CHAPTER II:

THE RESEARCH
METHOD
RES11E Research Methods for Engineering
Variable It is defined as a quantity
susceptible of fluctuation
or change in value or
magnitude under different
conditions.
Numerical values or
categories represent these
quantities
 Type of 1. Independent variable
Variable 2. Dependent variable
3. Moderator variable
4. Control variable
5. Intervening variable
Independent This is the stimulus
variable available which is chosen
by the researcher to
determine its relationship
to an observed
phenomenon.
Ex: An investigator wants to
determine the effect of
chicken dung upon the
yield of carrots planted in
pots. He plants carrot in
five pots with different
treatments such as 3%, 4%,
5%, 6%, and 7% of chicken
dung as organic fertilizer.
Dependent This is the response
variable variable which is observed
and measured to
determine the effect of the
independent variable.
It changes when the
independent variable
varies.
Ex: An investigator wants to
determine the effect of
chicken dung upon the
yield of carrots planted in
pots. He plants carrot in
five pots with different
treatments such as 3%, 4%,
5%, 6%, and 7% of chicken
dung as organic fertilizer.
Moderator This is a secondary type of
variable independent variable
chosen by the researcher to
determine if it changes or
modifies the relationship
between the independent
and dependent variable.
 Control This is a variable that is
variable controlled by the
investigator in which the
effects can be neutralized
by eliminating or removing
the variable.
Intervening This is a variable which
variable interferes with the
independent and
dependent variables, but it
effects can either
strengthen or weaken the
independent and
dependent variable.
Components 1. Problem/Objectives
2. Hypothesis
of a 3. Theoretical/Conceptual
research Framework
4. Assumptions
process 5. Review of Related Literature
6. Research Design
7. Data Collection
8. Data Processing and Statistical
Treatment
9. Analysis and Interpretation
10. Summary, Conclusions and
Reccomendations
 Difficulties Difficulty in Recognizing
in Research Problems
Duplication
Indifference of People to
Research
Research A problem is a big
Problem question mark
It is something not
adequately attained to the
satisfaction of users.
It is a situation of concern
brought into focus for
concentrated study.
Criteria of a Topics should recognize
Good the importance of daily
Problem/ occurrences.
Topic Research is more than
compiling, counting, and
tabulating data.
Research is a process of
testing rather than proving.
Criteria of a Narrow and practical
Good The problem must have
Problem/ practical value
Topic It has a boundary line
It shows the goal of the
study
It is eye-catching and
functional
 What are Do not use a problem in
not research research as a method for
problems? achieving self-
enlightenment or solving a
personal problem.
 What are Problems whose sole
not research purpose is merely to
problems? compare two sets of data.
What are the directions of
the Philippine economy
during the Ramos
administration and the
Arroyo administration?
 What are Finding a coefficient of
not research correlation between two
problems? sets of data merely to show
a relationship between
those data sets.
 What are Problems that result in a
not research YES or NO answer are not
problems? problems for research.
Is homework beneficial to
children?
 What are Those that deal with ethical
not research (or moral) questions.
problems? Do parents marital
relationship affect
students class
achievement?
 What are Questions that do not
not research require a mental struggle
problems? How many college faculty
members wear
eyeglasses?
 What are When a machine can take
not research the place of a researcher to
problems? provide answers to
questions.
Are you offering
engineering course?
 What are Metaphysical questions
not research where it is impossible to
problems? collect publicly verifiable
data and information in
order to answer the
question.
Do you believe in spirits?
Characteristics Specific
of a Research Measurable
Problem
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
Sources of 1. Specialization of the
researcher
Research 2. Current and Past Researches
Problem 3. Recommendations from
theses, dissertations, and
research journals
4. Original and creative ideas
of the researcher based on
the problems met in the
locality and country
Statement Ex: Improve impact
of the strength of concrete for
Research structural applications
Problem/ Title: Improving Impact
Objectives Resistance of Polymer
Concrete Using CNTs
Research The main problem of this study is to improve
the impact resistance of polymer concrete
Problem (PC) using COOH functionalized multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Specifically, it
aims to answer the following questions:
1. What changes in the microstructure will
occur when MWCNTs are incorporated?
