
38. Sul dossagio fotometrico della mescalina e
simpanina col reattivo di Richter.
Dessi, Pietro & C. Rizzoli (1948) Bolletino. Societe
Italiano di Biologia Sperimentale 24: 1250-1254. Sul
dosaggio della 3:4:5:trimetossifenilethamina in
soluzioni acquose nellurina e nel sangue. [Testing
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine in aqueous
solutions, urine and blood.]
Dessi, Pietro & Tullio Franco (1949) Bolletino. Societe
Italiano di Biologia Sperimentale 25: 1368-1370.
Applicazione della reazione di Beyer e Skinner al
dosaggio fotometrico della mescalina e dellistamina.
1) Curve dassorbimento nel visible.
[Application of the Beyer and Skinner reaction to
photometric determination of mescaline and
histamine.]
Dessi, Pietro & Giuseppe Lab (1950) La Ricerca
Scientifica 20 (12): 1831-1842. Contributo allo
studio farmacologico delle interazioni dellaneurina
con alcuni farmaci del sistema neurovegetativo.
Deulofeu, Venancio (1973) Cincia e Cultura 25 (7):
649-659 Distribution of indolethylamines and -
carbolines in plants.
Devereux, Paul (1997) The Long Trip: A Prehistory of
Psychedelia. Penguin/ Arkana ISBN 0-14-019540-8.
298 pages.
DeVries, J.X. et al. (1971) Revista Latinoamericana de
Quimica 2 (1): 21-23 Alcaloides de cactos del
Uruguay [Juan X. DeVries, Patrick Moyna, Victor
Diaz, Stig Agurell and Jan G. Bruhn] [Have not seen.
First three issues missing from our copy.] [From
SHULGIN & also 1971 CA 75: 31357z]
Daz, Jos Luis (1977) Annual Review of
Pharmacology and Toxicology 17: 647-675.
Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Hallucinogenic Plants
Used by the Indians of Mexican.
Daz, Jos Luis (1979) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs.
11 (1-2): 71-101. Ethnopharmacology and
Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants.
Diaz, P.M. et al. (1968) Factors modulating brain
serotonin turnover. p. 6 in: Advances in
Pharmacology. Part B. Academic Press. [P.M. Diaz,
S.H. Ngai and E. Costa.]
Dickson, Darylene (1978) Head 59-61 High Profile:
The San Pedro Mescaline Cactus (Mistook T.
bridgesii for T. pachanoi)
Diguet, Leon (1907) Journal de la Socit des
Americanistes de Paris 4 (1): 21-29. Le peyote et
son usage rituel chez les Indiens du Nayarit.
Dishotsky, N.I. et al. (1971) Science 172: 431. LSD
and genetic damage. (N.I. Dishotsky, W.D.
Loughman, R.E. Mogar & W.R. Lipscomb) Does not
cause damage:
Dittman, Allen T. & Harvey C. Moore (1957)
American Anthropologist 59: 642-649. Disturbance
in Dreams as Related to Peyotism among the
Navajo.
Divry, P. & H. Evard (1935) Psychiatr. Bl. 39: 58-64
[CA (1937) 31: 80252.] also (1935) Ber. ges. Physiol.
exptl. Pharmakol. 88: 156. [Antagonists to
bulbocarpine.]
Dixon, W.E. & Edmund White (1898) British Medical
Journal 2: 1060-1061. A Preliminary Note on the
Pharmacology of the Alkaloids Derived from the
Mescal Plant.
Dixon, W.E. (1899-1900) Journal of Physiology 25: 69-
86. The Physiological Action of the Alkaloids
Derived from Anhalonium Lewinii.
Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)c Journal of the American
Chemical Society 76 (12): 3215-3217. Alkaloid
studies. III. Isolation of Pilocereine and Anhalonidine
from four cactus species. (Carl Djerassi, C.R. Smith,
S.P. Marfey, R.N. McDonald. A.J. Lemin, S.K. Figdor
and H. Estrada)
Djerassi, C. et al. (1955)b Journal of the American
Chemical Society 77 (5): 1200-1203. Terpenoids. XI.
Investigation of Nine Cactus Species. Isolation of Two
New Triterpenes, Stellatogenin and Machaeric Acid
(Carl Djerassi, L.H. Liu, E. Farkas, A.E. Lippman, A.J.
Lemin, L.E. Geller, R.N. McDonald and B.J. Taylor)
Djerassi, C. et al. (1956)a Journal of the American
Chemical Society 78 (10): 2312-2315. Terpenoids.
XXII. Triterpenoids from Some Mexican and South
American Plants. (Carl Djerassi, S. Burnstein, H.
Estrada, J. Grossman, J. Herrn, A. Manjarrez and
S.C. Pakrashi)
Dobkin, Marlene (1968)a International Journal of Social
Psychiatry 15: 23-32. Folk Curing with a Psychedelic
Cactus in Northern Peru.
Dobkin, Marlene (1968)b Economic Botany 22 (2): 194-
199. Trichocereus pachanoi-A Mescaline Cactus
Used in Folk Healing in Peru.
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1969) Mesa Redonda de
Ciencias Prehistoricas y Anthropologias. Lima 1: 139-
149. Curandismo psicodlico en el Per: continuidad
y cambio.
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1973) Psychiatry:
Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress of Psychiatry.
Vol. 2. (Ramon de la Fuente & Maxwell N. Weisman
(eds.) (Mexico City) pp. 1187-1198. Peruvian
Hallucinogenic Folk Healing: An Overview.
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1977) Economic Botany 31
(2): 189-203. Plant Hallucinogens and the Religion of
the Mochica - An Ancient Peruvian People.
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1982) Journal of Psychoactive
Drugs 14 (1-2): 81-90. Plant Hallucinogens, Sexuality
and Shamanism in the Ceramic Art of Ancient Peru.
DOBKIN DE RIOS 1984 was the first edition of DOBKIN DE
RIOS 1990
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1986) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 15 (3): 297-304. Enigma of
Drug-Induced Altered States of Consciousness Among
the !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1990) Hallucinogens: Cross
Cultural Perspectives. Prism Press. ISBN 1-85327-
061-X. First published in 1984 by University of New
Mexico Press
Dobkin de Rios, Marlene & Mercedes Crdenas (1980)
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2 (3): 233-246. Plant
hallucinogens, shamanism and Nazca ceramics.
Doetsch, P.W. et al. (1980) Journal of Chromatography
189: 79-85. Cactus Alkaloids XL. Identification of
Mescaline and Other -Phenethylamines in Pereskia,
Pereskiopsis and Islaya by Use of Fluorescamine
Conjugates. (Paul W. Doetsch, John M. Cassady and
Jerry L. McLaughlin)
 SC3: References
Dogin (1976) Federal Register 41: 4015 Peyote
Doig, Federico Kauffmann (1979) Sexual Behavior in
Ancient Peru. [Kompaktos S.C.R.L. Lima] (from Can
1988)
Don, N.S. et al. (1998) Phytomedicine 5 (2): 87-96.
Effects of Ayahuasca on the human EEG. [Norm S.
Don, B.E. McDonough, G. Moura, C.A. Warren, K.
Kawanishi, H. Tomita, Y. Tachibana, M. Bhlke &
N.R. Farnsworth]
Donnan, Christopher B. (1976) Moche Art and
Iconography. UCLA Latin American Center. 146 pp.
Donnan, Christopher B. & Carol J. Mackey (1978)
Ancient Burial Patterns of the Moche Valley, Peru.
University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70329-5.
Dornan, S.S. (1927-1930) Bantu Studies 3: 185 (From
WATT 1967)
Dornow, Alfred & Gnther Petsch (1951) Archiv der
Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen
Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 284 (56) 4: 160-163.
Notiz Darstellung des -oxy -(3,4,5-trimethoxy-
phenyl)-thylamins (Oxymescalin), de Bis-[-
(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-thylamins (Dimezcalin)
und des -(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-thylamins
(Mezcalin).
Dornow, Alfred & Gnther Petsch (1952) Archiv der
Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen
Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 285: 323-326. ber
die Darstellung des Oxymezcalins und Mezcalins. 2.
Mitteilung.
Dorrance et al. (1975) Journal of the American Medical
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human chromosomes. [David L. Dorrance, Oscar
Janiger and Raymond L. Teplitz ]
Dowson, Thomas A. (1992) Rock Engravings of
Southern Africa. Witwaterstrand University Press:
Johannesburg.
DPFT News Drug Policy Forum of Rtexas, 888 W. Sam
Houston Pkwy. S., Suite 2248, Houston, TX 77042-
1909 (Monthly newsletter) Membership $25,
students $7 & newsletter subscription only is $5.
Dragendorff, George (1898) Die Heilpflanzen der
Verschiedenen Vlker und Zeiten. Ferdinand Enke,
Stuttgart. [Reprinted in 1967 by Werner Fritsch:
Mnchen (Munich).]
Dreiding, Andr S. (1961) The Betacyanins, A Class of
Red Pigments in the Centrospermae. p. 194[-?] in
W.D. Ollis (ed) Recent Developments in the Chemistry
of Natural Phenolic Compounds. [From MILLER et al.
