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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (ES)

Ar. Suresh K M K ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Semester IV Jan 2017

Course Contents

INTRODUCTION TO ES & NATURAL RESOURCES(10 periods)

ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS & BIODIVERSITY (14 Periods)

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (8 Periods)

SOCIAL ISSUES AND ENVIRONMENT (7 Periods)

HUMAN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT(6 Periods)

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INTRODUCTION TO

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
&
NATURAL RESOURCES

Ecological
Footprint

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Ecological Footprint
A measure that attempts
to estimate an area of
productive land and
aquatic ecosystems that
would be needed to
produce and regenerate
the resources consumed,
and absorb the wastes of a
particular entity.

INTRODUCTION TO ES

Definition

Scope

Importance

Need for Public Awareness

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DEFINITION ENVIRONMENT/ES
physical and biotic habitat that surrounds us.

capability for a contextual and detailed understanding of

environmental problem in order to enable analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and ultimately sound and informed decision making
at a citizens level.

ES deals with every issue that effects a living organism.

biology,geology,chemistry,physics,engineering,sociology,health,a
nthropology,economics,statistics,computers and philosophy.

Overuse, Overexploitation The Sum of water, air and

of resources or Discharge land and the inter-
of pollutants in air, water relationships that exists
and land. among them with the
human beings, other living
Bi-directional organisms and materials
interaction with
us directly or Flora, Fauna and
indirectly micro-organisms
as well as man-
made structures .

Environment Environner

Definition

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MULTI-DISCIPLINARY DISCIPLINE

SCOPE
Natural Resources
Environment Ecosystem and Bio-diversity
Environmental Pollution
Social Issues and Environment
Human Population
Recent years ES has expanded dramatically into the following
R& D
Green Advocacy
Green Marketing
Green Media
Environmental consultancy

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SCOPE
Study the natural history: a forest, a river, a mountain, a
desert or a combination of these elements.

Our dependence on nature: Protect earths environmental

resources.

Respect for nature and all living creatures is not new to

India.

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

Growing more food by using fertilizers and pesticides.

Developing better strains of domestic animals and crops

Irrigating farmland through mega-dams and developing

industry.

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Renewal & Non-Renewal resources

Renewable resources such as timber and water can be
regenerated by natural processes such as re growth or rainfall.

Non-renewable resources such as minerals and oil are those which

will be exhausted in the future if we continue to extract these
without a thought for subsequent generations.

Natural resources can be compared with money in a bank.

Sustainable development.

IMPORTANCE OF ES
Environment is not a single subject

Plastic, waste food, solid waste byproducts

Air pollution leads to respiratory problems

Water pollution to gastro-intestinal diseases

And many pollutants are known to cause cancer.

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CLASS ACTIVITY 3
Attempt to assess the level of damage to the
environment due to your actions that have occurred
during your lifetime if you continue in your present ways.

Examples for the above activity: Plastic, Fossil fuels,

water, Food, Paper, Electrical Energy.

PLASTIC: PLASTIC BAGS, PLASTIC BALL PENS

Make a list of the plastic articles you usually use.

How can you reduce the amount of plastic you use?

What effects does plastic have on our environment?

Where does the plastic come from and how is it made? Are the
manufacturing processes environmentally friendly?

What happens to it when you throw it away? Where does it go?

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FOSSIL FUELS:PETROL,DIESEL,NATURAL GAS

How much do you use? Can you reduce your consumption?

What effect does it have on the air we breathe?

When we leave a motorbike or car engine running during

a traffic stop, we dont remember that the fuel we r
wasting is a part of a non-renewable resource that the
earth cannot regenerate.

WATER

How much do u really need to use, as against how much u

waste when u: a) Brush ur teeth? b) have a bath? C) Wash
clothes? D) Wash the scooter or car?

Where did the water come from? What is the actual source?
How has it reached u?

Where will the waste water go?

Do u feel u should change the way u use water? How can u

change this so that it is more sustainable?

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FOOD
Where has it come from?

How is it grown?

What chemicals r used in its production?

How does it reach u?

How is it cooked?

How much is wasted? How is the waste disposed off?

PAPER
What is it made from?

Where does it come from and how is it manufactured?

How much do u use and how much do u waste? How can

u prevent this wastage?

