COMMITED TO BLUE OCEAN PROGRAM

DAFTAR ISI PERKULIAHAN ( AG )

I. PENDAHULUAN
11. SUMBER PENCEMARAN DARI TRANSPORTASI LAUT
III. SUMBER PENCEMARAN DARI INDUSTRI KELAUTAN
IV. PENGENDALIAN POLUSI DARI TRANSPORTASI LAUT
V. MARINE POWER PLANT EMISSION CONTROL
I. PENDAHULUAN
DREAM EARTH
Definisi Polusi:
The introduction into the
environment, by people,
of substances or energy
liable to cause harm to
living creatures or
ecological systems.
REALITAS KONDISI PANTAI :
Sampah padat dari :
1. aktifitas manusia
2. proses alam
 POLLUTION

UDARA SUARA AIR TANAH

Polusi Suara (Noise Pollution) : hasil dari suara-suara yang tidak

dikehendaki yang mana dapat mengganggu atau
merusak pendengaran seseorang.
Note : Polusi dapat juga diakibatkan oleh proses alami.
 GLOBAL WARMING
Abad ke 20, temperature GLOBAL rata-rata meningkat sebesar 0.6 0C. Kondisi ini merupakan
peningkatan tercepat sejak zaman es. Rate kenaikan terbesar terjadi selama 40 tahun terakhir.

Gambar 1 : Average global

temperatures sejak
tahun 1853
( Sumber : GCSE Geography )

PENYEBAB :
Apakah global warming sebuah kejadian alam atau pengaruh manusia ?

Pada pertengahan 1990-an, bukti kuat yang dikumpulkan oleh Intergovernmental Panel for Climatic Change
(IPCC) menyatakan bahwa global warming meningkat akibat aktifitas manusia.
 Greenhouse effect dan Global Warming
* Not all the suns heat that enters the Earths atmosphere is
radiated back to space.
* Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, traps heat from the suns
rays by absorbing and re-radiating some of it back towards earth.
* Actually a natural process that keeps the earth warm enough for
life forms to survive.
* Over the years, the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere
has increased tremendously.
* Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) are examples of greenhouse gases.

Causes of increased amounts of greenhouse gases :

1. Industrial revolution and industrialisation.
* Burning of fossil fuels like coal to produce energy/electricity.
2. Increasing rates of deforestation.
* Rapidly expanding population
* Burning of tropical rainforests add on to the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
3. Increased agricultural production of rice and rearing of livestocks
EFFECTS : like cows.
* If temperature change takes place gradually, plants and 4. Increased disposal of wastes in landfills.
animals can adapt to this gradual change. 5. Greater use of products that contain CFCs like aerosol sprays and
* When temperature changes drastically, the results could refrigerators.
6. Increased use of nitrogen-based fertilisers.
be disastrous.
7. More vehicles on the roads.
Global Warming: Efeknya terhadap lingkungan secara fisik

Global Warming
Coastal flooding

Waves

Climate Change Sea-level rise River flooding

Long-term change Extreme events

Temperature Storms
precipitation Drought
fire
 1. Konservasi/Proteksi
Aktifitas Pecinta Alam 2. Reboisasi/Rekonstruksi
3. Regulasi/Inovasi
( multi-element force ) 4. Balance & Manajemen
1.1. DAFTAR ISI
Pendahuluan
Konsep Pengendalian Pencemaran Laut
Peraturan Pengendalian Pencemaran Laut
Pengendalian Pencemaran Sektor Media Transportasi Laut
Pengendalian Pencemaran Sektor Marine-based Industry

Pengendalian Pencemaran Sektor Land-based Industry

Pendekatan-pendekatan untuk Solusi

1.2. PENDAHULUAN

Latar Belakang
Sumber-sumber Pencemar di Wilayah Pantai
 Era Otonomi daerah
LATAR BELAKANG

Percepatan pemberdayaan ekonomi daerah

Potensi dampak kerusakan lingkungan

Belum ada PERDA pengaturan pencemaran laut

Sumber-sumber Pencemar
di Wilayah Pantai
Sumber Pencemar Pantai
Land-based pollution:
-Limbah air pendingin PLTU
(limbah panas)
-Limbah rumah-tangga
-Sewage
-Limbah terikut sungai
-Limbah organik dan non-
organik saluran pembuangan
Pabrik
-Limbah dari deposisi
cerobong asap
-Dan sebagainya
Marine-based pollution:
-Pengeboran/eksplorasi
minyak
-Limbah produksi minyak
-Air ballast kapal
-Limbah Pelabuhan
-Limbah dari kapal tanker
-Limbah kapal penumpang
-Kecelakaan tumpahan minyak
dan kebocoran pipa
-Dan sebagainya
1.3. PENCEMARAN DARI MEDIA TRANSPORTASI LAUT

Potensi Pencemaran
1. Cat & Bahan anti-fouling beracun
2. Polusi akibat operasional kapal
* Pembuangan limbah air
* Sewage water
* Marine debris
* Kontaminasi minyak pada air
* Ballast water
* Dumping waste, incinerator output
3. Maritime Accident
* Oil spill
* Bangkai kapal
* Bekas Platform offshore

