Topics for Chapter 2 part 1

straight-line motion in terms of velocity and acceleration

Chapter 2 part 1 average and instantaneous velocity and average and

instantaneous acceleration

Understanding of graphs of position versus time, velocity versus

Review of Motion Along time, and acceleration versus time for straight-line motion

a Straight Line

What is motion? Why do we need to study motion/mechanics?

Change of the basket ball position as a function of Design of engine
time
Design of locomotives (car, train, airplane, rocket,
Change of missile and train position with time missile)
Understand human motion in sport

Design robots, artificial limbs

Introduction
Mechanics is the study of motion (position as a function of
time).
In 1 dimension, motion is the change of x coordinate as a
function of time. In 3 dimension, it is the change of position
vector r as a function of time.
The objective is to find the position as a function of time
Velocity and acceleration are physical quantities used to
describe motion.
If you know the velocity and acceleration, then you can find
the position (coordinate) as function of time. So we need to
understand and use of velocity and acceleration.
Reason for concepts of velocity and acceleration0
Motion is a change of position with time
We are interested in how fast the position changes
with time, so we have the concept of velocity and
speed.
We are interested in how fast the motion is changed
with time, i.e. how fast the velocity is changing with
time, so we have the concept of acceleration.
Velocity and acceleration are quantities used to
describe motion
Displacement, time, and average velocity
A particle moving along the x-axis has a coordinate x. x is a function
of time t. So it is in motion.
The change in the particle s coordinate is x = x2 - x1. in time t. x
is the displacement.
The average x-velocity of the particle is vav-x = x/t. Displacement
divided by time. It is the average rate of change of displacement.
If you know average velocity vav-x you can find displacement x= vav-x
t and so the position (motion).
Average velocity is defined for an interval
A position-time graph (an x-t graph)
shows the particle s position x as a
function of time t.
Instantaneous velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific instant
of time or specific point along the path and is given by vx =
dx/dt. (differentiation of x with respect to t)
It is obtained from the average velocity by making the time
interval smaller and smaller. When the interval is very very
small, it becomes the velocity of that moment of time t.
dx x
vx = when t is very small (t 0)
dt t
Uniform velocity, Constant velocity, Uniform
motion means the instantaneous velocity is a
constant. So, the average velocity equals the
instantaneous velocity and is also a constant.
Finding instantaneous velocity on an x-t graph Average acceleration
At any point on an x-t graph, the instantaneous x-velocity Acceleration describes the average rate of change of velocity with
time in a time interval t
is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve at that
The average x-acceleration is aav-x = vx/t.
point.
dx x The instantaneous acceleration is ax = dvx/dt. i.e. t becomes very
vx = when t is very small (t 0) small in the average acceleration.
dt t dvx vx
ax = when t is very small (t 0)
dt t
Slope=instantaneous
You can find the change in velocity
velocity from the average velocity
acceleration vx = aav-xt
v
Uniform acceleration,
t
constant acceleration means
the instantaneous and average
acceleration are constants.
time

Motion with constant acceleration Area under the vx-t curve gives the displacement
For a particle with constant acceleration, the velocity x=vxt, is the area of a slice under the curve and also the
changes at the same rate throughout the motion. displacement in time t
Area under the curve Adding the area of all the slices give you the total
is the displacement
velocity displacement, which is the area under the curve

axt

v0x vx

v0x

t time
 What is the use of velocity and acceleration? The equations of motion with constant acceleration

The four equations shown

In this course most of the problems are either constant acceleration or to the right apply to any vx = v0x + axt
constant velocity.
straight-line motion with
However, you still need to know (with some understanding) the
concepts of instantaneous velocity and acceleration, the concept of
constant acceleration ax.
x = x0 +v0xt + 12 axt 2
differentiation. (know the definition !). First equation gives the
velocity at time t
Give you the initial velocity (vox) at t=0 and the constant acceleration 2 +2a x x
vx2 = v0x
(ax), we can find the velocity vx and position x at time t. x 0
Second equation gives the
There are four equations (given below) which can be used to do this position of the particle at
job. You should be able to solve most of the problems using these time t v0x +vx

four equations
You should be able to solve most x x0 =
t
of the problems using these four 2
equations