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ELECTRICAL ENERGY
How much do u use everyday?

Where does it come from?

How do u waste it?

How can u conserve energy?

PRODUCTIVE VALUE OF NATURE

Advances in fields like Biotechnology.

New medicines developed.

Flowering plants and insects: Protect them

Once a species is lost, man cannot bring it back.

For crops to be successful, the flowers of fruit trees and

vegetables must be pollinated by insects, bats and birds.

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AESTHETIC/RECREATIONAL VALUE OF NATURE

This is created by developing national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries in relatively undisturbed areas.

In an urban setting, green spaces and gardens are vital

to the psychological and physical health of city dwellers.

THE OPTION VALUE OF NATURE

Utilizing goods and services furnished by nature vs.
adverse impact on natures integrity.

We can use its resources sustainable and reduce our

impact on the environment.

Or destroy its integrity.

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Per Capita Emission Annual Emission Per person

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CO2_per_capita_per_country.png

What is Kyoto Protocol ?

The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective
emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990.

The objective is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydro fluorocarbons, and per fluorocarbons average of 2008-2012.

Status of Kyoto Protocol

As of December 2007, the US and

Kazakhstan are the only signatory
nations not to have ratified the act

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NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

If you plan for one year plant

rice, If you plan for 10 years,
plant trees and If you plan for
100 years educate people

NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

Rapidly changing technology leads to abandoned waste

Fast and energy demanding life style pollutes Environment

Over consumerism Environmental Degradation

Earths definite capacity to tolerate pollutants and sustain

population

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NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

We feel that everything must be done by Govt.

Everything is possible through public awareness.

News papers, TV, Radio must take responsibility.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
International level World Environment day 5th June

National level

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IMPORTANCE OF ES
Environment belongs to all

Influences all

Global vs Local

Individualistic

SUGGESTED FURTHER ACTIVITIES

Join a group to study nature such as WWF-I(World wide Fund for
nature India) or BNHS(The Bombay Natural History Society)

Begin reading news paper articles and periodicals like Down to

earth, WWF-I News letter,Sanctuary magazine etc.

Join local movements : saving trees in ur area.

RRR: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Visit a National Park or Sanctuary.

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INSTITUTIONS IN ENVIRONMENT
There are two type of institutions in environment,
they are

Government Organizations

Non-Government Organizations

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
The Government organizations are as follows,

BSI (www.envfor.nic.in)

ZSI (www.zsi.gov.in)

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BSI-BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Established in 1890 at the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta.

In 1952, plans were made to recognize the BSI and

formulate its objectives.

The BSI currently has nine regional centers.

ZSI-ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Established in 1916.

Its mandate was to do a symmetric survey of fauna in India.

Its origins were collections based at the Indian Museum at

Calcutta, which was established in 1875.

It has done an enormous amount of work on taxonomy and

ecology.

It currently operates from 16 regional centers.

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NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
The following are the NGOs
BNHS (www.bnhs.org)
WWF-I (www.wwfindia.org)
CSE (www.cseindia.org)
CPR-EEC (www.cpreec.org)
CEE (www.ceeindia.org)
BVIEER (http://environment.bharatividyapeeth.edu)
UKSN (www.usnpss.org)
Kalpavriksh (www.kalpavriksh.org)
SACON (www.sacon.org)
WII (www.wii.gov.in)
MCBT (www.madrascrocodilebank.org)

BNHS-Bombay Natural History Society,

Mumbai
Begin as a small society of six members in 1883.

Its influence is on wild life policy building, research, popular

publications.

Publishes a popular magazine called Hornbill and also an

internationally well-known journal on Natural History.

Helped the government to frame wild life related laws and

taken up battles such as save the silent valley campaign.

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WWF-I World Wide Fund For Natural

India, New Delhi
Initiated in 1969 in Mumbai, after the head quarters is
shifted to New Delhi.

Attention on wild life education and awareness.

It runs several programs, including the Natural Clubs of

India program from school children.

CSE-Center For Science And

Environment, New Delhi
The activities including organizing campaigns, holding
workshops and conferences, and producing environment
related publications.

Publication material is in the form of books, posters,

video films and also conducts work shops and seminars
on bio-diversity related issues.

