WALLIS FORMULA :
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f(x) dx = Limit
n h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f a n 1 h ]
a
n 1
= Limit
h 0 h f (a + rh) where b a = nh
r0
n 1 1
If a = 0 & b = 1 then , Limit
n h f (rh) = f(x) dx ; where nh = 1 OR
r0 0
1
Limit 1 n 1 f r = f(x) dx .
n
n r1 n 0
(i) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a , b) ; f(b).(b a) < f(x) dx < f(a).(b a) &
a
(ii) For a monotonic increasing function in (a , b) ; f(a).(b a) < f(x) dx < f(b).(b a)
a
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
(iii) ..... (iv) .....
12 2 2 3 2 4 2 12 12 3 2 5 2 7 2 8
1 1 1 1 2
(v) .....
22 42 62 82 24
VERY IMPORTANT NOTE : If f(x) dx = 0 then the equation f(x) = 0 has atleast one
a
b c b
P3 f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx , where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b] . This property
a a c
b b a a
2a a a a
=0 if f(2a x) = f(x)
na a
P7 f(x) dx = n f(x) dx ; whereais the period of the function i.e. f(a + x) = f(x)
0 0
b nT b
P8 f(x) dx = f(x) dx where f(x) is periodic with period T & n I .
a nT a
na a
P9 f(x) dx = (n m) f(x) dx if f(x) is periodic with period 'a' .
ma 0
b b
b b
P11 f ( x )d x
a
f(x)dx .
a
x 2 1 x 2 1
(xii) x 4 K x 2 1
dx OR x 4 K x 2 1
dx where K is any constant .
dx 1 dx 1
(xiv) , put ax + b = ; , put x =
t t
(ax b ) px 2 qx r ax 2
bx c 2
px qx r
x
(xv) x
dx or x x ; put x = cos2 + sin2
x
x
dx or x x ; put x = sec2 tan2
dx
; put x = t2 or x = t2 .
x x
e ax
(xxxii) eax . cos bx dx =
a 2 b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
3. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION :
(i) Substitution or change of independent variable .
Integral I = f(x) dx is changed to f( (t)) f (t) dt , by a suitable substitution
x = (t) provided the later integral is easier to integrate .
du
(ii) Integration by part : u.v dx = u v dx
d x . v d x dx where u & v are differentiable
function . Note : While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that
du
(a) v dx is simple & (b)
d x . v d x dx is simple to integrate.
This is generally obtained, by keeping the order of u & v as per the order of the letters in ILATE,
where ; I Inverse function, L Logarithmic function ,
A Algebraic function, T Trigonometric function & E Exponential function
(iii) Partial fraction , spiliting a bigger fraction into smaller fraction by known methods .
4. INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE :
f ( x )
(i) [ f(x)]n f (x) dx OR dx put f(x) = t & proceed .
f ( x )n
dx dx
(ii) 2
, , ax 2 bx c dx
2
ax bx c ax bx c
Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results .
px q px q
(iii) 2 dx , dx .
ax bx c ax 2 bx c
Express px + q = A (differential co-efficient of denominator) + B .
2. STANDARD RESULTS :
ax bn 1 dx 1
(i) (ax + b)n dx =
a n 1
+ c n 1 (ii) ax b
= ln (ax + b) + c
a
1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii) eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv) apx+q dx =
p n a
(a > 0) + c
1 1
(v) sin (ax + b) dx =
a
cos (ax + b) + c (vi) cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c
1 1
(vii) tan(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sec (ax + b) + c (viii) cot(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sin(ax + b)+ c
1
(ix) sec (ax + b) dx = tan(ax + b) + c (x) cosec(ax + b) dx = 1 cot(ax + b)+ c
a a
1
(xi) sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx = sec (ax + b) + c
a
dx x
(xxiv) = ln x x 2 a 2 OR sinh1 +c
2
x a 2 a
dx x
(xxv) = ln x x 2 a 2 OR cosh1 +c
x 2 a 2 a
dx 1 ax dx 1 x a
(xxvi) 2
a x 2 =
2a
ln
ax
+c (xxvii) 2
x a 2
=
2a
ln
xa
+c
MA
THE
M A
TIC
S
STERLING
DEFINITE
&
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
CONTENTS
KEY-CONCEPTS
EXERCISE - I
EXERCISE - II
EXERCISE - III
EXERCISE - IV
ANSWER KEY