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FFAGaccelerator
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AFixedFieldAlternatingGradientaccelerator(FFAG)isacircularparticleacceleratorconceptonwhich
developmentwasstartedintheearly50s,andthatcanbecharacterizedbyitstimeindependentmagneticfields
(fixedfield,likeinacyclotron)andtheuseofstrongfocusing(alternatinggradient,likeinasynchrotron).[1][2]
Thus,FFAGacceleratorscombinethecyclotron'sadvantageofcontinuous,unpulsedoperation,withthe
synchrotron'srelativelyinexpensivesmallmagnetring,ofnarrowbore.

AlthoughthedevelopmentofFFAGshadnotbeenpursuedforoveradecadestartingfrom1967,ithas
regainedinterestsincethemid1980sforusageinneutronspallationsources,asadriverformuoncolliders[1]
andtoacceleratemuonsinaneutrinofactorysincethemid1990s.

TherevivalinFFAGresearchhasbeenparticularlystronginJapanwiththeconstructionofseveralrings.This
resurgencehasbeenpromptedinpartbyadvancesinRFcavitiesandinmagnetdesign.[3]

Contents
1 History
1.1 Firstdevelopmentphase
1.2 Continuingdevelopment
2 Scalingvsnonscalingtypes
3 VerticalFFAGs
4 Applications
5 Status
6 Furtherreading
7 References

History
Firstdevelopmentphase

Theideaoffixedfieldalternatinggradientsynchrotronswasdeveloped
independentlyinJapanbyTihiroOhkawa,intheUnitedStatesbyKeith
Symon,andinRussiabyAndreiKolomensky.Thefirstprototype,built
byLawrenceW.JonesandKentM.TerwilligerattheUniversityof
Michiganusedbetatronaccelerationandwasoperationalinearly
1956.[4]Thatfall,theprototypewasmovedtotheMidwestern
UniversitiesResearchAssociation(MURA)labatUniversityof
Wisconsin,whereitwasconvertedtoa500keVelectronsynchrotron.[5]
Symon'spatent,filedinearly1956,usestheterms"FFAGaccelerator"
and"FFAGsynchrotron".[6]OhkawaworkedwithSymonandthe TheMichiganMarkIFFAG
MURAteamforseveralyearsstartingin1955.[7] accelerator.This400KeVelectron
acceleratorwasthefirstoperational
DonaldKerst,workingwithSymon,filedapatentforthespiralsector FFAGaccelerator.Thelarge
FFAGacceleratorataroundthesametimeasSymon'sRadialSector rectangularpartontherightisthe
patent.[8]Averysmallspiralsectormachinewasbuiltin1957,anda50 betatrontransformercore.
MeVradialsectormachinewasoperatedin1961.Thislastmachinewas
basedonOhkawa'spatent,filedin1957,forasymmetricalmachineabletosimultaneouslyaccelerateidentical

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particlesinbothclockwiseandcounterclockwisebeams.[9]Thiswasoneofthefirstcollidingbeam
accelerators,althoughthisfeaturewasnotusedwhenitwasputtopracticaluseastheinjectorfortheTantalus
storageringatwhatwouldbecometheSynchrotronRadiationCenter.[10]The50MeVmachinewasfinally
retiredintheearly1970s.[11]

MURAdesigned10GeVand12.5GeVprotonFFAGsthatwerenot
funded.[12]Twoscaleddowndesigns,onefor720MeV[13]andonefora
500MeVinjector,[14]werepublished.

WiththeshutdownofMURAwhichbegan1963andended1967,[15]the
FFAGconceptwasnotinuseonanexistingacceleratordesignandthus
wasnotactivelydiscussedforsometime.

Continuingdevelopment

Intheearly1980s,itwassuggestedbyPhilMeadsthatanFFAGwas
suitableandadvantageousasaprotonacceleratorforanintense LayoutofMURAFFAG
spallationneutronsource,[17]startingoffprojectsliketheArgonne
TandemLinearAcceleratoratArgonneNationalLaboratory[18]andthe
CoolerSynchrotronatJlichResearchCentre.[19]