1968 & WOHLPART & MABRY 1968]
Drill, V.A. (1954) Pharmacology in Medicine. Chapter
19; page 14. McGraw-Hill Book Co. [Said to quote
unpublished observations of WOODS et al. [From
FISCHER 1958 and KAPADIA & FAYEZ 1970]
Dronfield, Jeremy (1995)a Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 14 (3): 261-275.pp? Migraine, Light
and Hallucinogens: The Neurocognitive Basis of Irish
Megalithic Art.
Dronfield, Jeremy (1995)a Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 14 (3): 261-275. Migraine, Light and
Hallucinogens: The Neurocognitive Basis of Irish
Megalithic Art.
Drujan, B.D. et al. (1959) Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:
1153.
Duc, C. (1936) Bolletino di oculistica 15: 745-760.
Sintomi visivi nell intossicazione mescalina.
Duke, James A. (1985) CRC Handbook of Medicinal
Herbs. ISBN 0-8493-3630-9. [For folk uses of San
Pedros: citing J. A. Duke & K.K. Wain (1981)
Medicinal Plants of the World (Computer Index with
over 85,000 entries. 3 volumes; 1,654 pages)]
Durand, E. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacy &
Pharmacology 14: 562-566. Simple hypotensive and
hypertensive principles from some West Indian
medicinal plants. [E. Durand, E.V. Ellington, P.C.
Feng, L.J. Haynes, K.E. Magnus & N. Philip]
Durrum, L. (1950) Journal of the American Chemical
Society 72: 2943
Dustin, C. Burton (1962) Peyotism and New Mexico.
Eigenverlag: Albuquerque.
Dyumaev, K.M. & I.S. Belostotskaya (1962) Zhurnal
Obschei Khimii 32 (3): 2661-2663. [Also in (1962)
Journal of General Chemistry of USSR (English
translation) 32 (3): 2620-2622.] Synthesis of
trisubstituted phenethylamines by catalytic reduction
of -nitrostyrenes.
Earle, W. Hubert (1980) Cacti of the Southwest. Revised.
Easterlin, Malcolm (1941) Scribners Commentator 11:
77-82. Peyote Indian Problem #1.
Eger, Susan (with Peter R. Collings) (1978) Huichol
Womens Art. in Kathleen Berrin (ed.) Art of the
Huichol Indians. Harry N. Abrams: New York.
Eggli, Urs (1985) Bradleya 3 A Bibliography of
Succulent Plant Periodicals. Also; supplementary
material is at EGGLI et al. 1987 Bradleya 5: & 1989
Bradleya 7: [from http://www.cactus-mall.com/bcss/
period.html]
Eleusis: Piante e Composti Psicoattivi/ Journal of
Psychedelic Plants and Compounds. New Series 1998
onward (Giorgio Samorini; editor) A bargain at $50/
year for 2 issues: c/o Museo Civico di Roverto, Largo
S. Catarna, 43, 38068 Roverto (TN), Italy
eleusis@telestrion.it [Payments to Telestrion, via De
Amicis, 32, 40050 Dozza (BO), Italy)
Elgar, Frank (1963) The Rock Paintings of Tassili.
World Publishing: Cleveland.
Ellis, C.H. (1965) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 154:
26.
Ellis, Havelock (1897) The Lancet 75 (1): 1540-1542.
A Note on the Phenomeon of Mescal Intoxication.
Ellis, Havelock (1898) Annual Report of the
Smithsonian Institution 1898: 537-548. Mescal a
New Artificial Paradise.
Ellis, Havelock (1902) Popular Science Monthly 61: 52-
71. Mescal: A Study of a Divine Plant.
Ellis, Havelock (1971) Dynamische Psychiatrie 17-22.
Zum Phnomen der Meskalin-Intoxikation.
El-Moghazy et al. (1982) Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci. 23: 247
[A.M. El-Moghazy, S.M El-Sayyad, A.M, Abdel-
Baky, and E.Y. Bechait] (From SHULGIN 1996 and
SHULGIN & SHULGIN 1997)
Emboden, William (1972) Narcotic Plants. The
Macmillan Company, New York.
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Encyclopedia Brittanica; pp. 228-232: Pharmacological
cults.
Endo, K. (1952) Folio psychiatrica neurotica japonica
6: 104-113. Experimental Study of mescaline
intoxication on relation between clinical picture and
EEG in man.
Engelbrecht, J.A. (1936) The Korana. Cape Town.
[From HARGREAVES 1998]
Engelmann, George (1859) Report of the United States
and Mexican Boundary Survey 2: 1-78 Cactaceae of
the Boundary.
Engelmann, George (1852-1857) Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 259-314,
345-346. Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory
of the United States and Adjacent Regions.
Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized
Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) [Volumes
1-6 (1992-1997), edited by Jim DeKorne. Beginning
with Volume 7 (1998) onward: edited by David
Aardvark] ISSN 1066-1913. $25 per year (4 issues)
Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA
95819-0820.
Erdoes, Richard (1971) Crow Dogs Paradise. Songs of
the Sioux. [Album EKS-74091; includes album notes
and photos] Elektra: New York.
Erne, M. and Ramirez, F. (1950) Helvetica Chimica Acta
33: 912. ber die Reduktion von -Nitrostyrolen
mit Lithiumaluminumhydrid.
Erowid website [www.erowid.com] Excellent
information resource
Erspamer, V. et al. (1965) Experientia 21: 504. 5-
Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxy-Indolealkylamines in the
Skin of Bufo alvarius. [V. Erspamer, T. Vitali, M.
Roseghini and J.M. Cei]
Erspamer, V. et al. (1967) Biochemical Pharmacology 16
(7): 1149-1164. 5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxyindoles
in the Skin of Bufo alvarius. [V. Erspamer, T. Vitali,
M. Roseghini and J.M. Cei]
Evans, A. Don (1989) The Purpose and Meaning of
Peyote as a Sacred Material for Native Americans.
pp. 20-35 in George P. Horse Capture (ed.) The
Concept of Sacred Materials and Their Place in the
World. The Plains Indians Museum: Cody, Wyoming
Evans, C.S. et al.(1977) Phytochemistry 16: 565-570.
Free Amino Acids in the Seeds of Acacia Species.
[Christine S. Evans, M. Yasin Qureshi and E. Arthur
Bell.]
Evans, Philip (1979) National Cactus & Succulent
Journal 34 (1): 14-16. Hallucinogenic Cacti.
Excerpta Medica, VIII, Subsection 58, New York:
Excerpta Medica Foundation [Unable to locate; from
USDIN & EFRON]
Ey, H. & M. Rancoulle (1938) Encphale 33 ( pt. II): 1-
25. Hallucinations mescaliniques et troubles
psychosensoriels de lencphalite pidmique
chronique.
Fabing, Howard D. (1955) Science 121 (3137): 208-210.
New Blocking Agent against the Development of
LSD-25 Psychosis.
Falco, Federico & Sebastian Hilburg (1946/1947)
Revista. Facultad de Qumica Industrial y Agricola.
Universidad Nacional del Litoral (Santa F,
Argentina) 15/16 (26): 71-73 Investigation of
alkaloids in Opuntia cacti. [CA (1949) 43: 1530i-
1531a.]
Farmilo, Charles G. & Klaus Genest (1961) Alkaloids
and Related Bases: Identification. pp. 209-595 ,
(Chapter 7) in: C.P. Stewart & A. Stolman (eds.)
Toxicology. Mechanisms and Analytical Methods.
Volume II.
Favilli, M. & H. Heymann (1937) Rassegna di studi
psichiatrici 26: 191-212. Sullalcune modificazioni
psichiche da intossicazione mescalinica.
Feigen, George A. & Gordon A. Alles (1955) Journal of
Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology and
Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology. 16 (3):
167-178. Physiological Concomitants of mescaline
intoxication. A study of the effects upon normal
subjects tested with submaximal doses.
FERNANDEZ DISTEL, A. (1980) Estudios Arqueologicos.
(Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta) 5: 55-79.
Hallazgo de pipas en complejos preceramicos del
borde de la Puna Jujena (Republica Argentina) y el
empleo de alucingenos por parte de las mismas
culturas.
Fernandez Distel, Alicia (1984) Proceedings 44
International Congress of Americanists, BAR
International Series 194. Contemporary and
Archaeological Evidence of Llipta Elaboration from
the cactus Trichocereus pasacana in Northwest
Argentina.
Fernandez, V. (1890) Monografas mexicanas de
matria mdica 173-190. Anlysis qualitiva y
cuantitativa del mezcal.
Fernberger, Samuel W. (1923) American Journal of
Psychology 34: 267-270, 616. Observations on
Taking Peyote. (Anhalonium Lewinii)
Fernberger, Samuel W. (1932) Journal of Abnormal and
Social Psychology 26 (4): 367-378. Further
Observations on Peyote Intoxication.
Ferrigni & McLaughlin 1981; Unpublished results cited
in MATA & MCLAUGHLIN 1982. See FERRIGNI et al. 1982
Ferrigni et al. (1982) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5:
359-364. Cactus Alkaloids XLVIII. N,N-
Dimethylhistamine, A Hypotensive Component of
Echinocereus triglochidiatus (N.R. Ferrigni, D.E.
