EnglSTCV1 PDF

Maritime English
Maritime University of Constanta
Faculty Electromechanics
Specialisation Electromechanics
I-st year
1-st term
Students Coursebook
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Maritime English
Contents Page
INTRODUCTION PLACEMENT TEST 4

UNIT 1. TRAINING AND THE STCW CONVENTION 7
Objectives of Unit 1 8
1.1 STCW95 requirements to all seafarers 8
1.2 Present simple and continuous 8
Self-assessment test 14
Progress test 15
Answers to self-assessment test 15
References 15
UNIT 2. SHIPS 16
2.1 Types of ship 17
2.2 Articles definite, indefinite 18
2.3 Travel arrangements for joining ship 19
2.4 Phrases for greeting and introducing people 22
2.5 Going to and will 24
Progress test 27
References 27
UNIT 3. SHIP DESCRIPTION 28
3.1 The main parts of a ship 29
3.2 Phrases for giving opinions, agreeing and disagreeing 31
3.3 Applied terminology: Terms relating to the hull 32
Progress test 33
References 33
UNIT 4. SHIPS ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 34
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4.1 Ships departments 35
4.2 The deck department 37
4.3 The engine department 38
4.4 Function 39
Progress test 40
References 40
UNIT 5. CARGO AND ITS HANDLING 41
5.1 Cargo handling equipment 42
5.2 Relative clauses 44
5.3 Applied terminology: Terms relating to position in a ship 46
Progress test 48
References 48
UNIT 6. CLASSIFICATION OF MERCHANT SHIPS 49
6.1 Types of merchant ships 50
6.2 Logical connectives 51
6.3 Applied terminology: terms relating to a ships hull 52
6.4 Note-taking practice: symbols, ommisions 54
Progress test 55
References 56
UNIT 7. SHIP OPERATION 57
7.1 How merchant ships operate 58
7.2 Expressing apology 59
7.3 Time relaters 60
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7.4 Abbreviations 61
Progress test 62
References 62
UNIT 8. SHIPYARD ACTIVITIES 63
8.1 Building ships 64
8.2 Passives 66
8.3 Time relaters (2) 68
8.4 Substitutes, compounds 69
Progress test 70
References 71
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INTRODUCTION - PLACEMENT TEST

Circle the correct answer.
1. Why _____ he go to the movies yesterday?
a. do c. did
b. does d. doesnt
2. Put the keys where you can find them _______.
a. easy c. easily
b. easiest d. ease
3. I live where the sun ________ a lot.
a. shines c. shining
b. shined d. shone
4. Will you go wherever he ____?
a. go c. goes
b. went d. going
5. Do you like it ____ so many people live?
a. when c. where
b. why d. there
6. John speaks English as well as Robert _____ .
a. do c. dont
b. does d. didnt
7. Africa is a large _____ .
a. state c. city
b. continent d. district
8. I have to wait _____ the waiting room.
a. on c. in
b. with d. through
9. What does the first man want _____ ?
a. buy c. bought
b. to buy d. buying
10. He _____ the lights because it was dark.
a. turn off c. turning around
b. turned to d. turned on
11. I ______ a present from my uncle for my birthday.
a. getting c. gets
b. forgot d. got
12. I went to Europe _____ plane.
a. by c. on
b. with d. at
13. What is the man _____ to find?
a. tries c. trying
b. tried d. try
14. I asked him where the car _____ .
a. be c. was
b. wasnt d. were
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15. I went to Europe ____ a plane.
a. by c. on
b. with d. at
16. Let me hear how ______ you speak English.
a. good c. better
b. best d. well
17. He doesnt know ____ to go on vacation.
a. why c. who
b. with d. where
18. How many phone _____ did you make?
a. calls c. called
b. calling d. call
19. I havent spoken to him _____ .
a. yet c. still
b. already d. for
20. He paid the employee ______ his work.
a. in c. to
b. for d. at
21. _______ the car you want.
a. pick up c. pick out
b. picking d. picked
22. The bus ______ from here to New York is $100.
a. stop c. craft
c. place d. fare
23. I didnt see him ______ .
a. to c. either
c. also d. neither
24. I ______ he will come tomorrow.
a. want c. believe
b. hoping d. hopes
25. _______ a cold beverage in hot weather is good for you.
a. drinks c. drunk
b. drinking d. drank
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Unit 1
Motto:
The more that you read, the more things you will know.
The more that you learn, the more places you'll go.
Dr. Seuss, I Can Read With My Eyes Shut!
Training and the STCW convention
Objectives of Unit 1
1.1 STCW95 requirements to all seafarers
1.2 Present simple and continuous
1.3 Sentence structure and punctuation
Self-assessment test
Progress test
Answers to self-assessment test
References
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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1
The main objectives are:

Demonstrate an understanding of the relevance of STCW 95
English requirements to all seafarers;
understand the differences in form and meaning between the
Present Simple and Present Continuous tenses when used for
describing current events
use appropriate Present tenses fluently and accurately to
describe current events
select appropriate adverbs of frequency and positions them
correctly in sentences
1.1 STCW95 requirements to all seafarers
What is STCW?
The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for

Seafarers (or STCW), 1978, as amended, sets qualification standards for masters, officers and watch
personnel on seagoing merchant ships. STCW was adopted in 1978 by conference at the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London, and entered into force in 1984. The
Convention was significantly amended in 1995.
The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification
and watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level. Previously the standards of training,
certification and watchkeeping of officers and ratings were established by individual governments,
usually without reference to practices in other countries. As a result standards and procedures varied
widely, even though shipping is the most international of all industries.
The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training, certification and watchkeeping
for seafarers which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.
STCW Training
The Amendments require that seafarers be provided with "familiarization training" and "basic
safety training" which includes basic fire fighting, elementary first aid, personal survival
techniques, and personal safety and social responsibility. This training is intended to ensure that
seafarers are aware of the hazards of working on a vessel and can respond appropriately in an
emergency.
STCW, as amended, will require all training and assessment activities to be "continuously
monitored through a quality standards system to ensure achievement of defined objectives,
including those concerning the qualifications and experience of instructors and assessors."
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English language requirements

Under the STCW Convention, all officers in charge of a watch (navigational or engineering) must
have a good command of spoken and written English. Senior officers with functions at a managerial
level must also speak and write English, since this is a requirement at the previous level of
responsibility. Ratings forming part of a navigational watch are required to be able to comply with
helm orders issued in English. Crew members assisting passengers during emergency situations
should be able to communicate safety-related issues in English or in the language spoken by the
passengers and other personnel on board.
In these days of multi-national and multi-lingual crews, the importance of sharing a common
language cannot be underestimated. It will not only improve safety and operational efficiency, but
will also make life on board easier and more pleasant.
Comprehension exercise
Answer the questions:

What does STCW stand for?
Which is one of the most important factors for making life on board more enjoyable?
When was the convention amended?
What does the convention set forth?
What is the goal of STCW training?
What is the target of STCW training?
What is the characteristic of todays crews?
1.2 Present simple and continuous
Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, today is a gift of God, which is why we call it the present.
Bill Keane
Present simple
The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is
also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or
schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present.
Form
affirmative negative question

I/you/we/they I play. I do not play. Do I play?
he/she/it He plays. He does not play. Does he play?
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Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s. But there are a few exceptions to the rule:
can, may, might, must remain the same in all forms.
Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch, sh, s, x) add es instead of s.
A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s.
Simple Present Use

a. (something is generally known to be true)
b. action in the present taking place once, never or several times. E.g. Colin plays football regularly
- every Tuesday.
c. actions in the present taking place one after another. E.g. He takes his bag and leaves.
d. action set by a time table or schedule. E.g. The train leaves at 9 pm.
e. verbs expressing states, possession, senses, emotions and mental activity.
be (state)
believe (mental activity)
belong (possession)
hate (feeling and emotion)
hear (senses)
like (feeling and emotion)
love (feeling and emotion)
mean (mental activity)
prefer (mental activity)
remain (state)
realize (mental activity)
see (senses)
seem (feeling and emotion)
smell (senses)
think (mental activity)
understand (mental activity)
want (feeling and emotion)
wish (feeling and emotion)
Simple Present - Signal words

always usually
every sometimes
often seldom
normally never
Which is a signal word for the simple present?
seldom / right now / in 1999

already / next week / normally
never /last year / up to now
the other day / sometimes / soon
since 2001 / every year / in a year
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Exercises
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. Here we (go).
2. Well, now I (see) ... what you (mean) ....
3. I (love) ... you more than words can say.
4. He (look) ... gorgeous.
5. That just (not / make) ... sense.
6. I (not / understand)... .
7. I (not / care)... .
8. Who (you / think) ... you are?
9. (you / speak) ... English?
10. (you / believe) ... in love at first sight?
Ask for the bold part of the sentence.
1. Julia likes pop-music. What does Julia like?

2. Maria comes from Spain.
3. They play in the garden.
4. Rick rides his bike.
5. I go to the cinema on Saturdays.
6. We go to Mallorca because it is warm there.
7. Joe repairs his bike.
8. Robin drives his car carefully.
9. Peter runs with his dog every day.
10. Eric goes to Italy for a holiday.
Present Progressive Introduction

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for
actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and
actions that are arranged for the near future.
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Present Progressive - Exceptions in Spelling
A single, silent e at the end of the word is dropped before ing.
example: come - coming
But: ee at the end of the word is not changed
example: agree - agreeing
The final consonant after a short, stressed vowel is doubled before ing.
example: sit - sitting

The letter l as final consonant after a vowel is always doubled before ing.
example: travel - travelling

Mind: This applies only for British English; in American English there is usually only one l.
An ie at the end of a word becomes y before ing.
example: lie lying (I am lying in bed.)
Present Progressive - Use

a. Actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now) The action is going on now.
(Signal words like now, at the moment are often used to emphasise that the action is taking
place at the moment of speaking. Signal words are not really necessary, however, as this is
already expressed by the tense itself.)
b. Arrangements for the near future
I am going to the theatre tonight.
(In the example you can see that the tickets are already bought. So we are talking about an
arrangement for the near future. To make clear that the action is not going on now, we usually
use signal words like tonight, tomorrow, next Friday, at noon.)
c. Actions taking place only for a limited period of time

John is helping in his brothers firm.
Here we are talking about a time limit. Jim does not usually work in the firm, he is still at
school and wants to earn some extra money during his holidays. To make clear that there is a
time limit, we usually use signal words, e.g. this week/month/year.
d. Actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking)
We are studying for the exam
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(This action takes place around now and only for a limited period of time, but not at the
moment of speaking. We don't have to use signal words here, but we often find signal words
in such sentences, e.g. now, at the moment.)
e. Development, changing situations

The population of china is rising very fast
(The sentence describes a development from one situation to another.
Signal words are not that common here, only sometimes the change of situation is emphasised
by using for example more and more.)
Exercises
1. Put the verbs into the correct form (present progressive).
1. I (to starve)
2. I can tell when you (to lie)
3. I (to joke / only)
4. She (to go out) with a real cutie.
5. (you / to try) to pull my leg?
6. You (not / to fool) anyone.
7. What (to go on) here?
8. I (look forward) to seeing you again.
9. What (you / to do)?
10. (I / to dream)?
2. Rewrite the following sentences in the interrogative form.

