Light bulbs Midterm 2 results

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Lecture 17 : This material will come up again!
Reminders:
Incandescent light bulbs Solutions on D2L,
No HW was due yesterday
How they work HW for next week, posted soon
See web for resources:
Why they are inefficient office hours,
Reading quiz Thurs
helproom (not just by us 9-5),
email,after class etc..

How does a light bulb work?

Light bulbs

Use vast quantities of energy- ~18% of electrical energy for lighting.

Incandescent (regular) light bulbs waste 88% of that!!
How do they work?
What determines color? Electric
Why do they burn out? Current
Why are fluorescent lights are more efficient?
Why is it hard to improve efficiency?

Physics: How does an incandescent light bulb work:

Introduction to electromagnetic radiation (light and other stuff) Electric current flows through filament
EM radiation emitted by all objects Filament gets hot
- Spectrum range of colors Hot filament emits EM radiation
- Power Stefan Boltzman Law Electrical energy EM radiation energy

What can we see coming out of a light bulb? The goal of this class: Making sense of waves
We can see white(ish) light:
- Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation
- Form of energy
- Consists of many different colors whats a color?

incoming light beam prism

What does the curve tell you?

White light is made up of many different colors
There are other colors emitted that we cant see -For Water Waves?
-For Sound Wave?
-For E/M Waves?

1
 Electromagnetic waves can have any wavelength
Scientific notation is useful!

How Big is that wave of light?

The wavelength of green How many As in a B
light is around 500 nm. (e.g. quarters in a dollar!)
How many wavelengths
of green light fit into one
cm (0.4 inches, or a
fingertip)?
a) 20 thousand
b) 50 thousand
c) Two million
d) Two billion
e) 5 billion

Speed, wavelength, frequency

Wavelength (lambda), or
how wide each oscillation is
Speed = c in a vacuum (meters)

v=f
v = Either
wavelength or
frequency will
Frequency is (Greek nu) Units: tell you the
Or sometime, simpler f
m/s = waves/sec * meters/wave color of light
Frequency, or oscillations
per second (Hertz). or f

2
 Electromagnetic radiation
Practice with E/M Waves EM radiation also travels in waves, like sound
But light can travel through a vacuum so what exactly is waving?
An FM radio station transmits at a frequency EM radiation is a periodic modulation of electric field

of: f = 100 MHz = 108 Hz (note: Hz = 1/s )

Strong field
then the wavelength is :
Electric field
)1 m B) 0.3 m C) 3 m D) 100 m
E) None of these. distance


Electric field

c = f

f = c /
distance

=c/f
Color of light depends on its wavelength.

What is Electric field?

Light is periodic modulation of electric field

Strong field

Electric field

distance

Electric field exists everywhere in space

Describes the force on a charged particle at each point in space
Vector has a magnitude and direction
Units: Newtons/Coulomb
Contains energy
Created by charges (and created in other ways)
Analogy: Like gravitational field describes the force on a particle with mass
Balloon demo http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radio-waves

We see color when waves of different

Clicker questions wavelengths enter enter our eyes!

Which of the light

waves has the longest A Light with wavelength of 650 nm
wavelength? appears red when it enters a viewers eye
Which of the light
waves is brightest?
Which of the light B
b) Light with wavelength of 520 nm
appears green
waves has the highest
speed in empty space?
a) b) c) c)C Light with wavelength of 470 nm
e) They all have the appears blue when it enters a viewers eye
same speed

The speed of light in empty space is the same for all wavelengths

3
 Proper&es of light
Speed of light & Distances
1. Light travels in vacuum.
Sound travels in air (no sound in vacuum).
Can use Speed of light to measure distances (if we track time)

2. Light carries energy. (Sunlight warms, generates electricity.)
What Equation do we use?
d =r *t 3. Light moves with a par&cular speed in vacuum,

If it takes 5 seconds for light to travel from here to a
spaceship, How far is the spaceship ? 4. Light travels in vacuum in straight lines (rays).
Work it out!

Dist = rate x time = (3 x 108 m/s )(5 s)
= 15 x 108 m 5. Light has amplitude (intensity).

= 1.5 x 109 m 9.3 x 105 miles,
= 1.5 x 106 km or 930,000 miles
20

The spectrum of white light?

A spectrometer measures the spectrum (range of wavelengths or frequencies) in light
Understanding a spectrum:
incoming white light beam
Visible
light made up of many colors IR
detected power
For this spectrum, rank power of
light at each color:
a. C greater than B greater than A
b. A greater than B greater than C
UV c. C greater than A greater than B
d. B greater than A greater than C
e. Cannot tell from this data.

B An object is giving off light with this

Visible spectrum. What color in the emitted
IR UV White light
light has the most power?
detected power

Defined as the spectrum of A a. IR,

EM radiation emitted by the sun C b. Yellow/green
All visible present with roughly c. UV,
equal intensity d. red,
Wavelength e. blue,

(wavelength or color)

Blackbody spectrum Blackbody spectrum and temperature

Look at light bulb with variac to control how much electrical power goes
Everything that has a non-zero temperature emits EM radiation
into it.
The spectrum of EM radiation coming from a black object is called the
blackbody spectrum. If I put half as much electrical power into it, what will happen?
Go to the blackbody spectrum simulation
BB spectrum determined by temperature only. a. color will change, get whiter, brightness decrease
b. color will stay the same, brightness decrease
The temperature of the object affects both
c. color will get redder, brightness decrease
- The total power of EM radiation emitted by the object d. color will get redder, brightness the same
- The range of wavelengths emitted (the spectrum) e. color will get whiter, brightness the same.

4
 How does temperature affect emitted power (brightness)?
Two burners on the stove are at the same temperature,
Stefan-Boltzman law gives total electromagnetic power but the left-hand burner has twice the area. How
(energy/second) out of a hot object at temperature T much more infrared radiation is it putting out?

Power = e X X T4 X a a) The same amount

b) Twice as much Power = e X X T4 X a
c) Half as much
Area of surface
d) Four times as much
Temperature of object (in Kelvin!)
e) Sixteen times as much.
Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
= 5.67 x 10-8 J/(s m2 K4)

e = emissivity; how well the light gets out

Comments on Stefan-Boltzman Law The Kelvin Temperature Scale: Links T to motion

Power = e X X T4 X a
1. Emissivity (e)

Property of surface,
Scale of 0 to 1. 65F 18C 291K
Room temp
1 (BB) means radiates well, 0 is lousy.

area, a same T so same color. area, a

e = 0.9 e = 0.3
All motion
stops
2. T in Kelvin (= T Celsius +273)

3. Emitted power rises very quickly with temperature

1 degree Kelvin = 1 degree Celsius = 9/5 degree Fahrenheit
0 degree Celsius = 273 K

How does temperature affect emitted power (brightness)?

A particular light bulbs filament is at 2000 C. P = eT4a
What is its temperature in Kelvin? = 5.67 x 10-8 J/(s m2 K4).
T in Kelvin (= T Celsius +273)

a) 2000 K If I raise temperature of heating coil on

Emitted power rises rapidly stove from 450K to 500K, by what fraction
b) 2273 K with temperature will power emitted by coil increase?
700
Power at 500K
c) 1727 K 600
Power at 450K
500
POWER (W)

d) 2500 K 400 (note: emissivity and coil area will cancel!)

300 a. Power is 1.11 times larger.
200
b. Power is 250 times larger.
100
c. Power is 1.52 times larger.
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 d. Power is 5.0 times larger.
TEMPERATURE (K) e. Power is 50 times larger