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CPR-EEC CPR Environmental Education

Center, Chennai
Setup in 1988.

Conducts a variety of programs to spread environmental

awareness and create an interest in conservation among the
general public.

To promote conservation of nature and natural resources.

Its programs include components on wild life an biodiversity issues.

Produces large number of publications.

CEE-Center for Environmental Education,

Ahemadabad
Initiated in 1989.

Wide range of programs on the environment and

produces a variety of educational material.

CEEs Training in Environment Education program has

trained many environmental educators.

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BVIEER-Bharati Vidyapeet Institute of

Environmental Education and Research, Pune
Part of Bharati Vidyapeet deemed university.

The institute has a PhD, masters and Bachelors Program in

Environmental Sciences.

It also offers an innovative diploma in Environment

education for in-service teachers.

Biodiversity conservation is a major focus of its research

initiatives.

UKSN-Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi, Almora

This organization is a Nodal agency that supports NGOs

in need of funds for their environment related activities.

Its main target is sustainable resource use at the village

level through training school children.

Its environment education program covers about 500

schools

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Kalpavriksh, Pune
This NGO, initially Delhi based, is now working from
Pune.

Works on a variety of fronts; education and awareness;

investigation and research; direct action and lobbying;
and litigation with regard to environment and
development issues.

Responsible for developing Indias National Biodiversity

strategy and Action plan in 2003.

Salim Ali center for Ornithology and

Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore
Intially conceived as being a wing of the BNHS, it later
evolved into an independent organization based at
Coimbatore in 1990.

It has instituted a variety of field programs that have

added to the countrys information on our threatened
biodiversity.

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WII- Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun

Established in 1982.

This institute is established as a major training for forest

officials and for research in wild life management.

Its most significant publication has been planning a Wild

Life Protected Area Network for India.

MCBT-Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Chennai

The first Crocodile conservation breeding center in Asia,

was founded in 1976 to conserve Indian Crocodiles an
establish program for the conservation an propagation of
other species.

MCBT has an ongoing Environmental Education Program

for the villages and schools that include nature camps,
training workshops for teachers.

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People in Environment
The following are the well-known names in the last century
include environmentalists, administrators, legal experts,
educationalists, and journalists.
Indira Gandhi
S.P.Gadgil
M.S.Swaminathan
Madhav Gadgil
M.C.Mehta
Anil Agarwal
Medha Patkar
Sunderlal Bahuguna

Indira Gandhi
As PM played a very significant role in the preservation
of Indias Wild Life.
During her period, the network and protected areas
grew from 65 to 98.
Wild life protection act was formulated during her
period.

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S.P.Godrej
Was one of the Indias greatest supporter of wild life
conservation and nature awareness programs.

Between 1975 and 1999, received 10 awards for his

conservation activities, he was awarded the
Padmabhushan in 1999.

M S Swaminathan
One of the Indias foremost agricultural scientists.

Founded the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation in

Chennai

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Madhav Gadgil
Well known ecologist in India.

His interests range from broad ecological issues such as

developing community Biodiversity registers studies on
the behaviour of mammals, birds, and insects.

He was written several articles, published papers in

journals

M.C.Mehta
Indias most famous environmental lawyer.

Since 1984, he has filed several public interest

litigations for supporting the cause of environmental
conservation.

His most famous and long-drawn battles supported by

the supreme court include protecting the Tajmahal,
cleaning up the Ganges river..

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Anil Agarwal
Was a journalist who wrote the first report on the state
of Indias Environment in 1982.

He founded the CES, an active NGO that supports

various environmental issues.

Medha Patkar
Known as one of rural Indias Champions, has supported
the cause of the downtrodden tribal people whose
environment is being affected by the dams on the
Narmada River.

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Sunderlal Bahuguna
His chipko movement has become an
internationally well-known example of a
highly successfully conservation action
program through the efforts of local people
for guarding their forest resources.