1. The cargo carried by ships continue to increase.
2. We build ships for particular cargoes.
3. Tankers carry liquid cargo.
4. Container vessels carry containers.
5. Ro-Ro ships have doors in their bows.
6. Lash stands for lighter aboard ship.
3. Put the verbs into the correct form (present progressive).
1. PINK - Get The Party Started: Everybody (to wait) s waiting for me to arrive.
2. AVRIL LAVIGNE - Complicated: I like you the way you are when we (to drive) in
your car.
3. J'LO - Jenny From The Block: I know where I (go) and I know where I'm from.
4. BLUE (feat. ELTON JOHN) - Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word: And it (get)
more and more absurd.
5. BLUE - U Make Me Wanna: That's why I'm here, I (write) this song.
6. BUSTED - What I Go To School For: I guess that's why my marks (get) so high.
7. JC CHASEZ - Blowing Me Up: There's something about you baby. It (take) me over.
8. ROBBIE WILLIAMS - Feel: Before I fall in love, I (prepare) to leave her.
9. EMINEM: Lose Yourself: He opens his mouth, but the words won't come out. He
(choke). How everybody (joke) now.
10. NICK CARTER - I Got You: They say I (look) for something that can't be found.
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4. Choose the correct signal word.
1. I am talking on the phone . (yesterday; now; never)

2. What are you doing ? (last night; in ten years; right now)
3. I'm not doing anything . (just now; two days ago; yesterday)
4. The sun is rising. (Listen!; Look!; yesterday)
5. We're having a party . (last week; on Saturday; maybe)
Combinations: Two subjects, two verbs
Subordination (One idea is stronger.)

Jack drinks coffee although Jill drinks tea. (without a comma)
Although Jack drinks coffee, Jill drinks tea. (with a comma)
Coordination (equal ideas, with coordinator: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)
Jack is drinking, and Jill is eating. (A comma [,] is needed here.)
Jack drinks coffee, but Jill drinks tea. (closest connection between ideas)
Closely related ideas (without coordinator)

Jack drinks coffee; Jill drinks tea. (A semi-colon [;] is used here.)
Jack drinks coffee; however, Jill drinks tea. (with a sentence connector)
Separate sentences (strongest break between ideas)
Jack drinks coffee. Jill drinks tea. (Use a period [.] to separate complete sentences.)
Jack drinks coffee. However, Jill drinks tea. (with a sentence connector)
Jack drinks coffee. Jill, however, drinks tea. (variation)
Note:
Do not use subordinators and coordinators to connect ideas in the same sentence:
Although Jack drinks coffee, but Jill drinks tea. (INCORRECT)
Jack drinks coffee, but Jill drinks tea. (Okay)
Although Jack drinks coffee, Jill drinks tea. (Okay)
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Self-assessment Test
a. Form negative sentences in Simple Present.
we / in London / live
it / a lot / rain
she / Irish / be
we / at the airport / arrive
I / rainy weather / hate
b. Complete the sentences (Simple Present or Present Progressive).

1.They often (meet) in the afternoon.
2.What (do / they) at the moment?
3.They (play) football.
4.They (love) football.
5.Joe (practise) with his father every weekend, but Dennis (not / play)
football very often.
Progress test
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present
progressive).
1. Look! He (leave) the house.

2. Quiet please! I (write) a test.
3. She usually (walk) to school.
4. But look! Today she (go) by bike.
5. Every Sunday we (go) to see my grandparents.
6. He often (go) to the cinema.
7. We (play) Monopoly at the moment.
8. The child seldom (cry).
9. I (not / do) anything at the moment.
10. (watch / he) the news regularly?
Answers to Self-assessment Test

a. Form negative sentences in Simple Present.
we / in London / live// We dont live in London.
it / a lot / rain // It doesnt rain a lot.
she / Irish / be// She isnt Irish.
we / at the airport / arrive // We are not at the airport.
I / rainy weather / hate // I dont hate rainy weather.
b. Complete the sentences (Simple Present or Present Progressive).

They often (meet) in the afternoon. // meet
What (do / they) at the moment? // are doing
They (play) football. // are playing
They (love) football. // love
Joe (practise) with his father every weekend, but Dennis (not / play) football very often. // practices; doesnt play)
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References
1. Blakey, T.N. English For Maritime Studies. 2nd ed. Hemel
Hempstead, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd, 1987 (ISBN 0 13
281379 3)
2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio
cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6)
3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)
4.Table A of the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1995 (STCW 1995),
1998 edition (IMO Sales No. 938E)
5.http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-
prepro/exercises (visited 12.04.2011)
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Unit 2
SHIPS
2.1 Types of ship
2.2 Articles definite, indefinite
2.3 Travel arrangements for joining ship
2.4 Phrases for greeting and introducing people
2.5 Going to and will
Progress test
References
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name several types of ship
discuss and confirm travel arrangements for joining ship
make and confirm accommodation reservations
demonstrates awareness of language register by using
appropriate expressions to greet visitors on board
use going to to describe fixed future plans or intentions
use will to predict future events
2.1 Types of ship
Since the dawn of history boats have been used in rivers, and ships have been used
to cross seas and oceans, to carry goods and people from one place to another.
The volume of cargo carried by ships continues to increase, and ships become
larger and larger. The variety of cargo is also widening. For this reason many ships
are built for particular cargoes. Tankers carry liquid cargo such as petroleum, and
refrigerated cargo is carried in reefers. Other ships, called bulk-carriers, carry certain
cargoes such as iron ore, grains or timber in bulk. Many vessels are built for certain
duties: tugs for towing ships, dredgers for deepening channels, and specialist craft
such as gas carriers, ice-breakers and floating cranes.
New types of ships include container vessels and Ro-Ro ships. Container
vessels carry large cases, or containers, of a wide variety of goods. They have a high
service speed and can be loaded and discharged very rapidly. Ro-Ro ships have
doors in their bows and sterns. These doors allow lorries, with cargo on them, to be
driven on and off. Another new type of ship is the Lash-ship. The word Lash stands
for lighter aboard ship. Lash-ships carry lighters or floating containers. Tankers
known as VLCCs (Very Large Crude Carriers) are designed to carry over 200,000
tons. ULCCs (Ultra Large Crude Carriers) can carry over 400,000 tons of cargo.
Although there is a wide variety of ships at the present time, more new designs are
expected.
Exercises
1. Study each of the following sentences carefully and state if it is true or false
according to the information in the text.
1. Ships have been used only to cross seas.
2. Because the volume of cargo has increased ships continue to become
larger and faster.
3. At present ships are built for special purposes.
4. Bulk-carriers carry iron ore, grains or timber.
5. Ships are towed by dredgers.
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6. Dredgers are used to deepen channels.

7. Container vessels can be loaded quickly and discharged slowly.
8. Ro-Ro ships allow loaded trucks to be driven on and off.
9. Lash stands for Lighter alongside ship.
B. Re-arrange the following group of words to form meaningful sentences.

1. design, ships, of, types, shipbuilders, new.
2. a, of, cargo, carries, a, kind, ship, special-purpose, certain.
C. Give brief answers to the following questions.

1. What do tankers carry?
2. What do reefers carry?
3. What do bulk-carriers carry?
4. What do tugs do?
5. What do dredgers do?
6. What does the word Lash stand for?
2.2 Articles
The, a, an, zero article

Nouns in English can be preceded by the definite article (the) or by the indefinite article (a,
an) or by no article at all.
The definite article (the) is used when the noun (singular or plural, countable or
uncountable) being referred to has a particular rather than a general reference, that is, when
we can identify what is being referred to. Here are three situations when we can identify what
is being referred to:
1. When the noun has been mentioned already
e.g. Colliers are designed to carry coal. The coal is carried in bulk.
2. When words following the noun define which particular one it is
e.g. Ships of all types use this port; the ship over there is an LNG carrier.
(Note: The phrase 'over there' tells us which ship is being referred to, but 'of all
types' does not.)
3. When there is only one of the noun in the world, or only one in the context being
referred to
e.g. the sun, the equator (with reference to the earth) the bridge, the Captain (with
reference to a ship)
This quality of uniqueness is also present with superlatives
e.g. the largest ship, the most important port.
The indefinite article (a, an) is used in front of singular nouns when they are used as
countable nouns and when the reference is general rather than particular, that is, when we
do not say which example of the noun is being referred to:
e.g. There is a ship in the port.
When the noun is plural, or when the noun is used as an uncountable noun, no article is used.
e.g. There were cadets on board.
There was oil floating on the water.
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When we refer to a class of objects rather than to examples of that class, the distinction
between definite and indefinite use disappears, and there are three possible ways of
referring to countable nouns:
e.g. The container ship is designed to carry containers.
A container ship is designed to carry containers.
Container ships are designed to carry containers.
(Here all three sentences mean: All container ships are designed to carry containers.) but there is
only one way of referring to uncountable nouns:
e.g. Oil is carried in tankers.
Exercise 1. Write out the paragraph below using a, an, the or no article as appropriate:
... largest type of cargo ship is ... tanker. ... tankers are designed to carry ...
liquid cargo such as ... oil. ... cargo is pumped directly into ... holds by ...
powerful pumps. ... holds are constructed as ... tanks. ... tanks are sub-divided
into ... central tank, two wing tanks and ... expansion tank. ... expansion tank
allows ... oil to expand in hot weather. ... bridge superstructure and ... engine room
are situated aft to leave more room for ... cargo. ... bridge is connected to ...
forecastle by ... catwalk. ... tankers which are over 500,000 dwt are known as ultra
large crude carriers (ULCCs).
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using articles when necessary.

1. Man has used ships since .. dawn of history.
2. .. ice-breaker is a special purpose ship.
3. .. ships are built for special purposes.
4. .. bulk-carrier carries iron ore.
5. This Lash ship doesnt have .. lighters on board.
6. .. ships are becoming larger and faster.
7. We do not have .. floating cranes available.
8. .. icebreakers sail in the arctic seas.
9. .. ULCC carries over 400,000 tons of cargo.
10. .. ships have doors in their sterns.
2.3 Travel Arrangements for Joining Ship
Flight reservation
Travel Agent: Freedom Travel. How may I help you?
Caller: Yes, I'd like to make a flight reservation for the twenty-third of this month.
Travel Agent: Okay. What is your destination?
Caller: Well. I'm flying to Helsinki, Finland.
Travel Agent: Okay. Let me check what flights are available?. [Okay] And when will you be
returning?
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Caller: Uh, well, I'd like to catch a return flight on the twenty-ninth. Oh, and I'd like the
cheapest flight available.
Travel Agent: Okay. Let me see. Um, hmm . . .
Caller: Yeah?
Travel Agent: Well, the price for the flight is almost double the price you would pay if you
leave the day before.
Caller: Whoo. Let's go with the cheaper flight. By the way, how much is it?
Travel Agent: It's only $980.
Caller: Alright. Well, let's go with that.
Travel Agent: Okay. That's flight 1070 from Salt Lake City to New York, Kennedy Airport,
transferring to flight 90 from Kennedy to Helsinki.
Caller: And what are the departure and arrival times for each of those flights?
Travel Agent: It leaves Salt Lake City at 10:00 AM, arriving in New York at 4:35 PM, then
transferring to flight 90 at 5:55 PM, and arriving in Helsinki at 8:30 AM the next day.
Caller: Alright. And, uh, I'd like to request a vegetarian meal.
Travel Agent: Sure, no problem. And could I have you name please?
Idioms:
"red-eye" = an passenger airplane that flies at night
"We took a red-eye so we would arrive earlier in the morning for the meeting."
"wait on someone hand and foot" = do everything for someone, attend to their every need
"When you fly first class, the flight attendants wait on you hand and foot."
Booking a hotel room
Hotel Clerk: Hello. Sunnyside Inn. May I help you?
Man: Yes, I'd like to reserve a room for two on the 21st of March.
Hotel Clerk: Okay. Let me check our computer here for a moment. The 21st of May, right?
Man: No. March, not May.
Hotel Clerk: Oh, sorry. Let me see here. Hmmm.
Man: Are you all booked that night?
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Hotel Clerk: Well, we have one suite available, complete with a kitchenette and a sauna bath.
And the view of the city is great, too.
Man: How much is that?
Hotel Clerk: It's only $200 dollars, plus a 10% room tax.
Man: Oh, that's a little too expensive for me. Do you have a cheaper room available either on
the 20th or the 22nd?
Hotel Clerk: Well, would you like a smoking or a non-smoking room?
Man: Non-smoking, please.
Hotel Clerk: Okay, we do have a few rooms available on the 20th; we're full on the 22nd,
unless you want a smoking room.
Man: Well, how much is the non-smoking room on the 20th?
Hotel Clerk: $80 dollars, plus the 10% room tax.
Man: Okay, that'll be fine.
Hotel Clerk: All right. Could I have your name, please?
Man: Yes. Bob Maexner.
Hotel Clerk: How do you spell your last name, Mr. Maexner?
Man: M-A-E-X-N-E-R.
Hotel Clerk: Okay, Mr. Maexner, we look forward to seeing you on March 20th.
Man: Okay. Goodbye.
Exercises
1. Choose the right answer