2. Is there a significant difference on the
mean impact resistance between neat PC
and PC incorporating MWCNTs?
3. How much of the MWCNTs in PC during
PC fabrication would result to a significant
change in the impact energy absorption of
PC?
 Research The main purpose of this study is to improve
the impact resistance of polymer concrete
Objectives (PC) using COOH functionalized multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Specifically, it
aims to answer the following objectives:
1. To characterize the surface morphology of
the PC when incorporated with MWCNTs.
2. To determine if there a significant
difference on the mean impact resistance
between neat PC and PC incorporating
MWCNTs.
3. To determine the amount of MWCNTs in
PC during PC fabrication that would result
to a significant change in the impact
energy absorption of PC.
Hypothesis A hypothesis is defined as a
wise guess that is
formulated and
temporarily adopted to
explain the observed facts
covered by the study.
 Types of Null hypothesis (H0)
hypothesis Alternative hypothesis (H1)
 Null It is a denial of the
hypothesis existence of a trait,
(H0) characteristic, quality,
value, correlation, or
difference of the result
It is always stated in
negative form.
 Null Problem: Is there a correlation
between job-related problems and
hypothesis job performance as perceived by
(H0) staff nurses in the city and province
of Iloilo, Philippines?
H0: There is no correlation between
job-related problems and job
performance of staff nurses in the
city and province of Iloilo,
Descriptive Philippines.
H0 : = = 0
 Null Problem: Is there a significant
difference on the yield of
hypothesis peanuts planted in pots using
(H0) night soil and chicken dung as
fertilizers?
H0: There is no significant
difference on the yield of
peanuts planted in pots using
night soil and chicken dung as
Experimental fertilizers.
H0 : 1 = 2 = 0
Alternative It is an affirmation of the
Hypothesis existence of phenomena.
(H1) It is always stated in the
affirmative form and is the
opposite of the null
hypothesis.
Alternative Problem: Is there a significant
difference on the educational
Hypothesis qualification and socioeconomic status
(H1) of professors in state universities and
colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines?
H1: There is a significant difference on
the educational qualification and
socioeconomic status of professors in
state universities and colleges in the
Philippines.
Descriptive
1 : 1 2 ; either 1 < 2 or 1 > 2
Alternative Problem: Is there a significant
mean difference on the general
Hypothesis acceptability of luncheon meat
(H1) from bone meal of milkfish and
goatfish?
H1: There is a significant mean
difference on the general
acceptability of luncheon meat
from bone meal of milkfish and
goatfish.
Experimental
H1 : 1 2 ; either 1 <
2 or 1 > 2
Theoretical These provide clear
and explanation regarding the
Conceptual relationship of variables.
Framework
Theoretical It shapes the justification of the
research problem/ research
Framework objectives in order to provide legal
basis for defining its parameters.
It is a symbolic construction which
uses abstract concepts, facts, or
laws, variables and their relations
that explain and predict how an
observed phenomenon exists and
operates.
Conceptual It presents specific and
Framework well-defined concepts
which are called constructs.
 Example
Level Independent Intervening Dependent
Variables Variables Variables
Theoretical Lantay and Ecological Yield of
Hanging Parameters Eucheuma
Method
Conceptual Lantay and Temperature 900 kg
Hanging Oxygen 700 kg
Methods pH
Salinity
 Theoretical Framework: a modified
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model
Assumptions They are presumed to be
true statements of facts
related to the research
problem.
Significance Its explanation can be
of the Study presented either in the
inductive or deductive
perspective.
Significance Important contributions in
relation to:
of the Study Solving the problem and need
Bridging a knowledge gap
Improving social, economic
and health conditions
Enriching research
instruments, methods, and
strategies
Supporting government
thrusts
 Scope and This includes the coverage of
Limitations the study area, the subjects,
the research apparatus,
of the Study equipment or instrument, the
research issues and concerns,
the duration of the study, and
the constraints that have
direct bearing on the result of
the study.
Definition of The key terms are defined
terms clearly
Conceptual definition
Operational definition
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