Nichols, J.L. McLaughlin and R.A. Bye)
Fester, Uncle (1991) Secrets of Methamphetamine
Manufacture Second edition (3rd edition is said to be
out but we have not seen it) Loompanics; Port
Townsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-070-0.
Fester, Uncle (1997) Practical LSD Manufacture
Revised and Expanded Second Edition. Loompanics;
Port Townsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-161-8.
Fester, Uncle (1998) Advanced Techniques of
Clandestine Psychedelic & Amphetamine
Maanufacture. Loompanics; Port Townsend, WA.
ISBN #1-55950-174-X.
 SC3: References
Festi, Francesco & Giorgio Samorini (1995) Eleusis 2:
28-34. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.BROWN in
PHILLIPS (Fico degli Ottentotto / Hottentots Fig).
Festi, Francesco and Giorgio Samorini (1994) (1996)
Actas. II Congreso Internacional para el Estudio de
los Estados Modificados de la Consciencia: celebrado
en Lleida (Espaa), el mes de octubre de 1994.
(Etnobotanica, farmacologia y Quimica). [Lectures. II
International Congress for the Study of the Modified
States of Consciousness held in Lleida (Spain), october
1994. (Ethnobotany, pharmacology and chemistry].
pp. 62-71. Ayahuasca-like effects obtained with
Italian Plants. Also available as reprint through
Rosetta with an additional 1 page charted
representation of Fabio Calligris HPLC analysis of
some European Phalaris species.
Fikes, Jay Courtney (1993) Carlos Castaneda,
Academic Opportunism, and the Psychedelic Sixties.
Millenia Press (Bookworld Series.) ISBN 0-9696960-
0-0. 313 pages.
Fischer, Roland (1946) Schweitzerische Zeitschrift fr
Psychologie 5: 308-313. Selbst-beobachtungen im
Mezkalinrausch.
Fischer, Roland (1953) Mschr. Psychiatr. Neurol. 126:
315. [from FISCHER 1958]
Fischer, Roland (1954) Journal of Mental Science 100
(420): 623-631. Factors Involved in Drug-Produced
Model Psychoses. [for pKb: citing private
communication from E. Rothlin]
Fischer, Roland (1955) Experientia 11(4): 162-163.
Possible Biosynthesis of D-lysergic Acid
Diethylamide-like Compounds from Mescaline. ]
Fischer, Roland (1958) Revue Canadienne de Biologie
17 (3): 389-409. Pharmacology and Metabolism of
Mescaline.
Fischer, Roland & Neil Agnew (1954)
Naturwissenschaften 41 (18): 431-432. On Drug-
produced Experimental Psychoses.
Fischer, Roland et al. (1951) Schweitzerische
medizinische Wochenschrift 81: 817-819, 837-840.
Psychophysische Korrelationen, VIII.
Modellversuchen zum Schizophrenieproblem,
Lysergsuredithylamid und Mezcalin. [Roland
Fischer, F. Georgi and R. Weber]
Fischer, R. et al. (1958) (in the literature) meant
PELLERIN et al. 1958
Flath, Robert A. & Juan M. Takahashi (1978) Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 26 (4): 835-837.
Volatile Constituents of Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-
indica Mill. de Castilla Variety).
Flattery, D. & J. Pierce (1965) (1992) Peyote
Foerster, E. (1930) Zeitschrift fr die gesamte
Neurologie und Psychiatrie 127 (1-2): 1-14. Selbst-
experiment im Mescalinrausch. [elsewhere given as
Selbstversuch mit Meskalin]
Frster, C.F. (1846) Handbuch der Cacteenkunde 285:
519. [Second edition was in 1885]
Frster (1861) Hamb. Gartenz 17: 164 [Cereus
lagenaeformis.] [From BRITTON & ROSE]
Forster, E. (1919) Zeitschrifte fr die gesamte
Neurologie und Psychiatrie 46 Selbstversuch mit
Meskalin.
Forte, Robert (1997) Entheogens and the Future of
Religion. Council on Spiritual Practices. ISBN 1-
889725-01-3
Frank, Gerhardt (1960) Kakteen und andere
Sukkulenten 11(11): 168-170. [as Toumeya
krainzianus]
Frank & Lau (1979) Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten
30(1):6-7.
Franke, G. (1934) Zeitschrift fr die gesamte
Neurologie und Psychiatrie 150: 427-433. Variierte
Serienversuche mit Meskalin.
Frederking, Walter (1953) Psyche (Stuttgart) 7: 342-
364. Ueber die Verwendung von Rauschdrogen
(Mescaline and Lysergsuredithylamid) in der
Psychotherapie.
Frederking, Walter (1954) Monatsspiegel 3: 5-57.
Meskalin in der Psychotherapie.
Frederking, Walter (1955) Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease 121 (3): 262-266. Intoxicant Drugs
(Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) in
Psychotherapy.
Freedman, Daniel X. & George K. Aghajanian (1959)
Federation Proceedings. Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology 18: 390.
Freedman, Daniel X. et al. (1958) Science 127: 1173-
1174. Patterns of Tolerance to Lysergic Acid
Diethylamide and Mescaline in Rats. [Daniel X.
Freedman, George K. Aghajanian, Edward M. Ornitz
and B.S. Rosner ]
Freedman, Daniel X. et al. (1970) Biochemical
Pharmacology 19: 1181-1188. Psychotomimetic
Drugs and Brain 5-Hydroxytryptamine Metabolism.
[Daniel X. Freedman, Richard Gottlieb abd Richard
A. Lovell]
Freise, F.W. (1935) Pharmazeutische Zentralhalle
Deutschlands 76: 704. Vorkommen von Koffein in
brasilianischen Heilpflanzen.
Fri, A.V. (1925) Kaktusov ploha, ivot v prod 8:
25-28. Rod Anhalonium Lem. [GRYM gives as pp
23-28]
Friedberg, Claudine (1959) Journal dAgriculture
Tropicale et de Botanique Appliques 6 (8-9): 439-
450. Rapport sommaire sur une mission au Prou.
some list as 6 (8-9):1 From numerous sources.
Friedberg, Claudine (1960) Sixth International
Congress of Anthropology and Ethnological Sciences
2 (2): 21-26. Utilisation dun cactus mescaline au
nord du Prou. From numerous sources. [also given
as (1964) Proceedings of the Sixth International
Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological
Sciences. II, part 2: 21-26.] From many sources.
Friedberg, Claudine (1965) Travaux de lInstitut
Franais dEtudes Andines 7: 65-94. Rapport sur
une mission au Perou: description du materiel recuelli,
Expos sommaire des recherches entreprises. (from
Dobkin de Rios (1990)
Friedberg, Claudine (1980) Med. Trav. 3 (9): 29-44.
Lo imaginario en las terapias populares. From
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Davis (1983) [We are thusfar unable to locate a journal
title with the abbreviation Med. Trav.] [Trav. Lab.
Mat. Med. Phar. Galen.?]
Friedhoff, Arnold J. & Menek Goldstein (1962) Annals
of the New York Academy of Science. 96 (1): 5-13.
New Developments in metabolism of mescaline and
related amines.
Friedhoff, Arnold J. & Leo H. Hollister (1966)
Biochemical Pharmacology 15 (3): 269-273.
Comparison of the Metabolism of 3,4-
Dimethoxyphenethylamine and Mescaline in
Humans.
Friedhoff, A.J. and E. Van Winkle (1962) Nature 194:
897. Isolation and characterization of a compound
from the urine of schizophrenics
Friedman, Milton & Thomas Szasz (1992) On Liberty
and Drugs.
Friedrich, Heimo (1974) IOS Bulletin 3(3): 79-93. Zur
Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Echinopsidinae
(Trichocereinae)
Friedrich, H. (1974)b Kakteen und andere Sukk. 25: 50,
80
Friedrich, H. & W. Glaetzle (1983) Bradleya 1: 91-104
Seed morphology as an aid to classifying the genus
Echinopsis Zucc.
Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 96.
[From MADSEN 1989] This is a simple name
assignment and nothing more.
Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 97.
[From MADSEN 1989] This is a simple name
assignment and nothing more.
Frigerio, Bianca Maria (1974-1975) Tesi Laurea in
Lettere Moderne, Universit degli Studi di Bologna.
Il peyote: sua importanza nel mondo indigeno
precolombiano e postcolombiano.
Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1930), German
Patent. 545,853 July 3, 1930; [CA (1932) 26: 3521.]
[Patent for -(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)--
aminoethane.]
Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1931) Austrian
Patent 125,694, July 15, 1931. [CA (1932) 26: 1302]
[Patent for mescaline]
Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1932) Chemisches
Zentralblatt 1-2: 2867. Darstellung von -(3,4,5-
Trimethoxyphenyl)--aminoethan.
Fujita, M. et al. (1972) Yakugaku Zasshi [J. Pharm. Soc.
Japan ] 92 (4): 482-489. On the Cactus-Alkaloids of
Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa (Kobuki-
ubadama). [Mitiiti Fujita, Hideji Itokawa, Junko
Inouse (ne Oka), Yoshimasa Nozu, Natsue Goto and
Kazuko Hasegawa]
Fung Pineda, Rose (1969) Ddalo 5 (9-10): 5-207. Las
Aldas: su ibicacin dentro del proceso historico del
Per antiguo.