In most cases, passengers have to show a ____________ before they can get on a
plane.
A. travel brochure; B. guidebook; C. boarding pass
If you're looking for affordable accommodations especially designed for younger

travelers, then a ___________ might be right for you.
A. hotel; B. youth hostel; C. inn
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Maritime English
When traveling to some places in the world, you might have to get _____________
that will provide protection from certain diseases.
A. vaccinations; B. baggage; C. luggage
2. Match the words with the sntences

departure, transfer, available, catch, destination
You will need to ___________ to a different plane in Miami.
What is your ____________ on this trip?
Be sure to be at the gate at least 30 minutes before ____________.
She wants to ___________ a taxi from the airport instead of a bus.
Are there are any seats _____________ on an earlier flight?
3. Match the dialogue:
1. Was your plane on time? a. Yes, it was fine.
2. Did you have a good trip? b. Yes, thank you. Everythings perfect.
3. Is your room OK? c. No, Im fine for the moment, thanks.
4. Did you have something to eat? d. Yes, its very comfortable, thanks.
5. Is everything OK? e. Yes, I had a meal on the plane.
6. Can I get you anything? f. Yes, it was right on time.
4. Find the words relating to travel arrangements and make sentences of your own
with each of them:
A woman called to make reservations, "I want to go from Chicago to Hippopotamus,
New York" The agent was at a loss for words. Finally, the agent said "Are you sure
that's the name of the town?" "Yes, what flights do you have?" replied the customer.
After some searching, the agent came back with, "I'm sorry, ma'am, I've looked up
every airport code in the country and can't find a Hippopotamus anywhere. The
customer retorted, "Oh, don't be silly. Everyone knows where it is. Check your map!"
The agent scoured a map of the state of New York and finally offered, "You don't
mean Buffalo, do you?" "That's it! I knew it was a big animal!"
2.4 Phrases for Greeting and Introducing People
Introducing others
These types of introductions involve three people:
A: The introducer (who knows both B and C)

B: Introducee (knows A but not C)
C: Introducee (knows A but not B)
23
Maritime English
Example,
A: Have you two met each other?

B: No, we haven't.
A: Ben, this is Carol. Carol this is Ben. (B and C smile and shake hands.)
B: Nice to meet you Carol.
C: Nice to meet you too, Ben.
Follow-up:
After you have been introduced to someone,
it is polite to ask a few general questions* to get acquainted.
For example,
B: Where are you from, Carol?

C: I'm from Connecticut.
B: Connecticut, which part?

C: Hartford, the capital. How about you, Ben?
B: Nebraska--a place called Bellevue. It's near Omaha.

C: How do you know Alan (A)?
B: He is my friend from college.
Practice introducing your friends to each other.

Remember to smile (and use handshakes where appropriate).
* When meeting someone for the first time,

it is not appropriate to ask certain types of questions.
Do NOT ask:
A person's age
Birth date
Salary
Weight
Marital status
You may ask general questions about the situation.
How do you know Alan (the person who introduced us)?

Are you a student at this university?
Is this your first time here?
What do you do for a living?
How long have you been working for (company)?
2.5 Going to - will
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two
forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different
24
Maritime English
meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and
practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific
time in the future.
Form Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.

Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
Form Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.

Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one
the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's
complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or
volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to
voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.

I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
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Maritime English
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.

If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to
inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to
do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future.
Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the
subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the
following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.

John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT. In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in
mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
26
Maritime English
No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead
of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
Immigration and Customs. Give the right answer:
Where will you be _____________ during your week-long vacation?
In a hotel downtown? You can find some great accommodations there.
1. staying
2. renting
3. shopping
Could you open your ______________? Our x-ray machine shows

that you might have a small knife and bottle inside . . . things you can't
take on the plane.
1. wallet
2. luggage
3. pocket
Please be sure to collect your __________________, including any

small electronic devices and clothing, before you get off the plane.
1. belongings
2. luggage
3. mail
What is the _______________ of your visit to the US? Business or

pleasure?
1. purpose
2. meaning
3. design
I will _______________ several business meetings while in the US.

We will be reviewing the future plans of our companies.
1. test
2. discuss
3. attend
27
Maritime English
Progress test
Ex. 1 Match the words with the sentences
much, check, expensive, view, reserve
The _________ of the city is beautiful.
Let me _________ our books to see if we have a room.
Well, $200 for a room is a little __________ for me. Do you have
something cheaper?
I want to __________ a room for next Friday.
How _______ is the room for one night?

staying
pocket
belongings
purpose
attend
References
281379 3)
2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio
4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-
5. http://www.esl-lab.com/flight/flightsc1.htm - (visited
21.04.2011)
6. http://free-english-study.com/speaking/introducing-others.htm
- (visited 20.04.2011)
28
Maritime English
Unit 3
SHIP DESCRIPTION
3.1 The main parts of a ship
3.2 Phrases for giving opinions, agreeing and disagreeing
3.3 Applied terminology: Terms related to the hull
Progress test
References
29
Maritime English

identifies the main parts of a ship
give short descriptions of ships sides and superstructure
find the proper phrases for giving opinions
3.1 The main parts of a ship
The main structure of a ship is the hull. Within the hull are the tween decks or platforms on
which the cargo rests. The uppermost platform or the upper deck, covers the holds in which
cargo is stowed. It is loaded and discharged either by cranes on the quay or by the ships
derricks. Derricks are operated by winches. The derricks are fitted to masts which stand on
the upper deck. The cargo passes into or out of the holds through cargo hatches.
At sea, the ship is controlled from the bridge by the captain and the navigating
officers. The front part of a ship is called the bow and the rear part the stern. Near the bridge
is the funnel. Smoke and gases pass through the funnel from the engine. The engine is fitted
near the bottom of the ship in the engine room. The engine drives the propeller at the stern of
the ship. The anchors and cables and the windlass are located in the bow of the ship.
The right side of a ship facing the bow is called the starboard side and the other side is
the port side. The beam is the greatest width of the ship. The draught is the depth of the ships
bottom or keel below the water surface.
The captain and officers are accommodated in cabins. These are located in the middle
part of the ship near the bridge. The other members of the crew live in cabins. They are
usually in the rear part of the ship.
Exercises
A. Are the following statements true or false?

1. The upper deck covers the holds in which cargo is stowed.
2. Cargo is loaded and discharged by the ships derricks.
3. Cargo passes through cargo holds.
4. The smoke from the engine passes through the funnel.
5. The right side of a ship facing the bow is called port and the other side is
starboard.
6. The greatest width of the ship is the draught.
7. The captains cabin is in the middle part of the ship.
8. At the bow of the ship are the anchors and cables.
B. Rearrange the following groups of words to form meaningful sentences

1. a, of, ship, is, the, structure, the, main, hull.
2. ship, officers, control, from, bridge, the, navigating, the captain, the, and.
3. the, drives, the, ship, propeller, the, engine, of.
30
Maritime English
C. Give brief answers to the following questions:

1. What is a hull?
2. Where is the cargo stowed?
3. How is the cargo loaded and discharged?
4. What is the front part of a ship called?
5. What is the rear part of a ship called?
6. What drives the propeller?
7. Where are the anchors and cables located?
8. What is the greatest width of a ship?
9. Where are the captain and the officers accommodated?
D. Try to solve the following crossword puzzle.
1 14
3 4
15 5 16
6 17 18
7 8
9 10 19
11 20
12
13
ACROSS DOWN
1. A ship for carrying liquid (6) 14. The body of a ship (4)
2. Opposite to south (5) 15. Turned by the ships engine (9)
3. Members of a ship. (4) 16. A place of shelter for ships (7)
4. Sick (3)
17. Also (3)
5. An opening in a ship for cargo (5)
6. A ship with doors in her bow and stern (4) 18. Negative (2)
7. Left hand side (4) 19. Without large waves (4)
8. Stern (opposite) (3) 20. Used by fishermen (3)
9. Lighter-aboard-ship (4)
10. Ultra large crude carrier (4)
11. Rear of a ship (5)
12. Opposite to West (4)
13. Wireless (5)
31
Maritime English
3.2 Phrases for giving opinions, agreeing and disagreeing
Simple agreement
I agree.
I really agree with you.
I think you are right.
I couldnt agree with you more.
You said it.
Cant say I dont agree.
Im with you on this.
I partly agree
I agree on this but not that.
Its partly true.
Simple disagreement or refusal
I disagree with you.

Everyone has their own opinion, right?
I think youre wrong on this.
Im sorry but I have to refuse your request.
Youre wrong.
No way!
Youve got to be kidding!
How can you even say that?
Where is your logic?
Strong disagreement
I completely disagree with you.

You are very wrong to say that.
I totally disagree with you.
I cant find myself to agree with you.
Youre dead wrong.
Youre way wrong.
Accepting/Declining/Expressing acceptance
I accept your point.

Please accept this on our behalf.
Sorry, I cant accept this.
Im 100% with you on this!
Great idea.
Ill take it.
Sorry, I cant take it.
Accept my apology.
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Maritime English
3.3 Applied terminology - Terms relating to the hull
(A)Terms relating to a ship's hull
The main body of a ship is called the hull.
The hull is divided into three parts:
(Note: When standing in a ship and facing the bow, the left-hand side is called the port
side and the right-hand side is called the starboard side. These can be added to the above
terms.
e.g. the port bow, the starboard quarter, the port side amidships.)
The side of the hull can be referred to more accurately by using the side, the part and
the waterline.
e.g. the ship was hit on the port bow one metre below the waterline.
Exercise 2. Using the table to help you, use your imagination to complete the sentences below. The
first has been done for you.
33
Maritime English
a. The hull was damaged on the.port bow three.feet above the waterline.
b. The ship was holed
c. The stabilizers were fitted
d. The sailors painted the hull
e. There was thick armour plating
Answer the questions:
1. What is the front part of a ship called?
2. What is a hull?
3. What drives the propeller?
4. What is the greatest width of a ship?
Progress test
Ask questions to which the underlined words are the answers.
Example: The funnel is near the bridge.
Where is the funnel?
1. The engine is fitted near the bottom of the ship.
2. The anchors and cables are located in the bow of
the ship.
3. The officers are accommodated in cabins in the
middle part of the ship.
4. At sea, the ship is controlled from the bridge.
5. Cargo is stowed in holds.

