Mobile Communication Systems

Part 7- Multiplexing

Professor Z Ghassemlooy

Scholl of Computing, Engineering and

Information Sciences
University of Northumbria
U.K.
http://soe.ac.uk/ocr
Z. Ghassemlooy
Contents

Multiple Access
Multiplexing
SDM
FDM
TDM
CDM
Wideband Schemes
Duplex Method

Z. Ghassemlooy
Multiple Access

In todays data communications systems there

is a need for several users to share a common
channel resource at the same time.
The resource could be:
high speed optical fibre links between continents
frequency spectrum in a cellular telephone system
twisted pair ethernet cable in the office

Z. Ghassemlooy
Multiple Access

For multiple users to be able to share a common

resource in a managed and effective way, it
requires:
Some form of access protocol
Defines how or when the sharing is to take place and the
means for identifying individual messages. Process is known
as multiplexing in wired networks and multiple access in
wireless digital communications.

Z. Ghassemlooy
Multiplexing/Multiple Access

There four possible ways to divide the frequency

spectrum among many channels:
Space-division multiplexing (SDM)
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) / Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) / Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA)
Code-division multiplexing (CDM) / Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA)

Z. Ghassemlooy
SDM

channels ki
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

c
t c
t
s1
f
s2
f
c
t

s3
f

Z. Ghassemlooy
 Frequency Multiplex I

Dividing the entire frequency spectrum into smaller bands

A frequency band is allocated per channel for the entire
transmission time
FDM, used in 1st generation systems, wastes spectrum
Advantages:
lower channel bit rate (than k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

TDM) means less susceptible code

to multi path ISI f
Requires coordination
works also for analog signals

t Z. Ghassemlooy
Frequency Multiplex II

Disadvantages:
In-efficient use of bandwidth if the traffic is distributed
unevenly
Requires guard band between channels
Cannot readily support variable user data rates, fixed
channel width means fixed bit rate

Z. Ghassemlooy
Time multiplex I

Entire spectrum is allocated for a channel some of the time

For 2nd generation
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
Advantages:
Only one carrier in the medium at any given time
code
High throughput even for many users
f
Common TX component design,
only one power amplifier
t s
slo
Disadvantages: t m
e
precise synchronization Ti
necessary
requires terminal to support a much higher data rate than the user information
rate
Z. Ghassemlooy
Example TDMA System
GSM is a good example of a TDMA system
GSM handsets transmit data at a rate of 270 kbit/s in a 200 kHz
channel using GMSK modulation.
each frequency channel is assigned 8 users, each having a basic
data rate of around 13 kbit/s

Z. Ghassemlooy
TDMA Frame

TDMA used for the 3G air interface

A frame length: 4.615 ms and it consist of
64 1/64 time slots of length 72
16 1/16 time slots of length 288

Downlink Uplink

288s Switching point between uplink and downlink

72s

Z. Ghassemlooy
Time and Frequency Multiplex I

Combination of both methods

A certain frequency band for a given amount of time is allocated
per channel
Example: GSM
Advantages:
Improved protection against tapping
and frequency selective interference k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
Higher data rates compared to code
multiplex code
f
Disadvantages:
Requires precise
coordination
t
Z. Ghassemlooy
 Code Multiplex I
Each channel has a unique code.
All channels use the same k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
spectrum at the same time.
Advantages: coding
bandwidth efficient and good power control
no need for coordination and synchronization
good protection against interference and
tapping

f
Disadvantages:
lower user data rates
more complex signal regeneration

t
Implemented using spread spectrum technology
Z. Ghassemlooy
CDMA Classification
CDMA : direct sequence (DS)
CDMA : frequency hopping (FH)
Carrier frequency changes periodically, after T secs
Hopping pattern determined by spread code
CDMA : time hopping (TH)
Data transmitted in rapid bursts
Time intervals determined by code

Frequency
Direct sequence

Frequency
hopping
Time hopping

Z. Ghassemlooy
Time
Direct Sequence CDMA

Directly modulated, discrete time, discrete valued

code signal
Analogue or Digital
Code bits are chips (1)
Rate of Code >> Rate of Data DS-SS Transmitter

PSK, BPSK, D-BPSK, Data Data Spreading

modulator modulation
QPSK or MPSK

Carrier Code
generator generator
Z. Ghassemlooy
 DS-SS Transmitter & Receiver

Binary Wideband
X Despreading Data Binary
Data modulator
demodulator Data

Code
Code Carrier Code Carrier
Synchronisation/trac
generator generator generator generator
king

