Lighting System

Adnan Rauf.
Assistant Professor,
Biomedical Engineering Center,
&
Electrical Engineering Department, UET,
KSK Campus.

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 Lighting
In todays cost-competitive, market-driven
economy, everyone is seeking technologies
or methods to reduce energy expenses and
environmental impact.

Since all buildings have lights, lighting

retrofits are very common and generally
offer an attractive return on investment.
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 Lighting
Electricity used to operate lighting systems
represents a significant portion of total
electricity consumed in the United States.

Lightingsystems consume approximately

20% of the electricity generated in the
United States.

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 Lighting
An attractive feature of lighting retrofits is
they provide savings for both kW and kWh
charges.
Many lighting retrofits can also improve the
visual environment and worker productivity.
Conversely, if we reduce lighting quality,
worker productivity may drop and the energy
savings could be overshadowed by reduced
profits. 4
 Lighting
By using advance technologies of today, we
can try to reduce energy expenses while
improving lighting quality and in return
worker productivity.
This chapter will provide the energy
manager with a good understanding of
lighting fundamentals, so that he can
oversee lighting upgrades.
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 Lighting
Lighting or Illumination is the
deliberate use of light to achieve a practical
or aesthetic effect.

Lighting includes the use of both artificial

light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as
well as natural illumination by capturing
daylight.
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 Lighting
Daylighting (using windows, skylights or light
shelves) is sometimes used as the main
source of light during daytime in buildings.
This can save energy in place of using
artificial lighting, which represents a major
component of energy consumption in
buildings.

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 Types of Lighting
Lighting is classified by intended use as
general, accent or task lighting, depending
largely on the distribution of the light
produced by the fixture.
Task Lighting is mainly functional and is
usually the most concentrated, for purposes
such as reading or inspection of materials.
For example, reading may require lighting
levels up to 1500 lux (150 footcandles) and
some inspection tasks or surgical
procedures require even higher levels. 10
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 Accent Lighting
Accent Lighting is mainly decorative,
intended to highlight pictures, plants or other
elements of interior design or landscaping.
General Lighting is intended for general
illumination of an area. Indoors this would
be a basic lamp on a table or floor.
Outdoors, general lighting for a parking lot
may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2
footcandles). (1 lux = 0.09 footcandles) 12
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 Methods of Lighting
Downlighting is most common, with
fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting
light downward.
This tends to be the most used method,
used in both offices and homes.
The introduction of LED lighting has greatly
improved this by approx. 90% when
compared to a halogen downlight or
spotlight. 14
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 Uplighting
Uplighting is less common, often used to
bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back
down. It gives a more uniform presentation
of the light output in operation.
However indirect lighting is completely
reliant upon the reflectance value of the
surface. It can create a diffused and shadow
free light effect.
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 Outdoor Lighting
Street
Lights are used to light roadways
and walkways at night.

Floodlights can be used to illuminate

outdoor playing fields or work zones during
nighttime hours.

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 Lighting Control Systems
Lighting
control systems reduce energy
usage and cost by helping to provide light
only when and where it is needed.

Lighting
control systems typically
incorporate the use of time schedules,
occupancy control and photocell control.

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 Lighting Control Systems
Occupancy sensors to allow operation for
whenever someone is within the area being
scanned can control lighting.
When motion can no longer be detected, the
lights shut off.
Passive infrared sensors react to changes in
heat, such as the pattern crated by a moving
person.
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 Lighting Fundamentals
This section will introduce the important
concepts about lighting and the two
objectives of the lighting designer:

1. To provide the right quantity of light

2. To provide the right quality of light

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 Lighting Quantity
Lighting
quantity is the amount of light
provided to a room.

Unlike
light quality, light quantity is easy to
measure and describe.

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 Units for Light Quantity
Lightingquantity is primarily expressed in
three types of units:

Watts
Lumens (lux)
Foot Candles (fc)

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Lux Meter (lumen per Sq. metre)

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 Units for Light Quantity (Watt)
The Watt is the unit for measuring
electrical power. It defines the rate of energy
consumption by an electrical device when it
is in operation.

The amount of watts consumed represents

the electrical input to the lighting system.

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 Lumen
The output of a Lamp is measured in
lumens. For example, one standard four-foot
fluorescent lamp would provide 2,900
lumens in a standard office system.

The amount of lumens can also be used to

describe the output of an entire fixture
(comprising several lamps). Thus the
number of lumens describes how much light
is being produced by the lighting system.
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 Lumen (Lux)
The Lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of
illuminance and luminous emittance,
measuring luminous flux per unit area.

It is equal to one lumen per square metre.

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 Foot Candle
The number of foot-candles show how much
light is actually reaching the workplane (or
task).

Footcandles are the end result of watts

being converted to lumens, the lumens
escaping the fixture and traveling through
the air to reach the workplane.
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 Foot Candle
Inan office, the work plane is the desk level.
You can measure the amount of foot-
candles with a light meter when it is placed
on the work surface where tasks are
performed.
Foot-candle measurements are important
because they express the Result and not
the Effort of a lighting system.
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 Efficacy
Similar to efficiency, efficacy describes an
output/input ratio, the higher the output
(while input is kept constant), the greater the
efficacy.
Efficacy is the amount of lumens per watt
from a particular energy source.

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 Recommended Light Levels
The illuminating engineering society (IES) is
the largest organized group of lighting
professionals in the united states.
For many years, lighting professionals
applied the philosophy that more light is
better.
However recently it has been shown that
occupant comfort decreases when a space
has too much light. 40
 Recommended Light Levels
Numerous experiments have confirmed that
the prescribed light levels were excessive
and worker productivity was decreasing due
to poor visual comfort.

The lighting designer must avoid over

illuminating a space, which is mostly the
situation in many places.
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 Recommended Light Levels
Itis important to remember that IES light
levels correspond to particular visual tasks.

Inan office, there are many tasks, walking

around the office, viewing computer
screens, reading and writing on paper.

Each task requires a different light level.

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 Recommended Light Levels
In the past, lighting designers would identify
the task that required the most light and
design the lighting system to provide that
level of illumination for the entire space.
However these design methods often lead
to environments with excessive brightness,
glare and poor worker productivity.

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Thank You

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