Art History (Pre-Historic Art Images)

PRE-HISTORIC ART
Stone Age
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Metal Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Sunday, July 4, 2010

PRE-HISTORIC ART IN EUROPE
• Stone Age
• Paleolithic Period Old stone Age
• Upper, Middle & Lower
• Mesolithic
• Neolithic Period New Stone Age
• The Rise of Farming
• Neolithic Social Change
• The Bronze Age

• The Iron Age

TOOLS

Handaxe

MESOAMERICAN PALEO-INDIANS KILLING A MASTODON
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY, MEXICO CITY

FIRST MADE FROM MAMMOTH BONES

UPPER PALEOLITHIC ART
• Mobile
Small, can be moved from place to place or traded
• Parietal
Paintings on cave walls

Large carvings

BISON
LION-HUMAN
HOHLENSTEIN-STADEL, GERMANY
MAMMOTH IVORY, 29.6CM
ULMER MUSEUM, ULM, GERMANY
probably male with a feline

head

HORSES

baton or staff, found
at Mas-d'Azil,
France

VENUS OF
WILLENDORF
from Willendorf, Austria
c. 25,000-21,000 B.C.
Limestone, 11.5 cm high

Mother Goddess
Tarxien, Malta before 2500 bc
large bulbous legs covered by a pleated
skirt, colossal figure surrounded by
smaller obese female figures
The 18“ Venus figure
(France, 22,000 to 30,000 years ago)
holds what may be an incised bison horn

VARIATIONS OF FEMALE FIGURES
The Paleolithic Cave Paintings of
Lascaux, France
(ca. 17,000 BP)

GREAT HALL OF BULLS

BACK TO BACK BISON
PANEL OF THE SWIMMING STAGS

STAG AT THE BISON TOWARDS
ENTRANCE THE BACK

CHINESE HORSE

SHAFT OF THE DEAD MAN
IBEXES - AXIAL GALLERY
SMALL HORSES PAINTED WITH RED AND
YELLOW OCHRES

ALTAMIRA, SPAIN
BOAR

CHAUVEX CAVE, FRANCE

HYAENA AND PANTHER

BEAR SKULL ON ROCK

PANEL OF LIONS OWL IN MUD
WALKING HORSE

RHINOS

PEOPLE AND ANIMALS
DETAIL OF ROCK-SHELTER PAINTING, COGUL LERIDA, SPAIN, C.4000-2000BC

ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PIGMENTS
In the Round In Relief
high and low ‘bas relief ’
SCULPTURE
Bison, Tuc d’Audoubert, 13,000-18,000 bc
unbaked clay, each 61cm long
CERAMIC
SHAMANISM
Original cave Painting
Shaman, Trois-Freres cave
Dordogne, France 13,000-11,000 bc
Drawing by Henry Breuil

ARCHITECTURE
Post and Lintel

MENHIR

DOLMEN IN FRANCE
DOLMEN AT JORDAN
DOLMEN IN PORTUGAL
DOLMEN IN INDIA

STONEHENGE
NEAR SALISBURY, ENGLAND

METAL AGE
Trundholm Sun Charriot
(Denmark)
ART OF
ANCIENT
NEAR EAST
MESOPOTAMIA

✤ Neolithic Era (9000-4500/4000bc)- Jericho
✤ Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
✤ Uruk Period - 4500-3100 bc
✤ Sumer - 2800-2300 bc
✤ Akkad - 23400-2180 bc
✤ Babylon - 1830-539 bc
✤ Assyrian Empire - 1100-612 bc
✤ Anatolia - (modern Turkey) 1450-1200 bc
✤ Ancient Iran - 5000-331 bc
✤ The Scythians -(modern Russia & Ukraine) 8th-4th cent bc

Jericho Wall
c. 8000-7000 bc - Mud Brick Rubble and Stone

Neolithic Skull
from Jericho

Composite Reconstruction of Drawing of Chatal Huyuk, Turkey, c. 6500-5500 bc

Human Figure
Jordan, c, 7000-6000 bc
fired lime plaster with cowrie shell,
bitumen,and paint, 90 cm (35in)
National Museum, Amman, Jordan

