Culture
*where cultural expectation is basically two types which are traditional &
modern, the local leaders face basically three sort of conflicting
expectations traditional, modern or hybrid.
* Village culture and religious obligations superseded bureaucratic
rationality.
* Ghana gold mine where miners were used to agricultural patterns of work
and time, and managers modified work practices and budgets accordingly.
Ethnicity
Trade Unions
Market Capitalism
*It supports Structural Adjustment Programmes(SAPs). It helps LDCs to be
eligible for International Finance Capital and Capital Market by
(i)eliminating subsidies(ii)price controls and import barriers (iii)reorganising
and lessening public ownership of domestic banks;(iv) promoting private
banks and domestic capital markets; (v)Privatizing or closing SOEs; and(vi)
introducing new public management (NPM) in government agencies.
*It also promotes legislation that forces legislation into collective bargaining
and protecting labor rights, specially in export zones that stimulate
economic performance.
* SAPs were enforced in many LDCs confronting fiscal deficits like for
Bangaldesh, Ghana, Srilanka etc.
* SAPs require effective accounting but development economists and policy
makers often neglect this as they incline to macro-economic solutions
basically.
* Non accountants usually assume that accounting, especially if it follows
international standards, will provide the information and transparency
necessary for financial markets to invest optimally and make enterprises
accountable to them.
* SAPs provide macro-economic solutions to fiscal problems where delivering
aid programs are only indirectly dealt and NGOs have a major role there.
* International finance and aid agencies and foreign governments have
increasingly transferred projects from LDC governments to NGOs in the
belief that NGOs are more transparent and accountable (especially to
beneficiaries) and have more effective internal controls. However, there is
little accounting research on whether this is so.