Derivation of the four equation

The 1st ,2nd and 4th
Third equation gives you the
velocity at t in terms of the initial vx = v0x + axt equations can be derived
using the velocity and
Area under the curve
is the displacement
velocity, acceleration and the time graph. velocity
distance travelled (displacement
between t=0 and t). x = x0 +v0xt + 12 axt 2 3rd equation derived from 1st
and 2nd a xt
Fourth equation gives the distance vx = v0x + axt vx
v0x
travelled in terms of initial 2 +2a x x
vx2 = v0x
velocity, final velocity and time x 0 x = x0 +v0xt + 12 axt 2 v0x
spent.
2 +2a x x
vx2 = v0x
v +v x 0
t time
x x0 = 0x
t x
v0x +vx
2

x x0 = t
2
 1st eqt.
Area under the curve is axt=vx-v0x

Chapter 2 part 2
the displacement vx=v0x+axt
velocity
3rd eqt.
axt vx = v0 x + ax t v0 x = vx a x t

v0x
vx
v02x = vx2 2ax vx t + a x2t 2
1
Motion in Two or Three
x = x0 + v0 x t + axt 2
v0x 2
1
x x0 = v0 x t + a x t 2
Dimensions
t 2
time
1
x x0 = (vx a x t )t + axt 2
2nd& eqt.4th 2
Area=x-x0= (vx+v0x)t/2 2ax ( x x0 ) = 2a x vx t a x2t 2
2ax ( x x0 ) = vx2 v02x
x-x0 =(vox+v0x+axt)t/2=v0xt+axt2/2 vx2 = v02x + 2ax ( x x0 )

topics for chapter 2 part 2 Introduction

use vectors to represent the position of a body Someone throws a baseball. What determines where the
baseball lands?
the velocity vector If a cyclist is going around a curve at constant speed, is he
accelerating?
the acceleration vector of a body
We need to extend our description of motion to two and three
the curved path of projectile dimensions.

circular motion
 Position vector Average velocityFigure 3.2
Position of a point P (an object) is The average velocity (a z
given by the position vector!!!"! vector) between two !"
points is the displacement r2
The position vector from the origin (a vector) divided by the
to point P has components x, y, and time interval between the !
z. two points, and it has the r
!"
These components are the same direction as the r1
corrdinates of P displacement.
y
Motion is the position vector as a
function of time x

r (t) = x(t)i + y(t) j + z(t) k
vav =
r x y z
= i+ j+ k
t t t t

Instantaneous velocity Average acceleration

The instantaneous velocity is Instantaneous The average acceleration during a time interval t is
the instantaneous rate of y velocity is
change of position vector
defined as the velocity change during t divided by t.
tangential to the
with respect to time. It is a path !"
vector. !" v1
v1
The components of the !
instantaneous velocity are vx v
= dx/dt, vy = dy/dt, and vz = !" !"
dz/dt. x v2 v2
The instantaneous velocity of
a particle is always tangent to
v vx
i + vy j + vz k
its path.
dr r
Instantanesous velocity equals to the v = when t is very small It is a vector with aav = =
average velocity when the time dt t three components t t t t
interval is very small t 0 (t 0)
Instantaneous acceleration
The instantaneous Instantanesous acceleration equals to the average
acceleration is the acceleration when the time interval is very small
instantaneous rate of t 0
change of the velocity
with respect to time. dv v
a= when t is very small (t 0)
dt t
Any particle following
a curved path is
accelerating, even if it
has constant speed,
because the direction
is changing
The components of
the instantaneous
acceleration are ax =
dvx/dt, ay = dvy/dt, and
az = dvz/dt.

Direction of the acceleration vector Determining motion in 2 and 3 dimensions.

