1. What is social mobility?

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups in social position over
time. Social mobility may refer to classes, ethnic groups, or entire nations, and may
measure health status, literacy, or education; however, more commonly it refers to
individuals or families, and to their change in income.
2. What are the causes of stress?

Being unhappy in your job

Having a heavy workload or too much responsibility
Working long hours
Having poor management, unclear expectations of your work, or no say in the
decision-making process
Working under dangerous conditions

3. What is staff training?

Training is a program that helps employees learn specific knowledge or skills to
improve performance in their current roles. Development is more expansive and focuses
on employee growth and future performance, rather than an immediate job role.
4. What are the objectives of EDP

Develop and strengthen entrepreneurial quality, i.e., motivation or need for

achievement.

To analyze environmental set up relating to small industry and promoting it.

Removing unemployment

enhancing industrial development

Developing industrially backward region.

5. What are the functions of women entrepreneur?

To perform all the functions involved in establishing an enterprise.
Idea generation
Screening - determination of objectives - project preparation - product analysis, and
raising funds -procuring men, machine and materials, and operation of business.

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What is Entrepreneur Motivation? Explain the nature and process of Motivation

Entrepreneurial Motivation

Entrepreneurial motivation is the process of transforming an ordinary individual to a powerful

businessman, who can create opportunities and helps in maximizing wealth and economic
development. It is defined as various factors stimulate desires and activates enthusiasm in
entrepreneurs which make them attain a particular goal. Entrepreneurship is the process of
identifying strengths and opportunities which help in the realization of ones dreams for
designing, developing and running a new business by facing threats and risks effectively.

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

MOTIVATION:
The conclusion of the research carried out by David McClelland states that for the development
of entrepreneurship an achievement motivation is very important. But the researches carried
out at the later stage show that only achievement motivation is not the sole factor for the
development of the entrepreneurship. For the development of entrepreneurship a chievement
motivation is necessary but not as a sole factor. In the early stage of the business, achievement
motivation is necessary to take risk and start the enterprise but once an enterprise is set up, the
importance of achievement motivation is decreased and entrepreneurship motivation becomes
important. The achievement motivation and entrepreneurship motivation, both are different
things. For the development of entrepreneurship both are necessary. Entrepreneurship motivation
is something special than achievement motivation. Therefore, in the present training methods
of entrepreneurship development the different games of Entrepreneurship Motivation Training
(EMT) are developed.

Some observations regarding the relationship between achievement motivation and

entrepreneurship motivation are given hereunder

1. Entrepreneur is facing the multitude of goals which are not wards off to each other but they
are supplementary to each other.

2. David McClelland in his later studies given the importance to authority motivation in place of
achievement motivation. Endorsing his statement he further makes it clear that for
organisational control higher authority achievement with personal authority is essential.

3. Udai Parikh states that for social reforms achievement motivation and expansion
achievement are to be developed (increased) and dependence achievement should be reduced
(decreased).

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4. Rao and Mehta state that in developing countries for social reforms and economic growth,
instead of the entrepreneurs having very narrow concepts regarding the economic growth,
the entrepreneurs having the social consciousness are needed.

5. According to S. N. Chattopadhyay following characteristics are

included in the list of motivation to an entrepreneur - high
achievement, high expansion, medium authority, low attachment
and low dependence.

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING

PROGRAMME

The traditional school of thought had been thinking that entrepreneurs are born and not made.
The modern observation has been that some entrepreneurs may be born but a large number of
them can be educated, trained and made. Learning by trial and error method is altogether ruled
out. It is necessary to encourage more people to take up this field, to help them to equip
themselves with training.

Need and importance of entrepreneurial development training programme

The entrepreneurs play an important role in the economic development of any country.
Entrepreneurs make use of the factors of production to the fullest advantage of the society,
generate employment, create innovation, improve standard of living, develop backward areas,
etc. all these leads to higher economic growth. So entrepreneurial development is very essential
for the economic development of a country.