Furst, Peter T. (1965) Antropolgica 15: 29-80. West
Mexican Tomb Art as Evidence for Shamanism in
Prehispanic Mesoamerica.Furst, Peter T. (1972)
Symbolism and psychopharmacology: The toad as
earth mother in Indian America. pp. 61-68 in: XII
Mesa Redonda Religin en Mesoamrica Sociedad
Mexicana de Antropologa: Mexico
Furst, Peter T. (1969) Verhandlungen des XXXVIII.
Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses. 2: 385-399.
A Possible Symbolic Manifestation of Funerary
Endo-Cannibalism in Mexico.
Furst, Peter T. (1981) Peyote und die Huichol-
Indianer in Mexico pp. 468-475 in G. Vlger (Ed.)
Rausch und Realitt Volume 2. Rautenstrauch-Joest-
Museum: Kln.
Furst, Peter T. (1994) Introduction: An Overview of
Shamanism in Gary Seaman & Jane S. Day (eds.)
Ancient Traditions: Shamanism in Central Asia and
the Americas. University of Colorado Press: Niwot,
Colorado.
Furst, Peter T. (Ed.) (1972) Flesh of the Gods. The
Ritual Use of Hallucinogens Praeger, New York.
[Revised 1990 Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-477-
4.]
Furst, Peter T. & M. Anguino (1977) To Fly as Birds:
Myth and Ritual as Agents of Enculturation Among
Huichol Indians of Mexico. pp 95-181 in Wilbert
(ed.) Enculturation in Latin America: An Anthology.
UCLA Latin American Center Publications: Los
Angeles.
Furst, Peter T. & Salomn Nahmed (1972) Mitos y arte
huicholes. SepSetentas: Mexico.
Gairaud, Catherine B. & Gerald R. Lappin (1953)
Journal of Organic Chemistry 18: 1-3. The
Synthesis of -Nitrostyrenes.
Ganders, Fred R. (1975) Cactus & Succulent Journal
(US) 47: 155-156. The Identity of Echinocactus
rapa.
Garattini, S. & V. Ghetti (eds.) (1957) Psychotropic
Drugs. Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Psychotropic Drugs, Milan
Garca, Jorge (1760) Manual para administrar los
santos: Sacramentos, etc. Mexico City.
Garca, Jorge Meyrn (1973) Guia Botanica de
Cactaceas y otras Suculentas del Valle de Tehuacn.
(Sociedad Mexicana de Cactologa.) An amazing book
with a wealth of color photos. Excellent seed and
propagation tips.
Gardenerville Record-Courier (Nevada) (1938) 21
October. Washoe Indians Are Still Using a Drug
Known as Peodi.
Gartz, Jochen (1995) Integration 6: 45. Ein frher
Versuch der Kommerzialisierung von Peyotl in
Deutschland.
Gasparic, Jiri & Jaroslav Churacek (1978) Laboratory
Handbook of Paper and Thin-Layer
Chromatography
Geber, William F. (1967) Science 158: 265-266.
Congenital Malformations Induced by Mescaline,
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Bromolysergic Acid
in the Hamster.
Geber, William F. (1969) Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Biology and Medicine 130 (4): 1168-
1170. Comparative Teratogenicity of Isoproteronol
and Trypan Blue in the Fetal Hamster.
 SC3: References
Geesink, A. & W.A. den Hartog Jager (1939) Archives
nerlandaises de physiologie 24: 79-82. Influence de
la mescaline (trimthoxy--phnyl-thylamine) et de a
dimthoxy--phnyl-thylamine sur la tension
artrielle. [CA (1939) 33: 79012.]
Gelfand, M. et al. (1985) The Traditional medical
practitioner in Zimbabwe. His principles of practice
and pharmacopoeia. (page 108) Mambo Press:
Gweru. [M. Gelfand, S. Mavi, R.B. Drummond & B.
Ndemera] [From DESMET 1996]
Gellhorn, E. (1953) Physiological Foundations of
Neurology and Psychiatry. University of Minnesota
Press 1953
Genest, Klaus & D.W. Hughes (1968) Analyst 93
(1109): 485-489. Chromatographic Methods for the
Identification of the New Hallucinogen, 4-Methyl-
2,5-dimethoxy--methylphenethylamine, and Related
Drugs.
Gennaro, M.C. et al. (1996) Analytical Letters 29(13):
2399-2409. Determination of Mescaline in
Hallucinogenic Cactaceae by Ion-Interaction HPLC.
(M.C. Gennaro, E. Gioannini, D. Giacosa & D.
Siccardi)
Georgi, F. et al. (1949)a Schweitzerische medizinische
Wochenschrift 79: 121-123. Psychophysische
Korrelationen, 6. Modellversuche zum
Schizophrenieproblem, Mescalinintoxikose und
Leberfunktion. [F. Georgi, R. Fischer and R. Weber]
[see also (1949)b Excerpta Medica, sect. 8, 2: 951.]
Gerber, Peter (1980) Die Peyote-Religion.
Vlkerkundemuseum der Universitt: Zurich.
Geyer, M.A. et al. (1978) Journal of Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics 207: 837-847. The
effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline
derived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function:
tactile startle. [M.A. Geyer, L.R. Peterson, G.L.
Rose, D.D. Horwitt, R.K. Light, L.M. Adams, J.A.
Zook, R.L. Hawkins and A.J. Mandell]
Ghosal, S. & R.S. Srivastava (1973)a Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 62 (9): 1555-1558.
Chemical Investigation of Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.)
Desv.: -Phenethylamines and
Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids
Ghosal et al. (1974) Planta Medica 26 (4): 318-326.
The active principles of Alhagi pseudalhagi: -
phenethylamine and tetrahydroisoquinoline bases (S.
Ghosal, R.S. Srivastava, S.K. Bhattacharya and P.K.
Debnath)
Giarman, Nicholas J. & Daniel X. Freedman (1965)
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Gibson, Arthur C. & Park S. Nobel (1986) The Cactus
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Giese, Claudius Cristobal (1989)b Curanderos:
Traditionelle Heiler in Nord-Peru (Kste und
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[From RTSCH 1998]
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Hallucinogens.
Gillin, John (1945) Moche: A Peruvian Coastal
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Glass, Charles & Robert Foster (1977) Cactus &
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Revision of the Genus Turbinicarpus (Backbg.)
Buxb. & Backbg.
Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (1998) The Gift of Life. Female
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Goldstein, M. et al. (1961) Journal of Neurochemistry
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Gorman, Peter (1995) The Best of High Times. (Best
of #17) The Psychedelics Issue. 74-78. Divine
Smoke and Gods Flesh. Psychedelics and religion.
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Cacti Twentieth Century Alchemist. 85 pages. ISBN
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Gottlieb, A. (1998) Peyotlevye Kaktusy
Grace, G.S. (1934) Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics 50: 359-372. The
Action of Mescaline and Some Related
Compounds.
Gracie & Zarkov (1984; rev. 1985) Notes from the
underground. A series of groundbreaking papers
which can be found many places including: http://
www.hyperreal.org/psychedelics/
gracie.n.zarkov.html & http://www.deoxy.org/
gz.html
Grant, Campbell (1965) The Rock Paintings of the
Chumash. A Study of a California Indian Culture.
University of California Press: Berkeley and Los
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Grant, Mary Lee (2000) Ft. Worth Star Telegram 23
January Peyote thrives in South Texas
Greenblatt, E.N. and Osterberg, A.C. (1961) Journal
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
131: 115-130. Correlations of Activating and
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Lethal Effects of Excitatory Drugs in Grouped and
Isolated Mice.
Greig, Margaret E. & Anna J. Gibbons (1959) American
Journal of Physiology. 196: 803-806. Effect of
various psychotomimetic drugs on rate of appearance
of carbon-14 in the brains of mice after administration
of C14 glucose. [should be written 14C.]
Gribel, N.V. & V.G. Pashinski (1986) Vopr Onkol 32
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Aloe juice.
Grinspoon, Lester & James Bakalar (eds.) (1997)
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Grym, Rudolph (1997) Rod/ Die Gattung
Lophophora Vydavatelstvo Roman Stanik,
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with B&W and color photos] ISBN 80-900033-9-6.
[Features a chemical summary by Roman Starha pp.
85-90.]
Guerra, Francisco (1967) British Journal of Addictions
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Early Ethnobotanical Sources on Hallucinogenic
Drugs.
Guillarmot, J. (1897) Thse Doct. Md., Lausanne. La
Pellotine chez les alines.
Gundidza, M. (1985) Central African Journal of
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some Zimbabwean medicinal plants. [From DESMET
1996]
Gundidza, M. (1986) Planta Medica 558. Insecticidal
activity of Monadenium lugardae. [From DESMET
1996]
Gundidza, M. (1990) Fitoterapia 61: 442-444. Action
of Monadenium lugardiae latex on guinea-pig ileum.