ConferencesexploringthispossibilitywereheldatJlichResearch
Centre,startingfrom1984.[20]Therehavealsobeennumerousannual
workshopsfocusingonFFAGaccelerators[21]atCERN,KEK,
BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,TRIUMF,Fermilab,andtheReactor
ResearchInstituteatKyotoUniversity.[22]In1992,theEuropean
ParticleAcceleratorConferenceatCERNwasaboutFFAG
accelerators.[23][24]
ASPUNring(scalingFFAG).The
firstANLdesignASPUNwasaspiral
ThefirstprotonFFAGwassuccessfullyconstructionin2000,[25]
machinedesignedtoincrease
initiatingaboomofFFAGactivitiesinhighenergyphysicsand
momentumthreefoldwithamodest
medicine.
spiralascomparedwiththeMURA
Withsuperconductingmagnets,therequiredlengthoftheFFAG machines. [16]
magnetsscalesroughlyastheinversesquareofthemagneticfield.[26]In
1994,acoilshapewhichprovidedtherequiredfieldwithnoironwas
derived.[27]ThismagnetdesignwascontinuedbyS.Martinetal.from
Jlich.[23][28]

In2010,aftertheworkshoponFFAGacceleratorsinKyoto,the
constructionoftheElectronMachinewithManyApplicationswas
completedatDaresburyLaboratory,UK.Thiswasthefirstnonscaling
FFAGaccelerator.NonscalingFFAGsareoftenadvantageousto
scalingFFAGsbecauselargeandheavymagnetsareavoidedandthe
beamismuchbettercontrolled.[29] Exampleofa16cellsuperconducting
FFAG.Energy:1.6GeV,average
radius26m.
Scalingvsnonscalingtypes
ThemagneticfieldsneededforanFFAGarequitecomplex.Thecomputationforthemagnetsusedonthe
MichiganFFAGMarkIb,aradialsector500keVmachinefrom1956,weredonebyFrankColeatthe
UniversityofIllinoisonamechanicalcalculatorbuiltbyFriden.[5]Thiswasatthelimitofwhatcouldbe
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reasonablydonewithoutcomputersthemorecomplexmagnetgeometriesofspiralsectorandnonscaling
FFAGsrequiresophisticatedcomputermodeling.

TheMURAmachineswerescalingFFAGsynchrotronsmeaningthatorbitsofanymomentumarephotographic
enlargementsofthoseofanyothermomentum.Insuchmachinesthebetatronfrequenciesareconstant,thusno
resonances,thatcouldleadtobeamloss,[30]arecrossed.Amachineisscalingifthemedianplanemagnetic
fieldsatisfies

where

,
isthefieldindex,
istheperiodicity,
isthespiralangle(whichequalszeroforaradialmachine),
theaverageradius,and
isanarbitraryfunctionthatenablesastableorbit.

For anFFAGmagnetismuchsmallerthanthatforacyclotronofthesameenergy.Thedisadvantageis
thatthesemachinesarehighlynonlinear.TheseandotherrelationshipsaredevelopedinthepaperbyFrank
Cole.[31]

TheideaofbuildinganonscalingFFAGfirstoccurredtoKentTerwilligerandLawrenceW.Jonesinthelate
1950swhilethinkingabouthowtoincreasethebeamluminosityinthecollisionregionsofthe2waycolliding
beamFFAGtheywereworkingon.Thisideahadimmediateapplicationsindesigningbetterfocusingmagnets
forconventionalaccelerators,[5]butwasnotappliedtoFFAGdesignuntilseveraldecadeslater.

Ifaccelerationisfastenough,theparticlescanpassthroughthebetatronresonancesbeforetheyhavetimeto
builduptoadamagingamplitude.Inthatcasethedipolefieldcanbelinearwithradius,makingthemagnets
smallerandsimplertoconstruct.Aproofofprinciplelinear,nonscalingFFAGcalled(EMMA)(Electron
MachinewithManyApplications)hasbeensuccessfullyoperatedatDaresburyLaboratory,UK,.[32][33]

VerticalFFAGs
VerticalOrbitExcursionFFAGs(VFFAGs)areaspecialtypeofFFAGarrangedsothathigherenergyorbits
occurabove(orbelow)lowerenergyorbits,ratherthanradiallyoutward.Thisisaccomplishedwithskew
focusingfieldsthatpushparticleswithhigherbeamrigidityverticallyintoregionswithahigherdipolefield.[34]

ThemajoradvantageofferedbyaVFFAGdesignoveraFFAGdesignisthatthepathlengthisheldconstant
betweenparticleswithdifferentenergiesandthereforerelativisticparticlestravelisochronously.Isochronousity
oftherevolutionperiodenablescontinuousbeamoperation,thereforeofferingthesameadvantageinpower
thatisochronouscyclotronshaveoversynchrocyclotrons.Isochronousacceleratorshavenolongitudinalbeam
focusing,butthisisnotastronglimitationinacceleratorswithrapidrampratestypicallyusedinFFAG
designs.