The front part of a ship is called the bow.
The main structure of a ship is the hull.
The engine drives the propeller at the stern of the ship.
The beam is the greatest width of the ship.
References
Hempstead, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd, 1987 (ISBN 0
13 281379 3)
2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and 2 audio
34
Maritime English
Unit 4
SHIPS ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
4.1 Ships departments
4.2 The deck department
4.3 The engine department
4.4 Function
Progress test
References
35
Maritime English

enumerate the four departments of a ship
know the functions of all officers and petty officers
describe each department
4.1 Ships departments

During a voyage, the ship is operated for 24 hours of every day. The day at sea is divided into
4-hour periods starting from midnight. These periods are called watches. They are named as
follows:
Midnight to 0400 hours - Middle watch
0400 hrs to 0800 hours - Morning watch
0800 hrs to Noon - Forenoon watch
Noon to 1600 hours - Afternoon watch
1600 hrs to 2000 hours - Evening watch
2000 hrs to Midnight - First watch
The work of the ship is organized under four departments: The Deck, Radio, Engine-Room
and Catering Departments. The names of the personnel and the departments to which they
belong are shown in the following table
CAPTAIN (Overall Command)
DECK DEPT. RADIO DEPT. ENGINE-ROOM D. CATERING DEPT.
Officers Radio Officer Chief Officer Purser

Chief Officer Second Officer
Second Officer Third Officer
Third Officer Fourth Officer
Navigating Cadets Engineering Cadets
Petty Officers Chief Steward

Bosun Chief Cook
Carpenter
Pumpman Second Steward
Second Cook
Ratings Greasers
Able Seamen
(ABs)
Efficient Deck
Hands
Ordinary Seamen
36
Maritime English
The organization of the crew of a cargo ship is changing, but it is still customary to
find Deck, Engine, Catering and Radio Departments in ships of a reasonable size. Each
department is made up of a varied number of officers, petty officers and ratings.
The man in charge of a ship is the Master. He must be well qualified and an
experienced navigator. Although his correct title is the Master, he is addressed as 'Captain'.
He is responsible for the efficient navigation of the ship, the lives of those on board, and the
safe delivery of the cargo.
The Chief Officer, or First Mate as he is often called, is the Master's chief officer and head
of the Deck Department. He is assisted by a Second Officer (Mate), a Third Officer
(Mate), and sometimes a Fourth Officer (Mate). Several companies employ a First Officer
as well as a Chief Officer. The Deck Department also includes a Boatswain (Bosun) and a
Carpenter, both petty officers, and a number of ratings. These are made up of Able Seamen
(AB), Ordinary Seamen (OS) and a middle grade known as Efficient Deck Hands (EDH).
There are other grades of seamen. On some ships Navigating Cadets are carried for training
purposes. ' The Chief Engineer is head of the Engine Department. He is assisted by a
Second, Third, Fourth and sometimes Fifth Engineer. An Electrical Officer may also be
carried. The engine room petty officers are the Storekeeper and Donkeyman. On tankers
there is also a Pumpman. He is also a petty officer. The engine room ratings are Firemen
and Greasers. There may also be Engineer Cadets. The Catering Department is under the
Chief Steward. It is divided into a saloon and galley section. The former is headed by the
Second Steward, the latter by the Ship's Cook. They are both usually petty officers. They
are assisted by several stewards and cooks, and by a number of junior ratings.
The Radio Department often consists of only one man: the Radio Officer. On ships where
continuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers: a Chief, Second and
Third.
Exercises
A. Are the following statements true or false?
1. The day at sea is divided into four periods.
2. The captain has an overall command of the ship.
3. The deck department is under the command of the navigating officer.
4. The afternoon watch is between noon and 1700 hours.
5. The loading and discharging of cargo is one of the responsibilities of the first mate.
B. Re-arrange the following groups of words to form meaningful sentences:

1. bosun, the, directly, officer, works, the, chief, under.
2. responsible, board, on, all, the, steward, is, catering, chief, the, for.
3. engineer, the, second, assists, chief, chief, the, engineer.

1. How many departments are there on board a ship?
2. What are the responsibilities of the master of the ship?
3. What are the duties of the chief officer?
4. Why is the second officer called the navigating officer?
5. Who is responsible for the safety equipment on board?
6. What is the main responsibility of the chief engineer?
7. What is the work of the carpenter?
37
Maritime English
D. Ask questions to which the underlined words are the answers.
1. The day at sea is divided into six periods.
2. The captain has an overall command of the ship.
3. The chief officer is responsible for the loading and discharging of cargo.
4. The work of the ship is organized under four departments.
5. The second officer is often called the navigating officer.
E. Observe the use of the underlined words in the following sentences.

a. The second officer is called the navigating officer.
b. Look at that pitching ship.
c. He works in the catering department.
Now complete list A by choosing the right information from lists B.
A. B.
1. Catering boys (i) give way to power-driven vessels in
narrow channels
2. Rolling ships (ii) are derricks and cranes
3. Sailing vessels (iii) should be regularly checked
4. Loading operations (iv) work in the catering department
5. Lifting machinery (v) are of great importance at night
6. Fire-fighting equipment (vi) are uncomfortable for passengers
7. Steaming lights (vii) are the responsibility of the first mate
F. Observe the two ways of expressing the same idea

The master is responsible for the efficient navigation of the ship.
The master is in charge of the efficient navigation of the ship.
Now complete the following sentences:
1. The chief officer is in .. the morning and evening watches.
2. The chief engineer is .. for the efficient operation of the main engines.
3. The carpenter is in .. the hatch covers and maintenance.
4. The chief steward is ..for ordering provisions.
5. The person .. of the deck repairs is the carpenter.
6. The person .. for the overall command of the ship is the captain.
4.2 The deck department

The Deck Department is responsible for navigating the ship safely and economically from
port to port. The Master is an experienced navigator and usually works out the best course.
The Second Officer is responsible to the Master for keeping the ship on course and for
looking after all the equipment used for navigation. It is also the job of the Deck
Department to see that the cargo is stowed properly in the holds and kept in good condition
during the voyage. The stowage of cargo is the responsibility of the Chief Officer. He is
helped by the Second and Third Officers. In addition, when the ship is not fully loaded, the
First Mate must see that the holds are cleaned and prepared for their next cargo. In a tanker
the cargo tanks are washed out during ballast passages and freed of gas. At sea, much of the
Deck Department's time is spent maintaining the ship and her equipment in good condition.
This means constant cleaning, painting and repair work. This is done by ratings under the
supervision of the Boatswain (Bosun). A programme of maintenance for each day is worked
38
Maritime English
out by the Chief Officer. He also looks after the general day-to-day running of the
department and deals with any problems. The Third Officer is in charge of the life-saving
equipment. The different appliances must be complete and in good working order.
The Boatswain and the Carpenter are directly responsible to the Chief Officer. The Bosun
sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew. He is a man
with a lot of knowledge and practical experience in seamanship. The Carpenter is usually a
qualified shipwright. He no longer works only with wood as his name suggests. His most
important regular job is to sound the tanks and bilges in order to check the depths of liquid
in them. He also operates the windlass, when the anchors are being raised or lowered.
The Deck Department is also responsible for keeping watches. An officer is always on
watch on the bridge. He is the Master's representative and answers to him for the safety of
the ship during his watch. In ships where a Chief Mate and a First Mate are carried, the First
Mate is the watchkeeping officer.
Exercises
Complete these sentences with one word from the passage:

(a) The Second Officer is the ... officer, therefore he must be good at calculating the
ship's position and course.
(b) The careful ... of cargo is important in order to keep it safe and easily unloaded.
4.3 The engine department
The engine room is the heart of a ship where the power is generated to drive the ship. The
main power is derived from two boilers. These are oil fired, forced draught, water-tube type
boilers with superheaters and economizers. The power derived from the boilers is used to run
the high and low pressure turbines. The turbines are coupled through cross-compound, double
reduction gears which drive a shaft. In addition to the boilers and propulsion machinery, the
engine room also contains auxiliary machinery to run the rest of the ship's systems. Steam
driven generators provide electricity for the ship's lights and the D.C. motors. An electrical
distribution panel allows the ship's electrical systems to be run from the steam generators,
diesel powered auxiliary generators or shore power. There are two refrigerator compressors to
maintain the temperature in the walk in freezer and chill boxes. There are also two air
compressors.
Each watch is generally manned by at least 3 people; the engineer-on-watch, the fireman, and
an oiler. The engineer-on-watch's station is the main operating control panel. The main
operating control panel has gauges that allow the engineer to assess and maintain the overall
condition of the steam plant, propulsion systems and other machinery. Some of the gauges
and controls at this station are: main steam pressure, vacuum pressure, auxiliary steam
pressure, level of the D.C. heater, level of the main gear sump, RPM.'s of the shaft, total
revolutions of the shaft, control air pressure, and the forward and astern main throttle wheels.
The fireman's station is the fire room; here the fireman monitors and maintains the boiler
operation. Sight gauges allow the fireman to monitor the water levels in the boilers. There are
periscopes that allow the fireman to monitor the quality of combustion and adjust the fuel-air
mixture accordingly. The fire room control panel allows the fireman to monitor steam
pressure of each boiler, the superheat temperature, fuel oil temperature, combustion air
pressure, and various control air pressure gauges for the automatic water controls of each
boiler.
39
Maritime English
Finally, the oiler's job is to make rounds engine room keeping watch over all the machinery
for signs of trouble. As his job title would imply, the oiler is responsible for ensuring all
machinery and bearings are well lubricated.
4.4 Function
A person's function, or what he does, can be expressed in terms of his responsibility. Study
these examples:
1. The Master is responsible for the safety of the ship.
2. The safety of the ship is the responsibility of the Master.
Note the addition here:
3. The Master is responsible to the company for the safety of the ship.
Exercise 1. Link the following (do not change their order), using whichever pattern above
is appropriate:
(a) Chief Officer - Master - the Deck Department.
(b) Third Officer - the life-saving equipment.
(c) The sounding of tanks and bilges - Carpenter.
(d) Radio Officer - radio communications.
(e) Chief Steward - Master - the Catering Department.
(f) The preparation of food -Ship's Cook.
(g) Chief Engineer - the efficient running of his department,
(h) The loading and unloading of oil - Pumpman.
The function of a thing, or what it is used for, can be expressed in a number of ways:
1. By using the phrase: The function of... is to ...

e.g. The function of a crane is to lift heavy objects.
2. By using the verb to use + for -ing

e.g. A crane is used for lifting heavy objects.
3. By using a verb expressing the function,

e.g. A crane lifts heavy objects.
4. By using a prepositional phrase introduced by with
e.g. We lift heavy objects with a crane.
5. Rewrite the following sentences in the three alternative ways.
(a) The function of a thermometer is to measure temperature.

(b) A fire extinguisher is used for putting out fires.
(c) A windlass raises and lowers the anchors.
(d) We measure time with a chronometer.
40
Maritime English
a. Are the following statements true or false?

1. The afternoon watch is between noon and 1700 hours.
2. The person in charge of the deck repairs is the carpenter.
3. The radio officer works under the command of the chief officer.
b. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the duties of the chief officer?
2. What is the main responsibility of the chief engineer?
c. Complete the following sentences:

1. The person .. of the deck repairs is the carpenter.
2. The person .. for the overall command of the ship is the
captain.
Progress test
1. The radio officer works under the command of the chief officer.
2. The chief steward is responsible for the ordering of provisions.
3. The daily orders to the bosun are given to him by the chief
officer.
4. The person in charge of the deck repairs is the carpenter.