The entrepreneurship development programmes has an important role to play in solving

the unemployment problem. Unemployment is demoralizing. It is the major source of waste in
our present economic system.

The most alarming form of unemployment today is educated unemployment. India is

facing a chronic problem of unemployment. Due to this frustration and discontent increases, the
rate of crime also increases. Instead of going after a government job, people should make an
effort to get themselves by starting their own business.

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 Under these circumstances entrepreneurship development programme assumes much
importance.

Importance of training:
1. It increases the potential abilities and thus improves performance to the maximum
attainable level.
2. It improves overall efficiency.
3. New techniques could be easily adopted through training.
4. Standardization can be adopted in a factory where trained employees are available.
5. Training reduces fatigue.

Objectives of training:
1. To impart knowledge of the marketing of goods.
2. To broaden the vision of entrepreneurs by providing them suitable opportunities for an
interchange of experience within and outside an industry.
3. To expose the entrepreneurs to the latest development which directly or indirectly affect
them.
4. To build necessary skills of new entrepreneurs and workers.
5. To impact customer education.
6. To impart basic knowledge about the industry product and production methods.

8. Discuss and evaluate the factors affecting entrepreneurship 1.Personality

Factors
Personality traits such as inner desire for control of their activities, tolerance for risk, high level
of tolerance to function in adverse situations and background experiences such as the family
environment, level of education, age and work history tolerance for ambiguity are important
personal characteristics that affect entrepreneurship. Individuals who are desirous of working
independently; willing to work for long hours and assume risk; are self-confident and hard-
working are likely to be more successful as entrepreneurs than those who do not posses these
qualities

Personal factors, becoming core competencies of entrepreneurs, include:

a) Initiative (does things before being asked for)

(b) Proactive (identification and utilization of opportunities)

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(c) Perseverance (working against all odds to overcome obstacles and never complacent with
success)

(d) Problem-solver (conceives new ideas and achieves innovative solutions)

(e) Persuasion (to customers and financiers for patronization of his business and develops &
maintains relationships)

(f) Self-confidence (takes and sticks to his decisions)

(g) Self-critical (learning from his mistakes and experiences of others)

(h) A Planner (collects information, prepares a plan, and monitors performance)

(i) Risk-taker (the basic quality).

2. Environmental factors
These factors relate to the conditions in which an entrepreneur has to work. If the environment
that a individual is working in is unsatisfactory, that is, not conducive to his growth needs, it is
likely that the individual will quit his job and start his own business as an entrepreneur.
Unsatisfied personal needs for growth and achievement in employment conditions results in
successful entrepreneurship.

3. Political
Some researchers felt that the growth of entrepreneurship cannot be explained fully unless the
political set-up of a country is taken into consideration. Political stability in a country is
absolutely essential for smooth economic activity. Frequent political protests, strikes, etc. hinder
economic activity and entrepreneurship. Unfair trade practices, irrational monetary and fiscal
policies, etc. are a roadblock to the growth of entrepreneurship

4. Socio-Economic Factors
The entrepreneurial activity at any time and place is governed by varying combination of socio-
economic factors. The empirical studies have identified the following socioeconomic factors:

Cast/religion
Family background
Level of Education
Level of perception
Legitimacy of Entrepreneurship
Migratory character
Social Mobility
Social Security
Investment capacity
Ambition/motivation

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5. Economic Factor
Availability of finance, labor, land, accessibility of customers, suppliers are

Capital is one of the most important prerequisites to establish an enterprise. Availability of

sufficient capital affects the introduction, survival and growth of a business enterprise. Capital is
regarded as lubricant to the process of production. If we increase in capital investment, capital
output ratio also tends to increases. This results in increase in profit, which ultimately goes to
capital formation. Due to this capital supply increase, entrepreneurship also increases.

6. Other Factors
Entrepreneurial Education
Engineering, law, medicine, cost and chartered accounting. - The technicians entered industries
in the modern sector - Many universities and institutes are nowadays offering entrepreneurship
education. - institutes have set up entrepreneurship centers, Impact of Services Sector

Increasing Demand for Variety

The increasing demand for new products is of advantage to smaller firms.