Warka Head
Face of a Woman
c. 3300-3000 bc
marble, 20.3cm (8in), Irag Museum,
Baghdad

Nanna Ziggurat
Muqaiyir, Iraq, c. 2100-1050 bc

Ziggurat at Ur
Built for the moon god, Nanna, the
ziggurat dates from the 2100s bc and
Carved Vase known a the Uruk Vase
Uruk,Iraq, c 3300-3000 bc, Alabaster, 91cm (36in), Iraq Museum, Baghdad

Votive Figures
c. 2900-2600 bc, limestone, alabaster and gypsum, The Square temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq, 76.3cm (30”)

Figures from Tell
Asmar

The Great Lyre with the Front Panel, the sound box of
Bull’s Head the Great Lyre
Royal Tomb, Ur, Iraq, c. 2550-2400 bc, Wood with gold, silver, lapis lazuli, bitumen and ashell reassembled in
modern wood support, height of head 35.6cm (14”), Museum ofArcheology, Philadelphia

Head of the
Akkadian King
c. 2300 bc

Votive Statue of Gudea
(present day Telloh, Iraq)
c. 2090 bc, Diorite, 73.7cm (29”)

Musee du Louvre, Paris

Stele of Hammurabi
Susa (present-day Shush, Iran)
c. 1792-1750 bc, 2.13cm (7ft.) Diorite

Musee du Louvre, Paris

Daric
A coin minted under Darius I of Persia
4th century bc, Gold
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

Lamassu
Human-Headed Winged Lion, 883-859 bc
Alabaster, 3.11cm
Colossal Gatewat figure, the palace of Assurnasirpal II,
Mesopotamia, (present day Nimrud, Iraq)

Assurnasirpal in Killing Lions
Palace complex of Assurnasir[al II, Iraq, c. 850 bc, Alabaster, 99.1cm (39”) British Museum, London

Air view of the ceremonial complex, Persepolis
518-460 bc, Iran

Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute
c. 491-486 bc, limestone, 2.54m) (8‘4”) detail of a relief from the stairway leading to the
Apadana (ceremonial complex) Persepolis, Iran

Reconstruction Drawing Ishtar Gate and Throne Room Wall
of Babylon
Reconstructed in a Berlin museum, originally from Babylon (today Iraq), c. 575 bc ;
Glazed brick, height of gate originally 12.2m with towers rising 30.5m
Art of Ancient Egypt

Egypt and Nubia

Rosetta Stone
196 bc, Basalt, 1.14m (3’9”), British Museum, London

Architecture and Sculptures

Pyramids

Mastaba

Imhotep’s Step Pyramid

Giza Pyramids
largest is the pyramid of Khufu with 2,300,000 stones weighing 6.5m tons

The Great Sphinx
the colossal statue at Khafre, Giza, sndstone, 66ft x 240ft
Temple at Luxor
Temple at Al Karmak

Egyptian god Ptah

Aton

Death Mask of
Tutankamun
133-1323 bc
Gold inlaid enamel with
semi=precious stones
54 cm (21 in) high

Thutmose IV and Mother Cat Goddess
Carved from a single rectangular stone block, this This bronze figure with inlaid blue-glass eyes dates
idealized, geometric sculpture represents the ancient from Egyptʼs Late Period (712-332 bc). It shows the
Egyptian king Thutmose IV and his mother. ancient goddess Bast in the form of a cat.