His fight to prevent the construction of Tehri

dam in a fragile earthquake-prone setting is a
battle that continues to wage

International Environmental Thinkers

Charles Darwin(wrote Origin of Species)

Ralph Emerson (spoke of the dangers of commerce to our

environment in 1840s)

Henry Thoreau (wrote that the wilderness should be

preserved in 1860s)

John Muir (saved the great ancient sequoia trees in

Californias forests; he formed Sierra club in 1890s)

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International Environmental Thinkers

Aldo Leopold (designed the early policies on wilderness

conservation and wildlife management in 1920s)

Rachel Carson (wrote Silent Spring; several articles on

effects of pesticides on nature and mankind)

EO Wilson (entomologist and wrote Diversity of Life in

1993)

Al Gore Former US Vice President An inconvenient

truth Global warming

http://www.asiaisgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/carboncredits.jpg

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NATURAL RESOURCES

NATURAL RESOURCES

- Any stock or reserve that can be drawn

from nature is natural resource

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NATURAL RESOURCES

- Any stock or reserve that can be drawn

from nature is natural resource

NATURAL RESOURCES
FOREST RESOURCES

WATER RESOURCES

MINERAL RESOURCES

FOOD RESOURCES

ENERGY RESOURCES

LAND RESOURCES

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FOREST RESOURCES

FOREST RESOURCES

About 1/3rd of the worlds land area is forested which

includes closed as well as open forests.

Its a matter of concern that almost everywhere the cover

of the natural forests has declined over the years.

Latest reports reveal that maximum loss of forest cover

is currently taking place in Brazil.

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ECONOMIC vs ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE

FOREST RESOURCES

USES OF FORESTS:
COMMERCIAL USES:
Provides timber, firewood, pulpwood, food items, gum,
resins, edible oils, rubber, fibers, lac, bamboo canes and
many more items.

of the timber - heating and cooking

1/3rd of the timber Building materials
1/6th of the wood pulp and used for paper industry

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FOREST RESOURCES

USES OF FORESTS:
Ecological uses:
Production of oxygen
Reduces global warming
wildlife habitat
regulation of hydrological cycle
soil conservation, pollution moderators
driving energy flow and nutrient cycling

FOREST RESOURCES
OVER-EXPLOITING
Forest have been known to possess huge potential for
human waste and they have been exploited since early
times for their vast potential.
Wood cutting and large scale logging for raw materials
Deforestation
Clearing of forests
Encroachments of forests
78% of forest area heavy grazing
Mining activities clearance of forests
Big hydro power projects large scale destruction

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INDIAN FOREST STATISTICS - 2009

DEFORESTATION
Deforestation rate is relatively less in temperate countries
Very alarming in tropical countries
Major causes of deforestation
Shifting cultivation
Fuel requirements
Raw materials for industrial use
Development projects
Growing food needs
Overgrazing
Forest fires

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FOREST RESOURCES

CASE STUDIES
DESERTIFICATION OF HILLY REGIONS OF THE HIMALAYAS
DEFORESTATION FERTILITY LOST NOW DESERTIFICATION
PROBLEM .

DISAPPEARING TEA GARDENS IN CHOTTA NAGPUR DUE

TO DEFORESTATION REDUCTION IN RAINFALL SO
DISAPPEARING TEA GARDENS.

WANING RAINFALL IN UDHAGAMANDALAM (OOTY):

REDUCED RAINFALL DUE TO DEFORESTATION

MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN FORESTS

TIMBER EXTRACTION
LOGGING ROAD CONSTRUCTION
MINING
SURFACE MINING , SUB-SURFACE MINING
MORE THAN 80,000 Ha OF LAND STRESS OF MINING ACTIVITIES
DEFACING THE TOPOGRAPHY & DESTRUCTION OF THE
LANDSCAPE
LARGE SCALE DEFORESTATION MUSSORIE , DEHRADUN OVER
A LENGTH OF ABOUT 40 KM FOREST AREA DECLINED AT 33%
INDISCRIMINATE MINING GOA 1961 50,000 Ha
SIMILAR THREATS IN KERALA, TN AND KARNATAKA

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MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN FORESTS

BIG DAMS IN FOREST AREAS : MAJOR PROBLEMS
DEFORESTATION IN A SINGLE STROKE
MULTI-PURPOSE USES REFERED AS TEMPLES OF MODERN INDIA
DAMS HAVE THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS AND PEOPLE
INDIA HAS MORE THAN 1550 LARGE DAMS, MAX. IN MAHARASTRA
600 + DAMS
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS INCLUDING DEFORESTATION AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS RELATED TO TRIBAL AND NATIVE PEOPLE
LARGE SCALE DEVASTATION OF FORESTS TAKES PLACE BREAKS THE
NATURAL ECOLOGICAL BALANCE OF THE REGION
FORESTS - INVALUABLE GIFTS OF NATURE FORM OF BIODIVERSITY
MARVELOUS ECONOMIC / MEDICINAL VALUE

MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN FORESTS

BIG DAMS IN FOREST AREAS : MAJOR PROBLEMS

DEFORESTATION IN A SINGLE STROKE
MULTI-PURPOSE USES REFERED AS TEMPLES OF MODERN INDIA
DAMS HAVE THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS AND PEOPLE
INDIA HAS MORE THAN 1550 LARGE DAMS, MAX. IN MAHARASTRA
600 + DAMS
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS INCLUDING DEFORESTATION AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS RELATED TO TRIBAL AND NATIVE PEOPLE
LARGE SCALE DEVASTATION OF FORESTS TAKES PLACE BREAKS THE
NATURAL ECOLOGICAL BALANCE OF THE REGION
FORESTS - INVALUABLE GIFTS OF NATURE FORM OF BIODIVERSITY
MARVELOUS ECONOMIC / MEDICINAL VALUE

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SARDAR SAROVAR DAM

UPROOTED FORESTS AND TRIBALS

RIVER NARMADA 3 STATES OF GUJARAT , MAHARASTRA AND
MADYA PRADESH
PROVIDING IRRIGATION WATER, DRINKING WATER AND
ELECTRICITY
1,44,731 Ha OF LAND SUBMERGED OUT OF WHICH 56,547
Ha IS FOREST LAND
AREA RICH IN WILDLIFE, DISPLACEMENT OF 1 MILLION PEOPLE
UPROOTING OF TRIBALS AND THEIR FORCED SHIFTING IN FAR
FLUNG AREAS AFFECT CULTURE, BELIEFS, MYTHS AND RITUALS
REHABILITATION OF DISPLACED TRIBALS

WATER RESOURCES

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WATER RESOURCES
Indispensible natural resource 97% of earths surface
covered with water plants and animals - 60 to 65%
water in the body
Unique resource liquid , highest specific heat,
vaporization excellent solvent for nutrients oxygen
high surface tension and cohesion anamolous
expansion

WATER RESOURCES
Hydrological cycle enormous resource 1404 million
Cu.Km waste and wet surface evaporates - rain snow
living organism oceans solar energy evaporation
plants absorb ground water

97.4% salt 2.6% fresh water 0.6 % readily available

balance locked by polar ice

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WATER RESOURCES
WATER USE BY HUMANS IS OF 2 TYPES:
WATER WITHDRAWAL FROM GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE
WATER RESOURCES

WATER CONSUMPTION: ONLY 60% OF THE WATER TAKEN

IS CONSUMED. REST IS LOST THROUGH EVAPORATION.

WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURE AND RAPID

DEVELOPMENT, THE DEMANDS FOR WATER WITHDRAWAL
HAVE INCREASED TREMENDOUSLY.

OVER-EXPLOITATION
70% Water withdrawn used for agriculture globally
93% used in agriculture in India 4% Kuwait 5% in less
developed countries

25% water used industrial sector global

Per capita 1000 Cu.m per family ( 4) in USA many times

higher than developing countries

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WATER RESOURCES
Sources of Fresh water
Ground water
Unconfined aquifers Permeable earth
Confined aquifers impermeable layer of rock
Effects of Excess usage of ground water
Subsidence
Lowering of water table
Water logging
Water pollution

WATER RESOURCES
Sources of Fresh water
Surface water streams, ponds , wetlands or reservoirs
Irrigation , industrial use , public water supply, navigation etc
Countrys economy river early civilizations recorded
near big river

Water Rich Iceland, canada etc

vs Water poor countries Singapore , Malta

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WATER RESOURCES Floods

India and Bangladesh- North eastern parts 90% rainfall in
June to September
Low-lying areas Overflow of lakes , rivers
Reasons - Deforestation, Overgrazing , mining, industrialization ,
global warming etc
Networking and interlinking of rivers national level deal
with problems of flood

