s basically consisting of the following elements: transformer, rectifier, filter and

regulator circuits. Power supply units (PSU) are used in computers, amateur radio
transmitters and receivers, and all other electronic equipment that use dc voltage
as an input. Uninterruptible power supply is a must for computers which holds
volatile data from time to time. This prevents corruption of data due to power failure
and low voltage.

Transformer

The transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from the primary
winding to the secondary winding without affecting the frequency. It is used to step-
up or step-down the ac voltage level and isolates the remainder of the electronic
system from the ac power.

The primary winding of the transformer is connected to an ac voltage source that

produces alternating current while the secondary is connected to a load. The
primary and secondary windings are not physically connected to each other but due
to electromagnetic induction following Faraday's law, there is an induced voltage in
the secondary winding. There are three main functions of transformers namely:
stepping the voltage up, stepping the voltage down and providing isolation between
the primary and secondary circuits.

A simple power supply used in desktop computers. This unit supplies the regulated
voltage necessary for computer to operate properly.

A simple power supply used in desktop computers. This unit supplies the regulated
voltage necessary for computer to operate properly. | Source

Rectifier

The rectifier is a device used to change the ac power into pulsating dc. The basic
rectifier is the diode. This diode is a unidirectional device that operates as rectifier
in the forward direction. The three basic rectifier circuits using diodes are the half-
wave, full-wave center-tapped and full-wave bridge type.

Filter
The filter of the power supply is used to keep the ripple component from appearing
in the output. It is designed to convert pulsating DC from rectifier circuits into a
suitably smooth dc level. The two basic types of power supply filters are the
capacitance filter (C-filter) and RC-filter. The C-filter is the simplest and most
economical filter available. On the other hand, RC-filter is used to reduce the
amount of ripple voltage across a capacitor filter. Its primary function is to pass
most of the dc component while attenuating the ac component of the signal.

Ripple and Ripple factor

Ripple is the unwanted ac component of the signal after rectification. It is unwanted

because it can destroy or damage the load. This is the main reason why filters are
installed in power supply - to prevent high ripples. The job of the filter is to
smoothen the signal and suppress the ac component or variations. Ripple factor is
the ratio of the root mean square of the ripple voltage to the value of dc component
at the output voltage. It is sometimes expressed in percentage or in peak-to-peak
value. The ripple factor determines the effectivity of a filter being used in the circuit.

A sample full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with RC filter. The filter is used to reduce
the ac component of the signal.

A sample full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with RC filter. The filter is used to reduce
the ac component of the signal. | Source

Voltage Regulators

A voltage regulator is designed to provide a very steady or well regulated dc output.

It is always ideal to have a steady output voltage so that the load will operate
properly. The output level is maintained regardless of the variation of the input
voltage. The commonly used transistor voltage regulators are the series voltage
regulator and the shunt voltage regulator.

Series voltage regulator

The series element controls the amount of the unregulated input voltage that goes
to the output as a regulated output. The regulated output voltage is sampled by a
circuit that provides a feedback to the comparator circuit and is compared to a
reference voltage.

Shunt voltage regulator

The shunt voltage regulator provides regulation by shunting current away from the
load to regulate the output voltage.

A typical schematic diagram of LM317. The major component, LM317 IC is used as

adjustable voltage regulator.

A typical schematic diagram of LM317. The major component, LM317 IC is used as

adjustable voltage regulator. | Source

IC Voltage Regulators

A regulator Integrated Circuit (IC) unit contains the circuitry - the reference source,
comparator, amplifier, control device, and the overload protector - inside a single IC.
There are also adjustable voltage regulators which allow the user to set the desired
output level. Other IC regulators have fixed output values. It is said that IC
regulators are superior compared to transistor voltage regulators when it comes to
linearity of the output voltage.

2014 Jemuel

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Amit

24 months ago

Thanks! very much buddy

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sapinoso,Rebecca

23 months ago

Thanks a lot!

jemuelO profile imageAuthor

Jemuel

18 months ago from Cebu, Philippines

You're welcome Amit and Rebecca! Hope this helps you.

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Nadia Batool

14 months ago

This is Nice

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michael

12 months ago
thankyousomuchsir....i hope this project will be ok:)

jemuelO profile imageAuthor

Jemuel

12 months ago from Cebu, Philippines

You're welcome, Michael. Good luck on your project!

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Koobake

4 months ago

Thank you so much

jemuelO profile imageAuthor

Jemuel

4 months ago from Cebu, Philippines

You're welcome Koobake!