[From DESMET 1996]
Gundidza, M. (1991) Central African Journal of
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from Monadenium lugardiae on contractile activity of
guinea-pig ileum. [From DESMET 1996]
Gusinde, Martin (1939) Der Peyote-Kult: Entsehung
und Verbreitung.
Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos (1950) Amrica Indgena 10
(3): 215-220. rea de mescalinismo en el Peru.
Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Snchez
(1947) Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatra 10 (4): 422-468 .
Alteraciones mentales producidas por la Opuntia
cylindrica.
Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Snchez
(1948)a Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatra 11 (2): 155-170.
Psicosis experimental producida por Opuntia
cylindrica.
Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Snchez
(1948)b Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatra 11 (3): 390-
401. El test de Rorschach en la intoxicacin
producida por Opuntia cylindrica.
Gutirrez-Noriega, C. et al. (1951) Revista de Neuro-
psiquiatria 14(3): 427-441. Estudio psicopatolgico
y experimental de un caso en que se ha aplicado el
alcaloide de la Opuntia Cylindrica. (C. Gutirrez-
Noriega, G. Cruz Snchez & L.A. Guerro)
Guttman, E. & W.S. Maclay (1936) Journal of
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Mescaline and depersonalization: therapeutic
experiments.
Guttman, Erich (1921) Journal of Mental Science 82: 1-
19 Artificial psychoses produced by mescaline.
Guttman, E. (1921) Berliner klinische Wochenschrift 68:
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Haagen-Smit, A.J. & M. Olivier, private communication
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Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)a Kaktusy 10: 1, 2, 3, 4,
12-14, 28-33, 65-67, 81-83. Alkaloidy kaktusu1.
From Starhas cactus alkaloid summary.
Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)b Kaktusy 10: 123-127.
[Lophophora fricii Habermann species nova.] From
ANDERSON 1980
Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)a Cactus & Succulent
Journal (US) 47: 157-160; Two Red Flowering
Species of Lophophora.
Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)b Kaktusy 11: 3-6, 24.
Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann species nova.
Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)c Kaktusy 54-57, 80-82
Rod Lophophora Coulter. [From GRYM]
Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzesk Lkask
Sbornk 44: 17-21. Pispvek ke studiu
halucinogennho inku peyotlu. From Starha
,)5 s cactus alkaloid summary
Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzesk Lkask
Sbornk 44: 17-22, 144. [A Contribution to the
Study of the Hallucinogenic Effect of Peyote
(Lophophora Coulter).] From ANDERSON 1980
Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)a Biochimia (SSSR) 43:
246-251. Stanoveni meskalinu pellotinu v r. rodu
Lophophora. From Starhas cactus alkaloid summary
Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzesk Lkask
Sbornk 46: 95-102. Oscilografick polarografie
meskalinu, pellotinu a n ,)5 kterch
strukturn ,)5 blzkch alkaloid rostlin rodu
Lophophora. From STARHAs cactus alkaloid
summary [GRYM 1997 gives as p. 94]
Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzensk Lkarsk
Sbornk 46: 95-102. Oscilografick polarografie
meskalinu, pellotinu a nekterch strukturne blzkch
alkaloidu rostlin rodu Lophophora.2 From Starhas
cactus alkaloid summary [GRYM 1997 gives as p. 94]
Habermann, Vlastimil (1979) Plzesk Lkask
Sbornk 47: 61-63. Oscilografick polarografie
n kterch tetrahydroisochinolinovch alk. rostlin
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summary
Hadek, J. et al. (1955) Chemicke Listy. 49: 271-272.
Pispvek k syntze meskalinu. [Synthesis of
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Hahn, George (1934) Berichte der Deutschen
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des Mescalins. (Entgegnung auf die Berichtigung
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Hatfield, G.M. et al. (1977) Lloydia 40 (4): 374-383.
Halstead, W.C. et al. (1942)a Journal of
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Hayes, Alden (1940) New Mexico Anthropologist 4 (2):
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Halstead, W.C. et al. (1942)b Journal of
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hallucinogens.
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Hebbard, Frederick W. & Roland Fischer (1966)
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Effects of Psilocybin, LSD and Mescaline on small
Hardman, H.F. et al. (1973) Toxicology and Applied
involuntary eye movements. [Experienced users
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might find their graphic presentations intriguing.]
Structure of Mescaline and Seven Analogs to Toxicity
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17.
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impiegate nella preparazione del Khadi (Sud Africa).
Mescaline.]
Plants used to make Khadi (South Africa)
Heffter, Arthur (1896)b Therapeutische Monatshefte 10:
Harner, Michael (1980) Way of the Shaman: A guide to
327-328. Ueber Pellotin
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Heffter, Arthur (1896)c Apotheker Zeitung11: 746.
Beitrge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Cactaceen.
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385-429. Ueber Pellote. Beitrage zur chemischen und
pharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen. II.
Mittheilung.
Heffter, Arthur (1898)b Berichte der Deutschen
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Cacteenalkalode III. Mitteilung.
Heffter, Arthur (1898)c Berichte der Deutschen
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Cacteenalkalode. (III. Mittheilung.) [Pellotine,
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Heffter, Arthur (1901) Berichte der Deutschen
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Hennings, Paul (1888) Gartenflora 37: 410, [Ill.?] 92-
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Hennings, Paul (1888) Gartenflora 37: 410-412. Eine
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RTSCH]
Henry, Thomas Anderson (1949) The Plant Alkaloids.
Fourth Edition (Second Edition was 1924)
Herbert, Richard B. & Abdullah E. Kattah (1990)
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Hernandez, Francisco (1900) Historia, 1577.
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Hernandez, Francisco (1900) Anales del Instituto Mdico
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Herre, H. (1971) The Genera of the
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Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)a Revista de la
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Echinopsis eyriesii (TURPIN) ZUCC [1930 CA 24:
4077]
Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)b Revista de la
Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacional
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Gymnocalycium gibbosum (Haw.) Pfeiff. [1930 CA
24: 4077]
Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1931) Revista Farmaceutica
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reaccines microqumicas de la mezcalina.
Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1932)a Revista
Farmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 251-261. Datos
quimicos sobre el Gymnocalycium multiflorum
(Hook.) Britton and Rose.
Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1932)b Revista
Farmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 375-381. Datos
quimicos sobre Trichocereus sp. aff. T. Terschecki.
Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1943) Microchemical Notes
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100 pages of microphotographs. Preparation of
reagents and microchemical reactions for a variety of
compounds including mescaline. In Spanish. [From
(1944) CA 38: 16077.] LaBarre lists a publication
(undated) by this author titled; Notas
Microquimicas sobre Doping, Buenos Aires, 267
pp.
Hewitt, Terry (1993)(1997) The Complete Book of
Cactus & Succulents. 176 pages. Dorling Kindersley
Ltd., London. ISBN 0-7894-1657-3. Beautifully
illustrated book but hardly complete in any sense
of the word.
Heym et al. (1984) European Journal of Pharmacology.
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are mediated by a postsynaptic serotonergic action:
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Himwich, Harold E. (1956) in Cholden (ed.)
Proceedings of the Round Table on lysergic acid
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Psychopharmacologic drugs.
Hirao, Hiroshi (1979) Color Encylopaedia of Cacti.
Seibundo Shinkosha Publ. Co. Ltd. An awesome
assemblage of color photos on almost every page,
many with flowers, numerous crested specimens and
odd Astrophytums we have seen nowhere else.
Despite the text being entirely in Japanese this
 SC3: References
incredible book belongs in the library of any
cactophile.
Hirsch, K.S. & H. Ira Fritz (1974) Teratology. A Journal
of Abnormal Development 9 (3): A-19 A-20. A
comparison of mescaline with epinephrine and nor-
epinephrine in the hamster.
Ho et al. (1970) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 13 (1):
26-30. Analogs of -Methylphenethylamine
(Amphetamine). I. Synthesis and Pharmacological
Activity of Some Methoxy and/or Methyl Analogs.
[Beng T. Ho, William M. McIsaac, Rong An, L.
Wayne Tansy, K.E. Walker, Leo F. Englert, Jr. and
Michael B. Noel.]
Hobschette, A. (1929) Les Cactaces Mdicinales.
Gaston Doin & Cie., Paris.
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607-611. Experimentally produced psychoses.
[Ibidem 108 (1952) 579.]
Hoch, P.H. (1955) American Journal of Psychiatry. 111
(10): 787-790. Experimental psychiatry.
Hoch, P.H. et al. (1952)a American Journal of
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lysergic acid (d-LSD-25) [P.H. Hoch, J.P. Cattell, and
H.H. Pennes]
Hoch, P.H. et al. (1952)b American Journal of
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considerations from a psychological viewpoint. [P.H.
Hoch, J.P. Cattell, and H.H. Pennes]
Hoebel, E. Adamson (1950) Western Humanities Review
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Vision Experience.
Hoffer, Abram & Humphrey Osmond (1967) The
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Hoffer, Abram et al. (1954) Journal of Mental Science
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II. Result of a years research. [Abram Hoffer,
Humphrey Osmond and John Smythies]
Hoffmann, Inge (1984) Cactus & Succulent Journal
(US) 56 (2): 57-59. Argentina: Cactus Hunters
Paradise, Part II.