WATER RESOURCES Droughts

80 countries lying in arid and semi-arid regions experiencing
frequent spell of long duration droughts
Annual rainfall below normal and less than evaporation, drought
conditions are created
Drought hit areas often have a high population growth poor
land use
generally a meteorological phenomenon also Anthropogenic
causes over grazing, deforestation, mining, desertification etc.
Erroneous, intensive cropping pattern, increased exploitation of
scarce water Maharastra 30 years drought over-
exploitation of water by sugarcane

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WATER RESOURCES Conflicts over water

The Indus water treaty
1960 water treaty Indus , Jhelum, Chenab allocated to
Pakistan
Ravi, Beas, Satluj allocated to India
The Cauvery water dispute
100 years problem TN - downstream & Karnataka Upstream
Fully utilized increasing demands for agriculture and industry
205 TMCF to TN 1995 complex cropping pattern Cauvery
basin

WATER RESOURCES Conflicts over water

The Satluj Yamuna Link (SYL) canal dispute
Ravi-Beas water Haryana & Punjab
Eradi Tribunal 1985 17.17 MAF
Water conflict Middle East
3 River Basins Jordon, Tigris Euphrates & Nile Shared water
resources ME
Ethiopia controls 80% of Niles flow Sudan trying to divert more water
this would badly affect Egypt desert Population to double in Egypt
next 20 years
Fierce battle for water Jordon, Syria & Israel
Turkey abundant water plans to build 22 dams - Tigris Euphrates
Hydro Electric power reduce to flow to syria and Iraq Plans to sell
water to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Israel and Jordan War water

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Traditional water management systems

South India - Neerkatti traditional tanks based on terrain,
drainage, irrigation needs tail end fields Per Capita allocation
Maharastra - Havaldars , Jaghyas manage & resolves conflicts
overseeing water channels from main channels to
distributory channels
Ladakh - Churpun (water manager) complete charge power
allocation available water major source glaciers , snow
supplemented from springs, marshes distributed to different
fields thro earthen channels
Gram sabhas approve publicly
Village management system prove to be quite effective

IMPACTS OF BIG DAMS

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MINERAL RESOURCES

MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids
having a definite chemical composition and characteristic
physical properties

Quartz, Feldspar, biotite, dolomite, calcite, laterite etc these

are composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, calcium,
aluminium etc.

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MINERAL RESOURCES
Uses and Exploitation
Development of industrial plants , machinery
Energy generation
Construction , housing, settlements
Defense equipments
Transportation
Communication
Medicine
Alloy formation
Agriculture
Jewellery

MINERAL RESOURCES
Based on their properties
Non-metallic graphite, diamond, quartx, feldspar

Metallic bauxite, laterite, haemite

Critical minerals economy gold, copper, iron, aluminium etc

Strategic minerals defense manganese, cobalt, platinum,
chromium etc
India Coal & lignite, Uranium, Aluminium, Iron, Copper etc

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MINERAL RESOURCES
India 84 minerals Annual value - Rs. 50,000 crore

Impacts of mining
Sub-surface mining more destructive & dangerous OHS
Surface mining
Open pit mining dig holes & remove ores
Dredging chained buckets & draglines scrap up minerals from under-
water deposits
Strip mining stripped off using bull dozers

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MINERAL RESOURCES Case studies

Improper waste disposal Malanjkhands copper mines

Mining and quarrying Udaiyur

Mining Sariska Tiger reserve, Aravallis

Uranium mining Nalgonda, AP

FOOD RESOURCES

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FOOD RESOURCES
1000S of edible plants and animals out of which 3 dozens
major food of human
Wheat, rice, maize, potato, barley, oats, sugarcane, pulses,
millet , common fruits & vegetables, milk, meat, fish and seafood
1500 million metric tons grown each year
4 billion people Wheat & Rice staple food
Meat and milk more developed country, US, Europe & Japan
80%
FAO UN Global scale 2500 calories / day less than
90% is undernourished less than 80% - seriously
undernourished Deficiency mal nutrition

Environmental Impacts

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FOOD RESOURCES Case studies

Salinity and water logging Punjab, Haryana &

Rajasthan
Punjab 1947, 1950, 1952, 1954-56 Floods
water logging drainage problems
Haryana - 1.2 m Ha Canal irrigation Created
water logging & salinity
Rajasthan Indira Gandhi Canal project water
starved wasteland to water soaked wasteland