A number of studies have shown the comparative advantage of smaller firms in being innovative
and coming up with new products . If the products has unmet demand, it will create a market for
itself. - Changes in consumer tastes are a major reason for growth of entrepreneurship.

Impact of Ethical Value System

Max Weber was first to point out that the entrepreneurial growth was governed by the ethical
value system of the society concerned. He said that the spirit of rapid industrial growth depends
upon a rationalized technology, acquisition of money and its rational use for productivity and
multiplication of money.

Internal Control System

Entrepreneurship largely depends upon the control system designed for controlling the business
activities. If the control system is effective they will result in optimal inventory, good quality
products and high profit margins. This will have a positive effect on the success of
entrepreneurship.

II. Social Factors

Social factors can go a long way in encouraging entrepreneurship. In fact it was the highly
helpful society that made the industrial revolution a glorious success in Europe. The main
components of social environment are as follows:

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 1. Caste Factor
There are certain cultural practices and values in every society which influence the actions of
individuals. These practices and value have evolved over hundred of years. For instance,
consider the caste system (the varna system) among the Hindus in India. It has divided the
population on the basis of caste into four divisions. The Brahmana (priest), the Kshatriya
(warrior), the Vaishya (trade) and the Shudra (artisan): It has also defined limits to the social
mobility of individuals. By social mobility we mean the freedom to move from one caste to
another. The caste system does not permit an individual who is born a Shudra to move to a
higher caste. Thus, commercial activities were the monopoly of the Vaishyas. Members of the
three other Hindu Varnas did not become interested in trade and commence, even when India
had extensive commercial inter-relations with many foreign countries. Dominance of certain
ethnical groups in entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon. The protestant ethics in the west,
the Sammurai in Japan, the trading classes in US and the family business concerns of France
have distinguished themselves as entrepreneurs.

2. Family background
This factor includes size of family, type of family and economic status of family. Zamindar
family helped to gain access to political power and exhibit higher level of entrepreneurship.
Background of a family in manufacturing provided a source of industrial entrepreneurship.
Occupational and social status of the family influenced mobility. There are certain circumstances
where very few people would have to be venturesome. For example in a society where the joint
family system is in vogue, those members of joint family who gain wealth by their hard work
denied the opportunity to enjoy the fruits of their labor because they have to share their wealth
with the other members of the family.

3. Education
Education enables one to understand the outside world and equips him with the basic knowledge
and skills to deal with day-to-day problems. In any society, the system of education has a
significant role to play in inculcating entrepreneurial values.

In India, the system of education prior to the 20th century was based on religion. In this rigid
system, critical and questioning attitudes towards society were discouraged. The caste system
and the resultant occupational structure were reinforced by such education. It promoted the idea
that business is not a respectable occupation. Later, when the British came to our country, they
introduced an education system, just to produce clerks and accountants for the East India
Company, The base of such a system, as you can well see, is very anti-entrepreneurial. The
unfortunate result of it is that young men and women in our country have developed a taste only
for service. Their talents and capabilities have not been made much use of. Rather it has been
wasted in performing routine conventional jobs. Our educational methods have not changed
much even today. The emphasis is till on preparing students for standard jobs, rather than
marking them capable enough to stand on their feet.

4. Attitude of the Society

A related aspect to these is the attitude of the society towards entrepreneurship. Certain societies
encourage innovations and novelties, and thus approve entrepreneurs actions and rewards like
profits. Certain others do not tolerate changes and in such circumstances, entrepreneurship
cannot take root and grow. Similarly, some societies have an inherent dislike for any money-

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making activity. It is said, that in Russia, in the nineteenth century, the upper classes did not like
entrepreneurs. For them, cultivating the land meant a good life. They believed that land belongs
to God and the produce of the land was nothing but gods blessing.

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