Hofmann, Albert (1961) Journal of Experimental
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Holden, W.C. (1937) Bulletin of the Texas Archeological
and Paleontological Society 9: 48-73. Excavation of
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Holdstock, T.M. & H.M. Stevens (1975) Forensic Sci.
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Holgun, D. Gonzalez (1989) Vocabulario de la lengua
general de todo el Peru llamada lengua quichua o del
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de San Marcos: Lima
Hollister, Leo E. (1962) Annals of the New York
Academy of the Sciences 96: 80-88. Drug-induced
psychoses and schizophrenic reactions: a critical
comparison.
Hollister, Leo E. (1969) Journal of Clinical
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Moods: Correlations in Schizophrenics and Subjects
Treated With Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD),
Mescaline, Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Synhexyl.
Hollister, Leo E. & Alan M. Hartman (1962)
Comprehensive Psychiatry 3 (4): 235-241.
Mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin: comparison of
clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and
biochemical measures.
Hollister, Leo E. & Arnold J. Friedhoff (1966) Nature
210: 1377-1378. Effects of 3,4-
Dimethoxyphenethylamine in man [Observed no
effects. Used both mescaline and placebo for
controls.]
Holmes, E.M. (1921) Journal of the American Medical
Association 10 (2): 103-105, Mexican Herbs and
Drugs.
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[From ANDERSON 1980]
Hopf, A. and Eckert, H. (1969) Psychopharmacologia
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Distribution of Psychoactive Drugs in the Rat Brain.
III. 14C-Psilocin.
Hori, K. (1937) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 41:
13. Ueber experimentelle Mescalinvergiftung:
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Limb tremors produced in rats by intrastriatal
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Marini-Bettlo, G.B. & Juan A. Coch Frugoni (1958)a
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Marini-Bettlo, G.B. & Juan A. Coch Frugoni (1958)b
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McLeary, J.A., in the literature, is a typo referring to
McCleary
Mellen, Chase, III (1963) The Harvard Review 1 (4):
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Merriam, Alan P. & DAzevedo, Warren L. (1957)
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Musacchio, Jos M. & Menek Goldstein (1967)
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Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1975) Peyote and Huichol
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Neal, J.M. et al. (1972) Science 176: 1131-1133.
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song texts.
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physio-pathological study of space-perception, with
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Newcomb, William W. (Bill) Jr. (1980) Indians of Texas.
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292-78425-2 (paper). First edition was in 1961.
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Phenethylamines.
NIELSEN, John & Roxane, owners Prescott Brewing
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Methyldihydrojoubertiamine, Two Minor Alkaloids
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[Arnold Nordal, Jrgen Gether & Guri Haustveit]
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57A. Effects of Hallucinogens on Spontaneous
Behavior Patterns of Animals. [Abstract of paper
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Experimental Therapeutics. Abel Centennial Meeting,
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that mescaline increased excitement and hostility.]
Noteboom, L. (1932) Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor
Geneeskunde 76 (1): 517-518 / 76 (2): 2860-2862.
[CA (1933) 27: 1399.] [Experimental catatonia by
means of synthetic derivatives of mescaline and
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Noteboom, L. (1934) Proc. Acad. Exp. Amsterdam. (in
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not included. Said by publisher to be available upon
request. Good luck obtaining a copy in 1999.]
Opler, Marvin K. (1940) American Anthropologist 42:
667-669. Book Review of Gusinde, Martin (1939)
Der Peyote-Kult: Entsehung und Verbreitung.
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Opler, Morris E. (1938) American Anthropologist 40
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Lipan Apache Tribes.
 SC3: References
Opler, Morris E. (1939) American Anthropologist 41 (3):
433-439. A description of a Tonkawa peyote meeting
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Opler, Morris E. (1940) American Anthropologist 42:
271-285. The Character and History of the Southern
Ute Peyote Rite.
Opler, Morris E. (1945) El Palacio 52 (10): 210-212. A
Mescalero Apache Account of the Origin of the Peyote
Ceremony..
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Ostolaza, Carlos (1987) Cactus & Succulent Journal
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BR. & R. A New Habitat for an Old Cactus Species.
[Header for this issue was misprinted as volume 58]
Ostolaza, Carlos (1984) Cactus & Succulent Journal
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Ostolaza, Carlos (1995) Quepo 9: 73-82. Etnobotanica
II. El Perodo Formativo.
Ostolaza, Carlos (1996) Quepo 10: 42-49. Etnobotanica
III. La Cultura Paracas.
Ostolaza, Carlos (1997) Quepo 11: 79-86. Etnobotanica
IV. La Cultura Nazca.
Ostolaza, Carlos (1998) Quepo 12: 62-68. Etnobotanica
V. La Cultura Moche.
Ostolaza, Carlos (1999) Quepo 13: 32-37. Etnobotnica
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Ostolaza, Carlos (2000) Quepo 14: 18-23. Etnobotnica
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Ott, Jonathan (1993) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic
Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Natural
Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-
9614234-2-0 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-3-9 (paperback)
See also OTT 1996. [Pages 81-115; Chapter One:
Mescaline, Pyotl, San Pedro, Artificial
Phenethylamines Same pages in OTT 1996]
Ott, Jonathan (1994) Ayahuasca Analogues. Pangaean
Entheogens. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa.
127 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-4-7 (Hardcover)/ 0-
9614234-5-5 (paperback)
Ott, Jonathan (1995) The Age of Entheogens & The
Angels Dictionary. Natural Products Co., Kennewick,
Wa. 159 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-6-3 (Hardcover)/ 0-
9614234-7-1 (paperback)
Ott, Jonathan (1996) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic
Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Second Edition
Densified. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639
pp. ISBN 0-9614234-8-X (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-9-8
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Ott, Jonathan (1997) Pharmacophilia or the Natural
Paradises. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa.
1995. 191 pp. ISBN 1-888755-01-6.
Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernadez de (1851-1855) Hitoria
Natural y General de las Indias. Primera parte,
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[from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935]
Palmieri, V.M. (1942) Rassegna Clinica Scientifica 20.
La mescalina e lebbrezza peyotilica nelluomo.
Palmieri, V.M. & G. Lacroix (1941) Atti Congresso de
medicina legale 8 (1940):540-549. Ulteriori ricerche
sullintossicazione da mescalina.
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Pap, Z. (1936)b Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Neurologie
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Meskalinrausches auf die post-hypnotischen
Sinnestuschungen. [See also (1936)a Orvosi hetilap
80: 75-78.]
Pardanani et al. (1977) Lloydia 40 (6): 585-590 Cactus
Alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds
from Trichocereus peruvianus. (J.H. Pardanani, J.L.
McLaughlin, R.W. Kondrat and R.G. Cooks.)
Pardanani et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (3): 286-288 Cactus
Alkaloids. XXXVII. Mescaline and Related
Compounds from Opuntia spinosior. (J.H.
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and R.G. Engard )
Paris, R. & H. Moyse-Mignon (1949) Comptes Rendus
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[From DESMET 1996]
Parmentier (1838) Hort. Belg. 5: 66 [Cereus
terscheckii] [From BRITTON & ROSE] See also PFEIFFER
1837
Pascarosa, Paul & Futterman, Sanford (1976) Journal of
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Ritual of the Native American Church.
Passie, Torsen (1994) Jahrbuch des Europischen
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111. Ausrichtungen, Methoden und Ergebnisse
frher Meskalinforschungen im deutschsprachigen
Raum (bis 1950)
Patel, A.R. (1968) Fortschritte der
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Stuttgart.]
Patterson, Alex (1992) Rock Art Symbols of the
Greater Southwest. Johnson Books: Boulder,
Colorado.
Patton, Mark (1990) Current Anthropology 31 (5): 554-
558 On Entoptic Images in Context: Art,
Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany.
Patton, Mark (1993) Statements in Stone. Routledge:
London.
Patzig, B. & W. Block (1953) Naturwissenschaften 40:
13-17. Zur Auffassung des schizophrenen
Prozessgeschehens nach Tierversuchen mit 14C-
radioaktivem Meskalin.
Paul, A.G. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 36-45. Biosynthesis
of the peyote alkaloids.
Paul, A.G. et al. (1969)a The Chemical Society, London.
Chemical Communications. [Journal of the Chemical
Society. D.] 14: 838. Biosynthesis of Peyote
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Alkaloids. (A.G. Paul, K.L. Khanna, H. Rosenberg
and M. Takido.)
Paul, A.G. et al. (1969)b Lloydia 32 (1): 36-39. The
Roles of 3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine and 3,4-
Dimethoxyphenethylamine in the Biosynthesis of
Mescaline. (Paul, Rosenberg and Khanna)
Paulson, James C. & William O. McClure (1973)
Molecular Pharmacology 9 (1): 41-50. Inhibition of
Axoplasmic Transport by Mescaline and Other
Trimethoxyphenylalkylamines. [Mescaline is a
reversible inhibitor of axoplasmic transport.]
Pechnek, J. (1969) Kaktusy 69: 76-81 & 109-113.
Lophophora Coult. [L. lewinii RUSBY & L.
jourdaniana KRZGR] [HABERMANN 1975 gives as 69, 4,
; 76 and 69, 5, p. 103-113.]