Z. Ghassemlooy
CDMA Evolution
Early Stages
1949 John Pierce : time hopping spread spectrum
1949 Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce : basic ideas of CDMA
1950 De Rosa-Rogoff : direct sequence spread spectrum
1956 Price and Green antimultipath
: RAKE patent
1961 Magnuski : near-far problem
1970s Several developments for military field and navigation systems

Narrowband
1978 Cooper and Nettleton : cellular application of spread spectrum
1980s Investigation of narrowband CDMA techniques for cellular applications
1986 Formulation of optimum multiuser detection by Verdu
1993 IS-95 standard

Wideband
1995 - Europe : FRAMES FMA2
Japan : Core-A WCDMA
USA : cdma2000
Korea : TTA I, TTA II
2000s Commercialization of wideband CDMA systems
Z. Ghassemlooy
Wideband-CDMA

Framing structure

Radio Frame (10ms)

frame #i frame #i+1

Time Slot (2560*Tc)

timeslot #0 timeslot #1 timeslot #2 timeslot #13 timeslot #14

Tc = chip time = 1 / 3.84 s

Z. Ghassemlooy
High Speed Wireless Access

Mobile communication system

Up to 30 Mbps

Using the SHF and other band (3-60 GHz)

Used for mobile video telephone conversations

Z. Ghassemlooy
Ultra High Speed Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN

Up to 156 Mbps

Using the millimeter wave radio band

(30-300 GHz)

Used for high quality TV conferences.

Z. Ghassemlooy
5GHz Band Mobile Access

Two types
ATM type Wireless Access
Ethernet type Wireless LAN

Using 5GHz band

Each system can transmit at up to 20-25Mbps

Used for multimedia information

Z. Ghassemlooy
 High Data Rate Wireless LAN Evolution

Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet 10M bit/s)
1G bit/s) 100M bit/s)

ATM Ethernet (10M bit/s)

Conventional 2.4GHz
Ethernet Wireless LAN
2M bit/s

Future 5GHz 5GHz

ATM Wireless LAN Ethernet Wireless LAN
(IEEE802.11) 36Mbit/s
25M bit/s

IMT 2000
384kbit/s2Mbit/s

ARIB, Japan, 1999

Z. Ghassemlooy
Wireless Home-Link

Wireless Home-Link
Up to 100Mbps
Using the SHF and other band(3-60GHz)
Between PCs and Audio Visual equipments
Multimedia information.

Z. Ghassemlooy
Home Link Concept

Display
Personal Computer

5 GHz
Display

CATV DVD
VTR

Telephone line

5 GHz
Display Personal Computer
Personal Computer

Satellite
Tuner

Z. Ghassemlooy
Duplex Methods

Separating the send and receive signals

(remember full duplex). Two approaches:
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Uses a pair of frequency bands one for uplink and another for
downlink
used in all second generation cellular systems
requires good frequency separation filters - diplexer

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Uses a single frequency band for both uplink and downlink
sharing the transmission time
propagation delay limits cell size
very efficient for asymmetric traffic, e.g. internet download
used in cordless systems (DECT) and wireless LANs
Z. Ghassemlooy
 What is Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System ?
European name for third generation (3G) radio system
(1G = analog, 2G = digital voice and low speed data (GSM))

Key features with respect to 2G:

Integration of fixed and mobile networks
Expanded range of services (Packet, Internet, Multimedia)
Bit rates:
Rural outdoor: 144 kb/s, 500 km/h
Suburban outdoor: 384 kb/s, 120 km/h
Indoor, low range outdoor: 2Mb/s, 10 km/h
Flexibility:
Variable bit rates
Circuit switched and packet oriented bearers
Negotiation of bearer service attributes
(bearer type, bit rate, delay BER, up/down symmetry, protection)
Adaptability to quality, traffic, network load & radio conditions
Z. Ghassemlooy
Summary

Multiple Access - sharing resources

Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA
Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA
[Code Division Multiple Access CDMA]
Duplex Methods
Frequency Division Duplex - FDD
Time Division Duplex - TDD

Z. Ghassemlooy
Questions and Answers

Tell me what you think about this lecture

fary@ieee.org

Z. Ghassemlooy