The direction of the acceleration vector depends on whether
For 2 D and 3 D cases, we need to use vectors to describe
the speed is constant, increasing, or decreasing, as shown in
motion
Figure 3.12.
It is convient to express the vectors in terms of the unit
vectors, i.e. their components.
i.e. resolve the vetors into components along the unit vectors
Each component can be treated as one-dimension motion.
Speed is Speed is You can then calculate the velocity and acceleration of each
Speed is constant decreasing
Acceleration is increasing components using one dimension equations (for example the
acceleration is acceleration is
perpendicular to
pointing forward pointing four equations given above). It is convenient to solve 1
velocity backward dimension equations.
 Typical 2 dimension motion-projectile motion
The projectile motion is a typical 2 dimension
motion
We learn how to handle 2 dimension motion using
projectile motion
What is a projectile motion?
A projectile is any body given an initial velocity that then follows a
path determined by the effects of gravity and air resistance.
Begin by neglecting resistance and the curvature and rotation of the
earth. We consider gravity effect only. Gravity gives an acceleration
g.

The trick, separate the motion into the motion along

x and y directions (the x and y components of the
position vector)

The x and y motion are separable Interesting Video quiz

In projectile motion, the vertical motion is not affected by horizontal If they are not shown in the lecture, you can watch the
motion. The two motions can be separated videos on the web.
The horizontal position of the ball is the same as a ball moving with a http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_0media_physics
constant velocity with zero acceleration
/vtd/video2.html
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_0media_physics
The vertical position is the
same as that of one /vtd/video5.html
thrown up with velocity v0y
and influenced by the http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_0media_physics
gravitational acceleration /vtd/video7.html#
-g

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_0media_physics
/vtd/video9.html
Equations for projectile motion The equations for projectile motion
We apply the four equations to the x direction motion If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the x = v0 cos0 t


(constant velocity) and the y direction motion equations describing
(constant acceleration) projectile motion are v0 x = v0 cos 0 y = v sin t 1 gt 2
0 0 2
v y = v0 y + a yt shown at the right. v0 y = v0 sin 0
vx = v0x
vx = v0 cos0
The trajectory is a
x = x0 + v0xt y = y0 + v0 yt + 1 a t2
2 y parabola.
v y = v0 sin0 gt
vx2 = v0x
2
v2y = v02y + 2a y y y0

v0x + v0x

x x0 =
t = v0xt v0 y + v y

2
y y0 =
t


2

Another example of two dimension motion Uniform circular motionFigure 3.27

Another important example of two dimension motion
For uniform circular motion, the speed is constant and the
is the uniform circular motion
acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity.
Examples: the orbit of satellite around the earth, a car
It is called centripetal acceleration
goes around a circular roundabout or corner. !
v
Constant speed v

!
a Radius r

The period T is the

acceleration for constant speed time for one
v2 revolution, and
=a= ,r is the radius of curvature
r arad = 42r/T2.
 Derivation

= s / r = vt / r
!
v = v = v = v(vt) / r Examples
v v 2
= = average acceleration
t r
when t 0,
instaneous acceleration a = v 2 / r

Instantaneous acceleraton = average

acceleration in uniform circular motion
as it is a constant

Comments on the examples. Centripetal acceleration on a curved road

The examples are chosen to show you how the concepts learned in
chapter are applied to problems. A sports car has a lateral acceleration as its rounds a
curve in the road.
There is an example here about the circular motion. You can learn
acceleration in circular motion in this example.
Follow Example 3.11.
One example about how to apply the equations for 1 dimension
motion with constant acceleration and velocity.
Two examples about 2 dimension motion. You can learn using
vectors to decribe 2 dimension motion and the concepts of
average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration.
One example about projectile motion. You can learn how the x and
y motion in the projectile are treated separately using 1
dimension equations.
Two bodies with different accelerations
Follow Example 2.5 in which the police officer and motorist have different
accelerations.
Calculating average and instantaneous velocity
A rover vehicle moves
on the surface of Mars.
Follow Example 3.1.
Enlarge the figure for clarity
Calculating average and instantaneous acceleration
Return to the Mars rover.
Follow Example 3.2.
Height and range of a projectile
A baseball is batted at an angle.
Follow Example 3.7.