ThemajordisadvantagesincludethefactthatVFFAGsrequiresunusualmagnetdesignsandcurrentlyVFFAG
designshaveonlybeensimulatedratherthantested.

Applications
FFAGacceleratorshavepotentialmedicalapplicationsinprotontherapyforcancer,asprotonsourcesforhigh
intensityneutronproduction,fornoninvasivesecurityinspectionsofclosedcargocontainers,fortherapid
accelerationofmuonstohighenergiesbeforetheyhavetimetodecay,andas"energyamplifiers",for
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AcceleratorDrivenSubcriticalReactors(ADSRs)/SubcriticalReactorsinwhichaneutronbeamderived
fromaFFAGdrivesaslightlysubcriticalfissionreactor.SuchADSRswouldbeinherentlysafe,havingno
dangerofaccidentalexponentialrunaway,andrelativelylittleproductionoftransuraniumwaste,withitslong
lifeandpotentialfornuclearweaponsproliferation.

Becauseoftheirquasicontinuousbeamandtheresultingminimalaccelerationintervalsforhighenergies,
FFAGshavealsogainedinterestaspossiblepartsoffuturemuoncolliderfacilities.

Status
Inthe1990s,researchersattheKEKparticlephysicslaboratorynearTokyobegandevelopingtheFFAG
concept,culminatingina150MeVmachinein2003.Anonscalingmachine,dubbedPAMELA,toaccelerate
bothprotonsandcarbonnucleiforcancertherapyhasbeendesigned.[35]Meanwhile,anADSRoperatingat100
MeVwasdemonstratedinJapaninMarch2009attheKyotoUniversityCriticalAssembly(KUCA),achieving
"sustainablenuclearreactions"withthecriticalassembly'scontrolrodsinsertedintothereactorcoretodampit
belowcriticality.

Furtherreading
"TherebirthoftheFFAG".CERNCourier.Jul28,2004.RetrievedApr11,2012.

References
1.Ruggiero,A.G.(Mar2006)."BriefHistoryofFFAGAccelerators"(PDF).BNL756352006CP.Presentedat
FFAG'05,Osaka,japan.
2.DanielClery(4January2010)."TheNextBigBeam?".Science.327(5962):142143.Bibcode:2010Sci...327..142C.
doi:10.1126/science.327.5962.142.
3.Mori,Y.(2004)."DevelopmentsofFFAGAccelerator"(PDF).ProceedingsofFFAG04/.
4.LawrenceW.Jones,KentM.Terwilliger,ASmallModelFixedFieldAlternatingGradientRadialSectorAccelerator
(http://inspirehep.net/record/38999/files/MURA104.pdf),TechnicalReportMURALWJ/KMT5(MURA104),
April3,1956containsphotos,scaledrawingsanddesigncalculations.
5.Jones,L.W.(1991)."KentM.TerwilligergraduateschoolatBerkeleyandearlyyearsatMichigan,19491959".
KentM.Terwilligermemorialsymposium,1314Oct1989.AIPConferenceProceedings.237.pp.121.
doi:10.1063/1.41146.
6.USpatent2932797(https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2932797),KeithR.Symon,
"ImpartingEnergytoChargedParticles(http://www.google.com/patents?id=ZGZVAAAAEBAJ)",issued19600412
7.Jones,L.W.Sessler,A.M.Symon,K.R.(2007)."ABriefHistoryoftheFFAGAccelerator".Science.316(5831):
1567.doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1567.
8.USpatent2932798(https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2932798),DonaldWilliam
KerstandKeithR.Symon,"ImpartingEnergytoChargedParticles(http://www.google.com/patents?id=ZWZVAAA
AEBAJ)",issued19600412
9.USpatent2890348(https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2890348),TihiroOhkawa,
"ParticleAccelerator(http://www.google.com/patents?id=4aEBAAAAEBAJ)",issued19590609
10.Schopper,HerwigF.(1993).AdvancesinAcceleratorPhysics.WorldScientific.p.529.ISBN9789810209582.
11.E.M.RoweandF.E.Mills,TantalusI:ADedicatedStorageRingSynchrotronRadiationSource,Particle
Accelerators(http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1107919/files/p211.pdf),Vol.4(1973)pages211227.
12.F.C.Cole,Ed.,12.5GeVFFAGAccelerator,MURAreport(1964)
13.Cole,F.T.Parzen,G.Rowe,E.M.Snowdon,S.C.MacKenzie,K.R.Wright,B.T.(1963)."Designofa720
MeVProtonFFAGAccelerator"(PDF).Proc.InternationalConferenceonSectorFocusedCyclotronsandMeson
Factories.
14.Snowdon,S.Christian,R.Rowe,E.Curtis,C.Meier,H.(1985)."DesignStudyofa500MeVFFAGInjector".
Proc.5thInternationalConferenceonHighEnergyAccelerators.Frascati.
15.Jones,L.Mills,F.Sessler,A.Symon,K.Young,D.(2010).Innovationwasnotenough:ahistoryofthe
MidwesternUniversitiesResearchAssociation(MURA).WorldScientific.ISBN9789812832832.
16.Khoe,T.K.Kustom,R.L.(August1983)."ASPUN,DesignforanArgonneSuperIntensePulsedNeutronSource".
IEEETransactionsonNuclearScience.IEEE.30(4):20862088.Retrieved12February2017.