Menkaure & Queen
Seated statue of Khafre Khamerernebty
c. 2500 bc, diorite, 1.68cm (5’6”) high c. 2548-2530 bc, Slate, 1.39cm (4‘6.5”) high

Goddess Selket

Bed Carriage resembling a cow
Interior of Tombs

Tomb of Queen Amonherkhepsef
Prince Rahotep
and his wife,
Nofret
painted limestone, 1.2m high
Egyptian Museum, Cairo,Egypt

Seated Scribe
found near the tomb of Kai, c. 2450-2325 bc
painted limestone with inlaid eyes of rock crystal, calcite, magnesium mounted on
copper, 53cm (21in), Musee du Louvre

part of the Egyptian Book of the Dead
Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amon at Karnak
Tutankhamons’
Sarcophagus

Painting from Temple of Ramses III

Wall Paintings,
Frescoes and Reliefs

Egyptian Canon of
Proportions
Contributing to the sustainability of
Egyptian style for over 2000 years, this
system contributed to a conventional
easily recognizable image.
The characteristic way of depicting the

human figure:
shoulders and one eye are frontal

head, arms and legs are in profile
waist is nearly in profile but is turned
enough to show the navel

Palette of Narmer
c. 3000 bc, slate, 63.5cm (25 in) Egyptian Museum, Cairo,Egypt

Nebamun hunting birds, from the tomb,
Thebes, Egypt
relief in tombs

Anubis and the Mummy
Amon-Ra, Father of the Gods
Egyptian
Amulets
Djed Pillar
Wedjat Eye
Appyrus Bud
Crocodile
Falcon god Horus
Stone heart
Bes, god of music and dance

Ancient Egyptian Jewelries
Egyptian Concepts:
• Kingship
• Death and Afterlife
• Religion

Amarna Period
c. 1349-1336 bc

Akhenaten Nefertiti
Amarna Period, Sandstone, 3.96m (13ft) Amarna Period, painted Limestone, 48cm (19in)
Staatliche Museum, Berlin, Germany Staatliche Museum, Berlin, Germany
Akhenaten and Nefertiti and their children
Amarna period, Limestone relief, 33x38cm (13x15in), Staatliche Museen, Berlin

Egypt and Nubia

Temple of Ramse II
Abu Simbel, Nubia, 1237 bc

a bit of political history
Egypt was conquered by:
Assyrians c. 673-657 bc
Persians 525 bc
Alexander the great 332 bc
Romans in 58 bc and annexed it in 30bc
6th-12th century = christianity
12th to 14th century = infiltrated by various
groups then it became muslim

The Aegean

CYCLADIC
CIVILAZATION
c. 3000 - 1200 b.c.

Two Figures of Women
Cyclades c. 2500-2200, Marble
33cm & 63.4cm (13in & 25in)
Museum of Cyclade Art, Athens

Venus of Willendorf

Male Cyclidic flute
player
from Keros, c. 2500-2200 bc, Marble
National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Seated Harp
Keros, Cyclades, c. 2700-2500 bc,
Marble, height 29.2m (11.5in),
Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens

Discoveries at Thera

Landscape (spring fresco)
Akrotiri, Thera Cyclades, before 1630 bc

Young Girl Gathering Saffron
Crocus Flowers
Detail of wall painting, before 1630 bc
Thera Foundation, Greece

MINOAN
CIVILAZATION
c. 3000 - 1500 b.c.

Knossos, aerial photograph of the site
Reconstuction of the Palace Complex
Knossos, Crete, c 2000 - 1375 bc, as would have appeared during a New Palace Period

Bull Leaping
Wall painting with areas of modern reconstruction from the palace complex
Knossos, Crete, c. 1550-1450 bc, 62.3cm (24in)
Archeological Museum, Iraklion, Crete

Snake Goddess
from Knossos, c. 1600 bc, Faience

Octopus Flask
Palaikastro, Crete, c. 1500-1450 bc
Marine style ceramic 28cm (11in)

Kamares Ware Jug
Phaistos, Crete, Old Palace Period, c.
2000-1900 bc, Archeological Museum
Iraklion, Crete

Harvester Vase
Hagia Triada, Crete, c. 1650-1450 bc
Steatite, diameter 11.3cm (4.5in)
lower part of vase reconstructed

Pendant of Gold Bees
Chryssolakkos, near Mallia, Crete, c. 1700-1550 bc
Gold height approx 4.6cm (more than 1in)
Bull’s Head Rhyton
Palace complex, Knossos, Crete
c. 1550-1450 bc
Steatite with shell, rock crystal and jasper and

MYCENEAN
CIVILAZATION
c. 1600 - 1200 b.c.