Pechnek, J. (1983) Kaktusy 19: 50-53. Lophophora
williamsii var. decipiens Croizat.
Pennes, Harry H. (1954) Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease 119 (2): 95-112. Clinical reactions of
schizophrenics to Sodium Amytal, Pervitin
Hydrochloride, Mescaline Sulfate, and D-Lysergic
Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25).
Perry et al. (1965) Studies of amines in normal and
schizophrenic subjects.from Amines Schizophrenia,
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 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
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Botanica e chimica degli allucinogeni. Roma (Cesco
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Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1992)
Plants of the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use.
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Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Alfred Van Der Marck
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du Lzard. 232 pp. ISBN 2-910718-02-6 & ISBN 2-
9507264-2-9 or as (1993) Plantas de los Dioses. Fondo
de Cultura Econmica. 192 pp. ISBN 968-16-1023-7;
or as (1995) Pflanzen der Gtter. AT Verlag. 191 pp.
ISBN 3-85502-543-6.]
Schumann, K. (1894) Monatsschrift fr Kakteenkunde 4:
36-37. Echinocactus Williamsii Lem.
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11-15. Kleine Mitteilungen und Fingerzeige.
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Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtb. Kakteen 81
[Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus WEBER] [From
BRITTON & ROSE]
Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtb. Kakteen 108
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fr Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte, und
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Schuster, Danny (1990) The World of Cacti. Facts on
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146. Very striking flower open in one of the color
photographs. Cultivation comments are from the
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northern latitudes.]
Schwartz, B.E. et al. (1955) Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin.
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240. Die fluorimetrische Bestimmung des Mezcalins
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Govind J. Kapadia] [Synthetic compound - NOT
found in peyote.]
Seymour, Gertrude (1916) The Red Man (June) 341-
351. Peyote Worship An Indian Cult and a Powerful
Drug
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of Heliabravoa chende.
Shamma, M. & H.R. Rodriguez (1965) Tetrahedron
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Sharon, Douglas (1972)a The San Pedro cactus in
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Sharon, Douglas (1972)b Natural History 81: 32-47.
Eduardo the Healer.
Sharon, Douglas (1978) Wizard of the Four Winds: A
Shamans story. The Free Press, Collier MacMillan
Publishers, New York.
Sharon, Douglas (1980) El Chamn de los Cuatro
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Translation of SHARON 1978.
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peruvianus toxicity?.
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Sharon, Douglas C. & Christopher B. Donnan (1977)
Archaeology 30 (6): 374-381. (The Archeological
Institute of American, New York.) The Magic
Cactus: Ethnoarchaeological Continuity in Peru.
Sheets, Mark et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-
87. Studies on the effects of Acemannan on
retrovirus infections: clinical stabilization of feline
leukemia virus-infected cats.
Shein, H. et al. (1971) Life Sciences 10: 273-282.
Stimulation of [14C]-serotonin synthesis from [14C]
tryptophan by mescaline in rat pineal organ cultures.
[H. Shein, S. Wilson, F. Lavin & R. Wurtman]
Shell, Charles C. (1923) Office of Indian Affairs, Bulletin
21: 27-29. Experience of Charles E. Shell while under
the Influence of Pellote (Peyote) on June 21, 1909.
Shelder, J. & J. Block (1990) American Psychologist 45:
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Shulgin, Alexander T. (1963) Experientia 19: 127-128.
Psychotomimetic Agents Related to Mescaline.
Shulgin, Alexander T. (1970) Chemistry and structure-
activity relationships of the psychotomimetics. pp.
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Shulgin, Alexander T. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 46-58.
Mescaline: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its
Analogs..
Shulgin, Alexander T. (1976) Psychotomimetic
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Shulgin, Alexander T. (1977) Journal of Psychedelic
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STP.
Shulgin, Alexander T. (1978) Psychotomimetic Drugs:
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Shulgin, Alexander T. (1995) THIQ/PEA Appendix 12/
26/95- Cactus Species Tabulation. Privately printed
lecture handout. Published in appendix of TIHKAL
Shulgin, Alexander T. & K.O. Kerlinger (1964)
Naturwissenschaften 51 (15): 360-361. Isolation of
methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of
nutmeg. ] (via fractional distillation.)
Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann Shulgin (1991) PIHKAL: A
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Shurly, Ernest William (1948) Cactus & Succulent
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Schwarzii Shurly, spec nova
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Siegel, Ronald K. (1973) International Journal of the
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Wiley: New York.
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(-)9-Trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC), Cannabis
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Simpson, Lorna & Peter McKellar (1955) Journal of
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SINGER et al. 1980 in the literature meant SINGER & ELBE
1980
Singer & Elbe (1980) J. Food Sci. 45: 489
SINISCALCO et al. 1983 (in the literature) meant SINISCALCO
1983
Siniscalco Gigliano, G. (1983) Bolletino Chimico
Farmaceutico 122: 499-504. La Mescalina in
Lophophora Coult. Ed in Altre Cactaceae
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Gilberto Camilla, Gino Dal Soler, Francesco Festi,
Fulvio Gosso, Mario Lorenzetti and Giorgio
Samorini.]
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des Sances de LAcadmie des Sciences. Srie D.
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985. Laction de la mescaline et du dithylamide de
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
lacide lysergique (LSD-25) sur le comportement du
Cobaye.
Sjoberg, B.M. Jr. & L.E. Hollister (1962)
Psychopharmacologia 3: 219-223. (in the literature)
meant WOLBACH et al. 1962
Sjoberg, B.M. Jr. & L.E. Hollister (1965)
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Psychotomimetic Drugs on Primary Suggestibility.
Skarin, Annalee (1966) (1981-7th printing) Man
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Slotkin, James S. (1951) American Anthropologist 53:
420-427. Early eighteenth century documents on
peyotism north of the Rio Grande.
Slotkin, James S. (1952) Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society 42 (pt. 4): 565-700. Menomimi
Peyotism. A study of individual variation in a primary
group with a homogenous culture. [pp. 681-700 is
David P. McAllesters Menomini peyote music.]
SLOTKIN 1954 in the literature meant SLOTKIN 1955.
[SLOTKIN 1954 is Saturday Review 37: 14. Mescalin:
A substitute for tobacco? III The anthropologist.]
Slotkin, James S. (1955) American Anthropologist 57
(2): 202-230. Peyotism, 1521-1891.
Slotkin, James S. (1956) The Peyote Religion: A Study in
Indian-White Relations.. The Free Press: Glencoe
Slotkin, J.S. & D.B. McAllester (1952) Transactions of
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Menomimi Peyotism.
Slotta, K.H. (1932) Journal fuer Praktische Chemie
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Slotta, K.H. & H. Heller (1930) Berichte der Deutschen
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phenyl-thylamine. I. Mezcalin und mezcalin-
hnlicher Substanzen.
Slotta, K.H. & Johannes Mller (1936) Hoppe-Seylers
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ber den Abbau des Mezcalins und
mezcalinhnlicher Stoffe im Organisms.
Slotta, K.H. & G. Szyska (1933) Journal fuer
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Slotta, K.H. & G. Szyzka (1934) Berichte der
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Wassmuth.)
Slotta, K.H. et al. (1937) Mem. Inst. Butantan (So
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Smilkstein, M.J. et al. (1987) Journal of Toxicology.
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et Biophysica Acta 60: 420-422. Formation and
Metabolism of N-Acetylnormetanephrine in the Rat.
Smith, C.A. (1966) Bot. Survey Memoir 35 (South
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[From HARGREAVES 1998]
Smith, E. et al. (1961) Chemistry & Industry 402-403.
Mesembrine Enol Ether and the Absolute
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Hosansky, M. Shamma & J.B. Moss]
Smith, Elna (Mrs. Maurice G. Smith) (1934) Journal of
the Washington Academy of Sciences 24 (10): 448-453.
A Negro Peyote Cult.
Smith, Huston & Reuben Snake (eds.) (1996) One
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pages.
Smith, Ivor (1969) Chromatographic and
Electrophoretic Techniques. Volume I.
Chromatography. 3rd Edition. William Heinemann
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Inc., New York.
Smith, Ivor & J.W.T. Seakins (1976) Chromatographic
and Electrophoretic Techniques. Vol. 1. Paper and
Thin Layer Chromatography. 4th edition. William
Heineman Medical Books Ltd.
Smith, Maurice G. (1929) Oklahoma Daily, December 8.
Peyote
Smith, Maurice G. (1930) El Palacio 29: 241-242. The
Peyote Cult in Oklahoma
SMITH, Mrs. Maurice G. 1934 See as Elna SMITH 1934
Smith, M. S. (1997) [Revised 1998 & 1999] Narcotic and
Hallucinogenic Cacti of the New World [Also personal
correspondence during 1998 & 1999] M.S. Smith has
my thanks for bringing the work of Dr. Starha to our
attention.
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Ethnopharmacology 50: 119-130. Psychoactive
constituents of the genus Sceletium N.E.Br and other
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Smith, Michael Valentine (1981) Psychedelic Chemistry.
Loompanics Unlimited, ISBN 0-915179-10-5.