Ex a.
1. T
2. F
3. F
Ex b. Answer the following questions:
1. The stowage of cargo is the responsibility of the Chief Officer.
He must see that the holds are cleaned and prepared for their next cargo. A programme of maintenance
for each day is worked out by the Chief Officer. He also looks after the general day-to-day running of
the department and deals with any problems.
2. The CEng supervises all the activities in the ER.
Ex c.
1. in charge
2. responsible
References
281379 3)
41
Maritime English
Unit 5
CARGO AND ITS HANDLING
5.1 Cargo handling equipment
5.2 Relative clauses
5.3 Terms relating to position in a ship
Progress test
References
42
Maritime English

know the officer in charge of cargo operation and his
responsibilities
name other people involved in cargo handling
omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the verb
in defining relative clauses
use the relative pronouns who, whose, that, which and
where correctly in defining relative clauses
use terms relating to position in a ship
5.1 Cargo handling equipment
The carriage of cargo by sea is the principal reason for the existence of ships.
The officer in charge of the loading, stowage, and safe delivery of cargo is the first
mate. Before the cargo arrives at the quay or ships side, he will have had information about
the cargo to be loaded.
Mixed cargo, such as bags of cement, crates of machinery, boxes of electrical
equipment, motor car tyres, and crates of cotton goods, is known as general cargo. Cargo
which is not in crates, boxes, bundles or bags, such as coal, iron ore and grain, is known as
bulk cargo.
The first mate draws up a cargo plan based on the information he has received of the
cargo to be loaded. It is important that, if the ship is to discharge at more than one port, the
cargo for the first port of discharge is stowed in the upper part of the hold. In other words,
cargo which is to be discharged at the first discharging port should be loaded last.
The first mate considers the stability of the ship when cargo is loaded. The ship must
not be too stiff nor too tender to ensure that she will be safe in rough seas. The cargo must be
securely stowed in the holds so that there is no possibility of the cargo shifting. Any
movement of cargo in the ship might affect the ships stability and seaworthiness.
The handling of cargo into and out of the ships holds requires great skill. It is the
work of the stevedores. The stevedores work in gangs. Each gang is under the charge of a
gang foreman. He usually stands on deck at the hatch when cargo is being discharged. When
loading cargo the
gang foreman usually supervises in the ships hold. The gang member who stands on deck
near the hatch to advise the crane driver or winchman is called the hatchwayman. The
winchmen operate the winches on board the ship.
The cargo is checked as it is loaded by a tallyman. When loading general cargo as
many as eight stevedores work in the hold and six on the quay-side or in the lighter alongside
the ship.
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Maritime English
Exercises
A. Are the following statements false or true?

1. The main reason for building ships is the carriage of passengers.
2. The captain is in charge of loading, stowage and delivery of cargo.
3. Unbagged or uncrated cargo is known as bulk cargo.
4. Cargo to be discharged at the final discharging port should be loaded last.
5. Cargo shifting in the holds does not affect the ships stability.
6. A gang foreman is in charge of a gang.
7. Winches on board a ship are operated by the hatchwaymen.
8. Tallymen weigh cargo as it is loaded.
B. Re-arrange the following groups of words to form meaningful sentences:

1. tallyman, the, the, cargo, stevedores, as, load, it, checks, the
2. the, advises, hatchwayman, near, crane-driver, hatch, the
3. winchmen, winches, board, ship, the, on, operate, the

1. Who is in charge of the safe delivery of cargo?
2. What mixed cargo do you know?
3. What is bulk cargo?
4. Which cargo is stowed first?
5. Why must cargo be securely stowed in the holds?
6. What is the work of the stevedores?
7. What is the work of a gang foreman?
8. Do tallymen repair TV-sets?
D. Ask questions to which the underlined words are the answers:

1. The cargo must be securely stowed in the holds so that there is no possibility of
cargo shifting.
2. The hatchwayman stands on deck near the hatch to advise the crane-drivers.
3. The ship must not be too stiff nor too tender so that she may be safe in rough seas.
4. Man has built ships to carry cargo.
5. The stevedores refused to work on Saturday and Sunday
E. Observe the underlined phrases in the following sentence:

The cargo must be securely stowed in the holds.
Now complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the given verb with the
given modal:
1. If the cargo shifts, the ships stability .. (may, affect)
2. A cargo plan .. by the first mate. (must, draw)
3. Fragile items of cargo .. carefully (should, pack)
4. This shipment .. within three hours (can, load)
5. A space .. for your car if you wanted to (would, keep)
6. A ship .. off its course by wind and waves (might, drive)
F. What kind of cargo is each of the following?
1. Boxes of electrical equipment
44
Maritime English
2. Boxes of cotton
3. Petroleum
4. Coal
5. Boxes of clothing
6. Wheat
7. Timber
5.2 Relative clauses
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a question word (e.g. who, which,
where) or the word that. You can use it to modify a noun or pronoun (i.e. to identify or give
more information about it).
Students who can develop independent learning skills often achieve good academic results.
There is a new book that investigates the controversy over political reforms in Hong Kong.
A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in specific academic
disciplines.
The lecture theatre in which the inauguration ceremony will be held is now being cleaned.
1. Relative pronouns
Words like who, that and when are often referred to as relative pronouns when they are used
to introduce relative clauses. You use:
who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things.
whom as the object of a relative clause (in more formal English), though it is increasingly
common to replace it with who.
whose to indicate possession, as a determiner before nouns.
For example:
Whats the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon?
This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year.
All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately go to the library
for a tour.
2. Types of relative clause
There are two types of relative clause: defining and non-defining. You use a defining (or
restrictive) relative clause to identify or restrict the reference of a noun. You do not
separate it from the rest of the sentence by commas (in text) or pauses (in speech).
(a) Some ships are called bulk carriers.

(b) These ships carry bulk cargo.
(a) + (b) Ships which carry bulk cargo are called bulk carriers.
(a) Cotton comes from a plant.

(b) This plant grows in the USA.
(a) + (b) Cotton comes from a plant which grows in the USA.
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Maritime English
(a) A man fell overboard.
(b) The man was painting a lifeboat.
(a) + (b) The man who was painting a lifeboat fell overboard.
Sentences (a) are general and undefined. Sentences (b) tell us which 'ships', 'plant', and 'man' is
being referred to. That is why they are called defining clauses. They are put immediately after the
noun they define. Who is used for people, which for things. There is no comma (,) before them.
NOTE: It is preferable to use that (not which) after the following words: all, any(thing), every
(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing), and after superlatives. When
using the pronoun to refer to the object, that can be omitted.
You use a non-defining (or non-restrictive) relative clause to supply additional information
about the noun, whose identity or reference is already established. You can also use it to
comment on the whole situation described in a main clause.
Albert Einstein, who put forward the theory of relativity, is considered by many as the most
intelligent person in human history.
The ELC, which provides language support to students, is located in the A wing.
You should not use the relative pronoun that in non-defining relative clauses.
3. Leaving relative pronouns out of relative clauses
You can sometimes omit the relative pronoun in a defining relative clause to create a more
concise style. You cannot do this in a non-defining clause.
One of the drills (that are) scheduled for the passengers has been cancelled due to bad
weather.
The designer (who/whom) you saw at the party last night is Giorgio Armani!
Exercise 1. Join these sentences together

(a) Some ships are called colliers.
These ships carry coal.
(b) Hemp and sisal rope are made from the leaves of a plant.
This plant grows in parts of Europe, Russia and the USA.
(c) One officer is called the Chief Steward.
He is responsible for the Catering Department.
(d) Some cargoes are stowed in lock-ups.
These cargoes are classed as valuable.
(e) An officer may become the Master of his own ship.
He has the right qualifications and experience.
2. Non-defining relative clauses

(a) All the deck cargo was unloaded first.
(b) The cargo consisted of steel rails.
(a) + (b) All the deck cargo, which consisted of steel rails, was unloaded first.
(a) The First Mate is responsible for the cargo.
46
Maritime English
(b) The First Mate must have at least a class 2 Certificate.

(a) + (b) The First Mate, who must have at least a class 2 Certificate, is responsible for the cargo.
Here sentences (b) do not define the 'deck cargo' or the 'First Mate', they just add extra
information about them. This information can be left out without changing the meaning of the
sentence. For this reason commas (,) are put round the relative clause.
Exercise 2. Read through this description of the Suez Canal. Then add the information below in the
appropriate place using non-defining relative clauses.
The Suez Canal was opened on 17 November, 1869. It was designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. The
Canal joins the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Although it is twice as long as the Panama Canal,
it cost half as much to build. This was because Suez is a sea-level canal from end-to-end, therefore
locks are unnecessary. The Canal has been widened and deepened several times since it was opened.
It is now about twice its original breadth and depth. Until 1956, the Canal was operated by the
Suez Canal Company. Since this date it has been operated by the Egyptian government.
(a) The Suez Canal took ten years to build.
(b) Ferdinand de Lesseps was a French engineer.
(c) The Canal is 105 miles long.
(d) Locks are expensive to build.
(e) The Canal was originally 58 metres wide at the surface and about 6 metres deep.
(f) The Egyptian government plan to increase its depth to take super tankers.
5.3 Applied terminology: Terms relating to position in a ship
At the fore end of a ship is known as forward. The after end of a ship is known as aft At the
midships part is known as amidships e.g. The forecastle is situated forward. The main
engines in a tanker are aft.
Port side and starboard side can be added to these: e.g. port side forward, starboard side
amidships, port side aft.
The extreme fore end is known as right forward The extreme after end is known as right aft
e.g. The ensign is right aft.
Exercise 1. Draw a diagram of a ship's hull and label it to illustrate the meaning of the
words described above. Your diagram should be the plan view of a hull, i.e. from above
looking down.
Here are some more terms relating to position:
In front of is known as before or forward of Behind is known as abaft or aft of
Across the ship from side to ship is athwartships
Along the length of the ship from stem to stern is fore and aft
e.g. Number 1 hold is forward of Number 2 hold. The funnel is always abaft
the bridge. Life rafts can be stowed athwartships or fore and aft.
Now study this diagram of a traditional general cargo ship and read the
description below:
47
Maritime English
Mast
Forecastle
!
Ensign
A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure
amidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of
the bridge. Forward of No. 1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff.
Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft
when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side amidships,
another on the starboard side amidships, abaft the funnel. The poop is situated aft
and there is an ensign staff right aft.
Exercise 2. Now write a description of the modern general cargo ship shown below
(keep your description as close to the above description as possible):
In the following sentences the relative pronouns are
missing. Edit the sentences, putting in suitable relative
pronouns and any missing commas.
1. Nearly all the proposals the committee put forward
have been accepted.
2. This is the book has become a bestseller in recent
years.
3. Graduates possess a strong academic background as
well as good communication skills are favoured by
employers.
4. Theres a football match on television tomorrow I
think you shouldnt miss.
5. The firm has decided to introduce a new round of pay
cuts will doubtlessly be greeted with discontent and
hostility.
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Maritime English
Progress test
Choose the relative pronoun to complete the relative clause sentence.
1. You should speak to Peter ____ is responsible for company relations abroad
(who, whose, whom)
2. He came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a t-shirt, _____ was
a stupid thing to do. (that, who, which)
3. Frank Smith, ____ son works for us, can provide an estimate. (who, which,
whose)
4. The young man _____ is standing on the corner works at the Harbour
Masters Office. (whose, who, which)
5. The house _____ was sold to Ms. Anderson was in excellent condition.
(which, whose, where)
6. The employees _____ were hired last month helped improve profits. (that,
whose, which)

