IC ENGINES LAB REPORT -1

Aim:-

To study about architecture and components of 4-stroke, multi-fuel,

single cylinder VCR(variable compression ratio ) engine which is connected to
eddy current dynamometer.

Description:-

Engine is connected to eddy current dynamometer or loading through

crankshaft.
The operation mode of the engine can be changed from diesel to ECU
Petrol or from ECU Petrol to Diesel mode.
In both modes the compression ratio can be varied without stopping the
engine and without altering the combustion chamber geometry by
specially designed tilting cylinder block arrangement.
Air temp, coolant temp, Throttle position and trigger sensor are
connected to Open ECU which control ignition coil, fuel injector, fuel
pump and idle air.
Both engine and dynamometer are water cooled
It has an air box with orifice meter and manometer
It has a digital voltmeter of range 0-20V
It has temperature sensor of type PT100 and thermocouple.

Specifications of IC engine:

4 stroke, single cylinder, duel fuel VCR engine.

For petrol, compression ratio is 6 to 10
For diesel, compression ratio is 12 to 24
Range of speed is 1200 to 1800 RPM
Bore =87.5 mm, Stroke = 110 mm
Power produced = 3.5 kW at 1500 RPM
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Some Terminologies involved:

Bore: The inner diameter of the working cylinder.
Stroke: The nominal distance through which a working piston moves.
Bottom dead center (BDC): Dead center when the piston is nearest to the
crankshaft. end point of the stroke
Top dead center (TDC): Dead center when the position is farthest from the
crankshaft. end point of the stroke
Clearance volume (VC): The volume of the space on the combustion side of
the piston at top dead center.
Swept volume (VS): The volume generated by the working piston when
travelling from one dead center to next one, calculated as the product of
piston area and stroke.
Cylinder volume: The sum of swept volume and clearance volume or total
volume.
Compression ratio (CR): The numerical value of the cylinder volume
divided by the numerical value of clearance volume.
 IC ENGINES LAB REPORT -1

Components:-
Connecting rod: Connecting rod joins the piston to the crankshaft
(rotating mass) and essentially converts reciprocating motion into
rotary motion
Pushrod: Pushrod is used when the camshaft is situated at the bottom
end of cylinder. It carries the camshaft motion to the valves which are
situated at the cylinder head.
Crankshaft: Crankshaft delivers the power and transmits rotary motion,
it also provides power to other engine auxiliaries.
Suction & Exhaust valves: Inlet valves lets fresh charge inside and
exhaust valve expels out burnt matter.
Suction/intake & Exhaust manifolds: Intake manifold drives in the fresh
charge (Air fuel mixture or air only) till the inlet valve. Exhaust manifold
drive out the expelled gases from exhaust valve and dump into
atmosphere
Air box: For air consumption measurement air box with orifice is used.
Crank angle sensor: The functional objective for the crankshaft position
sensor is to determine the position and/or rotational speed (RPM) of
the crank.
Wrist pin: These are hardened steel parallel spindles fitted through
the piston bosses and the small end bushes or eyes to allow the
connecting rods to swivel. It connects the piston to connecting rod. It is
made hollow for lightness
Piston: Piston acts as the moving boundary for the cylinder system and
converts the power developed into the motion.
Engine head: Red engine head is for petrol and blue engine head is for
diesel.
Piezo sensor: These miniature sensor series are used for general
purpose pressure measurements.
Throttle body: throttle body is the part of the air intake system that
controls the amount of air flowing into the engine, in response to driver
accelerator pedal input.
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Fuel pump: The pump creates positive pressure in the fuel lines, pushing
the gasoline to the engine.
Temperature sensors: They measure the temperature at end of the
exhaust manifold.
Fly Wheel: Fly wheel is a rotating mass used as an energy storing device.
The main function of flywheel is to rotate the shaft during preparatory
stroke. It also makes crankshaft rotation more uniform.
Load cell: They are suitably used for static & dynamic weighing,
bin/hopper weighing, force measurement and electro-mechanical
conversion.
Rotameter: It works on the principle of variable area. The vertical float
as indicated by scale is a measurement instantaneous flow rate.
Fuel injector (for diesel): By pressurizing and injecting the fuel, the
system forces it into air that has been compressed to high pressure in
the combustion chamber.
Pushrod: Pushrod is used when the camshaft is situated at the bottom
end of cylinder. It carries the camshaft motion to the valves which are
situated at the cylinder head.
Spark plug: The main function of a sparkplug is to conduct the high
potential from the ignition system into the combustion chamber.
Rocker Arm: Rocker Arms are typically in between the pushrod and the
intake and exhaust valves. They allow the pushrods to push up on the
rocker arms and therefore push down on the valves.
Piston rings: These are used to maintain a pressure tight seal between
the piston and cylinder walls and also it transfer the heat from the piston
head to cylinder walls. These rings are fitted in grooves which have been
cut in the piston. They are split at one end so they can expand or slipped
over the end of piston.
 IC ENGINES LAB REPORT -1

VCR Engine:
The standard available engines can be modified by providing additional
variable combustion space. There are different arrangements by which this can
be achieved. Tilting cylinder block method is one of the arrangements where the
compression ratio can be changed without change is combustion geometry. With
this method the compression ratio can be changed within designed range
without stopping the engine.

Compression Ratio adjustment:

Compression ratio is changed by slightly loosening the Allen bolts on the
tilting box and also loosen the locknut on the adjuster and rotate it to change the
compression ratio.

The small lever on the engine head near the push rods for the valves is used
to stop the engine as by using it, we can keep the exhaust valve open. This makes
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pressure building inside cylinder difficult and engine stops due to lack of required
power production.

Eddy current dynamometer:

Eddy current dynamometer is made up of electromagnetic coils, stator and
rotor. Function of dynamometer is to oppose the motion of the crank shaft of
engine thus loading the engine to create real life loading denarius for engine.
Stator of dynamometer is fitted in electromagnets and a rotor disc .This
arrangement is attached to the rotating shaft of the engine. When rotor rotates
eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux set up by the
currents in the electromagnets. These eddy currents oppose the rotor motion,
which creates load on engine. Current in dynamometer can be controlled
externally which also controls the load on cylinder. Water is used as coolant for
the system. S type load cells are used in dynamometer.

The Valve-timing diagram:

The fly-wheel is rotated counter-clockwise (from the direction of the
dynamometer) in a unidirectional manner and the inlet valve and exhaust valves
are observed closely to note the opening and closing instances. These instances
are marked on the fly-wheel and the angles are measured to draw the valve
timing diagram. There are 125 evenly spaced teeth on the fly wheel.

= .

Conclusion:
The complete working of duel fuel and 4 stroke single cylinder VCR IC
engine present in the lab is understood along with working of rotameters and
eddy current dynamometers.
IC ENGINES LAB REPORT -1