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Phenethylamine and related compounds in plants,
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Review: Tryptamines and Related Compounds in
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 SC3: References
Smythies, J.R. & Sykes, E.A. (1964)
Psychopharmacologia 6 (3): 163-172. The Effect of
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Smythies, J.R. & E.A. Sykes (1966)
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531-536. The comparative psychopharmacology of
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434-446. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on
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Mescaline and its Analogs in the Rat.
Smythies, J.R. et al. (1967) Nature 216: 196-197.
Alteration by Pretreatment with Iproniazid and an
Inactive Mescaline Analogue of a Behavior Change
induced by Mescaline.
Smythies, J.R. et al. (1967) Psychopharmacologia 10:
379-387. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on
Mescaline III. The Influence of the Methoxy groups.
[Rat].
Smythies, J.R. et al. (1970) Nature 226: 644-645.
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Snyckers, F.O. et al. (1971) Journal of the Chemical
Society D. Chemical Communications 1467-1469.
The Structures of Partially Racemic Sceletium
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from Sceletium tortuosum. (F.O. Snyckers, F.
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the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
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hallucinogenic activity of drugs and their electronic
configuration
Soc. Anon. pour LInd. Ble (1930)b Swiss Patent
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Triethoxyphenethylamine
Soc. Anon. Pour LInd. Chim. a Ble (1930)a British
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[CA says patent was for 3,4,5-
Triethoxyphenethylamine.]
Soeda, M. (1969) Journal of the Medical Society of
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tumor activity of Cape Aloe.
Sogliani, G. & Sagripanti, P. (1957) Neuropsichiatria 13:
149 & 449. La dietilamide dellacido lisergico e la
mescalina in psichiatria.
Solomon, K. (in the literature) meant Salomon, K.
Soskin, Samuel & Matthew Tabenhaus (1943) Journal
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49. Sodium succinate as an antidote for barbiturate
poisoning and in the control of the duration of
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Soulaire, Jacques (1947) Cactus et Medecine. p. 121 E.
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Sourkes, Theodore L. (1958) Revue Canadienne de
Biologie 17 (3): 328-366. Oxidative Pathways in the
Metabolism of Biogenic Amines.
Southon, Ian W. & John Buckingham (1989) Dictionary
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board)
Spth, Ernst (1919) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 40: 129-
154, ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide.
Spth, Ernst (1921)a Monatshefte fuer Chemie 42: 97-
115. ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. II. Die
Konstitution des Pellotins, des Anhalonidins, und des
Anhalamins
Spth, Ernst (1921)b Monatshefte fuer Chemie 42: 263-
266. ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide III.
Konstitution des Anhalins [Hordenine]
Spth, Ernst (1922) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 43: 477-
484. ber die Anhaloniumalkaloide. V. Die Synthese
des Anhalonidins und des Pellotins
Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)a Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (3): 501-505.
ber ein neues Kakteen-Alkaloid, das Anhalinin, und
zur Konstitution des Anhalonins (XIII. Mitteil. ber
Kakteen Alkaloide.) [0.096 grams of Anhalinine from
1330 grams of peyote.]
Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)b Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (5): 944-945.
ber des Anhalidin (XIV. Mitteil. ber Kakteen-
Alkaloide.) [Synthesis of Anhalidine; From peyote:
Anhalamine 0.1%; Anhalinine 0.01%; Anhalidine
0.001%]
Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)c Monatshefte
fuer Chemie 66: 327-366. ber die tiennung der
Anhalonium basen (Kakteen alkaloide. XV.)
Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Boschan (1933) Monatshefte
fuer Chemie 63: 141-153.ber Kakteenalkaloide. X.
Die Konstitution des Pellotins un des Anhalonidins
Spth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1937) Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 70 (12): 2446-
2450. ber ein neues alkaloid aus den Mezcal
buttons. (XVIII Mitteil. ber Kakteen-Alkaloide.)
[N-Methylmescaline.]
Spth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1938) Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 71 (6): 1275-
1276. N-Acetyl mezcalin als Inhaltstoff der
Mezcalin-Buttons (XIX. Mitteil. ber Kakteen-
Alkaloide.)
 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Spth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1939) Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 72 (2): 334-338.
ber das O-Methyl-d-anhalonidin (XX. Mitteil.
ber Kakteen-Alkaloide.)
Spth, Ernst & Hans Roder (1922) Monatshefte fuer
Chemie. 43: 93-111.ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide.
IV. Die Synthese des Anhalamins
Speck, Louise B. (1957) Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics 119: 78-84. Toxicity and
Effects of Increasing Doses of Mescaline.
Spector, Elliot (1961) Nature 189 (4766): 751-752.
Identification of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid
as the major metabolite of mescaline in the dog.
Spegazzini (1905) Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III 4:
480 [Cereus thelegonoides.] [From BRITTON & ROSE]
Speir, W.W. et al. (1970) Lloydia 33 (1): 15-18. Cactus
alkaloids. VII. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyl-
3,4-dimethoxy--phenethylamine from Ariocarpus
trigonus (W.W. Speir, V. Mihranian and J.L.
McLaughlin)
Spix & Martius (1831) Reise in Brasilien 3: 1075 (From
Safford 1916)
Stafford, Peter (1992) Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Third
Edition. Ronin Publishing, Inc. [pp. 103-155 (Chapter
Two): Peyote, Mescaline & San Pedro. ISBN 0-
914171-51-8. 420 pages.
STAHL 1969 Analyst (in the literature) meant GENEST &
HUGHES 1968 Analyst.
TARHA 1994 (in the literature) meant TARHA et al. 1994
[TARHA 1994 is tarha, Roman (1994) Kaktusy
30(4): 113. Co je to Anhalonium lewinii.]
tarha, Roman & Jaroslav Kuchya (1996) Acta
Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universtitas
Ostraviensis, Physica-Chemia 156 (3-4): 67-70.
Analysis of Mexican Populations of Lophophora
(Cactaceae)
tarha, Roman (1995)a Chemica [Acta Universitatis
Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Rerum
Naturalium] 34: 33-34. Identification of Alkaloids of
the Cactus Genus Gymnocalycium
tarha, Roman (1995)b Fitoterapia 66 (4): 375.
Alkaloids of Epithelantha micromeris
tarha, Roman (1996) Biochemical Systematics and
Ecology 24 (1): 85-86. Alkaloids from the Cactus
Genus Gymnocalycium.
tarha, Roman (1997)a Appendix IV. Chemick
rozbor rodu Lophophora. pp. 85-90 in GRYM 1997.
tarha, Roman (1997)b Kaktusy 1: 11-13.
Psychoactive substances of plants of the genus
Sceletium. (A simple review of some of the
chemistry)
Starha, Roman (n.d.) Cactus alkaloid summary.
Undated (unpublished?) and privately distributed
manuscript received from Dr. Starha in early 1999.
[Previous versions also exist; received one around a
year earlier via MSSmith]
tarha, Roman (nd) Roman tarhas cactus alkaloid list.
University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.
tarha, Roman et al. (1994) Acta Facultatis Rerum
Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, Physica-
Chemia 141 (2): 71-74. Alkaloids of Three Peyote
Cacti.
tarha, Roman et al. (1997) Biochemical Systematics and
Ecology 25 (4): 363-364. Alkaloids from the Genus
Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) II [Roman tarha,
Kamila Urbnkov, and Jaroslav Kuchyna)
tarha, Roman et al. (1998) Acta Facultatis Rerum
Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, Physica-
Chemia 173 (6): 41-46. Identifikace Alkaloidu V
Rostlinch Rodu Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) III.
[Roman tarha, Adla Chybidziurov & Zdenek
Lacny]
tarha, Roman et al. (1999) Biochemical Systematics &
Ecology 27: 839-841. Alkaloids of the Genus
Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) [Roman tarha, Adla
Chybidziurov & Zdenek Lacny]
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the US.
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Stevenson, Ian & Thomas W. Richards (1960)
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Stevenson, Ian & Andrew J. Sanchez (1957) American
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Peyote and Colorados Inquisition Law
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 SC3: References
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8061-2457-1 (paper). 454 pages. Also (1993)
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(From WATT 1967)
Steyn, D.G. (1933) Onderstepoorte Journal of
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Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity of Known
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[Photographs by Enrico Ferorelli]
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Supniewski, J.V. (1930)b Polska Gazeta Lekarska 9:
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[Toxicological studies on mescaline.]
Tarsitano, F. (1947) Folia Medica 30: 340-344
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Taylor, Walter R. (1956) Bulletin of the Texas
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Teirich, H. (1954) Psyche (Stuttgart) 7: 637-640.
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Thale, T. et al. (1950) American Journal of Psychiatry
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[Thomas Thale, Beverly Wescott Gabrio and Kurt
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Thevet, Andr (1574) Histoire du Mexique
Thompson, Charles Henry (1898) Annual Report of the
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 Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)
Torres, Constantino Manuel (1996) Ann. Mus. civ.
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Underhill, Ruth (1957) Ann. Am. Acad. Political and
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(Footnotes)
1
kaktusu
has o-shaped diacritic mark above second u
2
nekterch
has v-shaped diacritic mark above second e;
strukturne
has v-shaped diacritic mark above e;
alkaloidu
has o-shaped diacritic mark above u.