Konsep Pengendalian Pencemaran

Sektor Transportasi Laut
1.4. PENCEMARAN DARI SEKTOR MARINE-BASED INDUSTRY

Potensi Pencemaran
1. Industri pengeboran minyak
2. Industri galangan kapal
3. Industri perikanan laut
4. Industri pariwisata laut

Konsep Pengendalian

Baku Mutu Standard untuk Effluent

Pengeboran & Produksi Minyak Lepas Pantai

Sistem Pemantauan
 Stream Pollutant Parameter BCT Efluent Limitations

kelayakan pengolahan konvensional ( BCT )

Produced Water Oil & Grease No discharge if he maximum for any one day
(all facilities) exceeds 72 mg/L and the monthly average
exceeds 48 mg/L.
Drilling Fluids and Drill
Cuttings

A). Facilities located within 3 No discharge

miles from shore
Free Oil
B). Facilities located beyond
3 miles from shore No discharge
Well Treatment, Completion Free Oil No discharge
and Workover Fluids

Produced Sand No discharge

Baku mutu sesuai

Deck Drainage Free Oil No discharge

Sanitary
Sanitary M10 Residual Chlorine No discharge if minimum of 1 mg/L is not
maintained
Sanitary M91M Floating Solids No discharge

Domestic Waste Floating Solids and MARPOL No discharge of Floating Solids

Limits
 Stream Pollutant BAT Effluent Limitations
Parameter
Produced Water Oil & Grease No discharge if the maximum for any one day exceeds
(all facilities) 42 mg/L, and the monthly average exceeds 29 mg/L

kelayakan ekonomis ( BAT )

Drilling Fluids and Drill Cuttings
A). Facilities located within 3
miles from shore
No. discharge
B). Facilities located beyond 3
miles from shore
Toxicity No discharge if minimum 96-hour LC50 of SPP is not at
3 % by volume
Free Oil No discharge
Baku mutu sesuai

Diesel Oil No discharge

Mercury 1 mg/kg dry weight maximum in stock barite
Cadmiun 3 mg/kg dry weight maximum in stock barite

Well Treatment, Completion and Oil & Grease Same as produced water
Workover Fluids
Produced Sand No discharge
Deck Drainage Free Oil No discharge
Sanitary
Sanitary M10 None -
-
Sanitary M91M None

Domestic Waste Foam No discharge

 Stream Pollutant NSPS Effluent Limitations
Parameter
Produced Water Oil & Grease No discharge if the maximum for any one day exceeds

standard kinerja baku ( NSPS )

(all facilities) 42 mg/L, and the monthly average exceeds 29 mg/L

Drilling Fluids and Drill Cuttings

A). Facilities located within 3

miles from shore No. discharge

B). Facilities located beyond 3

miles from shore Toxicity No discharge if minimum 96-hour LC50 of SPP is not at
3 % by volume
Free Oil No discharge
Diesel Oil No discharge
Baku mutu sesuai

Mercury 1 mg/kg dry weight maximum in stock barite

Cadmiun 3 mg/kg dry weight maximum in stock barite

Well Treatment, Completion and Oil & Grease Same as produced water
Workover Fluids
Produced Sand No discharge
Deck Drainage Free Oil No discharge
Sanitary
Sanitary M10 Residual Chlorine No discharge if minimum of 1 mg/L is not maintained
No discharge
Sanitary M91M Floating Solids

Domestic Waste Floating Solids and No discharge of floating solids

MARPOL Limits
Foam No discharge
1.5. PENCEMARAN DARI SEKTOR LAND-BASED INDUSTRY

Pencemaran dan limbah dari industri di dara

serta faktor bebannya
Pengendalian pencemaran sektor industri
terestrial yang berbatasan dengan pantai
Pengendalian pencemaran sektor domestik
yang berbatasan dengan wilayah pantai
1.6. FILOSOFI PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN LAUT

Konteks
Konsep : Teknologi dan Eksternalitas

Konflik pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut & pesisir

Pendekatan : situasi sumberdaya bersama

Model interaksi pemanfaatan sumberdaya bersama

Kebijakan pengelolaan sumberdaya bersama

Konteks Kemiskinan

Tekanan
Tekanan
Kependudukan
Lingkungan

Persoalan pencemaran laut

dalam konteks persoalan pembangunan
Teknologi & Eksternalitas
Nilai
Sumberdaya tambah

Teknologi

Limbah
Limbah :
eksternalitas yang membebani masyarakat
KERJA DI LINGKUNGAN YANG BERSIH

- HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY
- HIGHER ACCURACY
- SAFER & COMFORT
 **Pilihan
PilihanTeknologi
Teknologi
**Eksternalitas
Eksternalitas
**Pilihan
PilihanTeknologi
Teknologi
**Eksternalitas
Eksternalitas
Konflik pemanfaatan