Nearly all the proposals that the committee put forward have been accepted.
This is the book which has become a bestseller in recent years.
Graduates who possess a strong academic background as well as good communication skills are favoured
by employers.
Theres a football match on television tomorrow which I think you shouldnt miss.
The firm has decided to introduce a new round of pay cuts which will doubtlessly be greeted with discontent
and hostility.
References
1. Blakey, T.N. English For Maritime Studies. 2nd ed. Hemel Hempstead,
Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd, 1987 (ISBN 0 13 281379 3)
2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio cassettes).
Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6)
3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)
4. http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/eap/2004/u6/relativeclauses.htm (visited
1.05.2011)
49
Maritime English
Unit 6
CLASSIFICATION OF MERCHANT SHIPS
UNIT 6.
6.1 Types of merchant ships
6.2 Logical connectives
6.3 Applied terminology: Terms relating to a ships hull
6.4 Note-taking practice: Symbols, ommisions
Progress test
References
50
Maritime English

differentiate between types of ship
describe each type
use logical connectives in various circumstances
refer to parts of ship hull
improve note taking
6.1 Types of merchant ships
Merchant ships can be classified according to what they carry. Most are designed to carry cargo, but
a few still carry passengers.
Cargo ships can be divided into two basic types. One type carries dry cargo, the other carries liquid
cargo; however, an OBO ship is designed to carry both. A traditional dry cargo ship is the multi-deck
vessel. Her holds are divided horizontally by one or two 'tween decks, because these make stowage of
individual packages easier. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers. These do not have 'tween decks
as cargo is carried loose. The most modern type of dry cargo carrier is the container ship. They carry
containers of standard dimensions, consequently stowage is easier. Fruit, meat and dairy produce
are carried in refrigerated ships. Oil tankers are the most common type of liquid cargo carrier. They are
often very large, because huge quantities of oil need to be transported and one large vessel is more
economical to operate than two smaller ones. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing
importance are the liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and the chemical carrier, although chemicals
can also be carried in drums in general cargo ships.
In comparison with cargo vessels, passenger ships are fewer in number and type. The traditional
passenger ship is the passenger liner; however, many carry cargo as well. Nowadays their number
has been greatly reduced, because of competition from air transport. Another type of passenger
vessel is the cruise ship. These are similar in appearance to passenger liners. The most common type
of passenger vessel is the ferry. Many of them are also designed to carry vehicles, therefore these have
doors at the stern or bows.
Complete these statements:

(a) Merchant ships can be designed as
(b) Cargo ships can be divided into
(c) Dry cargo ships include
(d) are examples of liquid cargo carriers.
(e) Three types of passenger ship are
Use your imagination and knowledge to answer these questions:

(a) Why are OBO ships designed to carry both liquid and dry cargo ?
(b) How do 'tween decks help stowage of cargo?
(c) Why is it more economical to run one large tanker than two smaller ones?
(d) Why do general cargo ships sometimes carry chemicals?
(e) Why do passenger liners also carry cargo ?
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Maritime English
6.2 Logical connectives
Here are some more connecting words for joining statements: because, therefore, however.
Study how they are used in these examples:
1. Because gives the reason or cause
(a) Multi-deck vessels have 'tween decks.
(b) 'Tween decks help stowage.
(a) + (b) Multi-deck vessels have 'tween decks because these help stowage.
2. Therefore expresses consequence or result

(a) Ships are designed for many purposes.
(b) Their type and size vary considerably.
(a) + (b) Ships are designed for many purposes, therefore their type and size vary considerably.
3. However introduces a qualification or concession

(a) Passenger liners carry passengers.
(b) Some carry a large amount of cargo as well.
(a) + (b) Passenger liners carry passengers; however, some carry a large amount of cargo as well.
Exercise 1. Now join these pairs of sentences using because, therefore, however, as appropriate:
(a) Multi-deck vessels usually carry general cargo.
Some carry containers as well.
(b) Passenger liners have high superstructures.
They need a large number of decks.
(c) Many ferries are designed to carry vehicles.
They have doors at the bows or stern.
(d) Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo.
OBO (oil, bulk ore) ships are designed to carry both.
(e) Bulk carriers carry large quantities of loose cargo.
They have large unobstructed holds.
(f) Passenger liners often operate as cruise ships for part of the year.
There is not always enough business for them on liner routes.
Here are some more connecting words: although, consequently, as.
Study the examples and decide if they introduce a clause of (1) reason or cause,
(2) consequence or result, (3) qualification or concession.
(a) Cargo liners sail on fixed routes and keep to a timetable, consequently some are designed to
carry a few passengers.
(b) Bulk carriers do not usually carry derricks as loading and unloading is done by
special cranes.
(c) Although tankers sail on fixed routes, they do not carry passengers.
Your answers should have been:
(a) consequence or result
(b) reason or cause
(c) qualification or concession
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Maritime English
Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 1 above using as, consequently, although, as appropriate.
Using the information in the passage and the connecting words studied in Grammar (B), carry out the
following instructions:
(a) add a qualification to this statement:
Cargo ships carry either liquid or dry cargo.
(b) add a reason to this statement:
Multi-deck vessels have 'tween decks.
(c) add a consequence to this statement:
Containers are of standard dimensions.
(d) add two reasons to this statement:
Oil tankers are often very large.
(e) add a qualification to this statement:
Chemicals are carried in chemical carriers.
(I) add a qualification to this statement:
Passenger liners are designed to carry passengers, (g) add a
consequence to this statement:
Many ferries carry vehicles.
When we qualify a statement we often add a reason.
6.3 Applied terminology: Terms relating to a ships hull
The main part of a ship is the hull. This is the area between the main deck, the sides and the
bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating.
The hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads.
Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along. Decks divide the hull horizontally.
Those dividing up cargo spaces are known as 'tween decks. The hull contains the engine room, cargo
space and a number of tanks. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds, in liquid cargo
ships it is divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are the fore peak tanks and at the after end
are the after peak tanks. They are used for fresh water and water ballast. The space between the
holds and the bottom of the hull contains double bottom tanks. These are used for ballast water
and fuel.
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Maritime English
Terms relating to superstructure
All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. The basic pattern of
superstructure for a traditional dry cargo ship is shown below.
Exercise 1. Complete this description of a modern cargo ship:
The diagram above shows the layout of a modern dry cargo ship. The
hull is divided up into a number of watertight ................. by decks and
steel ................. At the fore and after ends of the hull are the ..................
tanks and the.................. tanks. The ................... is situated at the after
end of the ship to leave more room for cargo- The cargo space is divided
up into ................. These also have ...................Above the main deck is
the .................. At the fore end is the ................... At the after end the
54
Maritime English
................ superstructure and the .................. are combined.
Exercise 2. Now write a similar description of this tanker:
6.4 Note-taking practice: Symbols, omissions
Symbols are also used to cut down the amount of writing needed in note-taking. Many of these are used
in mathematics.
Study these symbols and their meanings.

= : is, are, has, have, equals
: therefore, consequently, thus, so
V : because, as, since. Note also how one abbreviation can be used for words of similar
meaning:
but: however, (al)though.
The words which are written down in note-taking, either in full or in abbreviated form, are only those
words which carry information that is relevant. All other words can be omitted. The groups of words which
we tend to omit when taking notes are listed below:
1. Auxiliaries be (am, is, are, was, were), have (have, has, had), do (do, does, did)
2. Articles the, an, a, some
3. Pronouns he, him, his, himself etc., that, which, etc.
4. Prepositions of time, direction, place, and when attached to verbs, adjectives and nouns.
(Note: The above list is only a guide and the note-taker must make up his own mind as to what can
be left out either because it is not important or because it can be added when the notes are expanded.)
Exercise 1. Expand these notes into full sentences:
(a) Tugs - 4 basic types (i) river, (ii) coastal, (iii) harbr, (iv) ocean-going.
(b) Dredgers remove sand & mud fro chnls & hrbrs.
(c) Icebreakers import V N ports & chnls frze winter.
(d) Lightships look like ord ships BUT no eng V towd postn & anchrd.
(e) Lifeboats - many types. In UK manned by vols & supp by voltry dons.
(f) Pilot launches = mtr boats for transport pilots to & fro ships.
Exercise 2. Try and reduce these sentences to note form:

(a) Tugs must be stable in all conditions, manoeuvrable and have sufficient
power.
(b) Dredgers are of three main types: they can be either bucket dredgers,
55
Maritime English
suction dredgers or grab dredgers.
(c) Ships must use these ports all the year round, therefore it is necessary
to keep them open.
(d) Lightships not only have a light, but also a foghorn, a radio beacon
and meteorological equipment.
(e) Lifeboats must be strong, stable and manoeuvrable and their crew
must be well trained.
(0 Pilot launches must be seaworthy as pilots go out in all weathers.
Insert the following connecting adverbs:
but although since nevertheless
therefore however because thus
1. I wanted to study; ..., I was too tired.
2. We knew what to expect., ... we were not surprised at what happened.
3.I wanted to study, ... I was too tired.
4. His visit was unexpected. ..., I was pleased to see him.
5. The wind was strong. ..., I felt very cold.
6. They were upset ... they were delayed.
7. ... it rained, we enjoyed ourselves.
8. ... you are here, you can help me.
Progress test
Identify the connecting adverbs and find their right place:
1. I am taking challenging academic courses, although I want to qualify for a
good job.
2. I have an athletic scholarship, consequently I have a greater interest in
computer science
3. Your privilege of participating in the athletic program will be terminated
therefore you improve your grade average.
4. We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered
some errors.
5. He did no work; because, he failed the exam.
6. I have accepted a job at XYZ shipping company; unless, I shall be leaving at
the end of the month.
1. I am taking challenging academic courses, because I want to qualify for a

good job.
2. I have an athletic scholarship, although I have a greater interest in computer
science
3. Your privilege of participating in the athletic program will be terminated
unless you improve your grade average.
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Maritime English
4. We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered

some errors.
5. He did no work; consequently, he failed the exam.
6. I have accepted a job at XYZ shipping company; therefore, I shall be leaving
at the end of the month.