ENERGY RESOURCES

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ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy Consumption of a nation is usually considered as an
index of development
First form fire heat Wind & Hydropower used for last
10,000 years
Growing Energy needs Agriculture, industry, mining,
transportation, lighting, cooling, heating all needs energy
Fossil fuels 95% supply for commercial energy life style
no. of gadgets increased
Canada & USA 5% - worlds population 1/4th of global

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

A nonrenewable resource is a natural

resource that cannot be regenerated, re-
made or re-grown at a scale comparable
to its consumption.

COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS

Coal, petroleum, and
natural gas are
considered nonrenewable
because they can not be
replenished in a short
period of time. These are
called fossil fuels.

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HOW IS COAL MADE ???

HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???

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WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN COAL AND OIL/GAS?

PETROLEUM

RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are
natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period of
time.

Solar Geothermal
Wind Biomass
Water Ocean Thermal energy
Biogas Biofuels

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SOLAR

Energy from the

sun.
Why is energy from
the sun renewable?

GEOTHERMAL
Energy from
Earths heat.

Why is energy
from the heat of
the Earth
renewable?

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Energy from the

WIND wind.

Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?

BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic or
living matter.
Why is energy from
biomass
renewable?

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WATER or HYDROELECTRIC
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?

NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fission uses
uranium to create
energy.
Nuclear energy is a
nonrenewable resource
because once the
uranium is used, it is
gone!

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SUMMARY

What are the

differences between
nonrenewable and
renewable
resources?

LAND RESOURCES

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LAND RESOURCES
Land is a finite and valuable resource food , fibre and wood
Land Degradation degraded over exploitation
Soil erosion wearing or movement of soil components normal
erosion, accelerated erosion Climatic agents (water & Wind) &
Biotic (Over grazing, mining & Deforestation) agents cause erosion
how to prevent soil erosion Conservational till farming, contour
farming, terracing , strip cropping, Alley cropping, wind breaks or
shelter belts
water logging & salinity Heavy irrigation, inadequate drainage
and poor quality
Desertification process productive potential of arid or semi-arid
land falls by 10% or more Deforestation, Overgrazing, mining

Conservation of Natural Resources

Environment belongs to all Everyones responsibility
conservation and protection

Conserve Water

Conserve Energy

Protect the soil

Promote sustainable agriculture

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Equitable share of Natural Resources

MDCs & LDCs big divide use of resources

MDC
22% worlds population Using 88% of natural resources & 73% of
its energy and command 85% of its income

LDC
78% worlds population 12% of natural resources & 27% of
energy

QUESTIONS

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Part A
Define the term Environment?
What is the scope of environmental studies?
How do different disciplines contribute to environmental studies?
What are the steps taken by our government for environmental
protection?
Why is it necessary to create environmental awareness?
What are renewable and non-renewal resources? Give
examples.
What are the major causes and consequences of deforestation?

Part A
What is an aquifer? Discuss its types.
What are the environmental impacts of ground water usage?
What are the uses of various types of minerals?
What do you mean by (a) Eutrophication (b) super pest
(c)shifting cultivation (d) water logging?
Give a brief account of non-renewable energy resources.
Comment upon the types of energy harnessed from oceans.
What is nuclear energy? Discuss its two types?
What is overgrazing? How does it contribute to environmental
degradation?

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Part B
What are the major causes for conflicts over water? Discuss
one international and one inter-state water conflict?
Discuss the mineral sources of our country and the
associated environmental issues?
Explain the role of architects in conservation of mineral
resources?
Discuss the major uses of forests. How would you justify
that ecological uses of forests surpass commercial uses?

Part B
Should we build big dams? Give arguments in favour of
your answer?
Discuss with the help of a case study, how big dams have
affected forests and tribals?
Discuss the major impact of mineral extraction?
Discuss the merits and demerits of wind energy.

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Part B
What is bio-gas? Discuss the structure and function of biogas
plants?
How can you as an individual conserve different natural
resources?
What are solar cells? Draw a diagram and enumerate its
applications.
Briefly discuss droughts and floods with respect to their
occurrence and impacts?

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