POTENSI
KONFLIK
Pendekatan

Badan air laut dan segala kandungannya

dimanfaatkan bersama-sama
oleh berbagai kelompok masyarakat

* Untuk produksi barang & jasa

* Untuk tempat pembuangan limbah
Model interaksi pemanfaatan

* Model tragedi sumberdaya bersama

* Model dilema narapidana
* Model logika aksi kolektif
 * Kebijakan regulasi terpusat
* Kebijakan privatisasi
* Kebijakan kelola & atur sendiri
Kebijakan pengelolaan
( Self organising & self governing )
sumberdaya bersama

Tujuan pengendalian pencemaran laut

adalah untuk menjaga pemanfaatan
sumberdaya pesisir dan laut
agar layak bagi beragam kegiatan
proses nilai tambah
secara berkelanjutan
1.7. PERATURAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN LAUT

Produk Perundangan Internasional

Produk Perundangan Nasional

Baku Mutu Air Laut

 Australia and New Zealand Canada United States
Baku Mutu Air Laut
Parameter 95,50% 90,50% CMC CCC HHC
As - - 12.5 69 36 0.14
Cd 5 12 0.12 42 9.3 -
Cr 10 25 1.5 1,100 50 -
Cu 1.3 3 - 4.8 3.1 -
Hg 0.1 0.4 - 1.8 0.94 0.94
Ni 190 380 - 74 8.2 4,600
Pb - - - 210 8.1
Zn 10 21 - 90 81 69,000
Benzene - - 110 - - 71
Toluene - - 215 - - 200,000
Napthalene 40 60 1.4 - -
Produk Perundangan Internasional

MARPOL 73/78
Annex I : Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
Annex II : Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk
Annex III : Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in
Packaged Form
Annex IV : Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (not yet in force)
Annex V : Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
Annex VI : Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships ( adopted September 1997
not yet in force)
Produk Perundangan Internasional
Convention on The Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter ( London Convention ), 1972 IMO
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and Their Disposal, 1989
The Bamako Convention on the ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa was adopted in
Bamako, Mali, on 30 January 1991.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) comprises 320
articles and nine annexes, governing all aspects of ocean space, such as delimitation,
environmental control, marine scientific research, economic and commercial
activities, transfer of technology and the settlement of disputes relating to ocean
matters. The Convention entered into force on 16 November 1994. As of 5 January
1999 the Convention is ratified by 130 States.
Environment Protection ( Sea Dumping ) Regulations 1983 Australia
Transport Operations ( Marine Pollution ) Act 1995 - Queensland
Produk Perundangan Nasional

Keputusan Menteri Negara Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup No. Kep02/MENKLH/I/1988

Tentang pedoman penetapan baku mutu lingkungan

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor: 173/Men.Kes./Per/VIII/1977 Tentang

Pengawasan Pencemaran Air Dari Badan Air Untuk Berbagai Kegunaan

Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Jawa Timur Nomor 5 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Air
di Propinsi Jawa Timur
1.8. PENDEKATAN-PENDEKATAN SOLUSI

Kebijakan

Aspek Sektoral Persoalan Pencemaran Laut

Konsep Pengendalian Pencemaran Laut

* Pendekatan Kelembagaan
* Pendekatan Hukum
* Pendekatan Ekonomi
* Pendekatan Sosial-budaya
* Pendekatan Teknologi
 Pertimbangan :
Karakterisasi Limbah Waste Prevention Audit
Waste Management Option
BAPEDALDA
PSL BAPEDALDA
PSL

Adakah teknologi
Ya yang praktis untuk re-use,
Reject
recycle, atau treatment
pada limbah PSL
INSTITUSI PENELITIAN

Tidak

Action List
INDUSTRIAL INTERIM
TASK FORCE
kewenangan antar lembaga
Prosedur pengendalian &

Apakah Tidak Dapatkah Tidak

material limbah material dibuat
Reject
memenuhi syarat memenuhi
dibuang syarat
BAPEDALDA PSL
AGEN IMO

Ya

Identifikasi dan
Karakterisasi
Dumping Site BAPEDALDA
PSL

Penentuan potensi dampak

dan persiapan
hipotesa dampak
BAPEDALDA
PSL

Tidak
Issue Permit Reject

PEMERINTAH

Ya

Implementasi Proyek
dan
Monitoring
BIRO KLASIFIKASI

Monitoring lapangan
dan
ANGKATAN LAUT
Penanganan Lanjut
DIRJEN PERHUBUNGAN LAUT
PERANGKAT PEMERINTAH
KEPOLISIAN DAN KEJAKSAAN
LAMPIRAN
SHIPPING
INDUSTRI KAPAL &
PELAYARAN TRADISIONAL
HABITAT DISASTER
DEBRIS
FOULING
DRILLING SHIP & TANKER
INDUSTRI PENGEBORAN MINYAK
DAN TRANSPORTASINYA
OFFSHORE-RIG DISASTER
 SEASIDE
INDUSTRIAL
UNDERWATER
DISASTER