1. I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
2. We knew what to expect. Therefore, we were not surprised at what happened.
3.I wanted to study, but I was too tired.
4. His visit was unexpected. Nevertheless, I was pleased to see him.
5. The wind was strong. Thus, I felt very cold.
6. They were upset because they were delayed.
7. Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves.
8. Since you are here, you can help me.
References
57
Maritime English
Unit 7
SHIP OPERATION
7.1 How merchant ships operate
7.2 Expressing apology
7.3 Time relaters
7.4 Abbreviations
Progress test
References
58
Maritime English

differentiate between the three ways merchant ships operate
use phrases for expressing apology
express time in time clauses
understand abbreviated forms and make abbreviations
7.1 How merchant ships operate
Merchant ships operate in the following three basic ways:

They can operate as liners. These are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetable. A list of
their arrival and departure dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not. Liners can be
classed as either deep-sea liners or short-sea liners. The former carry mainly containerized cargo
across the oceans of the world; the latter carry containerized or conventional cargo on shorter routes.
Ferries are also classed as liners. These offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles
across channels and narrow seas. A few ships are still employed as passenger liners. Nowadays the
passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually operate as cruise ships for part of the year.
Merchant ships also operate as tramps. These vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep to a
fixed timetable, but are employed where there is cargo for them to carry. Tramps can be classed as
deep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps. A number are classed as coasters. These ply on coastal routes and
up rivers to inland ports. The traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes, but some are designed to
carry general cargoes.
A large number of merchant ships operate as specialized vessels. They are designed to carry a
particular type of cargo. The most common of them are oil tankers, LNG carriers, etc.
Exercises
1. Are the following statements true or false?
a. Liners operate only minor injuries.
b. Passenger liners are very small.
c. Liners operate only in good weather.
d. Ferries carry passengers, vehicles and nautical students.
e. Short-sea liners sail on regular routes.
f. Some tramps carry general cargoes.
g. Deep-sea liners call at large ports.
h. Liners leave the port whether fool or not.
i. Ferries do not carry derricks.
2. Answer the questions:

a. How can merchant ships operate?
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Maritime English
b. Which ships keep to a fixed timetable?
c. What do liners and tramps have in common?
d. How do passenger liners usually operate?
3. Why do passenger liners operate for part of the year?
f. Do the people concerned know the dates of departure and arrival of tramp ships?
g. What other types of specialized vessels do you know?
3. Fill in the missing words:

a. This company owns two ships, Ulysses and Hercules. The is a dry bulk carrier, the is a tanker.
of them are large.
b. There are three helmsmen on board this ship. The is tall and fat, the is tall and slim, and the
is short and mean. (Conclusion: )
c. I have been shown a lot of pictures of ships. . is a passenger ship.
d. Bulk carriers do not carry derricks loading and unloading is done by special cranes.
4. Find the questions for the underlined words

Tramps are an unspecialized type of vessel with two to six holds, each with large unobstructed hatches,
and are primarily designed for the conveyance of bulk cargoes. Some ships are built with special
facilities particularly suitable to the five main tramp trades: grain, coal, bauxite, phosphates and iron
ore.
5. Complete these sentences with a preposition. Choose from: at, away from, on, off, in, out of
a. Butter is carried refrigerated holds.
b. The ship sank a mile shore.
c. The cargo was stowed the boilers.
d. Our ship took on supplies Liverpool.
6. Find the right end

Bulk cargo can be divided into they are shown to their cabins
Tobacco and rubber liquid or dry
After the passengers arrive on board have a strong odour
When a ship arrives in port coastal routes
Coasters sail on port officials go aboard
7.2 Expressing apology
Part 1- Apologies
Im sorry
Im very sorry
Im terribly sorry
Excuse me
Pardon me
I apologize
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Maritime English
Im afraid
Part 2 - Explaining Oneself , Accepting Responsibility

I wasnt very well yesterday.
I didnt see you.
It wont happen again.
Ill be more careful next time.
Ill finish it before I go home.
Its my fault.
Its all my fault.
7.3 Time relaters

Simultaneous time
When we want to show that one event takes place at the same time as another we can link these
events using when, while and as.
1. When and while
When tells us what time two simultaneous actions happen. It also implies that the two events are
completed, unless otherwise stated, e.g. When the ship is launched, the crowds cheer.
While tells us that one action is happening at the same time as another. It is often used
with continuous tenses.
e.g. While the men were preparing for the launch, the people started to arrive.
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with when or while as appropriate:

(a) the Captain steps on board, he is saluted.
(b) the main engine is being installed, the auxiliary machinery is fitted.
(c) Constant checks are made, the ship is being built.
(d) the surveyor inspects the lifeboats, he-examines their equipment as well.
(e) the cargo holds are being lined, the derricks are assembled.
(f) Different types of paint are used, the ship is painted.
2. Reduced when and while clauses

Clauses introduced by when and while can be reduced in the same way as clauses beginning with
after and before, that is, if the subject of the main clause is the same as the subject of the time
clause.
e.g. While the ship is being built, she is constantly being tested. => While being
built, the ship is constantly being tested.
Exercise 2. Reduce the following sentences, if it is possible to do so:

(a) When the ship undergoes speed trials, she produces her maximum speed.
(b) While the main engine is being installed, the auxiliary machinery is fitted.
(c) While the engines are running, they are carefully checked.
(d) When the surveyor inspects the lifeboats, he examines their equipment as well.
(e) When a ship is tested, many people watch her progress.
(f) While the ship covers the mile distance, she keeps a straight course.
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Maritime English
3. As
When two actions are closely connected, as can be used instead of while e.g. As the ship
was leaving the harbour, she hit the jetty.
As is often used when the action in the time clause is the cause of the action in the main clause.
e.g. As the sun rose, the sky became lighter. (Note: Clauses ntroduced by as cannot be reduced.)
7.4 Abbreviations
A. e.g. = cf. = compare no. =
i.e. = that is to say etc. = NB =
B. N = MV = IMO =
C. approx. = auto = automatic poss. = possible/possibly gen. =
D. mk = mark ft = govt = dept = imprvd =
E. &, + = and, in addition to, also, moreover, not only but also
or,/ = or, alternatively, either or, on the other hand
but = but, whereas, yet, nevertheless
Now try to write down these words and phrases in abbreviated form:
a. for example g. compare
b. south h. in addition to
c. either or i. note well
d. that is to say j. not only but also
e. the United Nations k. colour
f. number one l. north-east
Match the sentence halves and, if possible, reduce the when/while clause.
1 The jury had no choice but to return a verdict of guilty...
2 Parents become good at holding a conversation...
3 It is essential to take anti-malarial tablets...
4 My parents were watching television downstairs...
5 The manufacturers claim that the insecticide is perfectly safe...
6 She was found guilty of driving...
a ...when it is used as directed.
b ...while they are also keeping a watchful eye on their children.
c ...while she was under the influence of alcohol,
d ...when they were presented with all the evidence.
e ...while I was reading in my bedroom.
f ...when you are visiting certain countries in Africa.
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Maritime English
Progress test
Identify the time clause and give details about it
Once there was a millionaire who had a collection of live alligators. He kept
them in a pool at the back of his mansion. The millionaire also had a beautiful
daughter who was single. One day, he decides to throw a huge party. During
the party he announces, "My dear guests, I have a proposition to every man
here. I will give one million dollars or my daughter to the man who can swim
across this pool full of alligators and emerge unharmed!" As soon as he finishes
his last word, there is the sound of a large splash. The guests all turn to see a
man in the pool swimming as fast as he can. They cheer him on as he keeps
stroking. Finally, the swimming man makes it to the other side unharmed. The
millionaire is impressed and he says, "My boy, that was incredible! Fantastic! I
didn't think it could be done! Well, I must keep my end of the bargain. Which
do you want, my daughter or the one million dollars?" The man says, "Listen, I
don't want your money. I don't want your daughter, either. I want the person
who pushed me in that water!"

1 The jury had no choice but to return a verdict of guilty... d ...when they were presented with all the
evidence.
2 Parents become good at holding a conversation... b ...while they are also keeping a watchful eye on their
children.
3 It is essential to take anti-malarial tablets... f ...when you are visiting certain countries in Africa.
4 My parents were watching television downstairs... e ...while I was reading in my bedroom.
5 The manufacturers claim that the insecticide is perfectly safe... a ...when it is used as directed.
6 She was found guilty of driving... c ...while she was under the influence of alcohol.
References
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Maritime English
Unit 8
SHIPYARD ACTIVITIES
8.1 Building ships
8.2 Passives
8.3 Time relaters (2)
8.4 Substitutes, compounds
Progress test
References
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Maritime English
discuss aspects of safety and risk in the workplace;

give warnings and advice concerning safe working practice on
board;
give reasons for the selection of materials, equipment and tools
for maintenance and repair work
enumerate and describes the stages of building a ship
use properly the passive constructions
8.1 Building ships
A. Ships cost a lot of money to build. A general cargo vessel costs several million pounds and a giant tanker
can cost over 40 million pounds. One reason for this is the high cost of steel and other materials used in
shipbuilding. Another reason is the high cost of labour.
A modern shipyard is designed for building ships as cheaply and quickly as possible. Many of the old
processes have disappeared or been combined into one fully mechanized process. Machines are now used
instead of men. Today, ships can be built in about sixteen months and costs can be kept to a minimum.
Who designs ships? Ships are designed by naval architects. The largest shipping companies have their own
naval architects. In Europe and Japan, shipyards employ naval architects to design a ship for a customer, or
offer basic designs which can be varied to suit the customer's needs. Shipowners may also go to independent
firms of shipping consultants and ask their naval architects to design a ship for them.
When shipowners decide to order a new ship, they tell the naval architect the cargo they want the ship to
carry. They also tell him what routes the ship will ply and the desired speed. They put limits on the ship's
dimensions and on the price that they are prepared to pay. The ship must also comply with the rules of the
classification society and international regulations. Economic, engineering and safety factors all
govern the design of a ship.
Now read the passage through more carefully. Notice how words from everyday English often
take on a slightly different meaning in more scientific English. For example, 'high' usually refers
to height; what does it mean in sentences 3 and 4? An architect usually designs houses; what does a
naval architect design? Governments govern people; what does 'govern' mean in this text?
When you have finished going through the passage, try placing the following words and phrases in
the text. It will sometimes be necessary to replace and re-order words.
(a) for example (g) in addition
(b) this is because of. . . and (h) not only ... but
(c) with the result that... and (i) in addition
(d) consequently (j) furthermore
(e) for instance (k) to sum up
(f) alternatively
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Maritime English
B. The building of a ship follows a well-ordered sequence of events. After the vessel has been
ordered, the plans are completed in the drawing-office. Next, the final plans must be approved
by a classification society such as Lloyds Register of Shipping. This is necessary if the owner
wants his ship to be classed. While the ship is being built, constant checks are made to make sure
she is being built to the standards of the society. Classification will show that the ship is
seaworthy and able to carry the cargo she has been designed to carry.
Nowadays a shipyard is organized so that each stage in the building of a ship is done in a
continuous chain of shops. Each shop is linked by conveyor rollers and moving cranes on rails.
First of all, steel plates and bars are taken from the stockyard to the preparation shop. Here they
are cleaned by shot blasting. Then, they are coated with a primer paint to prevent corrosion.
Later, they are cut and shaped automatically by machines. Cutting is done by gas torches and
shaping by giant presses. After that, the pieces are welded together in prefabrication sheds to form
sections. Welding is now used instead of riveting for joining pieces of metal together. Riveting uses
more steel than welding and was therefore more expensive. It also increases the weight of the ship
without increasing the strength. The prefabricated sections are then transferred to the building
berth. Eventually, they are lifted into position by giant cranes.
When a ship is ready, she is launched. Some ships are built on a slipway and slide into the water.
Others are built in a dry dock. The dock is then flooded with water and the ship is floated out.
After being launched, she is towed to the fitting out basin by tugs and completed.
A completed ship goes for sea trials before she is handed over to her new owners. During these
the ship and her equipment are thoroughly tested.
Now use the information in the reading passage to write out the following sentences in the correct
sequence giving an outline summary of the building of a ship:
(a) The ship is launched.
(b) The ship and her equipment are tested at sea.
(c) The plans receive the approval of the classification society.
(d) The new owners take possession of their vessel.
(e) The order for the ship is placed.
(f) The parts of the ship are prepared.
(g) The sections are assembled on the building berth.
(h) The final plans are drawn up.
(i) The parts are welded together to form sections.
(j) The ship is fitted out.
Description of building a ship's hull
Write a brief description of the sequence of events in the building of a ship's hull.
Stage 1. Study this flow chart, which shows each stage the plates and bars go through on their way to
the building berth:
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Maritime English
Stage 2. Read through these sentences and put them into the correct sequence on the diagram above.
(a) The units are carried to the building berth by giant cranes.
(b) In the platers' shop they are cut to the correct size by gas torches.
(c) They are conveyed to the preparation shop by magnetic cranes.
(d) In the assembly shop they are joined together to form larger units.
(e) The steel plates and bars are off-loaded from lorries or railway wagons.
(f At the building berth the units are welded together to form the hull.
(g) They are transferred to the platers' shop by conveyor rollers.
(h) In the preparation shop they are coated with primer paint to preventcorrosion,
(i) They are transferred to the assembly shop by cranes or conveyor rollers.
( j) In the platers' shop they are shaped by different presses and rollers.
(k) The steel plates and bars are stored in the stockyard ready for processing.
(1) In the preparation shop they are cleaned by shot blasting.
8.2 Passives
Study these pairs of sentences:

1. Naval architects design ships. Active
Ships are designed by naval architects. Passive
2. Men built the tanker in six months. Active
The tanker was built in six months. Passive
3. First, I measured the piece of metal. Active
First, the piece of metal was measured. Passive
In each pair of sentences the meaning is similar, but the object in the active sentence has become
the subject in the passive one.
The passive has a number of uses in English:
1. It allows the object of a sentence to be moved to the subject posi tion. Here it becomes the
main focus. In example 1, the active sentence would probably be used in a paragraph on naval
architects, the passive version in one about ships. Naval architects now becomes the agent
introduced with by.
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Maritime English
2. It also allows the writer to avoid a subject like men in example 2. Men does not add any useful
information and therefore can be left out of the passive version. The point of the sentence is
not who built the tanker, but how long it took to build.
3. The passive also allows us to write in an impersonal style. This is useful in more scientific
English, particularly for writing reports of experiments. Look at example 3.
The passive not only makes it more objective, but also makes the reader focus on the action
rather than the person doing the action. The person is unimportant here.
Examples:
(a) are built (simple present)
(b) are being built (present continuous)
(c) was built (past simple)
(d) will be built (future)
(e) can be built (can)
(f) must be built (must)
(g) being built (present participle)
(h) to be built (infinitive)
The pattern is the same for all tenses (a, b, c, d, etc.), for modals (e, f, etc.) and for gerund (g) and
infinitive (h) forms.
Exercise 1. Look again at the example pairs of sentences and then rewrite these sentences in
the passive form:
(a) Nowadays they make ships of steel.
(b) The Queen will launch the tanker tomorrow.
(c) They are painting the hull.
(d) The Royal Navy has ordered two new warships.
(e) They used to build ships of wood.
(f) You can join two pieces of metal together by, welding.
(g) Next, we weighed the piece of metal,
(h) People must prepare the plates properly,
(i) They had to repair the bows.
Exercise 2. Rewrite this paragraph putting most of the verbs into the passive to make it sound more
formal:
When we fit out a ship, we complete her. We put in the engines, if we have not already
installed them. We finish off the superstructure and construct the accommodation for
the crew. In addition, men erect masts and derricks and put various items of deck
machinery in place. Outside companies usually do the electrical work, plumbing and
any woodwork. Someone must also buy the furniture and fittings for all the saloons and
cabins. All this work which we do after we have launched a vessel, we call 'fitting out'.
Complete the following sentences using the verbs in brackets in the form of (ii) below.
(i) The captain and the navigating officers control the ship from the bridge.
(ii) The ship is controlled from the bridge (by the captain and the navigating
officers)
1. Cargo .. and .. either by cranes or by the ships derricks. (load/discharge)

2. Derricks .. by winches. (operate)
3. The captain and officers .. in cabins near the bridge. (accommodate)
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Maritime English
4. The front part of a ship .. the bow and the rear part the stern. (call)
5. The anchor and cables and windlass .. in the bow of the ship. (locate)
6. Derricks .. to masts which stand on the upper deck. (fit)
8.3 Time relaters (2)
Sequence
When we want to show that processes or events happen one after the other, we use sequence words
or time clauses.
1. Sequence words
Some common sequence words are: first, then, next, after that, afterwards, later,
eventually, finally. These are usually put at the beginning of the process or event that they introduce:
e.g. First, I went to college . . . . Then, I went to sea. ...
These events may be described in a series of sentences, or they may be linked by a semi-colon (;),
or the connective and. Except for first and finally they may be used in any order.
Exercise 1. Study the sentences below which show the sequence of events in the building of a ship.
Write them out in a paragraph using the above sequence words to introduce each stage in
a sentence.
1st - The plans are completed by the naval architects.
2nd - The plans are approved by the classification society.
3rd - The parts of the ship are prepared.
4th - The parts of the ship are put together.
5th - The ship is launched.
6th - The ship is fitted out and completed.
7th - The ship goes for sea trials.
8th - The ship is handed over to her new owners.
2. Time clauses
Time clauses can begin with after and before. Study these examples, which show how the first two
sentences in the above description can be joined together using time clauses:
After the plans are completed by the naval architects, they are approved by the classification
society.
Before the plans are approved by the classification society, they are completed by the naval
architects.
This time we are joining the first two sentences to form one sentence; the plans in the time clause
becomes they in the main clause.
Exercise 2. Using the events in the previous exercise, complete these sentences:
(a) After the parts of the ship are prepared, .......................................
(b) ...................................................... , she is fitted out and completed.
(c) ...................................................................... , she goes for sea trials.
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Maritime English
3. Reduced time clauses
When the subject of the time clause is the same as the subject of the main clause, the time clause
can be reduced in the following way:
After the plans are completed by the naval architects, they are approved by the classification
society.
=> After being completed by the naval architects, the plans are approved by the classification
society.
Exercise 3. Reduce the sentences that you have completed in Exercise 2 so that they are like the
example above.
8.4 Substitutes, compounds
Here are two more ways of cutting down the amount of writing needed in note-taking.
1. By using shorter words which have a similar meaning to the long words and phrases
used by the lecturer
e.g. can = is/are able to, is/are capable of daily = every day, day-to-day, each day more =
additional, a greater quantity of better = superior, of a higher standard/quality
2. By compressing groups of words into noun phrases. This is often done with groups of words
containing of or for
e.g. ship's crew = the crew of a ship
planning committee = the committee for planning purposes
work programme = the programme of work (Note: The forming of compound nouns
is examined in a later unit.)
Self-assessment Test 1
Choose the right answer:

a. Each shop is linked by conveyor rollers and moving .. on rails.
A. cranes; B. derricks; C. masts.
b. Ships are .. by naval architects.
A. built; B. drawn; C. designed.
c. Shipowners may also go to .. firms of shipping consultants.
A. independent; B. free; C. dependant.
d. The ship must also comply .. the rules of the classification society
A. to; B. with; C. at.
e. A giant tanker can cost over 40 million ...
A. ; B. $; C. .
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Maritime English
Self-assessment Test 2
Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use Simple
Present or Simple Past.
1. The Statue of Liberty (give) to the United States by France.
2. It (be) a present on the 100th anniversary of the United States.
3. The Statue of Liberty (design) by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi.
4. It (complete) in France in July 1884.
5. In 350 pieces, the statue then (ship) to New York, where it (arrive) on 17
June 1885.
6. The pieces (put) together and the opening ceremony (take) place on 28
October 1886.
7. The Statue of Liberty (be) 46 m high (93 m including the base).
8. The statue (represent) the goddess of liberty.
9. She (hold) a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand.
10. Every year, the Statue of Liberty (visit) by many people from all over the
world.
Progress test
Use the information in the reading passage to write out the following
sentences in the correct sequence giving an outline summary of the building
of a ship:
(a) The ship is launched.
(b) The ship and her equipment are tested at sea.
(c) The plans receive the approval of the classification society.
(d) The new owners take possession of their vessel.
(e) The order for the ship is placed.
(f) The parts of the ship are prepared.
(g) The sections are assembled on the building berth.
(h) The final plans are drawn up.
(i) The parts are welded together to form sections.
(j) The ship is fitted out.
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Maritime English
Exercise 1. Choose the right answer:
Each shop is linked by conveyor rollers and moving .. on rails.
A. cranes; B. derricks; C. masts.
Ships are .. by naval architects.
A. built; B. drawn; C. designed.
Shipowners may also go to .. firms of shipping consultants.
A. independent; B. free; C. dependant.
The ship must also comply .. the rules of the classification society
A. to; B. with; C. at.
A giant tanker can cost over 40 million ...
A. ; B. $; C. .
Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use Simple
Present or Simple Past.
1. The Statue of Liberty (give) to the United States by France. (was given)
2. It (be) a present on the 100th anniversary of the United States. (was)
3. The Statue of Liberty (design) by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. (was designed)
4. It (complete) in France in July 1884. (was completed)
5. In 350 pieces, the statue then (ship) to New York, where it (arrive) on 17 June 1885. (arrived)
6. The pieces (put) together and the opening ceremony (take) place on 28 October 1886. (were put); (took)
7. The Statue of Liberty (be) 46 m high (93 m including the base). (is)
8. The statue (represent) the goddess of liberty. (represents)
9. She (hold) a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand. (is holding)
10. Every year, the Statue of Liberty (visit) by many people from all over the world.
(is visited)
References
4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?text01
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Maritime English

Maritime University of Constanta

INTRODUCTION PLACEMENT TEST 4

INTRODUCTION - PLACEMENT TEST

Training and the STCW convention

The main objectives are:

1.1 STCW95 requirements to all seafarers

The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for

English language requirements

Answer the questions:

1.2 Present simple and continuous

affirmative negative question

Simple Present Use

Simple Present - Signal words

Which is a signal word for the simple present?

seldom / right now / in 1999

Put the verbs into the correct form.

Ask for the bold part of the sentence.

1. Julia likes pop-music. What does Julia like?

Present Progressive Introduction

A single, silent e at the end of the word is dropped before ing.

example: come - coming

But: ee at the end of the word is not changed

example: agree - agreeing

example: sit - sitting

example: travel - travelling

An ie at the end of a word becomes y before ing.

example: lie lying (I am lying in bed.)

Present Progressive - Use

b. Arrangements for the near future

I am going to the theatre tonight.

c. Actions taking place only for a limited period of time

e. Development, changing situations

1. Put the verbs into the correct form (present progressive).

2. Rewrite the following sentences in the interrogative form.

3. Put the verbs into the correct form (present progressive).

1. I am talking on the phone . (yesterday; now; never)

Combinations: Two subjects, two verbs

Subordination (One idea is stronger.)

Closely related ideas (without coordinator)

Although Jack drinks coffee, but Jill drinks tea. (INCORRECT)

Jack drinks coffee, but Jill drinks tea. (Okay)

Although Jack drinks coffee, Jill drinks tea. (Okay)

b. Complete the sentences (Simple Present or Present Progressive).

1. Look! He (leave) the house.

Answers to Self-assessment Test

b. Complete the sentences (Simple Present or Present Progressive).

The main objectives are:

2.1 Types of ship

6. Dredgers are used to deepen channels.

B. Re-arrange the following group of words to form meaningful sentences.

C. Give brief answers to the following questions.

The, a, an, zero article

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using articles when necessary.

2.3 Travel Arrangements for Joining Ship

Travel Agent: Freedom Travel. How may I help you?

Travel Agent: Okay. What is your destination?

Caller: Well. I'm flying to Helsinki, Finland.

Travel Agent: Okay. Let me see. Um, hmm . . .

Travel Agent: It's only $980.

Caller: Alright. Well, let's go with that.

Caller: Alright. And, uh, I'd like to request a vegetarian meal.

Booking a hotel room