Citadel at Mycenae
aerial view, site occupied c. 1600-1200 bc
walls built c. 1340, 1250, 1200 bc

Reconstruction of Citadel at Mycenae
Lion’s Gate
at Mycenae
c. 1250 bc, historic photo

Reconstruction Drawing of the Megaron
in the Palace at Pylos,
“Goddess” from the citadel of Mycenae, c. 1200 bc
National Archaelogical Museum, Athens, Greece

Tholos, the so-called Treasury of Atreus
Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1200 bc

Cut-away Drawing of Tholos

Corbelled Vault,
Interior of Tholos
Limestone vault
height 14.48cm (47ft6in)

Mask of Agamemnon
Funerary mask, from the royal tombs, Grave Circle A
Mycenae, Greece, c. 1600-1550 bc, Gold height approx 35cm (12in)
National Archeological Museum, Athens

Vapheio Cup
Found near Sparta, Greece, c. 1650-1450 bc
Gold, height 3.9cm (3.5in)

Golden Lion’s Head
Rhyton
Shaft grave IV, wouth of Lions Gate, Mycenae
16th century bc

Flotilla Fresco, c.1650 bc, National Archiological Museum, Athens
Dagger Blade with Lion Hunt
Shaft Grave IV, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1550-1500 bc
Bronze inlaid with gold, silver and niello, length 23.8cm (9.5in)
National Archeological Museum, Athens

The Women with a Child
Found in the palace at Mycenae, Greece, c. 1400-1200 bc
Ivory, heoght 7.5cm (more than 2in)
Warrior Vase
Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1100 bc, Ceramic, height 41cm (16in)

Man is the Measure of all
Things
• emphasis on the individual
• view of death
• gods had human like qualities
• artists signed their works, both men and
women

view of the Acropolis, Athens
Geometric Style
in Pottery

Geometric Amphora
8th cent bc, terracotta
1.55m (5ft1in)

Orientalizing Style

Polyphemuos Painter, Amphora
The Northampton
Vase

Archaic Style

Sculpture

Kouros
Marble, Archaic Period

Peplos Kore
Parian marble, 530 bc, 1.21m (11 2/3in)

Early Classical

Poseidon, with his trident
or
Zeus, hurling his thunderbolt
National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece

Kritos Boy
Parian Marble, 86cm (33 7/8in)

Diskobolos, Myron
(discuss thrower)
460-450 bc, marble copy of a
bronze original, 1.53m (5ft)

Charioteer of Delphi
bronze

Classical

Reconstruction of the Parthenon, Athens
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Plan of the Parthenon
Golden Statue of Athena
East end of the Parthenon, Athens
447-438 bc, Pentelic Marble, 33.8x72.2m (111x237 ft)

Orders of Greek
Architecture
• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian

1. Doric Columns
at the the Parthenon

2. Ionic Columns
at Propylaea

ionic column details

Parthenon Ionic Frieze
3. Corinthian Columns

Sculptures from the east pediment of the Parthenon

Parthenon Metopes
others Temples

Agora, Athens
6th century bc

Temple of Hera I, Paestum
and Hera II, Italy (in the foreground)
Temple of Poseidon
Paestrum, Italy
Caryatids
Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs
Doryphorus
spear thrower

Late Classical Style

Theater at Epidaurus

Praxiteles,
Aphrodite of Knidos
c. 350 bc, Marble, 2.05m
Musei Vaticani, Rome

Hellenistic

Boxer
Bronze, 1.28m (4ft 2in)
c. 1st cent bc
Museo delle Terme, Rome

Laocoön and
his two sons
Marble 7ft, Musei Vaticani,
Rome

Nike (Victory) of
Samothrace
Sanctuary of the Great Gods, Samothrace,
c. 180 bc, Marble, 2.45m (8ft1in)
Musee du Louvre, Paris, France