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BRANDT

3 months ago

THANK YOU SO MUCH! :)

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alex

6 days ago

thanks its a good one

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Bhuvana

5 days ago

so useful
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system
that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of
time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital
wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).

What is global system for mobile communications?

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe SpcialMobile), is

a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks
used by mobile phones, first deployed in Finland in July 1991.

What is the difference between CDMA and GSM?

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobiles) are
shorthand for the two major radio systems used in cell phones. Both acronyms tend
to group together a bunch of technologies run by the same entities

What is the GSM mode?

3G (UMTS) or 4G (LTE) enables you to achieve higher data speeds than when using
2G (GSM). If you select LTE/GSM/WCDMA (Auto mode), your mobile phone
automatically switches between the two network modes provided you're within
range of a 3G or 4G network.

What is GSM phone number?

GSM phones make use of a SIM card to identify the user's account. The use of the
SIM card allows GSM network users to quickly move their phone number from one
GSM phone to another by simply moving the SIM card. Currently GSM networks
operate on the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz frequency bands

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and
3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM)
What is the GPRS network?
The GPRS core network is the central part of the general packet radio
service(GPRS) which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to
transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet.
The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching
subsystem.
Is GPRS 2g or 3g?
The E stands for EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution). This is a
step up from GPRS and can reach speeds between 120Kbps to 384Kbps.
This was the original iPhone's top data network speed. Now it's met with a
sigh because it means where you're standing doesn't have an 3G or 4G
signal.Mar 31, 201
What is a GPRS phone call?
General packet radio service, or GPRS, is a wireless data service that
enables you send information across a mobile phone network. It is used for
second- and third-generation mobile phones for multi-media messaging,
Internet access and various applications.
What is the speed of GPRS?
General Packet Radio Service is a packet-switching technology that enables
data transfers through cellular networks. It is used for mobile internet, MMS
and other data communications. In theory the speed limit of GPRS is 115
kbps, but in most networks it is around 35 kbps. Informally, GPRS is also
called 2.5G.

This page GSM versus GPRS describes difference between GSM and
GPRS technologies.

Air interface is same TDMA/FDMA.

In GPRS multiple timeslots are allocated to one UE while in GSM one timeslot is
allocated to one UE.

In GSM signaling and traffic follow different multi frame structure. 51 frame MF is
used for signaling and 26 frame MF is used for traffic. In GPRS signaling and traffic both
follow common one multi frame structure i.e. 52 frame MF structure. Here 52 Multiframe
composed of total 12 radio blocks, two idle slots and two slots are for PTCCH used fo
timing advance purpose. Each Radio Block spans over 4 consecutive TDMA frames of
one time slot.
 In GPRS Synchronization is done using BCCH and hence FCCH/SCH of GSM is not
needed. There is optional channel PBCCH, which carry GPRS specific SIs, may or may
not be used by GSM Base Stations.

Common Control channels are similar in both GSM and GPRS,PRACH to RACH,
PAGCH to AGCH and PPCH to PCH of GSM is available here.

GSM is used for circuit switched traffic (mainly voice) and GPRS is used for packet
switched traffic (mainly internet/MMS). Due to this in GPRS PDTCH(Packet Data
Traffic Channel) is allocated on demand unlike static nature of TCH in GSM.

There is no direct relevance to SACCH and FACCH of GSM in GPRS. In GPRS,

PTCCH(Packet Timing Advance Control Channel) is used for timing advance purposes.
For other signalling stuff, PACCH(Packet Associated Control Channel) is used. Unlike
GSM, in GPRS same time slot can be used by multiple UEs at different times, each will
have unique identifiers both in downlink (called TFI) and uplink (called USF). In GSM
time slots are dedicatedly reserved for particular UEs till they are released.

In GSM time slot is allocated both in uplink and downlink hence in GSM radio resource
allocation is called symmetric allocation. While in GPRS it is asymmetric, for example it
is possible to allocate time slot only in downlink and not in uplink when user is only
downloading some file.

In GSM location area concept is used while in GPRS routing area concept is used.

In GSM Mobile or UE will be in two states i.e. IDLE and READY while in GPRS UE
will be in three states i.e. IDLE, STANDBY and READY.
 Paging channel is required to be transmitted frequently in GPRS as traffic is bursty
compare to GSM.

In network architecture PCU, SGSN and GGSN is added to normal GSM architecture
components to support packet traffic. In addition, channel coding units are upgraded at
BTS to support various GPRS rates.

There is difference between GSM architecture and GPRS architecture. Refer GSM
tutorial and GPRS tutorial which depicts GSM and GPRS architectures respectively.