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17.Meads,P.Wstefeld,G.(October1985)."AnFFAGCompressorandAcceleratorRingStudiedfortheGerman
SpallationNeutronSource".IEEETransactionsonNuclearScience.IEEE.32(5(partII)):26972699.Retrieved
12February2017.
18."ArgonneHistory:UnderstandingthePhysicalUniverse".ArgonneNationalLaboratory.Archivedfromtheoriginal
on9September2004.
19."COSYFundamentalresearchinthefieldofhadron,particle,andnuclearphysics".InstituteforNuclearPhysics.
Retrieved12February2017.
20.Wstefeld,G.(14May1984)."2ndJlichSeminaronFixedFieldAlternatingGradientAccelerators(FFAG)".
Jlich.Retrieved12February2017.
21.Craddock,M.K.(2005)."NewConceptsinFFAGDesignforSecondaryBeamFacilitiesandOtherApplications"
(PDF).Retrieved12February2012.
22."PreviousWorkshops".BrookhavenNationalLaboratory.Retrieved12February2017.
23.Martin,S.Meads,P.Wstefeld,G.Zaplatin,E.Ziegler,K.(13October1992)."StudyofFFAGOptionsfora
EuropeanPulsedNeutronSource(ESS)"(PDF).Proc.XIIINationalAcceleratorConference,Dubna,Russia.
24.Zaplatin,E.(24March1992)."FourthAcceleratorMeetingfortheEPNS".EuropeanParticleAccelerator
Conference.Berlin:CERN.
25.M.Aibaetal.(2000)."DevelopmentofaFFAGProtonSynchrotron".EuropeanParticleAcceleratorConference.
Vienna:CERN.
26.Meads,P.F.Wstefeld,G.(1985)."AnFFAGCompressorandAcceleratorRingStudiedfortheGermanSpallation
NeutronSource"(PDF).ProceedingsofPAC1985/IEEETransNucl.Sci.NS32p.2697.
27.Abdelsalam,M.Kustom,R.(July1994)."SuperconductingmagnetdesignforFixedFieldAlternatingGradient
(FFAG)Accelerator".30(4).IEEE.Retrieved12February2017.
28.S.A.Martinetal.(24May1993)."FFAGStudiesfora5MWNeutronSource".InternationalCollaborationon
AdvancedNeutronSources(ICANS).AbingdononThames.
29.D.Trbojevic,E.Keil,A.Sessler."NonScalingFixedFieldGradientAccelerator(FFAG)DesignfortheProtonand
CarbonTherapy"(PDF).Retrieved12February2017.
30.Livingston,M.S.Blewett,J.(1962).ParticleAccelerators.NewYork:McGrawHill.ISBN1114443840.
31.TypicalDesignsofHighEnergyFFAGAccelerators,InternationalConferenceonHighEnergyAccelerators,CERN
1959,pp8288.
32.Edgecock,R.etal.(2008)."EMMA,TheWorld'sFirstNonscalingFFAG"(PDF).Proc.EuropeanParticle
AcceleratorConference2008.
33.S.Machidaetal,NaturePhysicsvol8issue3pp243247
34.Brooks,S.(2013)."Verticalorbitexcursionfixedfieldalternatinggradientaccelerators".PhysicalReviewST:AB.
16.Bibcode:2013PhRvS..16h4001B.doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.16.084001.
35.Peach,K(11March2013)."Conceptualdesignofanonscalingfixedfieldalternatinggradientacceleratorforprotons
andcarbonionsforchargedparticletherapy".PhysRevSTAccel.Beams.16.doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.16.030101.

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