Venus de Milo
Musee du Louvre

Veiled and Masked
Dancer
3rd-2nd century bc
bronze, height 20.7cm (8 1/8in)

Altar of Zeus, from Pergamon
c. 175 bc, marble

Athena battling with Akyoneus
from the great frieze of Pergamon Altar
c. 180 bc, Marble 2.29cm (7ft 6in)
LATE HELLENISTIC
Temple of Apollo
Didyma, Turkey

Estruscan Art

ARCHITECTURE
Reconstruction drawing of 3 temples on

the Arx of Cosa, c.100bc
SCULPTURE
Capitoline Wolf
c. 500 bc, Bronze, 85.1cm high, Museo Capitolino, Rome

Wounded Chimera
Bronze, 80cm high, from Arezzo, 2nd quarter of 4th century bc

Apollo of Veii
Painted terracotta, approx 1.78m (5ft10in) high
Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome

Mars of Todi
4th cent bc, Bronze, 1.4m high

scene from the back of a mirror
from Volterra, showing Uni (Hera) nursing
Bronze engraves, c.300bc, Museo Archeologico, Florence
FUNERARY ART
Cinerary Urn
from Chiusi, 7th cent bc, Hammered Bronze and
terracotta, 83.8cm high, Museo Etrusco, Chiusi

Mater Matuta
from Chianciano, near Chiusi
460-440 bc
Limestone, lifesize, Florence

Urn in the
shape of a hut
from Tarquinia
9th-8th cent bc
Tarquinia

Cinerary Urn in the form of a house
from Chiusi, c. 650-700bc, Museo archeologico, Florence

interior of Tomb of Shields
Cerveteri, c. 600bc, approx 9x3.5m

Sarcophagus from
Cerveteri, c.520bc
Painted Terracotta, 2m long, Rome

Mourners at the Door of the Outer World
tomb of Augurs, c.500bc

Tomb of the Leopards
Tarquina, 480-470bc, Fresco

Sarcophagus of Ramtha
Visnai
from Vulci, c.300-280 bc
Limestone, 2.18x0.78m

ART OF ANCIENT ROME

CAPITOLINE WOLF
c. 500 bc, Bronze, 85.1cm high, Museo Capitolino, Rome

REPUBLIC &
TRANSITION TO EMPIRE
• Rules by Senate and patrician citizens
• Julius Ceasar
• Augustus/Octavian

EMPIRE
• Julio-Claudian Dynasty - Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
• Flavian Dynastry - Vespasian, Titus, Domitian
• The so-Called Good Emperors” - Neva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, Marcus Aurelius
• Perios of political stability and econonic prosperity
• Beginning of Decline
• The Severan Dynasty - Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Severus
Alexander
• Anarchy
• Period of Tetrarchs
• Last Empire

BUILDING MATERIALS
AND METHODS

ROMAN CORINTHIAN
COLUMNS
IONIC
TUSCAN (DORIC)
Plan of the vault from
above showing resultant
outward thrust.
Groin Vault from above.
A groin vault viewed from the

underside,
showing the arris or 'groin'.
ARCHITECTURAL TYPES
•Domestic Homes
•Public Buildings

DOMESTIC
•Homes
•Villas

HOUSE OF SILVER
WEDDING
Atrium and peristyle
PLAN OF THE HOUSE OF FAUN

INSULA, OSTIA
RECONSTRUCTION

ROMAN INSULAE

HADRIAN’S VILLA
TIVOLI, ITALY

PLAN OF HADRIAN’S VILLA
THE VILLA AND THE PALACE
Canopus at Hadrian's Villa

PUBLIC BUILDINGS
• Forum • Aqueducts
• Basilica • Religious Temples
• Markets • Commemorative
Architecture
• Public Baths
• Triumphal Arch
• Colosseum
• Tombs
• Circus
ROMAN AND IMPERIAL FORUMS, ROME

Imperial Forum, Rome

BASILICA ULPIA

ROMAN CITY PLANNING
Basilica of Maxentius
TRAJAN’S MARKETS

MAIN HALL OF TRAJAN’S MARKET
RUINS, BATHS AT CARACALLA, ROME

PLAN & RESTORATION
DRAWING OF BATHS
OF CARACALLA

THEATERS AND AMPHITHEATERS
The Colosseum in Rome (70-82)

PRESENT DAY RUINS OF THE COLOSSEUM

The ancient theater at Orange, France
CIRCUS
400 - 600 M (1300-1970 FT)

AQUEDUCT AT PONT DU GARD, FRANCE
TEMPLE OF PORTUNUS, ROME
Maison Carrée, Nîmes
ROMAN TEMPLES
The Pantheon in Rome

COMMEMORATIVE ARCHITECTURE
WEST SIDE, ARA PACIS

13-9 bc
SOUTH SIDE, ARA PACIS
Marble relief, approx 1.6m (5ft x 3in) high
TRAJAN’S COLUMN
Marble, 4 lowest bands, 91.4cm
(36in) high each
Triumphal Arch
The Arch of Constantine

,

MEDALLIONS, (HADRIANIC, AD117-138)
AND FRIEZE (CONSTANTINE, EARLY 4TH CENT)
SCULPTURAL TYPES
•Sarcophagi
•Portraits/Bust
•Equestrian Statue
•Mosaic and Mural Painting

PROMETHEUS SARCOPHAGUS, AD C. 110
Marble, Museo Capitolino, Rome

BUST OF JULIUS PATRIARCH WITH TWO
CEASAR ANCESTOR BUSTS
Marble, Musei di Antichita, Turin
Marble, Musei Capitolino, Rome
BUST OF TRAJAN
Marble, Musei Vaticani, Rome

BUST OF CARACALLA CONSTANTINE
Marble, 36.2cm (1ft2.25in) Marble, 2.59cm (8ft 6in)
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Palazzo dei Conservatori
Rome
PORTRAITS OF FLAVIAN WOMEN

AUGUSTUS OF
PRIMA PORTA
Marble, 2.03m (6ft 8in) high
ANTINOUS
Marble, 180cm (70in) high
Archeological Museum
Delphi

EQUESTRIAN
STATUE OF
MARCUS AURELIUS
Bronze, 3.hgh5m ( 11ft 6in) high
Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome

ROMAN
DOMUS

MOSAICS
Roman Mosaic Floor

The Grand Hunt
Roman Mosaic, Piazza Armerina

THE BATTLE OF ISSOS
THE “ALEXANDER MOSAIC”
FROM THE HOUSE OF AUN, POMPEII, 2ND CENT BC
FORESHORTENING OF THE HORSE
YOUNG WOMAN WITH A STYLUS
RESCO, 28.9CM (11 3/8IN), POMPOEII

PORTRAIT PAINTING

Narcissus by the Pool
Wall Painting, Pompeii, Italy
FIRST AND SECOND STYLE
The Citharist from Stabia

THIRD STYLE
Landscape with Boats, Pompeii

FOURTH STYLE
STILL LIFE FROM HERCULANEUM

GEMS, CAMEOS,
METAL WORK AND
GLASS
gems
Metal work
Portland Vase
glass

Art History (Pre-Historic Art Images)

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PRE-HISTORIC ART

Sunday, July 4, 2010

• The Bronze Age

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Small, can be moved from place to place or traded

Paintings on cave walls

Sunday, July 4, 2010

probably male with a feline

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Drawing by Henry Breuil

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c. 2090 bc, Diorite, 73.7cm (29”)

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c. 1792-1750 bc, 2.13cm (7ft.) Diorite

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